ביקורת המקרא באסלאם והשתקפותה בתרגום רס"ג לתורה

Transkrypt

1 ביקורת המקרא באסלאם והשתקפותה בתרגום רס"ג לתורה דותן ארד ly zeifkxnd zexifd zg`ae miipiad inia inlqenîicedid qenleta wqer df xn`n zeprhd ibeq,zecdid lr m`lq`a zxewial rwxd ebvei xn`na.`xwnd,df qenlet.zeprhd mr micedid ly mzeccenzd ote`e df megza minlqen mibed mda eynzydy ax xaigy ziaxrl dxezd ly il`hpnepend mebxzd,'xiqtz'd cner xn`nd fkxna dcearae,yexitd on ea oi`y mebxz oi`y xnel laewn.b"qx,(942±882) oe`b dicrq zeqgiizd mb `l`,`xwnl miyexit wx `l `evnl ozip b"qx ly enebxza ik gkei ef.`xwnd iabl inlqenîicedid giya egeexy zeprhd llyl zfnexn Îoia ziccd drtyd,dxivi ly zxreq dxif dtexi`e oekizd gxfnd eid miipiad inia,zipyxtd diiyrd fkxna.zeihqi`zepend zezcd yely oia ielbe ienq qenlete zeieaxz zepeyd zezcd ly ycewd iazk ecnr miizcîoiad migekieede zeiniptd zewelgnd ly mihlgend eixack eqtzp mda mipin`nd ipiray,(o`xewde dycgd zixad,j"pzd) inia minlqenl micedi oia zeieaxzd ybtn ly cg` ot zbvdl ycwen df xn`n.l`d.ef zxewia mr micedid ly mzeccenzde `xwnd lr minlqend ly zxewiad ± miipiad iybtn' qxewa lwpxt mixn x"ce oeyy oa mgpn 'textl dybedy zipeixpinq dceara xn`nd ly eceqi *.'miipiad inia minlqenl micedi oia zeieaxz 7 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia Ÿ [היה היה, במה צעירה להיסטוריה, גיליון 5 (תשס"ו), עמ' [ 32±7

2 cx` ozec 8.'dycgd zixad' z` eilr dtiqede,'dpyid zixad',j"pzd zyecw z` dlaiw zexvpd,cngen `iapd icin mdl xqnpy ycgd xtqd ± o`xewdy mipin`n,z`f znerl,minlqend cala `ed ± 1 (o`xwl` ª f`'br`) mc` icia iewigl ozip epi` xy`,epepbqa mlyend xtqd z` `exwl minlqenl dxyt` ef dii`x.el mcwy dn lk z` zlhan ezrtede,l`d xac `le el miaiegn eid `l md,micedile mixvepl cebipa ik,zeizxewia miipira `xwnd.eilr obdl eyxcp wecal dqp` df xn`na.dzi` ccenzdl eqipe z`fd zxewial mircen eid micedid zinlqend zxewiad ztwzyn zetqepd eizexiviae dxezl oe`b dicrq ax ly enebxza m`d mle`,dreci minlqend ly qenlet iperih mr gkeezd b"qxy dcaerd.`xwnd lr icixy lre,'zerce zepen`',zwdaend ziqenletd ezxivi lr xwira ybc eny mixwegd,'xiqtz'd,dxezl enebxza mb m`d dwicaa `ed df xn`na yecigd.dxezl eyexit ea `ia` `le" :b"qx orh 'xiqtz'l ezncwda.minlqend mr qenletl b"qx qgiizn 2."cala dxezd ipipr wx mdl wizr` ike [...] `odilr iizeaeyz `le mixtekd zel`y.mixtekd zel`yl eizeaeyza aigxd eay,dxezl jex`d eyexitl dcbpda d`a ef ezxdvd zeprh exxeri `ly jk oeekn ote`a minieqn miweqt mbxz `edy ze`xl ozip,z`f mr.zeiqenlet ieyr `ede,dtyl dtyn zipkh dxard wx epi` mebxzy ze`xdl dqp` df xn`na eyexit icixy z` mb izpga 'xiqtz'd cvl.zeipyxt zeiral zefinx lly ekeza likdl myle,i'klad ieig,xnend icedid ly eizeprh cbp eizeaeyz z`,dxezl b"qx ly oi`y oaen.minlqend zeprhl 'zerce zepen`'a zeieqgiizd yi m`d mb izwca dnlyd,zinlqend qenletd zextqa mixkfpd miweqtd zexyr lk z` df xn`na siwdl izlekia zxewiad zwlegn xn`na.cgeina zepiiprn il e`xpy ze`nbecl xwgnd z` izlabd okle z` biv` mzervn`ay,miweqt dnk mi`aen dixebhw lka.zeixebhwl zinlqend ezeccenzd ikxca oec`e zxewiad zeprhl b"qx ly zfnexnd e` zyxetnd ezeqgiizd.oz` 3 ezxecdnl eizexrda bxeapixic ixfrl ecnr j`,dtiwn dpi` ziaxrd dtya izhily icxetq mebxzl zeeydl izleki miweqtdn wlg 4.b"qx yexit lr extqa gt`w axde mihehivd eli`e,bxeapixic zxecdnn od 'xiqtz'd on mihehivd 5.l`ifer axd jxry ly enebxz it lr od o`xewd on ze`aend.gt`w axd zxecdnn e`aed 'zerce zepen`'n 6.oilaix ` axd mebxz xzei oekp d`xp j`,"odilr iizeaeyz `le" mbxz bxeapixic.mdilr cxl` on `le :xewna.zel`yd `le mixtekd `ed `yend epiidc,"mdilr iizeaeyz `le" :gt`w

3 9 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia zebvein opi` zeiaxrd zeize`dn wlg.zeixar zeize`a dazkp zicedid ziaxrd :df xn`na wizrzd zhiy oldl.ixard a"`a.zilbp`a think dlina th enk dziibde,n ze`d z` zbviin 'z.ti'b dlina 'b enk dziibde,q ze`d z` zbviin 'b (lw ybc `ll, ) zixara dtx k enk dziibde,w ze`d z` zbviin 'k.zilbp`a that dlina th enk dziibde,y ze`d z` zbviin 'c.dwfg zipexb c enk dziibde,ˆ ze`d z` zbviin 'v.dwfg zipexb f enk dziibde,š ze`d z` zbviin 'h.ziztxv 'x enk dziibde, ze`d z` zbviin 'r.zilbp`a w enk dziibde,å ze`d z` zbviin zixevir e,zicedid ziaxrd zextqa cewip zxeqn oi` oky,cewip `ll xn`na `aen iaxrd hqwhd.zepey zexeqna ielz d`ixwd ote`e הרביוסףקאפח ( ) יוסף קאפח נולד בצנעא ועלה לישראל בשנת היה ראש רבני תימן בישראל ועסק במחקר ובההדרה של ספרים רבים,ביניהם גם ה'תפסיר' של רס"ג, שהקריאה בו הייתה מקובלת מאוד בקרב קהילת יהודי תימן. חתן פרס ישראל במדעי היהדות בשנת א. המפגש בין היהדות לאסלאם: ההיבט הדתי miraew minlqend miwqetd aexe,zcd ly dietk dvtda lbec eppi` m`lq`d,illk ote`a oif`dl eaieg `l micedid,zixvepd dtexi`l cebipa.zaiign dpi` qpe`a zenlq`zd ik elhed mpn`.mzc z` xindl ugl mdilr lrted `le minlqen zc iyp` ly zethdl iehial xwira erbp dl` j`,(minlqenî`ld zeqgd ipa) 'mini'c'd lr zenieqn zelabd zepeilra,oir zi`xnl,exikd cer lk.diqdxta dilnq zpbtdle zcd ly ianetd.rixtn oi`a mzc ibdpn z` miiwl micedid elki,m`lq`d

4 cx` ozec 10 lray dxezd on zexewn zxkd lr.zecdid zexewna ax oiipr eriad `l minlqend excg mpn`.xken did `l hrnk `xwnd mbe,iyewa j` mirney ep` minlqen axwa dt zixard j`,micedi mixnen zervn`a d`xpk 7,(z`li`xq`) m`lq`l zeicedi zexeqn ly miipep`wd mihqwhd z` xikdl evn`zd `l mde,minlqenl zexf exzep zinx`de :(1285 zpya xhtp) dpenk oa` icedid seqelitd xak cnr df oiipr lr.zecdid dna oeir winrdl [inlqend z`] gxkda miaiign mpi` minlqend mr micedid ly mdixyw mzpen` lr miaxa fixkdl micedid on rpnpy xg`n cgeina,zn`k milawn [micedidy] cegii lra herin xy`ky xexa `ld [...] dpian inlqend oi`y oeyla miaezk mdixtqe aexdy cera aexd ly ezty z` herind cnel,zxg` oeyl lra aex mr xywa ievn ipeyl 8.xzei xge`n dze` cnel,xzei aehd dxwna,e`,herind oeyl z` cnel eppi` m`lq`l zexvpd oia xexa lcad ztwynd,ztqep daiq oaenk dziid xen`d oiiprd xqegl zpadl micedia exfrp dicnelne,`xwnd zyecwa dxikd zexvpd.`xwnd l` oqgia mpi` micedidy eprh md j`,`xwnd gqep z` ellka elaiw mixvepd.'zixard zn`'d mixyand miweqt xwira,ycewd iazka minieqn miweqt ly dpekpd mzpeekl micxei,z`f znerl,m`lq`a.zepyxt lr aqp micedid mr mdly qenletd.eyi ly e`ea z`.ycewn eppi` egqep j`,zidel` zelbzd ok` `ed `xwnd ly exewny eziy`xn xak orhp,(mirayd mebxze ipexneyd gqepd,dxeqnd gqep) ely mipey migqep miniiwy dcaerd ea elgye ixewnd gqepd eppi` `xwnd gqepy jkl dgked minlqen mibed ipira dziid okl.(jynda dagxda cenr` `xwnd seif zprh lr) oecfa elit` e` bbeya ± miiepiy.ecnll yiy ycewn xtqk `xwnd qtzp `l `id minlqend axwa zicedid zxeqnd zriciîi`l dpenk oa` bivdy diipyd daiqd ly mipey miwegl o`k fnex dpenk oa`."mzpen` lr miaxa fixkdl micedid on rpnpy" micedid,z`fn dxzi `.zeqgd ipa zezc ly miianet miiehia lr exq`y,'xner dfeg' mini'cd lr xq`p xner iweg itly meyn qenlet il` eyy `le zhlyd zca rebtln exdfp in mr (bxedl d`ved ick cr) ce`n dxingd zirxyd dwiwgdy meyne,o`xewa `exwl dgikeny itk,zexidf dpyn ehwpe df xeqi` eniptd micedid.`iapd ceaka e` mzca rbty a.minlqen icil eixac eribi `ly xnyidl 'oniz zxbi`'a m"anxd ly ezxdf` lynl mlerd zene`l dlbi `ly ryxn xeniyd zilkz xnyzy" :zxbi`d ornpa dxzn m"anxd uaewa.inlqend oehlyd zgz (mini'cd) zeqgd ipa ly mcnrn z` xicqnd miweg uaew md xner iweg dpbd xwira) mditlk inlqend oehlyd envr lr lawny zeieaiigzdde zeqgd ipa ly mdizeaeg mihxetn mle`,a`h'gl` oa` xner sil'gl el` miweg zqgiin zinlqend zxeqnd.mdizeaega ecnri m` (mpeghia lr.uaewd ly ezexveeid ikxcl mipey mixaqd erivde jka wetwt elihd mipey mixweg a m"anxd.m`lq`d cbp azka `hazdln,xbd dicaerl ezaeyza,m"anxd ly ezexidf `id ztqep dnbec `

