oeiv mrp cxe,on`p acp,oeqlcpn `xfr,jeh l`kin

Transkrypt

1 oeiv mrp cxe,on`p acp,oeqlcpn `xfr,jeh l`kin :mikxerd aaeg l`wfgi :zkxrnd xikfn c"ryz Û a Û hr dpy l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax milyexi Û zil`xyid zixehqidd dxagd

2 okezd mixtqd oex`l zexe`pd iazk zqpkda wxt :m"anxd znilba eqex : hiay xdf dlkydd ztewza ycgd icedid zeciqg lr dzrtyde xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn :'epipia `xeh dab' : xaiixy dptc mixyrd d`nd zligza oilet,hcpnd zlynn gewita zizngln mipend zepkxv :'zlrez' zipkz : xyit qcd 1946± oexkif ixac (2014±1921) l"f lib dyn 'text ly exkfl mixac : xcx` mxei 231 zxewia ixace mixtq mixeciqd igqep :legd zeni ly dcinrd zlitz,jilx` ixe` : xevil` zinley mdizecleze mdiyxey ± zixidwd dfipba Edward Fram(ed.), A Window to Their World: The Court Diaries : hil othq of Rabbi Hayyim Gundersheim, Frankfurt am Main, dziy`xe ic`ln onlf xeìpy iax :ìpzd lra,qwh` lèpnr dixtnià zicedid dxaga miyexibe mièyip,fixt 'i oxiy ziciqg zwelgn ly dinehp` :rbtpe uivd,sq` cec : lhpal ilztp c"ag zeciqg ly : qwh` lèpnr ziqexd : oilebxn oex Mirjam Zadoff, Next Year in Marienbad: The Lost Worlds : xi`n l`kin of Jewish Spa Culture drepzd ly dqgi :oalîlegk lbca mec` akek,oexin d`l : secf mrep dpicnd mew mre aeyiid ztewza ipeivd lrtnle zepeivl uxà zihqipenewd xwgnd zextqn zkxrna elawzpy mixtq zilbpà mixivwz XIII

3 oexkif ixac (2014±1921) l"f lib dyn 'text ly exkfl mixac xcx` mxei z`n ezeidlyaoepiliblyeny.libdyn'textenlerljld( )c"ryzhayaa"k'dmeia m`lq`d oehly zgz eigy micedid zeclez z` xwg èd.zixhpnewecd dfipbd ly mixwegd iaeygn,oekizd gxfnd iagxa dl` mifkxnl zetetkd zelidwa oke laaae l`xyi uxà mipe`bd ztewza xgqnd xwga,zipaxd zecdid ler z` ewxty mi`xwa oc èd ok enk.dfipbd zecerz itl` xe`l zecleza wqr ok enk.zrd dzeà diliviq icedia sè mipe`bd ztewza micedid ly dlklkde ziy`xae cngn ìapd zrted iptl axr i`d ivg zecleza,cenlzde dpynd ztewza l`xyi ux` mxz jka.axr i`d ivg icedil minlqend oia oey`xd ybtnae m`lq`d zrtedl rwxa,m`lq`d zpyl l`xyi qxta dkf 'l`xyi ux` rci'a eixwgn lr.mecwd m`lq`d xwgl daeyg dnexz.1998 xe`l zelrtzd mixxern lirl mixkfpd minegza eixwgne dfipbd xwga lib ly lecbd elrtn mpa,lib dyn.mipy ynge mirax` oa èdyk,1965 zpya wx dincw`d ixrya qpkpy dcaerd zeaiyia cinlz did eia`.1921 zpya oiletay wehqilìaa clep,xlhib xi`n sqeie lciixt ly ilklk xayn lya.lihqwha dgnzde zcd z` afr j`,zepaxl jnqed sè oi'felee weyiyii` cnl,dipnexa okn xg`le,oileta xak.dipnexay e`wa xirl ezgtyn mr xar oileta df megza dxyr rax` liba.zeiqlwd zetyd z` cnl ipnexd oekiza.ihxt dxen mr eziaa zixar lib xardxyrdpenyliba.miaxminegzaeiwte`zàigxd,eixacl,myexirvdxneyllibsxhvd zpya.diilr ipiipra wqre,dipnexa xirvd xneyd zrepz ly zivx`d dbdpda alzyd,hyxweal.drepzd ly ziy`xd dbdpdd xikfn did xvrpyk.zipeivd ezelirt lya zepehlyd edexq` 1942 ze`lnaeceakljxrpyaxra.ivgemiizpyxearkxxgeyj`xq`nzepyyngemixyrlhtypèd.qp xcba èd cxyy dtewzd oa itexi` gxfn icedi lky,xn` dpy mipeny el cr ig eae,o`y zia wnray mityx ueaiwd iniwnn did,l`xyi ux`l lib dlr 1945 zpya lka,llkk.jk lr dxwedl dkfe miixeaiv miciwtza mb `yp j` oztx did ueaiwa.1985 zpyl dipnexa xirvd xneyd zbdpda m`,xeaivd ornl lretd mc`k hlazd èd lib lrt eay mewn :miipey miciwtz envr lr lehiln rpnp `l,incw`d ezia,aia` lz zhiqxaipeà mb.eveaiwa mè.gexd ircnl dhlewtd owic sè zecdid ircnl xtqd zia y`x did èd xiyrdl dywia ivx`d ueaiwd zbdpd.ziveaiw zegily zxbqna lib ribd aia` lz zhiqxaipe`l cgein micenil lelqn miiwl dze`p aia` lz zhiqxaipeè,miikepigd dizecqena mivxnd xb`n z` yely jez lib miiq ipyd xèzle oey`xd xèzl eicenil z`.dil` eribdy mixbeand micinlzl dnly 'text mfi,aia` lz zhiqxaipeà dfipbd megza xwgnde d`xedd z` wfgl ick.mipy,oiihieb ac dnly 'text dfipbd ixweg lecb lv` hxehwec icenill lib ly ezgily z` oeqpeniq [(c"ryz)hrdpy,l`xyizeclezxwgloerax±oeiv]

