dpn`d' ziixe`z xy`îxa mdxa` xevil`

Transkrypt

1 dpnd' ziixez quasi) 'dnecnd lvxd ly (contract ly ziteqelitd dixezl ipeirxd rwxa oeir *dpicn ly dpepik zwcvdl lvxd af oinipa xyîxa mdxa xevil.eizepeirxn wlg lvxd ay dpnny ztqep zipeir zextq lr riavdl ywan df xnn ilxailîliveqd mxfl sygp ed ztxva ipezirk yniy lvxdy zra ik rivdl dvex ip ziztxvd zxeqnd gqepa miilxail zepexwr alyl sy df mxf.epnn rtyede iztxvd lvxdy cg ihxez yep cenri iixac cwena.zeihqiliveq zeilklk zeqitz mr oeirx z rivde dfd oiiprl yxcp lvxd.dpicn oepikl zixqend dwcvdd :ea wqr dreci dziid ef oirn dixez ik zexdl ywa.(quasi-contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' gkepl lvxd ixac zpadl zeixyt zeklyd lr cenrl dqpe,dtewz dzea ztxva.iztxvd ihiletd giya einia ernypy zepeirxl ezpyn oia zrvend dwifd aeqp lvxd (xeceiz) af oinipa ly miipicnd eizepeirx xwga mipecpd miyepd cg dyrnl miytgn,'rwxd' xg mixz xyk.ihiletd elretle ezpynl rwxd zece lr.eizexrd lr cd cec 'textle df xnna dpecpd dlyd z iiptl bivdy obxti ipit xnl zecedl dvex ip * mya zfd dlind z iznbxz.'-enk divehiq dzea' id dfd xywda quasi zipihld dlind zxed lkl zfd ipepiad zxev oia exyiw xy miipiad ini inbxzn zeawra zfa izcrve,'dnecn' ixard xezd dlind.(meik dlind yeniya laewny itk) dica ly oeeb lk jkl deelpy la,oeincd gekn xvepy dn l,mvr my xznd ieelk zixara zynyn dppi idy l,'lekiak' id jkl xzeia dniznd zixard.mly cbidl zqgiiznd zxbqen dxink 7 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez [23±7 'nr,(d"qyz) 4 oeilib,dixehqidl dxirv dna,did did] Ÿ

2 xyîxa mdxa xevil 8.jcin zepeirxl dxydd zexewne cgn iynnd ixehqidd rwxd :milcap mixac ipy xexial edyn mexzl zeqple dxydd zexewnl mirbepd mipiipra cwnzdl ipevxa.lvxd ly zihiletd ezpyn ly miihxezd miyxeyd drvd dlrez zf mewna.zexewnd oeebn ly dqixt bvez l ok bvend xwgna zextqd.eizepeirxn wlg lvxd ay dpnny okziiy,zipeir zextq ly sqep xewnl dxyr ryzd zend dptna miiztxv miilxailîliveq minxf ly ef id zxaecnd zeqitz mr ziztxvd zxeqnd gqepa miilxail zepexwr alyl eqip xy,mixyrde.elld zepynd oia dxekl miniiwd mixrtd lr xybl eywiae zeihqiliveq zeilklk dpepikl zixqend dwcvdd ± ea wqr lvxdy cg ipeirx yep cenri mixacd cwena elyn oexzt rivd se ef oinei zwizr dlyl yxcidl oekpl dx lvxd.dpicn ly xxal lvxd wwfp mrh dfin dligz oec.oeaixd ly eizeiekfl ixqend xewnd zlyl dixeza vn edy zeirad odn hxte eizeawra crv okn xgl.ef dpyep dly ycgn z miillk mieewa hhxy seqal.dpiad edy itk ± eqex w'f o'f ly ef,zxgd,ezpynl miwecivd zxdad jxevl.odipia qgid z ogae rivdy zitelgd dixezd ny e ely zeixewn zeaygn dl md :eizepeirx z lvxd ay oiipn dlyd ogaiz dnk oiiv mixacd qeqia xgl?dtewzd za ziztxvd zextqd ly dxyd ixt od.dpexgd zexytd zlawn zeraepd zeklyd?oeaixd zwcvd zlya weqrl lvxd wwfp recn. rbepa lvxd ly ezpyny,'micedid zpicn' xtqa xywdd z dligz xikfdl oicd on dycg jxc" oeyxd ipicnd extqa evnl dqip lvxd.ea zxkfen dpicn oepik zwcvdl dpicn znwd did zeinyihpd ziiral rivdy oexztde 1,"micedid zly oexzta ;dpicn znwda ed oexztdy oerihd zbvd () :letk xtqd ly epiipr jkitl.micedil.yenin xa oeirx m ik itehe oiipr dppi micedil dpicn znwd recn xaqd ozn (a) lkn zwzepnd dycg dpicn znwdl zipkz lvxd bivd diipyd dxhnd zbyd myl ± ixqen cgd :miixeaiv miteb ipy miwdl yiy eid zipkzd ixwir.zinyihp daiaq xicbdl ecrep xtqd ly eiwlg 2.'zicedid dxagd' ± iwqrîihtyn ipyde 'micedid zceb' yi lvxd it lr.micedid zceb ly dcerii aeyg eppiiprl.elld mitebd iciwtz z oiia ly dxvwd ezxiwqa evnl xyt ihiletd eweqirl rwxde lvxd ly dxydd zexewn zbvd z ipefg lynl ex.lvxd ly icedid rwxl xzei ax ybc zzl iex ik mixeaqd yi.49±42 'nr,(g"lyz).zihpeelxd zextqd zxiwq dievn my zexrda.(a"qyz)