5 11 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia migekie zexveeidl zexyt`d z` envnv el` miweg 9."epnn 'd epxnyiy dn dfn rx`ie lreta mneyii zl`y ik xirdl yi.miipep`wd mihqwhd zece` lr mini'cl minlqen oia xhynne mewnl mewnn mipey eid mi`pzd.zkaeqn zixehqid dl`y `id xner iweg ly,lynl,zeler o`xewd z` micedid exikd xner iweg zexnly jkl zegked.xhynl miiehia `id ztqep dgked.zixarl mbxezn o`xew ly micixy e`vnp my,xidw zfipbn elit`e,iiga 'x ly 'zeaald zeaeg'l oebk,gxfna zicedid zextql elglgy o`xewdn `.b"qxlyeiazkl axwa mihrn `l qenlet ixeaig m`lq`d zevx`a mi`ven ep` lirl xen`d lk zexnl zgz eazkpy l`xyi zaygna mihlead mixeaigd.zeihqi`zepend zezcd yely inkg lr dpbdl mdn wlg micgiin,'mikeapd dxen' e` 'zerce zepen`' oebk,m`lq`d oehly qenletl,dyrnl,elek ycwen 'ixfekd' xtq.m`lq`d itlk zfnexn dtiwzle zecdid it lilcl`e cxl` a`zk' :ixewnd iaxrd eny gikeny itk,zecdid lr dpbdle izc.([xewna jk] 'ltyend zcl di`xde dprnd xtq' :gt`w i"x ly enebxzae) 'lil'cl` oicl` cv lk lv` mieqn oiipr exxer df cvl df minlqene micedi ly mitzeynd miigd,ok m` dpey dziid z`fd zegvpzdd.qenlet ly minieqn miqetc egztzde,xg`d ly ezca `id mb j`,zeytp zpkqa jexk s`e ietk mizrl didy,axrna ldpzdy qenletdn.zezcd izy icnelnl zxbz`ne zqqez dziid a ביקורת המקרא באסלאם zeprhd lk.`xwnd `id icediîinlqend qenletd ldpzd oday zewzxnd zexifd zg` m`lq`d inkg ici lr siwn gezitl ekf od mle`,o`xewa xak dievn ozizyz oldl ebveiy e`vn el` minkg.(micedi mixnen reiqa d`xpd lkk) j"pza znieqn dricil eribdy `id mixg` mixaca mzeytihe mzerh"y siqed j`,dxf dcear ly yyg lkn m`lq`d z` ef zxbi`a dwip.(726 'nr,(`"kyzîg"iyz) e`la)."l`xyi iryxe iryet iptn azka [oxne`l :`"p] exne`l xyt` i`y dtiîqexvl :e`x,o`xewd mr micedid ly zexkidd zcina oeicl hxetn xn`n dyicwd dtiîqexvl deg `.172±156 'nr,(h"pyz) a.dtiîqexvl degn izl`y `xwnd aiaq zeinlqend qenletd zeprhl qgia '`xwnd zxewia' gpend z` ly dznbn.mixg`e 'qenlet','gekie' md migeexd migpende,riten epi` hrnk `ed xzei minecw mixwgna ziy`x oial minlqenl micedi oia miipiadîinia ekxrpy migekieed oia xywl dvex `id :dxexa dtiîqexvl itke,qeqial wewf oiicr df oerih.38 dxrd oldl e`x,dtexi`a dycgd zra izxewiad ibelelitd xwgnd,z`f mr.(9 'nr,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl) "ax xwgne oeir mikixv oiicr mixacd" :dnvra dtiîqexvl dceny mitexi` mixweg l` inlqen iqenlet xneg xared m`d dl`yl dwif ila mb oky,ea ynzydl oekpl izi`x e`xwy mihrn `l minlqen mibed mze` ly mlrtn z` mled '`xwnd zxewia' iepikdy xeaq ip`,miipxcen.eay zexizqe miiyw lr ecnre zizxewia d`ixw `xwnd z`

6 cx` ozec 12 cbp eldipy qenleta yeniy mda eyr mde,dtxez zecewpk mdl e`xpy mihxt `xwna dzeeidy,zexvpd cbp wa`na did m`lq`d inkg ly mdipiirn xwir mpn`.zecdid zneyz dycwed ezpen`le icedid herinl mb mle`,i`av mb `l` ibele`z wx `l aixi.`xwnd iabl qenleta elredy miixwird miperihd dxvwa ebvei oldl.al תחריף` (זיוף).mixvepd lye micedid ly ycewd iazka l`d ly eixac etief xaray `id sixgzd zprh 10 `xwnd on cngen ly excrd my xaqen dzervn`ae,o`xewa xak driten z`fd dprhd od j`,cngen ly e`ea lr ze`eap dl` miazka eid ef dprh itl :dycgd zixadne dxeyw seifa micedid zny`dl znqxetn dnbec a.mixvepde micedid icia oecfa ewgnp weqtd z` cngenn xizqdl eqip micedidy xteqn b.'zicgd zextqa.'dliwqd weqt'l jxca.(ca`e o`xewa mb,zxeqnd itl,did dfk weqt) mit`ep lr dliwq xfebd dxeza `l micedid ik exaqy mb eid j`,seifd zny`d z` minlqend mibele`izd evni` llk cngen zrtedl mifnxdn enlrzde dkldk `ly edeyxit `l` hqwhd z` ynn etiif zprh,mipt lk lr.(micedid ly ziphytd d`ixwd cbp diiqpkd zea` ly oerihd oirk) c.yeniy da miyer oiicr eppnf ipa mixagne,meid cr zinlqend daygna zgeex seifd,'zicgd zexn`le o`xewl mipin` miaygpd mixqen ly dtevx zxyxy oiivn m`lq`d dycgd zixale dxezly dcaerd.o`xewd ly ezezin`l dgked minlqend mi`ex jkae.mdly gqepd zepnidn iabl wtq dlrn dxiqn zxyxy llka oi` נסח' (ביטול),oeirxd.dycg dxeya mzxenz `iadle eixac z` lhal ieyr l`dy `id 'gqpd zprh m`d.edenk e` epnn aeh ep`ade gikyp e` hinyp xy` weqt lk") o`xewa xak dlrend zeniiwd zexizqd zxaqdl mipyxtd z` yniy,([100 :a] "lkei lk midl` ik rcz `l,zepey zeielbzda `l` zg`îzaa ozip `l o`xewdy oeeik.o`xewa mipey miweqt oia mtwez z` milhan zxge`n zelbzda cngenl exqnpy miweqt ik 'gqpd oexwr raew `.(dtlgd) licaz dxevd mb zniiw a ipelt my mzwgn mz`e,dze` mzipiye dxezd mzexind" :oniz zxb`a ef zinlqen dprh xikfn m"anxd.(`lw 'nr,(f"nyz) zliy) "dpnn b.micgein mivawa etq`pe o`xewl eqpkp `ly,(aexwd ebege) cngen `iapdn t"ra zexeqn c,eixacl.zipxcend `xwnd zxewia zexita ipxcen inlqen xagn dyery yeniyd `id jkl zpiiprn dnbec,(1986) cngen e`x.'eke iprfbîicedi seif `ed J xewn eli`e,dxezd ly 'ixewn'd gqepd l` aexwd `ed E xewn.b wxt