4 [2] xcx` mxei 232 ely hxehwecd zcear.xehwec xèz lib laiw miizpy jez.dipaliqpt zhiqxaipeà f` cnily,df extq 1.xtqk xe`l `vi ef dcear ly ceair.xidw zfipb zecerz xe`l icedid ycwda dwqr jezn dixehqidd cenil :èal cizrl eixwgn z` oiit`n,dfipbd megza oey`xd exeaig didy odilr iphxt oeic mr cgi zecerz ìad èd eixtqa,okè.oiihieb exenn cnly dyib,zecerzd gzipyxg`lmipe`bdztewzaicedidycwddcqenz`libogaycwddlrextqa.siwnèancvl wqr eixwgn jxe` lkl.icedid ycwdd cqen lr ezrtyd zè inlqend ycwdd cqen z` ahid zicedid dixehqidd icenil aeliyl `xwe,dzeaxze zaaeqd dxagd xe`l zicedid dixehqida lib.zillkd dixehqidd icenila zinlqend dtewza l`xyi ux`':milecbd eixtq ipya oldl fkxz` dfipbd megza eixwgn zxbqna dyely eay,oey`xd xtqa gztp 3.'mipe`bd ztewza l`rnyi zeklna'e 2,'(1099±634) dpey`xd uxà icedid aeyiid zeclez lr xac hrnk eprci `l zixidwd dfipbd ly dielibl cr.mikxk daiyid zè uxà icedid aeyiid z` xikdl cnli lib ly extqa oiirnd.mipe`bd ztewza l`xyi dl` zecerzn micnel ep`,dleba zeax zelidwl fkxn dyniy daiyide lièd.zil`xyi ux`d,`zicanete`xeq,laazeaiyilyozaeglsewflyi.l`xyiux`luegnyzelidwdlrmbhrn`l dfipbd zecerz,okè.dfipbd ielibl cr dixehqidd zna lrn l`xyi ux` zaiyi ly dzenlrid z` ipeivd giyd.mipe`bd ztewza elld miicedid mifkxnd ipy oa dkeaq miqgi zkxrn lr zecnln ztewzay zrcl cnli lib ly extqa oiirnd.dleb zepy miitl` xg`l epvx`l epayy epcnln lr s` `l` dleba zeax zelidwl fkxn yniy l`xyi uxà icedid aeyiidy wx `l mipe`bd zeayiizdl milyexi ixry egztp inlqend yeaikd mr.miax aeyii zenewna ezqixt lre eznver dfipb zecerz 619 `xewd `vni xtqd ly b±a mikxka.zexcrid ly mipy ze`n xg`l zicedi.envr lib icia dpey`xl etygp odn hrn `le zixarl zicediîziaxrn zenbxezn zecerzd.zexèn `vni,mixwgnd jxk èd,` jxka.l`xyi uxà icedid aeyiid zeclez xeìza wtzqd `l lib azkpyxzeiasiwndxwgndèddfxtq.daeayiyminlqendemixvepdzeclezasòeic`xewd lib ywazp xy`k ik,oiivp epkxc ab`.dpey`xd zinlqend dtewza ux`d zeclez lr dzr cr `vn `l èd icedid mrl l`xyi ux` oiay xywd lr mixrxrnd cpf dnly ly eixtql yxcidl zeixehqid zecerz e`xw `l mdixagny mixeaigl qgiizdl axiq jxcd jxe` lkl 4.z`f zeyrl oekpl.zexewn lr miqqean mpi`y,`nlra mixac el e`xp mdixacy e`,oxewna eixn`n sqe`.cenlzde dpynd ztewza l`xyi uxà icedid aeyiid xwga,xen`k,wqr mb lib zngn mvx` z` eafr micedid aex,lib itl 5.'uxà f` i`nexde' :zxzekd zgz xe`l `vi `yepa Moshe Gil, Documents of the Jewish Pious Foundations From the Cairo Geniza, Leiden 1976 rited ` jxk.b"nyz aia` lz,(1099±634) dpey`xd zinlqend dtewza l`xyi ux`,lib dyn Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine , Cambridge 1992 :zilbpà :zilbpà rited ` jxk.f"pyz milyexi±aia` lz,mipe`bd ztewza l`rnyi zeklna,lib dyn Moshe Gil, Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages, Leiden ±5'nr,(r"yz)dr,oeiv,'exiibzd`lmixf'gd':mixfekdzcigxwgllibyxcpmbefdipqkà aia`îlz,l`xyi ux` ly dixehqida miwxt xyr cg` :uxà f` i`nexde,lib dyn :e`x