3 9 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez z 'dceb'd zcqiin,micedidîmr itlk [...] miipicne miircn miciwtz 'dceb'l" epnny,rahd ircn oeylk inwd zd z ± dpeyxd dtewzl miigxkdd zecqend 3."micedid zpicn ly miixeaivd zecqend xzei xgen gztzdl mixen xykdd xaca ihxez oeicl iyrnd oeicdn bxeg lvxd,'dceb'a wqery wlgd ziyxa jxc.oeaixd ly zeknqd xewn zly z ycgn oegal yxcpe dcebd ly iwegîixqend dlya weqird zxfra,eiptl miax ellqy jxcd zeawra zcrev ef dira mr ezeccenzd oiipra eqex ly drecid dixezd mr mixace oica a ed jkitl.dpicn deedzn cvik 4."diixete dxep drtyd" dl dziid lvxd itl xy ± zizxagd dpnd ziixez ± dfd epl xizene 'dzeixet' zhazn dna l se 'dzeixep' zhazn dna hxtn epi lvxd.eifnx z gprtl zeqpl lvxd dx dn iptn dlya oeica mrh yiy dnec lvxd ly ezrvda oiiry mcew lr aiydl icky dxp.ziyrnd ezipkzl igxkd epi dfk oeic dxekl.jka oecl jxev z akrl eze iad dayiil oevxdy ef,eze dcixhdy diral al miyl iex dlyd ef dira eay otedne,eipneia oiirl yi zfd dcigd z xeztl ick.df oeic lv envr :zfd dlyd lr zeprl ligzdl xyt my zxkfen.(mipiiprd ledip) negotiorum gestio wx yi dpicnl.zerh ef.zizxag dpn yiy oind eqex ixg dyrp ip ef jxca mlee,gek ietii icia epzpy ila,micedid ipiipr z ldpn ip jk.(83 'nr,micedid oiipr).mditlk envr l qgiizne a oeyx seba xacl xaer lvxd,zepynd izy zxkfd xgl,df rhwa zeqgiizd geka yiy dxpe,eqex lr zxewia ixaca gzet ed.micedid ipiipr ly mldpnk.sirqd zxzeka izavidy dlyd lr zeprl ick eqexl ef dl oebk mixwna zeknqd xewn yep.inexd igxfd htynd megzn gewl 'eihqb mexeivebp' gpend,1895 ipeia eazkp el mirhw.113 'nr,micedid oiipr,eipneia mb miexy itk,cen lvxd z cixhd xeaiga mda izynzyde,'micedid zpicn'l mlek miqgiiznd daygn iqiqx" md ely envr lr cirn lvxde xtqdn miliawn mirhwae dfd rhwa ynzyd lvxd.(74 'nr,micedid oiipr) "Der Judenstaat ily ipicnd Jewish ChronicleÎa 1896 xepia 17Îa mqxtzdy,'micedid zly ly dpexzt' xnna 'micedid zpicn' xyt jkne,mipey zenewna dl eixac z xikfd ed.7 'nr,,miipeiv mixnne minep xtqa zixarae.ezpyn ly ceqid ipan wlg mda dx edy cenll elie,(98 'nra mb my ex) envr lvxd ed ('xehqb'd) 'mipiiprd ldpn' oneid it lr ik al miyl yi a hwiexta xaecny dyegz mipneidn dler illk otea.(64±63 'nr) micedid zceb idef 'micedid zpicn'a jxer lvxdy zeeeydl izpeek.xg ilnq oiipra mb iehia icil a df yep.lxyi ly mriyenk envr ely dyn id 'micedid zceb' " :xne ed 'micedid zpicn'a.dyn zbdpda mixvn zivi oial ely zipkzd oia ip" :dnbecl,dyn oial epia sxd la deeyn ed eipneiae,(63 'nr micedid zpicn)."micedid ly ycgd dl ly daehd zeitkl mb.adfd lbr aiaq cewixl,mixvn ly xyad ixiq lr zellil :lekl onefne oken lvxd dx eay oted lr eazkp miax mipeic.(81 'nr,,micedid oiipr) "xzeia lecbd aegd z epl miagy.95 dxrd 143 'nr,(1999) lxd ex yepd lr dtiwn zitxbeilaia dxiwql.ezebidpn z

4 xyîxa mdxa xevil 10 miwdl zixqend ezekfn cexh did lvxd ik zexl xyt oneiay mixvwd mixacd itl zhily ly ixqend swezd xaca eqex ly dixezd z oiad day jxcd lya zfe.dpicn,ziaihxp dwcvd ly dcezna hwep eqex 'zizxagd dpnd lr' extqa.eipizpa oeaixd dligza my xeznd mixacd xcq itl.xara dpicnd dcqep cvik xetiq zxfra xnelk f wxe,ecbzd jkae,dpn mcd ipa lk mdipia ezxk okn xgl.envrl yi lk did.cge cg lk ly iytegd epevx jezn llegzd jildzd lke.oeaix mnvrl exga,xard ly ihpze xetiq exetiqa dx l envr ed ik dprhd zlaewn eqexl rbepa miqgid zxcbdle dxaga zxxeyd zegekd zkxrn zbvdl ilk ynynd izextq irvn l lcen xetiqa dx edy xnel xyt oitelgl e.oeaixd oial mpiae mnvr migxfd oiay z epiad le eby miax mxa.zepeaixl iaihnxep weciv xytny ihxez iteqelit mirexid eygxzd jk eqex zrcl ik exaq dxyr ryzd dna eixew aex dyrnl.jk eqex eqex zrcly xgny eiazkn wiqd ed jkitle,lvxd mb oiad jk.ziynnd dixehqida hilyl yiy ixd,iexd z mb l didy dn z wx l bivn dpicnd znwd xeiz cbzn xy mr,dligz eilr eze jilnnd mr yi m wxe j ezepeaixl zixqen dwcvd ed.oihelgl jetd oeeik ziyrnd ezipkza rivd lvxd.iyteg oevx jezn ea xgeae lthl ("gk ietii icia epzpy ila") envr z dpnnd oeaix zxfra dpicn miwdl ywia oi dly oeaixly dpicn miwn lvxd f ik,wcv eqex m.icedid mrd ly eipiipra lvxdy itk,xy,(!zg wx) eqexn znieqn dwqt hhvn lvxd icka l.zixqen dwcvd ly dcind dpwa zcner dpiy dpicn lk ly zixqend zekfd z zrwrwn,dpiad :zizxagd dpnd ziixez milha mze dyer xzeia lwd iepiydy,jk mkqdd rah it lr mixcben ef dpn itirq midf md ixd yxetna mlern eraed l m elity,id jkn dvezd :milheane a.'eke dwizya mewn lka minkqene milaewn,mewn lka :mixac ipyl lvxd wwfp eizeipkzl dwcvdd z qqale zixqend dirad z ayiil ick zitelg dpyn bivdle (dze ezpad it lr) eqex ly zizxagd dpnd ziixez z jixtdl xnelk,oiipern lvxd did day jxca micedil dpicnd znwdl zipkzd z xiykz xy.mixgl zipeaix dpicn miwdl zekfd z dnvrl zgweld dveaw ici lr 'nr,(e"kyz) lexb lynl ex yepa zeixwird zercd zxiwql.eqex ipyxt axwa zlaewnd drcd idef irahd avnd z ely xeizdy (160 'nr,(b"pyz) eqex) yxetna xg mewna xn envr eqex.114±105.zeivna did jky aiigzn ed oie iaihlewtq ed a zpicna enbxez mdy itk (25±24 'nr,(f"hyz) eqex lv vnp mxewny) eqex ly eixac z izad zipnxbd dxecdna mb) lvxd ly hehiva driten (zexfetn zeize zervna) dybcdd.61 'nr,micedid.eqex ly xewna dievn dppi j,(dpeyxd