7 13 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia revwn gztzd m`lq`d ly ce`n mecw alya xak.okl mcew exqnpy miweqtd ly.ibelepexk xcq it lr zeielbzdd beeiqe gezip ly ( lefpl` A`Aq`) miyxn ircn,zecdide zexvpd mr mdigekieea mb minlqend micnelnd z` yniy 'gqpd oexwr dpwqndn rpnidl ick.dl encwy zeielbzdd z` zlhan cngenl l`d zelbzd ik mprha onf y`xn xfb l`dy orhp,zigvpd l`d zrca iepiy lg ditl,jkn zxfbpd ziziirad.l`d ly epevx iepiy xcba dpi` dycgd zcd zginv ok lre,zc lk ly dzetwzl aevw 'gqp ly minicwz ytgl dziid minlqend mipqenletd ly zeixehxd zeleagzd zg`,'gqpd ly eneiw z` zegcl e` :ziziira dxixa iptl micedid z` cinrdl jkae,`xwna oexwira zecedl e`,mzepnidna wtq zelihnd,ycewd iazka zexizq mr xzeeidl f`e (1064±994) mfg oa` oqenletd orh,dnbecl,jk.dxexa zibele`izd ezernyny,df ('eke zeig` izyl awri i`eyip oebk) mdizea` i`hg lr obdl mileki mpi` micedid ik iptl,[f`] xzen did df mixne` md m`e" :dxez ozn mcew xq`p `l xacdy dprha 11."'gqpa micen md ixd,xq`p xacdy אעלאם (סימנים) mb.minecwd ycewd ixtqa xak miniiw cngen ly e`eal mifnxy `id m`lr`d zprh z` e`vni xy`,in`d ª `iapd,gilyd zeawra mikledd" :o`xewa miyxey yi m`lr`l eyxet miweqt miyingn xzei `.(157,:f) "mdiciay oeilbpee`ae dxeza meyx ex`ez miniiw mpi` mdn wlg ik m`,cngen ly e`ea z` mifnxnk zinlqend qenletd zextqa micedi icia eyrp elld 'miiedif'd lky gipn xwev.dycgd zixaa e` j"pza llk zhlea dnbec 12.zinlqend zeaxzd l` `xwna mdly rcid z` mnir e`iade enlq`zdy zwzyd) 'cedil` m`gt`' (1175 zpya zn) iaxbnl` l`enqîl`eny ly exeaig `ed jkl `xwnd z` mixnend ehhiv mizrl.minlqend mipqenletd z` ax onf yniyy,(micedid mlq`zd) oqg oa cirq hhiv,lynl,jk.dbbyl oze` qgiil ozip `ly,zepeekn ze`ibya (fi,fk 'na) "l`xyin hay mwe awrin akek jxc" weqtd z` ziaxra (1298 zpya,wgl` car,xg` mlq`zn."exfra mw miaxr haye l`rnyi zian jxc akek" :milina hqwh xevil ick dlina zg` ze` mizrl silgde,xzei mkgezn ote`a hqwhd z` dpiy wzrz wgl` Ð (dl,ak `"ln) "dakxna cnrn did jlnde" :dnbecl.xzei el ievx 13.`iapd ly eny z` xvi jke g ze`a r ze`d z` silgd j`,weqtd z` zihpet ` 'nr) ziatl`p`,xea zernyna "in`" ª zyxtn dtiîqexvl.59 'nr,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl it lr mebxzd zeiqip mdipira dlcb jkae aezke `xew rci `ly,cngen ly oiit`n jka e`x miaxrd miyxtnd,ok`e.(121 zene`l mi`iap znwd lr zicedid zxeqnl dptn eizexrdae,"zene`d on" mbxzn oilaix mle`.ez`eap.(164 'nr,oilaix 'cdn) cngenl,ezrcl,dreci dzidy,mlerd

8 cx` ozec 14 בין תחריף לאעלאם etiif micedid m` ixdy,m`lr`l sixgzd oiay dxizqa eyibxd minlqend mibele`zd ez`eapl zei`x myn `iadle my aezkd lr jenql ozip cvik,mdly ycewd iazk z` mipn`pd miweqtd z` `evnl yie,sief hqwhd lk `ly `ed epzpy xaqdd?cngen ly ziilr z` mi`apnd miweqtd seif z` drpn zidel` dgbyd ik dprhd mb dzlr.xewnl :mfg oa` oerihd z` gqip jk.m`lq`d [...] d"r cecl mildzd xtq z`e,d"r dynl dxezd z` ozp midl`y micen ep` zn`ae,mda erxbe etiqede mildzde dxezd xtqa miiepiy elihd miil`xyid mixtekdy xn`p la` mze`n `iap wcvae [...] mdilr xnye mcbp zegikend zei`x mda xi`yd midl` mle` dna erxbie etiifiy mdl ozp midl` ik,epzce ep`iap zezn`l zegkede zei`x miaezkd 14.dvxy dna dfn mdn rpne,dvxy התגובה היהודית לביקורת d`ixwa dilr cenrl yie,zfnexn `id m`lq`d zevx`a qenletl micedid zaebz iqetc eid,lirl x`ezy itk,zhlyd zcd ceaka dribtn yygd zeawra.zizxewia,m`lq`d mr zizifg mixagnd eqnltzd mday mixeaig hrn wx eazkp.mipqexn daebzd.dax zeyibxa dzyrp m`lq`l zeqgiizdd.xzei miienq miwit`l dazep daebzd xwire 15 div`ixe ± 'leqtd','rbeynd') i`pb iiepika e` mifnxa `l`,enya xkfp `l hrnk cngen.'oelw' mizrl dpek o`xewd ;(gily,'leqx' iaxrd x`ezd lr lr ecnre m`lq`d zevx`a micedi eazky miiteqelitd mixeaiga ewqr miax mixweg zercd lr micedid mibedd ilecb epbd el` mixeaiga.mday zeiqenletd zenbnd mipax) dpgnd jeza od,mdipira,zeafek zerca mglidl eqipe l`xyi mra zelaewnd dpzip dzegt al zneyz.(zexvpde m`lq`d cbp) el dvegn ode (jtidle,mi`xw cbp rcena,eyexita rilan oyxt lky s` lr,`xwnd lr yexitd,daeyg zizextq dbeql daeyg dbeql dpzip xzei cer dhren al zneyz.eizetwydne enlern,rcena `ly e` `l`,xac envrn siqen epi` mbxznd ik d`xp ighy hana.`xwnl mebxzd :zxg` iazk mebxza xaecnyk xzei cer dpekp zi`xp ef dgpd.ilk l` ilkn xewnd z` wixn xiagzd z` zepyl eyyge ce`n ilelin ote`a mbxzl minbxznd ehp mday,ycew seygl dieyr mebxza zwcwecn d`ixw.yexitd on ea oi`y mebxz oi`,mle`.dnecke.zighy d`ixwa zexkip opi`y zernyn ly zeaky

9 15 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia קטע קלף מתוך הספר 'צחות לשון העברים' לרב סעדיה גאון. הקטע נשתמר במסמכי הגניזה, אוניברסיטת קיימברידג',.Ar תרגום כתבי קודש מתאפיין במילוליות רבה, מחשש לפגוע במקור. "היות ואין המתרגם יכול לחזות אילו פירושים עדיין ניתנים להפיק מן הטקסט, הוא מרגיש שעליו לשמר את המרקם של המקור ולהעבירו בשלמותו אל התרגום. כדי לעשות זאת, הוא נוטה להעביר מלשון ללשון מבנים תחביריים, שימושים דקדוקיים ובמיוחד את זהותן של המלים על מגוון משמעויותיהן. במקום תרגום חופשי, המותאם לאופי לשון התרגום, הוא ייצור תרגום מילולי, המותאם לאופי לשון המקור, וצורתו זרה ומוזרה בהשוואה עם טקסטים מקוריים שנכתבו בלשון התרגום" (רבין (תשמ"ד), עמ' 3). lr dpbdd,df xivy dnec.oe`b dicrq ax `ed inlqenîicedid gekieea mihlead cg` xfril` eze` oiit`n jk.eizexivi aex z` fxeg,zexg` zerc iptn zipaxd zecdid xvep zg` `l.cgeina zhlea zepgkeele zeqnltzdl diihpd b"qx lv`" :bxaqely,zilelin) znrzdl zpn lr zepncfd lk lvpn `ed ike gekie il` yy b"qx ik,myexd 16 zeprh cbp cgein xeaig xaig `l b"qx."el ze`xp opi`y zerc mre zepen` mr (oaenk,m`lq`d z` zizifg sewzl leki did `l b"qxy xriy oex`a (el`q) mely.minlqend y`x mr ewa`na dkinz el miwiprn miiq`ard zepehlydy drya dnke dnk zg` lr xeaig qenletl yicwd `l b"qx ezrcle,ef drcn biizqd bxaqely 17.i`kf oa cec dlebd 18.miipiadÎinia mixg` mixagn ly mkxck,cala zipyn zeaiyg el qgiiy oeeik cgein inkg mr dielb dxeva znrzdl yyg b"qxy dxrydd z` siqedl yi el` zerc izy lr.`iapde zcd ceaka dribt lk itlk dxingnd mzyibl rcen didy meyn m`lq`d

10 cx` ozec 16 zeieqgiizd eizexivin zeaxa zeniiw,cgein xeaig qenletl yicwd `ly s` lr,z`f mr ezeccenzd ikxc lr cenrp oldl.zefnexn owlge zeyxetn owlg,zwelgnay mi`yepl.'xiqtz'd on xwirae,eizexivin dlery itk,zinlqend zxewiad mr b"qx ly ב. רב סעדיה גאון e`ven.mipe`bd ztewza xzeia zhlead ile`e zipebaxd zencd `ed (942±882) b"qx oe`bl eiepin.zipe`bd dikxxida xdn mcwzde c`cbal ribd myne,mixvnay meitn `l s`e laaa lcb `ly mc` dnxd dxynl dpnzd dpey`xl :inicwz did (928) `xeq cec mr jqkzqd dn onf xg`l.dzr cr mipe`bd e`a odny zeqgeind zegtynl jiizyd lr xzeel b"qx ul`p jeqkqdn d`vezk.df z` df ecip miipyde,dlebd y`x,i`kf oa,zehwy mipy dnkl dkfe mcewd eciwtzl xfg 937 zpya mle`,mipy dnkl ezxyn ax ly znqxetnd dwipexka xnzyd jeqkqd ly oiiprn xe`iz.942 zpya ezenl cr 19.ilaad ozp miax dkld ixtq eixg` xized `ed.zipxezd zextqd ighy lka hlazd b"qx xeaiga.mieqn `yepa zecwnznd zeizkld zeitxbepen azky oey`xd dide (ziaxra) miheite envra azky miheit mb llk `ed,'b"qx xeciq' mya recid izkldîibxehil z`p`n`l` it x`z'knl` a`zk',ziteqelitd ezxivi.xidw zfipba elbzd ely mixg` zepen`' mya zixarl miipiad inia dnbxez,(zercae zepen`a xgapd) 'z`c`wzr`l`e yxety,'dxivi xtq' lr exeaig z` mb oiivl ie`x.miipxcen minebxzl mb dzkfe 'zerce sqep.epicil eribd mlek `l j`,miax `xwn ixtql yexit azk b"qx.miiteqelit milka mebxz.ilelin mebxz `ed eceqiay,xvw yexit mb b"qx xaig,`xwnl jex`d eyexit lr.'xiqtz' gxfnd icedi ita `xwp,df xn`n cwena cnerd,df המרפע בימה ששימשה לקריאת התורה בקהילות תימן. בתימן שימרו את המנהג הקדום ללוות את קריאת התורה בתרגום התורה לארמית (תרגום אונקלוס), ועליו הוסיפו בנסיבות מסוימות גם את תרגום רס"ג לערבית (ה'תפסיר'). את התרגוםקראוגםילדיםקטנים (מנהג הנוהג גם כיום), ועל כן הותקן בצדה של התיבה מעין מדף, שעליו עמד הילד ותרגם. כיום הוראת ה'תפסיר' לילדים כבר אינה שכיחה.