5 233 l"flibdyn'textlyexkflmixac [3] melyip mi`nexd.inexd oehlyd zcewta `le,zi`lwg dxag lk zqqean odilry,zerwxwd zwevn.zerwxwd levitl enxb md oky icedid xki`d zwevnl enxz miicedid dyexid iweg mbe mdizerwxwn minlqend eylt xy`k.zexecd jxe`l l`xyi uxà icedid aeyiid zetivx lr epcnln lib,z`f mr itxbencd xaynd.diite` lr enzeg z` riahd ède uxà lecb icedi aeyii did oiicr ux`l.ux`d on egxa miaxe ebxdp micedid zvwn :alvd irqn zeawra lib zrcl lg lecbd zecerz 846Îe micenr 3,630,mikxk drax` dfipbd megza lib ly ipyd ilhpnepend xtqa zeaxz ly dnevrd drtydd.mipe`bd ztewza laa icedi zeclezl ycwen ix`d ewlg.dfipb miqgiizn laewnd giya ef dibeqa miwqer xy`k.zenqxetnd on ìd miipiad ini zecdi lr m`lq`d zg`d ze`na,qlcp`l` ª ìd,zinlqend cxtq icedi ly miizeaxzd mdilrtnl llk jxca à dxyer j`,xzeia dniyxn ok` ìd zinlqend cxtqa zicedid dxivid.dxyr mizyd±dxyr df ybtn.xeaiva reci zegt ède,laaa ygxzdy m`lq`l zecdid oia dxetd ybtnd zekfa dl miizextqd eizelrtn.942±928 mipyd oia `xeq zaiyi y`x,oe`b dicrq ly ezeiyià dvnzn md ecirdy itk,ekxc ikiynn md zeax zepigane,cxtq inkg ly mdilbxl xp eyniy miipeylde cenlzdlyecnrnqqazdzrddzeàymeynmbzeaiygzaxìdlaaamipe`bdztewz.mnvr laa ly inlqend yeaikd ziy`x onl laaa icedid aeyiid zeclez z` lib yxet extqa.ilaad ecnil,zrd dzeà dlebd y`x,i`pzqa lr eixwgn.zip`q`qd ziqxtd dklnnd icin qxte zeclezl daeyg dnexz mxez lib.oehlyd itelig z` dkxaa laiw `l laaa icedid aeyiidy zaiyi ly dneiw z` milrdy wx `l oe`b `xixy oky,dfipbd zecerz xe`l laaa dlebd iy`x eid m` wx dlebd iy`x zeny z` epl xeqnl oekpl `vny `l` znqxetnd ezxbià l`xyi ux` eidy laal uegn zeicedid zelidwd zxkdl mxez mb df xtq.zeaiyid zeclezl zexiyi mixeyw laa.zilaadhandzcewpnl`xyiux`zaiyilydcnrneaoecpmbmixacdrahn.dlzetetk zeclez.drepzd ziy`x lr ipycge winrn xwgn bivn xtqde,zi`xwd drepzd yxr od qxte zetil'gdly dteqe1258zpya c`cba ly ilebpendyeaikdmrminzgpdfxtqa icedidaeyiid wcwecn oeir xe`l xtqd lk jxe`l zecnlp qxte laa zecdi zecleza zeiegztzdd.ziqàrd zeclez z` mb zexwi xeà zexi`n dfipbd zecerz,mixacd rahn.ziqàrd zetil'gd zecleza.zrd dzeà minlqend ly eall miaexw eidy mitqep mi`yep xtqa `xewd `vnilaa icedizeclezcvl,lirl xen`k on oefip dl` mi`yepa wqerd.minlqend mr mybtn ziy`xe axr i`d ivg icedi enk,lib ziy`xl ixehqid xewnk dzepin` lr mixrxrn miax.miaxd ditprl zinlqend ditxbeixehqidd ly wcwecn cenily oin`d èd.df megza exen z` l"f xhqiw awri xi`na d`x lib.m`lq`d xaq èd.zerxe`nd ly ixehqid xeìz xyt`n,xad on uend ietip jez,miinlqend zexewnd xacnlegxay,l`xyiux`nmicedimihiltnakxendidaxri`divgoetvazecdidlydpirxby miax,dixehqidd zna lr inlqend ìapd dlr xy`k.mi`nexa zecixnd oelyik zeawra iaxrd,dpey`xd zinlqend dlidwd dnwed day,dpicn xira.exiibzdy miaxr eid my `vny micedid on ezkxcdzgzlibdyrilklkdhaiddonl`xyiux`zeclezxwgmegzamipey`xmicrv.h"qyz.ely jnqend zceara l"f i`xtq lèny 'text ly