5 11 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez eqex ly dixezd ziigcl zeprh.a dqpn zfd dixezd,ziyx.zeprh izy jnq lr eqex ly dixezd z dgc lvxd dppi ef lvxd zrcl.ixehqid xetiq ici lr oeaixl cigid oiay miqgid z wicvdl zeipxcend wegd zepicn liaya" :dwitqn dwcvd xak dwegd zeid iptl m,dlyl iyrn jxr oi lk lr dzr [...] zizxag dpn zniiw dziid migxfl dlynn oia zihtynd dwifd,mipt oeyl.(61 'nr,micedid zpicn) "zcnere dreaw dly dppi oeaixd ly swezd zly,xg ;oezp onfl cr mirexid elblbzp cvik zipexkic zeclez ly minid ixaca wecal mrh oi jkitle dlya xaecn.zepicn eppek cvik zeyepd oeaixd z dkfn dn ± deeda avnd lr zipexkpiq dwcvdd zy lvxd xaq df oiipra.ezeknqa.eipizp oial epia daezkd dwegd zwtqn oeaixl oigadl bedp llkd jxc lr?dweg dze id dn (1778±1712) eqex w'f o'f dweg',oeyxd 5 :zeweg ly mibeq ipy oia dcezn hwp ed 'zizxagd dpnd lr' extqa oia dzxkpy dpn zxznd,ziaihxp z miraewd miiqiqad mixcqdd :'zilixhn jka dwicvne oeaixd zlawl qiqak micigid.oeaixd meiw z dweg',ipyd ;mdipia miqgid ze oehlyd zecqen lr mdl mipwen xy,micxtp miizwiwg miknqna mipbernd miweg zkxrn :'zilnxet xexa (66 'nr) 'micedid zpicn'a aezkd it lr.zeywep e zepeilr ly mipiitn aex it 6.dpicn lka dievnd zilixhnd dwegl oeeik lvxdy lkky oiiv j.dwegd ly zixqend dwcvdl rbepa izednd oeicl ok qpk l dtexiae zixad zevxa dgeexy dcnrd gkepl lvxd ly eixac z zexl yi dxpd zynnnd ide,'zizxagd dpn'd id dnvr dwegd ik zqxebd dcnr,dtewz dzea xaecn oiy jkl ahid rcen did envr lvxd ± micedid zpicnl xy 7.mrd oevx z mixwirl yi dycg dpicn mew zrle dweg zpwzd iptl" :dweg zlra dpicn ly avn lr dycg dxivik daygna zxiihvn micedidîzpicn,ok [...] ziyrn zeaiyg mb elld ok lr xy.(61 'nr,micedid zpicn) "oiicr drawp ly dixehixh lr,dpina zcgein.dpicnd znwd mvr lr mb oeayge oic zzl ulp ed,ipyd beqd on md 'lxyil dweg' ly e 'zizwegd dktdnd' ly mixywda zxkfend dwegd ik xir.wcva ly df xywda lvxd z axrl mibdepy dxpe

6 xyîxa mdxa xevil 12 jixtdl ick oerih ly sqep caexa jxev yi,zniiw dpicnl dwcvda xaecn oiy xgn.zepicnd enw eay otel rbepa ixehqid xeiz bivn eqexy oreh lvxd jk myl.eqex z mikxca ecqepy zene lr zeiecr epicia yi ezprhl.oekp epi xetiqd ik qxeb lvxd ic if,dixehqida rxiy dn it lr iexd z qqia,lvxd zrcl,eqexe lied.zexg dnn dpey zeidl lkei iexd mby ick,eqex ly exeizn dpey dixehqidd ik gikedl igkepd xywday l,lvxd ly zekxtdd aiha wtwtl oicd on,xenk.eqex rivdy.diyxey lr cenrle envr ely dpyna cwnzdl oiipern ip lvxd ly dixezd.b dwcvda oecl yi ezrcle,mialy ipy oia oigan lvxd eqex lr zxewiaa,izixdy itk dqpn ed ixd,lvxd ly eizelina ynzype wiicp m.cxtpa mdn cg lk ly zixqend wwfp ed jk myl.(61 'nr,micedid zpicn) "dpicnd ly ihtynd ceqid" lrcenrl?dpicnd oepikl zihtynd dwcvdd id dn,dpeyxd :zecxtp zely izy lr zeprl xak yiy xgl mipizpl oeaixd oiay miqgid z zihtyn dpigan xicqn dn,diipyd?dpicn eixac llkn.alye aly lkl zihtyn dwcvd ytgn lvxd okl mcew izybcdy itk zxfra zppekn dnvr dpicndy meyn,dpicnd zeedzdl mcew htynd ik micnl epivnp weg yi mxha cer zeniiw ihtyn swez zepa zelert ik et vei.zihtyn dlert on dprh oeyx hana.'rah'd it lr aiegn df weg dxekle dpicnd ixag miwwegny.xqend oial irahd wegd oia zedf zniiw ik zqxebd dcnrl daxw lr dcirn dfd beqd,miyrp md eit lry weg ly eneiw z gipn zeihtyn zeklyd ilra miyrn ly mneiw dfk oeeik.xg weg lkl mcewy irah weg miiwy xryl yi zepicnd zexveeid mxhae dwcvd xg yetiga ihxezîixqend oeicd z xinn lvxd recn oiadl epcra riiql leki.zihtyn :ezpyn ixwir z bivdl ok m xear,ipxeaq.ihtyn qeqia ribtna zyxec,mihleyl mihlypd cvn,minrtl dwirnd,dwifd z migxfd llka epl zencl epilr jk jeza.'eihqb mexeivebp'a eze evnl ozipy zpicn).'xehqb'îd z dlynnae [mixg ici lr bveind oecd=] 'mexeivebp qepinec'îd.(62 'nr,micedid zxbqna,inexd wegd itirqa et ven lvxd dpicnd oepik zwcvdl ihtynd qeqiad z