11 17 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia ג. השתקפות ביקורת המקרא האסלאמית בתרגום רס"ג לתורה וביצירותיו הנוספות inia micedid zercd ibed ly mdipir cbpl ecnry miin`lq`d zexewnd z` xz`l dyw hhvn b"qxy zeprhl zelawd m`lq`d zextqa xz`l ozip cinz `l.mincwend miipiad 20 d`nd on mixtq dnk epicia yi mpn`.'zerce zepen`' extqa 'lehiad iciqg' mya 'hg`'bl` ly 'deapl` 'b'bg' enk,(d`eapl mipniq) 'deapl` m`lr`' zbeqn ziriyzd oicl` a`zk 'e (889 zpya xhtp) daizw ª oa` ly 'deapl` l``lc',(869 zpya xhtp) mixeaig.855 zpy aiaq azkpy,(861 zpya xhtp) ixahl` oax oa ilr ly 'dlecl`e ly e`ea z` mixyand `xwnd on lekiakîmiweqt e` miweqt,x`yd oia,milikn el`.daxda m`e hrna m`,b"qxl xzei xge`n in`lq`d iqenletd xnegd aex mle`.cngen e` t"ra,zepey mikxca xared iqenlet xnegy `id df xn`n zizyza zcnerd dgpdd yi.epicil eribdy xzei zexge`nd zexivid zeyabzd cr,(ecxy `ly zexivia) azka.mixvei zeiekf ly zipxcend drcezd zniiw dziid `l oiicr miipiad inia ik xekfl ribd mc` m`,jkitl.dilr zelra oi` yi`le,l`d ly `id dnkgdy dziid dqitzd `iadl xzei xge`n xagn ipira leqt mey did `l,l`d ly eznkga znieqn dbydl dcya mb zniiw ef drtez.ixewn xneg eppi` dfy jkl xekf` mey ila mizrl,eixacn mixfeg,mixge`nd miipiad inia mixteqd x`y ly mkxck" :xezy` oiivny itk,qenletd 21."mdl encwy mixagnd ixac lr migkeznd qgiizdl oeiqipa,minlqend zercd ibed ly zeiqenlet zeprh oeebn e`aei oldl.odilr b"qx zeaebze,mday minecwl תחריף (זיוף) dnybd :micedid icia `xwnd ly eteif zgkedl minlqend elrd 'zei`x' ly mibeq ipy.mi`iapd lr 'zevnyd'e,l`l miinyb mixe`iz qegii ± 1. תג'סים (הגשמה) gpd l`d ly i`xwnd xe`izdn zebiizqd zraen o`xewa xak ± iriayd meia gpie `le mini dyya mdipia xy`e ux`de minyd z` ep`xa ep`" :iriayd meia ezk`lnn 22 iyiy meie,zayd ly oeirxl m`lq`a dliawn oi`,ok`e.(37 :p) "zetiir epa drbp zi`lwg dxag oiay ipeya zezcd oia dfd lcadd z` xiaqdl laewn.dk`lna xeq` eppi` 23 ici lr etwzed elnrn gp l`d ik rnzyn mdny miweqtd.mixgeq zxag oial dceqin 24 :mfg oa` ef dqitzl brl jke.l`d ly zl`ep dnybd mi`hank mipey minlqen mibed

12 cx` ozec 18 mipkn md xy` e`ivndy xwyd xtqae siefnd miladd xtqa mi`xew [micedid] mdy dn iriayd meiae mini dyiya d`ixad z` `xa dlrzi dll`" :mixne` md xy`k 'dxezd' eze` z` eyilgde l`d ly egek z` eyizd xy` un`nde zetiird lya d`a dgepnd oi`d "zay 25?erah milind z` mbxzl yyg `l `,l`d ly miinyb mixe`izn ezerpnida recid,qelwpe` mbxz oke) "dzciar lkn gp da ix`" :milina (b,a 'xa) "ezk`ln lkn zay ea ik" jezn ile`,zenybd zwgxda qelwpe`n xzei xingd b"qx mle`.(fi,`l ;`i,k 'nya on `iy wl'ki o` dit lhr 'c`" :l"pd weqtd z` mbxz jke,inlqend qenletl zercen `exaln ziaydy oeik" :gt`w axd ly enebxz it lr,epiidc,"drpv i'cl` dwl'k l'zn "iriayd meia gpie" weqtd z` b"qx mbxz mb jk."dyry d`ixad oirn xac mey ea dnec ote`ae.(d`ixal) dgepn ozp :epiidc,"ra`ql` mei it `dgx`e" :(`i,k'ny).fi,`l zenya mbxz iziirad lretd z` jetdl `id weqtay dnybdd mr zeccenzdl b"qx ly ekxc extqae dxezl eyexita lrt mb jke,b"qx ly enebxza ziawr dhiy idef.`vei lretl 26 zel`yl dprnk azky xeaiga b"qx ozp df epexztl fxegn iehia.'zerce zepen`' 27 :i'klad ieig xtekd epexzt yitpde ziayd,ytpie zay epexyt cixede dlrd,cxie lrie 28.epipr aivrde gniy,avrzie gnyi ztqezl b"qx yxcp f`e,ipevig `yen l` lretd z` aqdl zexyt` oi` mizrl ± dmi` `xwie" weqtd z` etwz miinlqen mixagn :lynl.zilelind zecinvdn zbxegd zipyxt rcei epi` l`dy epnn rnzyny iptn,(g,b 'xa) "dki` el xn`ie mc`d l` midl` 'd 29 xeaign sqep rhw onxiy miig mqxt e"kyz zpya.eze`le`ylul`pemc`dokid dzlredy zxewial b"qx ly dprn riten eae i'klad ieig ly eizetwzdl b"qx ly daebzd :df weqt oiipra "dki`" el`y fefire xeaib `kc cr eaiyie dcei ornl xn` [ieig=] ryxde `kcp `l [mc`=] yixgd m` ik.(gne fk miwxt,`"g mikeap dxen) m"anxde (hv 'nr,zerce zepen`) b"qx xak ecnr df oiipr lr `

13 19 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia ygik oiw `lde 30.dkfp `le lired `le,mc`d ly ezaehl d`a `l`,l`d ly drici i`n zraep dpi` 'dmi`' dl`yd,xnelk,dl`y jxca df oi`" :eyexita b"qx azk mb jk.e`hg lr zeceezdl eze` xxerl ick 31 z` owzl b"qx dvx enebxza mb."daeyzl gzt `id ez`cede dceiy ick jk xn` `l` axd mebxzae,"`xxwn dl l`we" :mbxz okle,l`d lyezl`ynxveeidl lelrymyexd qqid `l `ed iztwyd wfpl b"qx yyg xy`k,ok m`."d`ced icil e`iadl ick" :gt`w l` l`d ly ezl`y iabl mb bdp jk.mebxzl elyn milin siqedle xewnd gqepn zehql."je'k` lad oi` `xxwn dll` l`wt" :mbxze(h,d'xa)"jig`ladi`":oiw 2. השמצות dnke dnk zg` lr,`hgi e` drhi `iapy okzii `l minlqend mibele`zd aex zrcl zxeqna mi`iapl miaygp `xwnd ixeaibn miaxy oeeik 32.zi`eap zegilyl `xwpy rbxn ixe`iza elit` e`,`xwnd ixeaib ly mi`hg lr mixetiqa zcd iyp` e`x,zinlqend mdipira wtq did `l jkitl.leflfe sexig,(dyn ly enebnb enk) mdly miipteb i`pb.micedid ici lr oecfa myl eqpked mde,l`d ly extqa mxewna eid `l dl` mixe`izy ibed.`xwnd ixeaibl eqgeiy mdipinl zeixr ielib iyrn mdipira midenz eid cgeina m`ven mvray ytpîoeieeya mixtqn micedid cvik oiadl elki `l m`lq`d ly zercd zlyeyy e`,d`ld oke lgx `idy daygna d`l lr `ae,zeig` izy `ypy,awrin,xnze dcedi,eizepae hel) miwtwetn mibeeife zeixr ielib ly mirexi`n dgnv cec zia 33 excg cvik xaqd rivd s` el` mibedn wlg.(zeixkpd eizeype dnly,ray zae cec :iaxbnl` l`enq xnend azk,lynl,jk.`xwnl mixetiqd lr eci ciakd,le`y jlnedyk mle`.oexd` ipa lr dpedkd z` liv`d dyny mipreh md mala j`,cec zial oehlyd xar xzei xge`n 34.mdipian miax bxde oexd` rxfn mipdkd envra didy oeikn [...] df `xfr dpde.ecai`y gekl dee`zd dxnzyd cer oexd` ipa ly irhw ipy dxezl siqed okl.ipyd ziad inia ehlyi cec zia i`v`vy jkl cbpzd,odk,xnz xetiql ipyde eizepae hel zyxtl rbep cg`d :cec ly oiqgeid zlyey lr dvniy mipdkd dl` eid ipy zia inia ik :ezxhn z` biyd ok`,iytp ige 35.oldl ehxeti cery 36.milyexia eklny,cec zial mi`v`vd `l,oexd` rxfn mixetiql qgia minec miperih.izxewiae ihqilpeivx daiyg jld o`k oibtn iaxbnl` 37 xaca dxrydd z` wfgl leki df oeinc.mixge`n miiaxrn `xwn ixweg mb elrd el` 38.zipxcend zxewiad oial miipiadîini ly zinlqend zxewiad oia ixyt` xyw