6 [4] xcx` mxei 234 ceqid azk ìdy,'dpicn zpn`' z` oga lib.zilklke zihilet drtyd zlra zicedi dlidw dlrt mziilbdl rwxd ecicl df.micedid z` lypl dziid dizexhnn zg` ezhiyle,zinlqend dlidwd ly.d'hixw hay ipa ly mzgivxl sè ìapd lr axr i`d ivg icedi erityd dnk cr dl`yl yxcp m`lq`d ziy`xa wqery in lk drtydd,ezrcl.ìapd ly miixwird eixen z` micedia d`x `l lib `weec.mipey`xd eixage drepz zaygp ef drepz.ziyilyd d`na zi`kip`nd drepzd z` miwdy,ip`n ly dziid zixwird oey`xd raxa axr i`d ivga ip`n zxez ly dzvtda daeyg drtyd.zipeviw zihqilèc zihqepb miwecd mixyw eid dxigl.w`xir mexcay dxig xird on lib ly ezrcl dà ziyiyd d`nd ly zxeza exewn o`xewa '`vw`l` cbqn' gpend,lib ly ezrcl.ìapd ly ezcled mewn,dkn mr 6.ip`n dlrnd,zixvepd diiqpkd iazka dxnzypy zipevig zextqy jk lr eriavd mixwegd on miax xwgnazgeexddrcd.ip`nlrdrityd,(ck±bk,dziy`xa)jepglyzi`xwndezencz`qplr ziyilyd d`na lgd dazkpy,zicedi zizzik zextq ìd jepg ly ezenc aiaq zextqdy ìd ef zextq ly dzecdia xtk,dax dziid lib lr ezrtydy,l"f oext` ryedi'text.dxitqd iptl lib,mleè.jepg zextq ly dzecdi z` llye oext` zeawra jld lib.zixvep zextq da d`xe mi`kip`n s` eid,ezrcl.jepg zextq z` exviy md,mi`kip`nîehext e`,mi`kip`n mibegy xaq ìd.swid zax dziid ip`n zxez ly dzrtyd,ezhiyl.'mitipg' mepik l"fg iyxcne,micedi minlqend lre axr i`d ivg icedi lr,l`xyi uxà micedi lr,o`xnew zelibn lr drityd 7.i`kip`n ite` lib zrcl e`yp dziy`xa zi`xwd drepza ehlwpy mibeg mb.ea epkyy mipey`xd ibidpn lecb my lr,dyn èd lib ly ihxtd eny.zeax zeiernyn myle,'my yi yi` lkl' 'lib'.'xecd dyn':epizexewna dpek èd,execa lecb bidpn micedid axwa gnv xy`k.icedid mrd.'xecd dyn' èd lib dyn dfipbd xwgay miax exn` einia cer ok lre,'xec' eyexit ziaxra xwgna jxc zxen s` didz `l` exec z` wx `l ynyz lib ly zixwgnd ezyxeny deewn ip` cxtq ixxeyn lr 'ipenkgz' extqa ifixgl` dcedi ixac l"f lib 'texta eniiwzie,miax zexecl.'mzelidz eige,mnrl md etq`pe' :milecbd.109±108 mitirq,`,(2 dxrd,lirl) lib ± xecl xec,'jepg xtqa mipeir',lib dyn :e`x zecdide m`lq`d lr ip`n ly ztwnd ezrtyd lr oxd` zkixra,oext` ryedi ceakl mixn`n uaew :cenlzd znizg cre `xwnd ztewz idlyn Moshe Gil, The Creed of ;195±155 'nr,d"pyz aia`îlz±milyexi,xyk dixè xniidpte` Abu å Amir, å Israel Oriental Studies, 12 (1992), pp