7 13 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez xywda eneyii xaqd ze byend zernyn z.'eihqb mexeivebp'îl rbepd wegd :envr lvxd wtqn ihiletd eyekxy dry.zpcern ztenîzxivi 'eihqb mexeivebp'a xvi minexd ly ltpd htynd yeg ly mldpn,'xehqb'd edf.elivdl eal mc lk iyx,dpkqa oezp mipeîxqg mc ly gxekn el a egekîieti.mc icin gekîieti mey xnelk,gekîieti mey el oi.mixf iwqr,zeaxzd ly dbxce dbxc lka mipey miptea dpicnd liaya egqpl ozip df oeilr gxek.oeilr,mrd ed,'qepinec'd zaehl zpeekn,dbdpdd,'eihqb'd.zr dzea illkd dbyddîgek itl [...] epnn wlg ed envr xehqbd mby zlaewnd jxca dligz biydl ozip l ef dnglna.mrd ly meiwdîzngln jezn dnw dpicnd iniptd belitd [...] dligzkln zlykp dziid llkd zaehl dnfei lk,ok.oiwz gekîieti lk z,mixney enk,iadl oi.uega mexigd avn gkep obn xqg mrd z dyer did zpicn).yxa jlede raekd z zehyta xehqbd yaeg ok lr.cg raek zgz miyxd.(62 cenr,micedid mda dx lvxd recn wtqn xaqd xqg ik dxp,icnl mixexa mnvrlyk mixacdy s,edylk inex wegl iznkq otea znez ezipkz m mb oky,elretl zixqen dwcvd lr epryida lvxd xzg dnl :dlyd jkitl zlyp.mled ixqen oerih jka oi oiicr jezn,oeyxd.mipeeik ipyn zfd dlyd mr ccenzdl zeqpl ipevxa?inexd wegd ly rwxd zlya weqrl ize iai ipyd ;qqazn ed eilry inexd wega xvw oeic.bivdl dqpn lvxdy dixezd zecewp dnk cer oiivl yi mle,icnl dvnn wegd z xzn lvxdy xeizd,xenk icegii ok oecpd wegd,raw lvxdy itk ik xirdl oicd on dligz.df wegl zerbepd leki dnk cr xexa l ik zrcl aeyg wegd ly eneyii swidl rbepa 8.inexd htynl okziie,ezaehl df m mb,zeyxa ly exag ly eiqkp z iphpetq otea ldpl mc lk lied,zizedn ef dcewp eppiiprly dnec.df oiipra zexenz elg envr inexd wega sy 9.lvxd dbdy oeirxl qiqad hnyp if,ipevig iepin yxcp me al miyl iex,lvxd ly zwiecnd ezpeek lr cenrl dvxp my dxp,cere zf micedid zpicn ;'zenecn zepn') quasi ex contractu zxbqna wegd aed ditle ezxrdl.miipenn mixcqd ly dxeya xiknd inexd ihxtd wegd zxbqna wegl id dpeekd.(63 'nr ipyd cvdy gipdl leki cg cv ixd,dfega zeyridl mixen dl mixcqdy it lr s azka mkqd lky itk,miccvd ipy z aiign dfegd jkitle,dfega ed mb oiipern zeawra el eidy zevedd lk z xehqbl xifgdl yxcii 'xfrp'd,dnbecl) mze aiign

8 xyîxa mdxa xevil 14 edy mipreh inexd htynd ixweg?inexd htyna wegd qeqia ed dn.(eiqkp zlvd mcd ipa ly ziyepd zeaiegnd z yibcdl ick wweg edye irahd oeibidd lr qqean 10.dxv zrya dfl df xefrl htynd megzl eze xiardle ihxtd htynd megzn wega ynzydl et rivn lvxd drya enr ipa z livn xehqbd jk,dxv zrya edrxl xfer cigidy myk.izwegd elld mixaca oi.ezepeaixl dyxd lawn ed jka.mnvr z bidpdl mzlekia oiy xqg lvxd ly eixacae,mipizpîoeaix iqgin mipey miihxt miyp oia miqgi oky,ic.miaxd zeyxl cigid zeyxn ± zeyxa ly wegd zved ly wecivl oerihd miphtynl crep l df xeaig"y iptn xeaicd z df oiipr lr aigxn epi lvxd ihtynd ceqid xaca ily dixezd lr sextxa fenxl l lke l jkitl :miirevwn epi lvxd,xg mewna xvw htyn cer hrnl.(61 'nr,micedid zpicn) "dpicnd ly.xqgd z milydl zeqpl l epl xzep l okle,xac siqen lvxd ly ezpynl iteqelitd rwxd.c ay ed oiipn dlyl yxcp inexd wega lvxd dyry yeniyd z oiadl dqipy in lk ote dfia xxal eqip xzei cwenn otea.df oiipra inexd wegd lr oryidl oeirxd z 11 zeiexytd izyn zg rivd oiilw celw.inexd wega xaecnd sirql lvxd rceezd,inexd wega exewny liawn weg epyi ( code civil ) iztxvd igxfd wega (1) :zead 12 cvik xiaqdl dqpn epi oiilwy l.my wegd gqepl cen aexw lvxd ly geqipde mihtynl xtqd ziaa lvxd ykx zihtynd ezxykd z (2) ;iztxvd wegl lvxd rceezd zpya oiilw oiivy itke lied aeyg df oiipr.1884 zpya hxehwecd z laiw my,dpieea xtq,lvxd cnl eay xtqd ziaa mixend cg,(moritz Wlassak) wqle qixen mqxt 1879.('eihqb mexeivebp'îd zeclez) Zur Geschichte der Negotorium Gestio ezxzeky xtqd zian eizericia inexd wegd mr lvxd ly ezexkid z zelzl yi ok m dtewz dzea ixehqidd rwxd gkepl eiperih z oiadl yiy okzii,dpieea mihtynl aezkle ipeiletpd cewd z yehpl eywia el zevxa.dnr zexeywd zevxae dipnxba dgpdd aexl dgped mixacd ceqia.inexd wegl aeyg ciwtz ozip eae,ycg miweg jxrn it lry oiivl yi.df rcinl xewnd dn rcei ipi.inexd htynd lr divhxqic azk lvxdy oreh oiilw lr sqep.zepigad z xar iyewae ely mihtynd icenila jk lk oiiprzd l lvxd,oiia qkl azky dn,73±41 'nr,(c"vxz) oiia ex) xehwecd xez z lawl ick divhxqic aezkl yxcp l edy reci jk eny cil oiiv lvxd eay cigid mewnd ik xikfdl yi df xywda.(90 'nr,(1983) oel ;72,68 'nr cegiia.'micedid zpicn' extql xryd ed mihtynl xehwec ezeid zcaer z

9 15 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez.(mnvr minexd mb dax dcina egipdy dgpd) irahd wegd z bviin inexd wegd ik axrzdl mcl xytn inexd wegd m :oldlck lvxd ly oerihd z gzpl yi jkitl eze myiil xyt if,envrl becl xgd ly ezlekia oi xyk xg ly etqka lthl envr z dpnn xehqbdy myk.envrl becl zleki xcrp mc mday mixwna ± miyp ly xzei ax xtqn ly mbidpnl envr z dpnn oeaixd jk,exag ly eiqkpa xtqn) izenk lcada mkzqn 'oeaix'l 'xehqb'd oia lcadd df daygn ew it lr.enr ipa s ilee,oze wicvn xqendy zelert od dly meyn,(mxeara miaxrzny miypd dwcvd epvn linne,mixg ly dlvd dpicnd oepika zexl xyt,jk m.oaiign.zipeaix dpicn znwdl zihtynîzixqen lvxdd ly ezpynl iztxvd rwxd.d yeniyd ly oeirxd z lvxd ay epnny xg oeeik rivdl ipevxa xnnd ly ipyd wlga gxkda xzeq epi ede,dfd oeeikd lr ecnr mxh xwgna.dfd xywda 'dnecn dpn'a.enilyn l,dk cr xnpy dn z 1896 zpya 'micedid zpicn' extq z mqxt lvxd.fixta 1895 ipeia epneia azky zeniyx zeawra mipyd oia) mipy rax za diidy miiq ed onf ezea Neue Freie oezird gily yniy oday,(1895±1891 xewnd z evnl yiy okzii.fixta ixhqed Presse,ztxva dtewz dzea eniiwzdy mipeica lirl oeirxl a.mei mei mdl sygp ± ihilet azkk ± lvxdy lvxd (xeceiz) af oinipa Neue Frie Presse oezird gily yniyy dtewza,1893 zpyn dpenz miigd z eiptl etyg (1895±1891) ztxva mipyd.fixta ixhqed ziztxvd dwilaetxd ly zeibelecid zepynd ze miihiletd.ziyilyd xyke,ziztxvd dktdnl dxyd xewn eqex ly eizepeirx eaygp wcva ly e wcva mixacdy lekl did xexa,'illkd oevxd' z mihan mipktdnd ik xiitqaex xidvd 13 jkl eiad oehlyl oeiletp ziilre dktdnd oelyik.eqex ly eixac zrtyda exnp ezeipy lr,lvxd ly ezpyna zeax ewqr xy,qiie awri x"cle oiilw celw 'textl dpezp izcez.yepa mdizerici z inr welgl a.(1999) lxd mb oke,181±110 'nr,(c"vxz) oiia ex lvxd ly eiiga ef dtewz lr zagxp dxiwql dpigad on od zipeivd drepzd bidpnk lvxd z ztxva mipyd eavir cvik dlya lxd zwqer,dxnna