14 cx` ozec 20 izxivi mebxzl b"qx yxcp df beqn miperih mr ccenzdl ick ± xnze dcedi zyxt enebxza izernyn iepiy iz`vn `l.`xwnd ixeaibl zeqgeind zexard zxnegn zigtiy dcedi d`xie" weqtd z` mbxz `ed xnze dcedi zyxta mle`,eizepae hel zyxtl,`k 'qta oke) " drznnª `daqge dcedi `d`dxt" :milina (eh,gl '`xa) "dpefl daygie z` zeiawra b"qx mbxz dxezd lka ik yibcdl ie`x.(' drznnl`' ª ± 'dycwd' mbxz edyrn z` b"qx riwtd ' drznn'l ª mebxza okl,'dip`f' e`'dx'b`t' milina 'dpef' dlind,xnelk,drznnª `l` dpef dziid `l xnz enebxz itl.libx zepf dyrnn dcedi ly,'d`pd' dyexit 'drzn' ª.m`lq`a zxken dzid ef oi`eyip zxev.'drznª i`eyip' d`eyp.mdixg`l oiyexib miaiign mpi`y,miipnf mi`eyip md 'drznª i`eyip'e eli`e,mze` exq` mipeqd.miriyl mipeqd oia zwelgnd fkxna ecnr drzend i`eyip i`eyip ekf mipeyd minxfd oia qenletd lya `weec,mrt `l dxewy itke.exizd miriyd bdepn mirtyen zeidl elgd micediy xxazn.dyecw ly dlidl iriyd m`lq`a drznd ª 39.xeqi`d zxneg lr rixzdl jxev xxerzde,o`xi`ae w`xira miriyd mdipky ly df bdepdn,mi`xwe mipax,micedi mibidpn ebiizqd `,cenlza cd el `evnl ozipy s` lr 40 'xiqtz'a enebxza ezrc z` riade,drzen i`eyip lr xq`,'zeevnd xtq'a,b"qx.dfd :milina (gi,bk 'ac) "l`xyi ipan ycw didi `le l`xyi zepan dycw didz `l" weqtl."rznn li`xq` ipa on `le drznn li`xq` z`pa on oekz `l" my ile`e,(xnze dcedi xetiq riten day) 'ayie' zyxtl b"qx ly eyexit epicia oi` ray b"qx dpn eae,dxezl eyexitn dfipb rhw epicia xnzyd mle`,df oiipra aigxd 41,drzn ª 'biefzl`" :`id,xzeiadlwd`ide,dpey`xddbxcd.zeixr ixeqi`a zebxcn,drznª i`eyip") "xnz dvw on znlr `nk dycw inqz `qpl` on jl'c lrtz on o`l.("xnz xetiqn zrciy enk,'dycw' z`xwp z`f dyery dyi` ik dlenrzl dxezl enebxze eyexit z` lvipe,drznª i`eyipl cbpzd b"qxy,ok m`,xexa df eyexita biydl dvx b"qx,izrc zeiprl.zipevigd daiaqd on df bdpn zxicg cbp `l`,zepfa `hg `ly ± dcedi ly ezepb z` zigtdl :ztqep dxhn xnze dcedi xetiql it `'cd x`v mle" :b"qx my jiynny itk,oiyeciwae daezka mixcqen oi`eyip miiw dn`xg r'ven `np`e.qicwze cedye a`zka 'biefz dp`l,mxgl` on ile`l` d'bxcl` dpey`xd dbxcna `ed [drznª i`eyip] df xac dn iptne") "hwt dxexgnl` d`xnl` hxy epi` xeqi`de.oiyeciwe micre daezka oi`eyip md ik?mixeq`d oi`eyipd ly [dlwd] 42 dcedi ly ezepb z` mvnv b"qx :epiidc.("zxxgeynd dyi`d ly avnd liaya `l` ` xeca ilaa mkg] ax") "`neil `ied o`n :fixkn yiyxcl rlwn ik ax" :a"r fl zenaie a"r gi `nei d`x.("?df meil [il] didz in :fixkn did [mewn my] yiyxcl ribn did xy`k,[mi`xen`l oey`xd

15 21 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia m` mb,ynn ly oi`eyip `l` mipncfn miqgi eid `l xnz mr miqgi ik rawy jka.xyk `l ote`a dny`d iptn `xwnd on zeienc lr b"qx ly ezpbdl ztqep dnbec ± cakeie mxnr i`eyip ezcec dziid cakeiy xn`p (k,e) zeny xtqa.cakeil mxnr i`eyip `id zeixr ieliba micedid z` etiwzd minlqend mipqenletd.dxezd itl oaenk xeq`d beeif,mxnr ly :mfg oa` ly eixack,el minecde df dyrn lya iel oa zdw oa mxnr i`eyipn eclep eig` oexd`e dyny xnel miyiiazn mpi` [micedid],[dxe`kl ezeg` mr mdxa` i`eyip lya] mdia` wgvie [...] iel za zdw za cakei ezcecl,lgxn ezcled lya] sqeie dnly,[xnze dcedi ly mpa,uxt i`v`vn] cec,dyn,oexd` zllw,dl`d mixtekd ixac itl,[dzeg` z` `ypy ixg` awri lr dxeq` dxe`kl dziidy eayege ea oin`ne df xac xn`y in dll` llwi,wegk `ly oi`eyipn eclep,mdilr dll` 43.oekpl :xe`ia zelin siqede ilelind mebxzdn b"qx bxg epax dyn ly eceak lr obdl ick [eia` cvn] ezcec cakei z` mxnr `yie") "x'hgz o` law dznr cakeia mxnr 'befzt" xd cnrna xacd xq`py mcew eniiwzd el` oi`eyip,xnelk.("eilr dxq`py iptl.ipiq נסח' (ביטול) m"anx,b"qx.dxezd zeigvp ly dqitzd zecdia dgzet 'gqpd oerih mr ccenzdl ick rlew iehia.l`xyi zc ly dlehia zexyt` z` egc `,mi`xwe mipax,mixg` mixagne `l dxezd ik fixknd,m"anxd ly mixwird xyr dyelyn iriyzd xwira `vnp jkl.mlerl dpzyz ocy,m"anxdlyekxcnce`ndpeydziid'gqpdzl`ymrb"qxlyezeccenzdjxc miiteqelit mipeic oc `l,'zerce zepen`'a,b"qx a.mixedh miiteqelit milka `yepa miiehia lr eknzqda) dnvr dxezd ixac lr 'gqpd ziigc z` qqia `l`,miakxen mra zlaewnd zxeqnd lre ("mler zixa" e` "mkizexecl" enk,igvp aeig mitwynd b"qx ly qenletd ile`e,dxezd ly icizr lehia ly zexyt`a exikdy mi`xwd on eidy okzii,z`f mr.39 'nr,(o"yz) bxaqely e`x.mcbp mb oeekn a [...] epiax dyn zxez `ide zg` dxez zlef,didz `le dxez my dzid `l epztwyd itl jkitle" :lynl e`,zenlyd dze`n zegt m` ik epina ozlef `vniy okzi `l,epina zixyt`d zilkza mlyd xacd ik.(aizî`iz 'nr,([`] a"lyz) gt`w it lr mebxzd.hl wxt,a"g,mikeap dxen) "oerxba e` dnfbda `

16 cx` ozec mipin`nd elrdy zepey zeprh dgc `ed okn xg`l.lhazz `l dxezdy l`xyi.`xwnd on zei`x ode zeibel zeprh od `,lehiaa z` dpyn l`dy gikedl ick ehilad minlqend mibeddy zeyxtd zg` ± wgvi zcwr 45 'xa) "rxf jl `xwi wgvia ik" gihad l`dy jk lr eriavd md.wgvi zcwr `id epevx "dlerl my edlrde" oiay dxizqd lr ecnr ok enk.eaixwdl deiv jk xg` j`,(ai,`k dziid ef dprhl b"qx ly ezaeyz.(ai,ak) "xrpd l` jci glyz l`" oial (a,ak) x`d'h`a l'cal` dpn mz `nlt" :ieeiva cenrl liaya wtqn mdxa` ly zepekpd ieliby xy`ke") "`'cd on x'zk` jpn cx` ml,jaqg,dl l`w,oikql` jqne ahgl`e x`pl` xzei jnn izivx `l,jiic,el xn` oikqd zwfgde mivrde y`d zpkd ici lr eze` xqn 46.("dfn a,(enebxza `l j`) dxezl eyexita mb dcwrd oiipra zeiqenletd zeprhl qgiizd b"qx eniwdl leki `xead oky,wgvin rxfd zghadl dxizq oi` daxwdd ieeiva ik orh my 47 dnk b"qx dlrd,wgvi ly ezaxwdl qgia l`d eva iepiyl xy`a.dvxi m` diigzl :mixaqd.xdl ezelrdl wx did ieeivd.1 dneca,"jil` xne` [m`=] xy` [...]edlrde" :i`pz htynk weqtd z` `exwl yi.2.'m`' zernyna 'xy`' dlind d`a my,(ak,c 'wie) "`hgi `iyp xy`"l.li`d lr aqen ± edlrde.3.lhazdl ieyr `ed `linne,'mlerl' daxwdd ieeiv lr xn` `l d"awd.4 zkna zeenn elvipyk 'd zcearl eycwed l`xyi ixeka ± miieela mixekad ztlgd iaxbnl` l`enq b.(b wxt xacna e`x) miiell xarede mdn lhip ciwtzd mle`,zexeka 48 oa`,icedi oyxt mb ik oiivl oiiprn.'gqpl dgked miieela mixekad ztlgda d`x :ef dyxta 'gqp ly zernzydn rzxp `l,`xfr edf] dlerl el aygz z`fe xdd l` edlriy ± "dlerl my edlrde" yexit ik exn` mixg` (lhazdl dieyr dxezdy mixaeqd,xnelk) "lehiad ipin`n" ly mzedf zl`ya dwelg mixwegd zrc ` el` e`,(11±5 'nr,(c"pyz) xwql) mixvep,(40 'nr,(o"yz) bxaqely) minlqen :b"qx qnltzd mniry 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w ;33 dxrd ixg`,(c"pyz) xwql lv` z`aend dfnexhq dxy ly dzrc e`x) eicgi el`e.(30 dxrd,alw a jpa z` gw),wgq` ed dagz i'cl` jcige jpa` 'c'k :a 'qtl enebxza dxzi dlin siqen b"qx,z`f mr `ed "jcigi"y zexyt`d z` lelyl d`a ef ztqezy rivn bxaqely.(wgvi `ed,eade` dz` xy` jcigi bxaqely) wgvi zcil mxh mdxa`l cigi did l`rnyiy dcaerd xe`l,minlqend eprhy itk,l`rnyi cwrpd oia iedifd rawzd `l cer m`lq`l zepey`xd ze`na ik xikfdl ie`x,ok enk.(118 'nr,(a"qyz).(a"qyz) oehqxiit e`x,cwrpl mipeyd miiedifd lr.wgvia xaecny exaqy eide,l`rnyil b.odkd icin epa z` 'dcet' a`d eay,oad oeict qwha dklda meid cr miiw mixekad zycwdl iehia

17 23 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia ok xg` xn`iy,devn myd deeviy xg` okzi `l exn`i ik [lirl xen`k b"qx yexit 50.dpy xg` mieela mtilgdy mixekad [z`] al lr eny `l dpde.dpyrz `l 'zerce zepen`'a l"pd epeica.efk d`ixw lawl leki did `l,`xfr oa`l cebipa,b"qx :miieela mixekad ztlgd ly rexi`l mb qgiizd `ed z` mnexl ebdpnn ik,lehia eppi` df mbe xeka lk zgz mield z` gw`e zyxt `ipinyde epizea` z` `iade,ecxhe `hge ocr oba mc` aiyedy enke,elityn `heg `ed xy`ke,card 51.dyiprd jxc lr `edy lk jke,mxfte e`hge ('m`yl`') l`xyi ux`l ze`xl oi` :ipexwr llk o`k raw b"qx dveaw l` e` mc` l` l`d ly eqgi zepzyda igvpd l`d oevxy iptn,oevx iepiy znieqn ribn okle,`hg mc`dy `l` ± dpzyn epi` dnk cer b"qx wliq ef jxca.xg` qgi el oicl` a`dy,lynl jk.zeixyt` zeiyew (1285 zpya zn) it`xwl` qixc` oa cng` ipa lr xfbpy ux`l dqipkdîi` ypera d`x l` mkz` iz`ade" dghadl dxizq l`xyi mdxa`l dze` zzl ici z` iz`yp xy` ux`d 52 iz`vn `l.(g,e 'ny) "awrile wgvil dl`yl zyxetn zeqgiizd 'zerce zepen`'a llkd it lr aiyn did b"qxy xexa j`,ef mr zeccenzdl ze`nbec dnk oldl.lirl.'xiqtz'a 'gqpd 53,wex`t oehxen ± deege mc` ly myper 54 cebipay jk lr ecnr mixg`e it`xwl` mc` ezn `l,(fi,a 'xa) "zenz zen" dxdf`l עקדת יצחק מתוך 'קצץ אל אנביא' (סיפורי הנביאים) של נישאפורי, כתב יד משנת 1430, מוזיאון ארמון טופקאפי, אסטנבול. `dpn lk`z mei it jp`t" :mbxze o`k oenhd iyewl rcen did b"qx.m`hg xg` deege df cvik dl`yd zexxerzd z` b"qx rpn jka a.'dzin aiigzz' xnelk,"zenz o` wgzqz ipkle" :df inebxz iepiyl b"qx qgiizd `xwnl jex`d eyexita.ezhlgd z` l`d dpiy znqx `nk,zenz o` wgzqz 'zenz zen' iprn `n`e dxd`'h ilr mei 'jlk` meia' o` lew` e`iady `xwnd on zei`x,xnelk) "lehiad ipin`n eyazyd" mday `xwna mixac dxyrn ipinyd.iyingd yeaiyd dpid dcwrd.my b"qx ccenzn mnir ('gqpd oexwir z` milawnd a."zenl ie`x didz" :mbxz bxeapixic.gt`w axd mbxz jk `

18 cx` ozec 24,[okl mcew bivdy miyexitl cebipa] eheytk mei `ed 'jlk` meia' xne` ip`e") "upl` it 55.("weqtd mebxza izpiivy enk,dzin aiig didz :`ed 'zenz zen' ly yexitdy `l` dxeza zxkd ypery myk,iciin revia zaiign dpi` yperd zrcedy `id exe`ia zernyn :b"qx ly edprnl dkfe,xxer ef dira xxer i'klad ieig mb.cin legl aiig epi` aiigzp dzin eaywa elewl 56.aiieg dligzn xy` 'zenz zen' `ed oia bel`icd z` dagxda hhiv mfg oa` ± (i,al zeny) mlk`e mda it` xgie il dgipd miweqt :cngen ea` xn`" :l`d ly enei` lr xirde,lbrd `hg ixg` dynl midel` oeirx z` milikn mdy meyn myxtl zexyt` oi`e,dlecb zg` zleei` lr micirn el` 57 z` mzx `l mfg oa` o`k."ixnbl epnn dlrp dll`y [iepiy,xeq` yecig] 'drca'd ea lg lekiaky,l`d ly ezenc zhrnd z` swz `l`,'gqpd oexwir zgkedl miweqtd,'gqpl cebipa,l`d zrca iepiyl o`k zpeeknd,'drca' dlina mfg oa` xga okl.iepiy.ieeivd ly ezetwz z` y`xn raw l`dy ezernyny,zin`lq`d daygna inihibld mdilria'v'rczy`ipzkxzo`t" :df myex ocrl dqip,df weqtl enebxza,b"qx dpi` dxezd,xnelk.("mlk`e mda it` xgii [mdilr lltzdln] lcgz m`") "mdzipt`t zpeek ;epevx z` dzpiy dyn zlitze l`xyi ipa z` cinydl dvx l`dy xnel zpeekzn.mze` dlki `ed lltzi `l m`y enii`a lltzdl dyn z` ccer l`dy `id miweqtd mb b"qx hwep,ynen `ly yper ly dxwna i`pz oeyla yeniy,ef zipyxt dcezna `le dz` zn ik jzial ev" ediwfgl ediryi z`eap z`.ezlgnn mwy ediwfgl qgia m`") "`xaz `l zi`n jp`t jl` ilr zive` o`" :b"qx mbxz,(`,gl diryi) "digz,cxy `l yexitd) ediryil eyexit jkl dnec 58.("`txiz `le zenz f` jzia ipal deevz zeevl `le lltzdl ediwfg lry 59,(mipey`xd cg` lv` df oiipra epnn hehiv miiw j` dkf `l` zn `l ediwfgy dcaerdn dlerd iyewd xztp ef jxca.lvpii jkae ezial `iad mye,'zerce zepen`'a mb b"qx qgiizd df iyewl.zetqep mipy dxyr ynga :xg` uexiz jini lr sqei ippd xn`e xfge,digz `le dz` zn ik ediwfgl gazyi 'd xn`y dn iriayde rnyi xy`ke,sefpl e` mii`l ick xfeb 'dy yiy itl,lehia eppi` df mbe.dpy dxyr yng 60.mei`d epnn wlzqi aeyie card

19 25 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia אעלאם zelbzdd z` mixyank mze` e`x minlqend mipyxtdy miweqtl zeax ze`nbec yi.b"qx zexivia mdl daebzde,mdn dnk oldl.cngenl 61 oial `xwnay ox`t xd oia iedif miiw did mi`pzd ztewza xak ± ox`t xdn rited 62 dlbp cg` oeyla `l l`xyil dxez ozil mewnd dlbpyk" :`aen `'ixtq'a.l`rnyi x`ez okn xg`ly dyxca."iaxr oeyl df 'ox`t xdn rited' [...] zepeyl rax`a `l` :dxezd z` mdl rivde zene`d lk lr d"awd xfig dxez ozn iptl cvik aezk dn :el exn`?dxezd z` mz` milawn :mdl xn`.l`rnyi ipa `vne [d"awd=] jld mihql [l`rnyi] mdia` ly envr lk,mler ly epeax :el exn`!aepbz `l :mdl xn`?da 63.mc` `xt didi `ede xn`py,did `l b"qx mle`,dnecwd zinlqend zextqa ritede minlqend zrc lr lawzd iedifd,xiry,ipiq=] dl`e" :yxetna raw `ed (flw 'nr) 'zerce zepen`'a.iedifd z` laiw?l"fg zextqa qqeane jex` iedifn b"qx mlrzd recn."ipiq xdl zeny dyely [ox`t iqei 'x xn`c" :l"fg zextqa z`vnpd drc lr jnzqd df yexit ik oerhl mpn` ozip ox`t xacn [...] zencw xacn [...] oiv xacn :[ipiq xdl] el yi zeny 'd,`pipg oa 64 zxeqna xga recn ± zpzepd `id mle`,"eny axeg?eny dne [...] ipiq xacn [...]?m`lq`d cbp dlenrzl ynyl dlkiy,'ixtq'ay zxeqnd ipt lr ef weqta e`x minlqendy meyn,l`rnyi ± ox`t iedifdn rpnidl sicrd b"qxy xazqn `id :b"qx ly epnfa xak dgeex ef d`ixw.cngen ly ezelbzdl fnx "ox`t xdn rited" zinlqend zextqa jka miwqerd lk hrnk ecrv eizeawrae,daizw oa` lv` zxkfp oa cirq,dife'bîl` miw oa`,diniz oa`,it`xw l`,iaxbnl` l`enq mda,eixg`y :mlera l`d ly zeielbzdd xcq ly xe`iz weqta e`x minlqend 65.cere ipexiaîl`,oqg ox`t xdn rited a [mixvepl zelbzdd] enl xiryn gxfe [micedil zelbzdd] `a ipiqn 'd".dzncew z` zlhan zelbzd lk ef d`ixw itl."[minlqenl zelbzdd] jxca dze` eyxit `l`,dze` egc `le ef zinlqenîzicedi zxeqn exikdy mipyxt eid 66 dilhi`n levixt mdxa` lv`y d`xd lhpfex dcedi.zipeirxd mzxhn z` zxyzy zexvpd ly ziaeigd zizcd dxeyad xe`izk,iaeig ote`a df iedif `aed (1525±1451) 67 dpkqd z` xwrl dvx b"qx mle`.rtyed epnn iwlhi`d qp`qpxd gexa,m`lq`de zicedid dxagd jezl lglgl dlelr dziidy,zinlqend d`ixwa,ezpigan,dpenhd.icb` xneg mb ea yi j`,'dkld yxcn' ezepkl mibdep.mi`pzd ztewzn yxcn epid 'ixtq'd mewn myk 'xiry' z` edify eid,z`fn dxzi.miin`lq` zexewna miiw did zexvpl 'xiry' oia iedifd.110 dxrd,121 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.zxvp cil ` a