10 xyîxa mdxa xevil 16 xgen.sweza ellyp md jkitle zeipktdn zeibeleci iqqan eaygp eizepeirxe eqexy dpnd ziixezl zycegn dpcr dziid,dxyr ryzd dnd ly mipenyd zepya,xzei millkeyn migeqipe zeqxba ik m,dil aeyl mikxc eytig mipey mibede,zizxagd azkp oiipra aeyg xeaig.xzei diiet cxtl icia 1880 zpya 14 cnr diiet.(alfred Fouillée) ly daxd dzeaiyg lr exeaiga daivnd,eqex ly dixezd mixeywd mihxt dpicnd ceqia zy l.dpna dfa df xeza diiet xiz zfd dpnd dpn' xnelk, quasi-contract rpnidl et rivd ed.'dnecn dzxkpy zixehqid dprhn,exar mipnfa idylk dpn 1789 ileia 14Îa dilihqad yeaik idefy orh ed zf znerle dxyd xewnl eqex ly eizepeirx eaygp wcva ly e wcva.ziztxvd dktdnl jxev lk la dzexkd zixa.zilnxet dlerta od miax mipeic xxer xy xtq (Léon Bourgeois) de'bxea oel mqxt 1896 zpya zeaxrzda jxevd mr mfilxaild z ayiil dqip ed eae,dincwa od dwihileta l,'dpicn' dpeknd zinvr zeyi zniiw l ik orh de'bxea.dlklkd iiga dpicnd ayedoeirxdzxidadlick a.zeixcileq mdipia zxxey xy mihxt wxe j yi zraepe mcd ipa z zcbnd dnecnd dpnd xaca diiet ly eixaca ynzyde dnecnd dpnd oia oixyina xywn de'bxea b.irah otea mdipia zxxeyy zeixcileqdn lvxdy jk lr driavn lxd.(143±142 'nr) xehqbd yepl mb zqgiizne zipeirxd dpigad on od ziyrnd dilry drtydd lr zcner dppi id mxa.(135±133 'nr) dtewz dze ly zeiztxv zeibelecin rtyed z ogeae fixta ezedy zra lvxd ly eizeazk xg awer (g"lyz) ixry mb.df xnna xacl oiipern ip.ziyilyd ziztxvd dwilaetxa zerxend zeawra xar edy zeiegztzdd.eizepeirxl zeaebzd z oke de'bxea ly ezqitz it lr dktdnd z xzn xlcp.(1897) xlcp ex.de'bxea ly eizepeirx lr dwihiletde xqend ircnl dincwa miiwzdy mqxetn oeic xzn ed xyd oia xlcp.'ipngel ihilet owqr' ezeid lya xwira drap de'bxea ly ezrtydy oiivn xlcp ik xirdl aeyg ezpyn z llkyl xyt eizepeirx z de'bxea ay mdny miinexd miwega mipiirn m ik zexdl ywia.epnf ipa mipey mibed ly zetwzd iptn ezpbdl vi s ed.oexgd ly a.1896 zpya fixta dpeyxl xel vi xy ± Solidarité ± xtqd ly eny raep mb okn

11 17 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez zepn' ly zxzekd zgz miievnye inexd wega mxewn xy,igxfd wega miwegd oiae 15 miwegd ik orh de'bxea.lvxd xikfdy wegd z mb de'bxea oiiv df oiipra.'zenecn zkxrn z mippeknd mdy,mcd ipa oia zeixcileq yiy dgpdd lr miqqazn elld.dpicnd ly dipiipr z mb ldpl yi mdit lrye dpicna mihxtd ly zeiccdd zeaegd zxez z bivd day dpyk 1896 zpy z aexl mipiivn de'bxea ly eiazk ixweg 16 mqxt 1895 sxega xak ik dcaerd daeyg eppiiprl j.(solidarité) zeixcileqd zeceqi z hxit mdae,la Nouvelle Revue zrd azka mixnn ly dxey de'bxea wng lirl meqxtd jixz 17.dnecnd dpnd oeirx z dagxda my bivd s ed.ezhiy miybtp epgp df meqxta.daxd ezeaiyg zexnl de'bxea ly ezpyn ixwegn dk cr xywda 'dnecn dpn' ly oeirxa miifkxn miztxv mipicne mibed ly meyiia dpeyxl de'bxea ly eixac enqxety zra ik xekfl mb oaenk yi.lvxdl mcew ihiletîihxez mikldnd xg xwira awr ed eizeazkn zexl xyty itke,fixta ipezir lvxd yniy dyrpy yeniyd ly onfde mewnd zekinq.oeaxea lkida eygxzdy mixreqd miihiletd mixxern lvxd ly epneia dpeyxl oeirxd meqxt iptly miycega fixta ddf oeirxa.mixg mixywda mnyiil ywiae el zepeirxn rtyed ed ik oindl ixweg ly mdipirn dk cr dnlrp ok izxwqy ziztxvd zextql lvxd oia dwifd jka.dnecnd dpnd oeirxl xewnd dfy jk lr ecnr l s md.zipicnd ezhiye lvxd zecaer dnk lr riavdl ywa izxryd z wfgl ick.ezpyna aeyg jacp unged.zetqep.cen daeyg zihilet zenc de'bxea did fixta ddy lvxdy mipya ik oiiv ziyx ztxv zlynn yxk de'bxea odik,extq meqxtl cre elld mixnnd meqxt oia yniy ed dlynn yxl dpeny cre 1888 zpyn.(1896 lixt cr 1895 xanaepn) jka.ziztxvd dwihiletd xg lvxd awr qixta ipezirk 18.mixg mixika miciwtza mirtendn gkeeidl xyt zipicnd ezpyn ze de'bxea ly ihiletd elret z xikd edy 19 z dpen s lvxd cg mewna.lvxd ly eizeazka de'bxea ly eny ly miaxd ik xzn ede,iztxvd hpnlxta xzeia miaehd minepd xyr dying oia de'bxea, Dette de l homme envers la société; le quasi-contract social :iriaxd wxtd,(1998) de'bxea ex b 1902±1901 mipya ypy zevxd zxcqa zfd dixezd lr cnre de'bxea ay jk xg xtqn mipy.54±43 'nr dnewn mb df llkae zilklkd ezhiy zxiwql.117±109 'nr,(1907) de'bxea mb ex.zeixcileqd zxez lr.66±45 'nr,(1932) xbxeand ex dnecnd dpnd xaca dixezd ly mixicdnd ly mzxrda ex.okl mcew cer oeirxd lr ayg lvxdy jkl zecr evnl xyt ik mixeaqd yi j.(161 'nra dxrd,,(c"lyz) sxye oiia) 1892 xaehwea 16Îa dazkpy dazka,'qixtn zeazk'l eipiipr dl eid elik' eyexite eixaca xkfend ipihl iehia lr mipryp mixicdnd.qiqa oi ef dprhly dxp miyepl zg dfinx l s my driten oie lied,zxaecnd dpynd lr zecr mey my mixaca oi.'ely.dnecnd dpnd zxezl mixeywy