20 cx` ozec 26,mixg` zenewn mpi` 'ox`t'e 'xiry' ik orh `ed okl.dpen`d zeceqi z` da xrxrle 68 weqtd lr m`lq`d zeknzqd cbp uveg `vi mb b"qx.ipiq xdl mitcxp zeny `l` 69,cizr oeyla gqep df weqt."ox`t xdn yecwe `eai onizn del`" wewaga liawnd 'zerce zepen`'a,b"qx.cngen ly zicizrd drtedd z` `apnk eilr jnzqdl did lwe ixg`y xiaqd `ed :xar oeyla xacn weqtdy ziwecwc dpigan gikedl dqip,(flw 'nr).xara zernyn didz el mby cizr zxeva lret `xwna `eal leki xara ipwz lret zirhen dpadl gztd z` meqgl ick.enebxza mb zxkip b"qx ly ef dnbny okzii b"qx mbxz,dzncew z` zg`d zelhand zepey zeielbzdl fnex `ed eli`k,weqtd ly rpn jka `.cg` wwef myl mlek micareynd dwif ihtyn dnk ea yiy jk weqtd z` i'cl` mdll` l`we" :(cngen e` eyi) xg` mc` lr weqta rlv aqdl zexyt`d z` xy` 'd") "ox`t la'b on da gele xiry la'b on dxepa wxy`e ipiq xeh on `pl `l'bz.("ox`t xdn eze` d`xd xy`e xiry xdn exe` z` xi`d xy`e ipiq xdn epl dlbp ez`eap z` mixy`nd mipniq dnk miniiw zin`lq`d zxeqna ± miitzka d`eapd oniq df oniq oia xyiw daizw oa`.eitzk oia el dziidy dney `ed mdn cg`.cngen ly 70 b"qxy okzii.if`xl` mb hwp jke a,(ai,bl 'ac) "oky eitzk oiae" dyn zkxaa xen`l gt`w axd."okqi dip`xd'h oiae" :ilelin epi` weqtl enebxz oky,ef d`ixwl rcen did ly oaen mb yi 'dip`xd'h' dlinly xz` lr xirn `ed."oekyi evx` inexnae" :mbxz 71 df iepiyy gikedl dyw mle`."oky ux`d jeza" yexitd didi df itle,'jez','rvn`' zenecw zetewza xaky dxiy rhw edfy iptn,zin`lq` ziznbn d`ixw meqgl crep evx`ae") "`zpiky ixyz dirx`ae" :mbxz,lynl,qelwpe`.ixebil` ote`a yxtzd.di`x dpi` zilelind zecinvdn b"qx ly ezbixgy jk,("dpikyd dxyz [oinipa ly],eixg` `ale,df weqtl.d,h diryil enebxzn `iadl ozip xzei daxd dwfg di`x 72 ly miixvep miiedif elhpy,m`lq`d inkg.zibelehqixk zernyn mixvepd eqgii zrted z` mixyank el` miweqt eyxit 73,cngen lr oze` eaqde `xwna eyi lr zexeya,ziriyzd d`nd on mixagn."enky lr dxynd idze" milind z` eyibcd cgeina.m`iap itzk oia dzidy dneyl oeeknk df weqt lr eriavd,daizw oa` eizeawrae oax oa ilr dn`yl`e" eze` enbxze weqtd jeza df iedif erinhd xak xzei mixge`n mixagn ;`iapd 74.(etzk lr dneyde) "dtzk ilr :eheytk `ly weqtd z` mbxzl b"qx z` dripdy `id weqtl ef zepyxty d`xp ` d`ex epi` ik il xn` (oehpt) oepi sqei 'text,z`f mr.142 dxrd,43 'nr,(o"yz) bxaqely zrc idef.zilelind zecinvdn dbixg mey o`k b"qx ixaca a fnexk weqtd z` eyxit l"fg."oky eitzk oiae,meidîlk eilr stg" xn`p oinipa hayl dyn zkxaa.miitzkd oia y`xd znbeck,eaiaq mixd swene,oinipa zlgpa okeyd ycwnd zial

21 27 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia 75 ozip `l i`ce df dxwna.("ey`x lr oehlyd didie") "dq`x ilr dq`ixl` zp`ke" xai` silgd j`,ihpnq dcy eze`a o`k x`yp b"qx oky,ixebil` yexita xaecny xnel iepiyd zaiqy 76,dtiÎqexvldeglydzxrydce`nzxazqnoklr.edpynacg`seb.minlqend ly d`ixwd ziigc `id mebxza ד. סיכום ly oler zgz meiwd did miipiad inia l`xyi zeclez ly miixwird mipiit`nd cg`,dnecke zeltyd,miyw miigîi`pz mr wx `l ccenzdl evl`p micedid.zeaixi zezc,zipicn ze`nvr `ll,ef dtewza heytd icedid yg cvik.awep ipeirx zenir mr mb `l` iazk elit`y ecbp oreh inlqend e` ixvepd epky xy`k,zeaifkn zeigiyn zeewz mr?m`lq`d e` zexvpd zglvd z` mi`apn micedid ly ycewd ipeirxd xbz`d mr ie`xk ccenzdl un`nd swzyn cvik ze`xdl iziqip df xn`na,izpiivy itk.oe`b dicrq ax,laa ipe`ba hlead ly eizexivia dxgznd zcd daivdy b"qx aibd ok` izn zrcl ozip cinz `l.efk dwicaa miax miibelecezn miiyw mpyi ote`a elv` xxerzd weqta iyewdy okzii minrtl.xiyi ote`a minlqend zeprhl ozip cinz `l,ok enk.minlqend cbp `le mixvepd cbp zpeekn ezaebzy e`,i`nvr milrny zeprh yi jci`ne,b"qx xikfny zeprhd z` minlqend mixagnd lv` xz`l zeiebiizqdd lk zexnl.odil` zeqgiizd b"qx ly eixeaiga oi`e,mdincewe el` mixagn ahid rcen didy,b"qx ik xexiaa zegiken xn`na izbvdy ze`aendy xeaq ip`,dl`d enebxz zervn`a mb odil` aibd,inlqend daygnd mlera egeexy zeiqenletd zeprhl.`xwnl xikfd `le zexiyi m`lq`d z` swz `l `ed.dtiwre zfnexn,llk jxca,ezaebz zticdl zil`peivxe ziawr jxc icedid `xewd iptl aivd `ed mle`,i`pbl cngen z`.minlqend egiy ipan renyl ieyr didy miperihd zezcd izy ipin`n oiay zewifde mixywd zkxrn ly cg` ot o`k izx`dy deewn ip` z` meid cr zynynd,'xiqtz'd,b"qx ly daeygd ezxivi.mincwend miipiad inia azekd,micpl` oa` ly eixaca miiq`.ef mixyw zkxrna aeyg jacp `id,oniz icedi mdinkgne micakp xzeid micedid on cg` did ineitl`" :mixvnay meit cili,b"qx lr did eny.ineitl`l deeyiy in oi`y micedid mixeaq dyrnl.zixard dtya mi`iwad 77."dicrq mby mixne`e,cirq

22 cx` ozec 28 מראי מקום,(a"nyz) xyiilt lv` ieig ly cea`d exeaig.57±49 'nr.23 'nr,(e"rxz) iwqppfet.292 'nr,(c"nyz) xwev,lynl,e`x.36 'nr,(e"kyz) onxiy.292,(c"nyz) xwev.(1978) o`ih ;(e"kyz) xwev e`x 186 'nr,(e"yz) xezy` lv` ze`nbec e`x.38,37,23,21,17,13 mitirq,jli`e.k±fh,ak,` l`eny e`x e`x `xwnd siifnk `xfr cbp zeprhd lr.([a] e"nyz) dtiîqexvl zwzyd] cedil` m`gt`,iaxbnl` l`enq,([paajr ]) onlxt 'cdn,[micedid 'nr,(e"pyz) onlxt it lr mebxzd.55±54 'nr ±173 'nr (1982) mexblin,lynl,e`x in`lq`d qenletdn xneg zxard zexyt` lr dtiîqexvl e`x zipxcend `xwnd zxewia l`.155±143 'nr,(h"pyz) lv` xeqi`d lr.421 'nr,(a"kyz) bxayxid.102±101 'nr,(o"yz) oncixt e`x mi`xwd 'nr,(o"yz) oncixt e`x.dfipbd on rhw it lr.100 i"kn,df rhw.478±477 'nr,(h"iyz) xwev mipaxl yxcnd ziaa wfgend ENA ,(g"pyz) iadvx lv` mb mqxtzd,dwixn`a.(iaxrd xewnd `ll,iwlg hehiva) hv 'nr htynd mebxz.478 'nr,(h"iyz) xwev [i`pz] zcin wxe" :rivn oncixt.dyw oexg`d ly zeiernynd zg` idef] zxwtend dy`d [elv` 47 dxrda e`x.eixacl,'dxexgnl`',[o"yz] oncixt) "xeqi`k mnewn z` zraew.(101 'nr.107±105,(e"pyz) yny.alwî`lw 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w.5 sirq,184 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.nw 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w 'nr zixarl mebxzae,141 'nr,(c"nyz) xwev sirq,185 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.ai weqt,my i"yx yxit oke.`,ak ziy`xa lr `xfr oa`.`nw 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w.10 sirq,185 'nr,(e"yz) xezy` (24±23 :a) envr o`xewa xak zniiw ef dqitz z` mbxz bxeapixic.4 'nr (e"pxz) bxeapixic mbxz gt`w axd."wizr`" dlina ''b`x'k`".'mbxz`' :zehyta.(b"pxz) bxeapixic.(c"nyz) gt`w.(b"yz) l`ifer.(e"vxz) oilaix.2 wxt,(e"pyz) qi`el e`x ef drtez lr 'z`ga`l` giwpz,dpenk oa xevpn oa crq yelya wcwecnd oeird) 'z`l'zl` llnll 'nr,(1967) ilwxa,onlxt zxecdn,(zezcd,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl t"r zixarl mebxzd fqw 'nr,(f"nyz) zliy.cere16:d;48:c;72:b;70,56:a.106 'nr,(e"pyz) yny.23 dxrd,45 'nr,(f"vxz) xwev,(e"yz) xezy` ;137,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl.17 sirq,192.53,(f"vxz) xwev,99 'nr,(a"qyz) oncixt e`x df iepik lr ak 'nr,([a] a"lyz) gt`w mb e`x.71 dxrd.36 dxrd.dy 'nr,(`"qyz±q"yz) bxaqely.138 dxrd,72 'nr,(1943) oex`a.39 'nr,(o"yz) bxaqely.88±77 'nr,(b"pxz) x`e`aiep ef dira,eixacl.16 'nr,(c"pyz) bxaqely e`x) miipiad inia miax micedi mibedl zipiite` dxen'l qgia df oirn oeicl diptd 13 dxrda.('mikeap.182 'nr,(e"yz) xezy` 'nr,(a"nyz) dtiîqexvl it lr o`k mebxzd 'nr,(a"nyz) dtiîqexvl e`x df oipr lr dtiîqexvl ;60 dxrda my zpneqnd zextqde.78±69 'nr,(1998) oexn ;40 'nr,(1981) 'nr,[h"iyz] xwev) wex`t oehxen :lynl e`x xezy`) dife'bîl` miiw oa`e it`xwîl` ;(139.(3 sirq,186 'nr,[e"yz].96'nr,mfgoa`,(e"pyz)yny.hw 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w mekiq mb e`x.(e"kyz) lib e`x i'klad ieig lr mr ddefnd dfipbdn rhw meqxte oecpa xneg

23 29 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia.a"r±`"r ht zay,ilaa cenlz,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl ;192 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.121 'nr,(e"nx) eal` ;`rwz 'nr,(f"iyz) gt`w e`x.k wxt,` xn`n.213±210 'nr,(f"kyz) lhpfex eyexita `xfr oa mdxa` 'x ixac z` mb e`x ce`c oa` mdxa` 'x ixac z`e df weqtl 'nr,(1852) liie,dnx dpen` extqa [c"a`xd] sirq,195 'nr,(e"yz) xezy` e`x.5 dxrd,192 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.7 dxrde cpw 'nr,(c"nyz) g`tw.88±87,(g"lyz) x`iexa zxkfpd zextqde 123 'nr,(e"pyz) onlxt e`x.7 dxrda my dtiîqexvl ;19 sirq,192 'nr,(e"yz) xezy`.115 'nr,(h"pyz),(c"pyz) iadvx ;14 'nr,(e"pxz) bxeapixic.`k 'nr.116 'nr,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl.128 'nr,(h"pyz) dtiîqexvl 'nr,(h"iyz) xwev.4 sirq,186 'nr,(e"yz) xezy` 'nr zixarl mebxzae,64 'nr,(c"nyz) xwev 'nr,(e"kyz) onxiy.100 'nr,(e"pyz) yny,(c"pyz) iadvx ;57 'nr (e"pxz) bxeapixic.t 'nr 'x ly mipey`x mi`iapl yexita riten hehivd dpey`xl `aed.(1400±1350) dnly oa mdxa`,106 'nra iaxrd xewnd) (1943) odk i"r mb `aed.(134 'nra zixarl mebxzae,2 dxrd `nw 'nr,'zerce zepen`'a (zixara) lv` `aed aeye,gt`w axd ly ycegn mebxza,(iaxrd xewnd) gvw 'nr,(c"pyz) iadvx xgai xgeade,(cy 'nr) zixarl ycgn mbxzy.mrpi minebxzdn dfi`.`"nw 'nr,(l"yz) gt`w.a,bl mixac `nw `aa ilaa e`x,micenlza mb miiw iedifd.b,c,my inlyexie a"r dl.bny dwqt,(y"z) oihylwpit רשימת מקורות.(oivpey) mixwrd xtq,(e"nx) sqei,eal` yxcnd zial oexkifd xtq,'in`lq`d qenletd ikxc',(e"yz) qe`xhy edil`,xezy`.(milyexi) dpieea mipaxl.(milyexi) m"anxd zeaeyz,(`"kyz ± g"iyz) ryedi,e`la.(ob znx) mixvepd cbp gekie xtq :oyi oegvp xtq,(g"lyz) ikcxn,x`iexa.(diagxn) o`q`xegn xtekd iklad ieig,(e"kyz) dyn,lib epaxl,ziaxr oeyla dxez iyneg dyng mebxz,(b"pxz) sqei ilztp,bxeapixic.(qixt) ineitd sqei oa oe`b dicrq sqei oa oe`b dicrq epaxl,ediryi xtq mebxz,(e"pxz) sqei ilztp,bxeapixic.(qixt) ineitd.`l,uiaxz,'eztewze oe`b dicrq ax xwgl',(a"kyz) a`f miig,bxayxid cwy 'n :zilbp`n dnbxz,m`lq`d mlera micedid,(e"pyz) cxpxa,qi`el.(milyexi),zrc,'dxezd lehiaa epeica oe`b dicrq ax qnltzd in cbp',(c"pyz) l`ipc,xwql.33±32

24 cx` ozec 30.`p,uiaxz,'m`lq`a dkldl zecdia dkld oia',(a"nyz) deg,dtiîqexvl jxc in`lq`îmcw iqenlet aihen ly eleblb ± xifrî`xfr',(e"nyz) deg,dtiîqexvl.dp,uiaxz,'`xwnd zxewia ziy`x l` m`lq`d,miipiad inia zinlqend `xwnd zxewia,mixefy zenler,(h"pyz) deg,dtiîqexvl.(milyexi) o`py xecbia` :zilbp`n mbxz it din`lq` di`x,dicedil`a m`lq`l` zwilr,(1968) cng` oqg dtil'g,cngen zexewn ly zin`lq` di`x,zecdil m`lq`d xyw] dil`gl` dxezl` xc`vn.(xidw) [dievnd dxezd.(cxetqwe`) a,minid zexewe minkgd xcq,(b"pxz) mdxa`,x`e`aiep,(jxer) [oenin] onyit l.i,'b"qx ly eizexivi',(b"yz) ig xi`n oeiv oa axd,l`ifer.(milyexi) ircnîipxez uaew,oe`b dicrq ax iklad ieig zel`y lr oe`b dicrq ax zeaeyz,(e"rxz) mdxa` l`eny,iwqppfet.(`yx`ee) ziriyd zepyxta mihaid,miyecw zene iewig,zekf',(a"qyz) oae`x,oehqxiit yinlg dyn,'ipeqd m`lq`de zexvpd,zecdid zexeqn xe`l dcwrd oeiqipl dizexecl zicedid zebdd i`xa ezenc,mipin`nd ia` mdxa`,(mikxer) mixg`e.(ob znx),zexrde ze`gqep itelg mr :mixac xtq lr ixtq,(y"z) dix` xfril`,oiihylwpit.(oilxa),uiaxz,'`xwnd ixetiq lr iklad ieig ly eizebydn cixy',(a"nyz) `xfr,xyiilt.`p zevx`ay micedid lv` oind iigl zecrk dkldd',(o"yz) `aiwr ikcxn,oncixt.45,minrt,'"drzn" i`eyipe miptd ieqik :miipiad inia m`lq`d.(milyexi) cnyde oniza giynd,m"anxd,(a"qyz) `aiwr ikcxn,oncixt,dtiîqexvl deg,'miipiad inia zecdil m`lq`d oia qenletd',(e"pyz) dyn,onlxt.(milyexi) zecdie micedi lr minlqen mixteq,(zkxer) xtq,'m`lq`de zecdid oiay miizcd migeked zecleza mixexa',(f"vxz) dyn,xwev.(dpie) 'm"anx' yxcnd zia,`wpin`w oxd` x"c axd ceakl laeid mebxza dwinlete dkld zepyxt :dxezl b"qx mebxz lr,(h"iyz) dyn,xwev.(wxeiîeip) oe`b dicrq 'x ly dxezd m`lq`a '`iap`l` znvr' ziira lr?`hgi `iapy xyt`d',(e"kyz) dyn,xwev.dl,uiaxz,'zecdiae.(wxei eip) ziy`xal oe`b dicrq epax iyexit,(c"nyz) dyn,xwev

25 31 dxezl b"qx mebxza dzetwzyde m`lq`a `xwnd zxewia.(milyexi) diryi oa l`pzp epaxl dlt`d xe`n,(f"iyz) sqei axd,gt`w xewn,ineitl` sqei oa dicrq epaxl zercde zepen`d,(l"yz) sqei axd,gt`w.(milyexi) mebxze mebxze xewn,oenin oa dyn epaxl mikeapd dxen,([`] a"lyz) sqei axd,gt`w.(milyexi).(milyexi) m"anxd zexb`,([a] a"lyz) sqei axd,gt`w dxecdn] (milyexi) dxezd lr oe`b dicrq epax iyexit,(c"nyz) sqei axd,gt`w.[b"kyz milyexi,dpey`xd dxecdnd t"r zpwezn.(milyexi) `ean iwxt,`xwnd inebxz,(c"nyz) miig,oiax.(milyexie ebwiy) zexewne mixwgn,(f"kyz) dcedi,lhpfex.(aia` lz) o`xwl`,(e"vxz) (mbxzn) l`ei sqei,oilaix zywa xtq =g`lvzq`l` a`zk) dicrq axl diryi xiqtz,(c"pyz) dcedi,iadvx.(epe` zixw) (oewizd.(milyexi) zeny xtql oe`b dicrq epax iyexit,(g"pyz) dcedi,iadvx.(milyexi) m"anxd zexb`,(f"nyz) wgvi,zliy.(milyexi) dfipbd on miycg,(e"kyz) miig,onxiy.25,zrc,'m`lq`l b"qx ly eqgi',(o"yz) xfril`,bxaqely.33±32,zrc,'xwql l`ipc 'text ly exn`nl daeyz',(c"pyz) xfril`,bxaqely ipiq,'oe`b dicrq ax ly ezxivia qenletd',(`"qyz ± q"yz) xfril`,bxaqely.fkwîekw cbp b"qx ly eqenleta wgvi zcwr ly dnewnl',(a"qyz) xfril`,bxaqely i`xa ezenc,mipin`nd ia` mdxa`,(mikxer) mixg`e yinlg dyn,'m`lq`d.(ob znx) dizexecl zicedid zebdd,dtiîqexvl deg,'mfg oa` cngen z`n "dlixbp oa` ilr cxl`"',(e"pyz) dpg,yny.(milyexi) zecdie micedi lr minlqen mixteq,(zkxer) Baron, Salo (1943), Saadias Communal Actvities, Boaz Cohen (ed.), Saadia Anniversary Volume (New York). Cohen, Boaz (1943), Quotations from Saadia's Arabic Commentary on the Bible from Two Manuscripts of Abraham Ben Solomon, Boaz Cohaen (ed.), Saadia Anniversary Volume (New York). Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1981), Some Religious Aspects of Islam: A Collection of Articles (Leiden). Meron, Yaakov (1998), The Sabbath and the Jews as seen by Moslems, CCAR Journal, Spring Issue.