12 xyîxa mdxa xevil 18 Îliveq oecren' jezak yibxdl mihep eze mirney xyk 20 dtewza.eizerc mr zexkid lr cirnd oiipr,'ihilet 21 ok m yi.de'bxea mr ybtp s lvxd,xzei zxgen zeiyi ly dixnn xg awr lvxd ik dxrydl wfg ceqi dze ly dwihileta gztn zenc dziidy,zifkxn dk.epnn rtyed ed ik xryl xzen jk zeawrae,dtewz xy,zeixcileqd zpyn z mciw (1925±1851) de'bxea oel.zeihqiliveq zecnr mr miilxail zepeirx bfnl dzqip.yecig zpigaa ed dbdy oeirxdy xaq envr lvxd m xxal aeyg eppiiprl,cere zf dycgd dixez"k eze xiz ed 'micedid zpicn' extqa oeirxd z bivnd ed xyk azky xgl yceg) 1895 ileia dfd oeirxd z bivd lvxd ik oiivl aeyg mxa."ily zazka.icedid xywda ly (de'bxea ly eixac meqxt xgl miiycege epneia oeirxd z ed ('oeaxea lkid' extqa oexgd wxtd mb idy) iztxvd hpnlxta ezedyl mekiqd :azke dnecnd dpnd oeirx lr xfg lrtiy gxkdd on jk,[zizxag dpn=] contrat social ici lr dzeedzp l dpicndy myk ik eipipr z ldpl ezlekiae egeka oi mrd.negotiorum gestioîd edf.xg ihtyn qgi da mdiyrn z eyri mixehqbd e xehqbd.mze xweq hand oiy cr,swiddîiaxe milecbd lkid).miyrnd ici lr dldpdd z xyl ekxhviy znerlk,dxizi zevnzdae zexidfa.(150 'nr,oeaxea my gipdl xiaq.exyt z oiadl leki epi mcwen rci la dfd xnnd z xewy in edy ixd,dncwd lk la extqa eze mqxte aye,ef jxca dfd xnnd z mqxt lvxd.mpiadl yxcpd rcid yi milikynd eirney lkly xaqe reci xac elld zepeirxa dx dzea mireci mixacn eixacl zexewnd z ay lvxd ik dxrydd z wfgn df oiipr.zr dnecn dpn xg yetigl oeirxdy okzii.zg dpenzl mipezpd lk z sxvl xyt ny meixvebp' ly oeirxd meyii mle,ziztxvd zextqa mipeicd zeawra lvxd lv gnv dlkydd zeawra,oiilw orhy itk,xytzd xywd ezea inexd wegdn 'eihqb mb yibcdl aeyg.ely invr yecig elld mixaca dx ed jk meyne,ely zihtynd ly ezpyna mixkfend dnecnd dpnd iweg oia yxetn otea xywn,524±521 'nr,(1897) xlcp.inexd wega mxewnye iztxvd igxfd wega miievnd dnecnd dpnd iwegl de'bxea

13 19 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez mzrcl dpekpd jxca xwira epc xnelk,ilklkd oiipra ecwnzd ezriq iype de'bxeay oeicd z 'oeaxea lkid'a yibcd mznerl lvxd.zihqiliveq dlklk opekl yi day xy ed df cegiiy okzii.exnna sihd ed eprnly,ihxwehqixd,ipehlyd dpana."ily dycgd dixez"k elld zepeirxl qgiizdl eiad zeaiyg yiy ixd,lvxd lr ziztxvd zipicnd daygnd ly drtyd dziid ok m ly oerihd,epixy itk.ef zextqa driten idy itk zepeaixd zwcvd okezl zrxkn dnecnd dpna mitzeyd oia ihtynd xywdy jk lr oryp milxailîliveqd mibedd zeixcileq zxxey ik dgpdd gkepl avern (migxfk miiccdd mdiqgi z opekn xy xyw) wega lvxd ynzyd mrh dfin ± dcixhnd dlyl aeyp m.ux dze iayei oia zeaiygd mb l,ciwtz lin irahd htynd ly oeirxd wx ly gipdl lkep ±?inexd xa df weg jkitl.miyp oia zeixcileq iqgil ihtyn iehiak inexd wegl lvxd qgiiy ly qgi,lvxd ly ezxryd it lr,mdipia xxey xy micedia xaecn xyk meyii jezn cg lk iyx,efk zeixcileq ly dneiw zgpd jnq lr ik siqedl yi.zeixcileq ok lvxd ik dxrydd.xehqbk envr zexl dxvn eig z livdl dqpn xy dlidwd zeixcileqd oexwr lr zeax zeiepncfda eixacn zwfgzn dfd xea mipiiprd avn z dx 22.zicedid dpicnd oepika izedn ciwtz el wiprn lvxdy,micedid oia : ok cr izbvdy ziztxvd drtydd gkepl lvxd ly eixaca zrk oiir quasi,dpn it lr enk,[oecd=] qepinecd itlk xehqbd aiigzn ezeaxrzd ici lr la deedznd :xzei oekp e,dligzkln dpicna miiwd ihtynd oilnebdîqgi edf.ex contractu.(ily dybcdd,63±62 'nr micedid zpicn).dnr cgi lvxd ly yeniyd z.dpicnd mr deedznd ihtyn qgil lvxd qgiizn dl mixaca zxivil irvnk ± ztqep jxca mb ok oiadl ozip irahd wegd ly melibk inexd wega.zyxetn l dpn mdipia mizxek xye zeixcileq mdipia yiy miyp oia iweg xyw zkxrndlydxivimik,xgedfk'irahweg'ayeniyokoi,zexgmilina zezxkp zepn el cnln inexd wegd.mihxt oia zxkpy dfeg zxfra dnvr ziwegd l,aiign wegk ynyn epi edy jkn vei.dfl df miaxrd miyp oia irah otea dpwa dler lvxd ly eixacn df hehiv.oixeg ipa mc ipa oia (zenecn) zepnl mbck,dwicvn mb znieqn dcinae,zppekn dwegd dpicnd zeedzd xgl ik ezcnr mr cg zihtynd zkxrnd zxvep cvik dlyd zavip oiiprd cwena xnelk.zepeaixd z.dpicnd ceqia zcnery,iriaxd wlgd cegiia,(1895) de'bxea ly dxiyid ezrtyd zxkip zfd dcewpa mb ik oiivl aeyg.zeigxfd zeaegd zkxrnl ceqid id dnecnd dpnd elv sy,397±392 'nr

14 xyîxa mdxa xevil 20 zligzy exidvda eqex ly zizxagd dpnd ly zxeqnd z ok jiynn lvxd dyrnl mr ccenzdl gilvn ed ik xeaq lvxd.zixa zzixka ed mc ipa oia igxfd xywd dxiaqnd dpyn bivn ed.xeztl dgilvn dpi eqex ly dixezdy zixehqidd dirad mibdep,mlern lreta dzxkp l m sy,zixa zzixk gekn xveeidl leki wegd cvik wegd et milyn dfd beqd on zezixa zezxkp cvik dpewld z.dzxkp ok elik da.inexd zf exizy itk.sqep izedn oiipr ly xywda daeyg zeiztxvd zepynl dwifd miyp ixw,miiyteg mihxt m ik 'mr' eppi dxag lkl ceqid,de'bxeae diet xak zeixcileqd gkepl ed dn xryl xyty) iyteg oevx jezn zixa mdipia mizxekd miihxt zilxail dcnr lr zqqazn ef dixez,eqex ly dixezd enk ly.(mdipia zxxeyy el mixac.xg aihwlew lk e mrd le micigi micner dpicnd ceqia ditle,zwdaen xicbny dn mr se,cigid ly eizeiekfe enewn xaca lvxd ly eixac mr ahid mialzyn 23 avnl irahd avnd oia xarnay xeaq eqex zf znerl.mrk micedid z ezrcl jq le (volonté générale) 'illkd oevxd' ed epevx xy 'iveaiw ip' xvep igxfd.lekd ly zepevxd elie,ilklk did ezriq iype de'bxea ly dixeza cwend,izxrd xaky itk oia zipeirxd dwifly dxp j.ipehlyd dpana did 'oeaxea lkid'a lvxd myy ybcd megza mb dklyd dziid lvxd ly zeipicnd eizexez oial dld zeiztxvd zecnrd oexwr lr zqqeand zilklk dyib lvxd rivd 'cpliephl' extqa,dnbecl.ilklkd oicd on.eiazkn dnka de'bxea lv mb riten zilklkd zeiccdd oeirx.zeiccdd dcaer oeiva wtzq dry itl j,mixeaigd oia dwifd z mihxt ihxta et oegal.cala ef 26,xara xak drnyp zilxailîliveq dcnr bivn 'micedid zpicn' xtqd ik dprhd m.dipnxba xzei xgen mipy dnk ernypy zepeirx dnixhnd dcnrk dbved ide dcnr m ik,miipnxb zepeirxl zinvr zixewn dnxhd ok oi ixd,mipekp iixac lvxda zexl xyt oiicry oaen.zrd dzea ztxva ernypy zepeirxn drtyedy.dtexi iwlg xyl ztxvn el zepeirx exiardy mibedd cg z icedid mrd ly xywda od dnecnd dpnd ly dixezd zwcvl orh lvxd,cere zf zercd zxiwq ex.'illk oevx'l eqgiizda eqex oeekzd dnl dlya ehagzd miax.6 'nr,(f"hyz) eqex zecnrl wfg gzt dgzt ezcnry jka eqex z miyd oenlh awri.171±169 'nr,(1957) sb df oiipr lr.43,41,39 'nr cegiia,50±38 'nr,(1970) oenlh ex.zeixhilheh zecnrl xzei xgene zeihqiaihwlew mewnd ok l j,elld miiywd z swer dnecn dpn lr exaicy mixg lye lvxd ly oeeikdy okzii.dfa jixdl

15 21 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez dpicnd znwda dx ed ik lirl xxazd icedid xywdl rbepa.iztxvd xywda od mipiipr avnay xaq ed jkitle,mrd ly meiwd zngln jezn day dlert zicedid dpicna xehqbd ly eiepiny qxb ed zf znerl.envr z zepnl xehqbd lr dfk z ldpl ezlekiae egeka oi mrd" :milibxd dpicnd iveli lya ziyrp ziztxvd z evnl miniznd miypd lr elld zeaiqpd lyae,"swidd iaxe milecbd eipiipr 27 dixez bivdl dqip lvxdy micnl epivnp.dzxyjxcddz,oehlylribdljxcd dpicne dpicn lkae,micedid ly ihxtd dxwna ± dpicn ly dpepik zwcvdl zillk ed,ok lr xzi ;eqex ly eixac lr wleg epi lvxd ly epeirx.ztxv ly dxwnak,eqexy da oenhd ixehqidd lykd mr ccenzdle eqex ly dixezd z llkyl crep.ez ccenzd l,lvxd zrcl mekq ixedxd.e ly dpepikl zixqend dwcvdd xaca lvxd rivdy dpynl rwxd z ok oegal iziqip zextqd z mb lelkl yi eizepeirxl dxydd zexewn oiay zexdl izlczyd.dpicn ly dwif lr riavdl xyty okziiy mb izprh,hxta.ziztxvd zilxailîliveqd jiyndl did xyt.ilklkd megza zeiztxv zeixezl lvxd ly dixezd oia ynn,zg l xkfed xaky itk.mipiipr dnk cera iztxvd xywda lvxd ly ezpyna oecle hxtae,mitwz eqex ly dixezd cbp lvxd dlrdy miwenipd m dlya winrdl iex eizepeirx md oegal oiiprn ok enke,zeixehqid zecaer lr eixaca oryp ok eqex md iziirad yeniyd znbeck,eqex ly ezpyna zexg zeira xeztl miieyr lvxd ly.'illkd oevxd' byena z xwal xyt dxekl.rivn lvxdy dpynd mvr z oegal mewn yi ok enk inexd wegd meyii m dlyd zelrl lynl dieyr.zxaecnd dixezd ly dzeixqen zenieqn zeizxag zeveaw ly zihqilpxht dcnr bivn epi dpicn oepik ly xywda ly eztcrd oial zfd dixezd oia wecd xyw evnl lynl xyt ± zexgl qgia 28 wwfp recn diidzd mb zxxerzny oaenk.zihxwehqixd oehlyd zxev z lvxd ezrepzl zixhpelee zetxhvd lr oryidl el did ic l recne zfd dixezl lvxd 29.(mrt icn rinyd envr edy dprh) seygl l ok iza l.elld mipiiprd lkl yxcii lvxd ly ezpyna cwenn weqir epiidc,ezpyn lr eritydy okzii xy zextqa dk cr exwgpy dl lr mitqep zexewn iziqipy itk.dxyr ryzd dnd idly ly ziztxvd zilxailîliveqd diteqelitd.eizepeirxn wlg dpnn wpi lvxdy dxiaq zexyt zniiw,zexdl

16 xyîxa mdxa xevil 22 mewn ixn de'bxea,solidarité xtql xac gzta mb.8±7 'nr,(1998).(c"lyz) sxye oiia ex.99 'nr,oeaxea lkid oiipr ex.1899 zpya miiwzd df ybtn.121 'nr,a,micedid,cpliephl ;114 'nr, micedid oiipr ex "micedid oiipr"n',ixpia dnly ;156 'nr,('micedid oiipr'l eand) ' "micedid zpicn"l.45 'nr oiipr ;55,41,21 'nr,micedid zpicn ex zelyl yicwd lvxd.545 'nr,,micedid.260 'nr,dicela oeleq dfgna mewn elld,(f"txz) dixel ;147 'nr,cpliephl ex oeirxa dagxda wqr dixel.173±162 'nr.lvxd lv 'zeilehen'd.53 'nr,(1998) de'bxea ex sxye oiia oke ;140±138 'nr,(c"vxz) oiia ex mileki eppi ik oiivn oiia.k±gi 'nr,(c"lyz) xwy zihqiliveqd zextqd id dn zedfl ly zihqiliveqd ezqitz lr dxiwql.lvxd.161±132 'nr,(f"txz) dixel ex lvxd.151±150 'nr,oeaxea ilkid gkeeidl xyt.67±66 'nr,micedid zpicn lvxd ly exnna miyepd ipy oiay xywa.lirl xkfedy rhwa,'oeaexea lkid'a ly eixac ;23,11 'nr,micedid zpicn ex zetxhvdd,cec itl.137 'nr,cpliephl,cec.zixhpelee id dycgd dxagl zpicn' xtqd ly dpynd zxzek jezn.'micedid.13 'nr,micedid zpicn.64±63 'nr,micedid zpicn.61 'nr,micedid zpicn,(1998) oefiab lv dritend dwelgd it lr.24±23 'nr.28±25 'nr,oefiab.220±208 'nr,(1957) sb ex.624±620 'nr,(1951) uley ex.313 'nr,(1961) uiaelei ex xlcp mbe ;624 'nr cegiia,(1951) uley ex.ef dlya dagxda ocd,(1897) ipefg mbe ;28 dxrd 91 'nr,(1990) oiilw ex.90±89 'nr,(a"qyz).(1928) ofpxel ex yepa oeirl ok mixacd zbvd.336 'nr,(1866) lnd ex,228±221 'nr,(1957) sb ly extq it lr id dpnd ly mileblbd ze zegztzdd z xweqd.zizxagd.(1880) diiet.1 dxrd 48 'nr,(1998) de'bxea ex gztae (1932) xbxeand ly ditxbeiaa ex.solidarité xtql xacd 15Îa mqxety wlgd xwira,(1895) de'bxea driten elld micenra.jlie 392 'nrn,ina ezhiyl ely ezhiy oia zyxetn deeyd mb edmy,1dxrd392'nrmbex.eqexly.igxfd wega mixaecnd miwegl qgiizn ex.15 dxrd 300 'nr,,micedid oiipr ex zexewn zniyx.(aiaîlz) lvxd,(1983) qenr,oeli ac mbxz,,lvxd iazk xgan,eizeclez xtq :lvxd xeceiz,(c"vxz) qkl,oiia.(aiaîlz) ignw xciw oxde oeivîoa ryedi,'lvxd af oinipa ly zipeivd ezpyn',(g"lyz) qkl,oiia.(milyexi) zipeiv zeipicne dibeleici,(mikxer).(milyexi) b-,qixtn zeazk :lvxd,(c"lyz) (mikxer) sxy 'ne qkl,oiia?dnvr z dniybnd deap e avn xeiz :zizwegd dktdnd,(1998) zex,oefiab.(milyexi).(aiaîlz) miazk,(e"kyz) mleyn,lexb

17 23 lvxd ly (quasi contract) 'dnecnd dpnd' ziixez.(aiaîlz) 1,lvxd iazk,cpliephl,(j"yz) af oinipa,lvxd.(aiaîlz) 6,lvxd iazk,'oeaxea lkid',("kyz) af oinipa,lvxd.(aiaîlz) iriay dfgn,6,lvxd iazk,'dicela oeleq',("kyz) af oinipa,lvxd.(milyexi),miipeiv mixnne minep,(e"lyz) af oinipa,lvxd.(milyexi) ilei ikcxn mbxz,micedid zpicn,(e"nyz) af oinipa,lvxd.(milyexi) micedid oiipr,(g"pyz) af oinipa,lvxd.11,zlkz,'?zicedi dpicn dvx lvxd md',(a"qyz) mxei,ipefg.(aiaîlz) zeizxagde zeihiletd eizetwyde lvxd xeceiz,(f"txz) dyn,dixel xe sqei mbxz,ziyily dxecdn,zizxagd dpnd lr,(f"hyz) w'f o'f,eqex.(milyexi) mbxz,mixnn jeza,'mcd ipa oia oeieeydîil zeceqid',(b"pyz) w'f o'f,eqex.(milyexi) weqa ecir.d,zepeivd,'qixta lvxd',(g"lyz) cec,ixry Andler, Charles (1897), Du quasi-contract Social et de M. Léon Bourgeois, Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, année 5, Bourgeois, Léon (1895), La Doctrine de la Solidarité, Nouvelle Revue, numéros de 15 Mars, 1 er Avril, 1 er Maiet15Mai. Bourgeois, Léon (1998), Solidarité (Septentiron). Bourgeois, Léon (1907), Essai d une Philosophie de la Solidarité: Conferences et Discussion (Paris). Fouillée, Alfred (1880), La Science sociale contemporaine (Paris). Gough, John W. (1957), The Social Contract: A Critical Study of Its Development, 2 nd Edition (Oxford). Hamburger, Maurice (1932), Léon Bourgeois (Paris). Hammel, Ernest (1866), Histoire de Robespierre, 2 (Paris). Harel, Haya (1999), From the Palais Bourbon to Der Judenstaat, Gideon Shimoni & Robert S. Wisrtich (eds.), Theodor Herzl: Visionary of the Jewish State (Jerusalem & New York). Jolowicz, Herbert F. (1961), Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge). Klein, Claude (1990), L État des Juifs: Nouvelle traduction de l allemand et notes de Claude Klein (Paris). Lorenzen, Ernest G. (1928), The Negotiorum Gestio in Roman and Civil Law, Cornell Law Quarterly, 13. Schulz, Fritz (1951), Classical Roman Law (Oxford). Talmon, Jacob L. (1970), The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York).