wepiz ly zaya dlin lre,zeynyd oia onf lr zayd z`vl jenq clepd

Transkrypt

1 xbpiel awri wepiz ly zaya dlin lre,zeynyd oia onf lr zayd z`vl jenq clepd * mz epax zhiya xteq mzgd zpad (t"xz-f"kxz) l"f xbpiel dyn awri'x,iaq xkfl d"avpz.eai`a shwpy,hhwpfii` cili dncwd.1 ceqi ibyen.2 zeynydoiazligzlmzepaxzhiy.` mz epax zhiya'zixewnd' dpadd.1 mz epax zhiya'zinepexhq`d' dpadd.2 mz epax zhiya'zxge`nd' dpadd.3 mi`xidxtqzhiy.a mipe`bd zhiy.b zx`ean q"zgd zaeyz.3 xafpdniell`tx'xipnfgele(`"px=)xlc`ozp'xipnfgel.4 epinicrq"zgdiniixg`mzepaxzhiymeyii.5 q"zgdzwiqtlrzecg`zeiyew.6 migtqp xlc`ozpiaxipnfgel:1gtqp xaepdniell`tx'xnmipnfgel:2gtqp xteqmzgiyecigxtqa`"pxipnfgelitiifncbpfexk:3gtqp hxetwpxta miakekd z`v ipnfl `"px iaeyig xefgy:4 gtqp ycega jxrpyrcnedxezlizpydqpkadpzipyxagndz`vxd lrqqazn dfxn`n mxqny itk dklda meid ipnf xyt:zxzeka,oli` xa zhiqxaipe`a(2007) f"qyz oqip zedna exn`pyzercd lk z` `iap `l oldl.(1785-e"nwz) 'xteq mzg'l xlc`ozp 'x ila,zixwirkdfxn`nxagnlzi`xpddhiydz`dxvwax`ap`l`,mzepaxzhiy ictelwivp`d xtqa xzid oia d`x mz epax zhiy lr.o`k `yepd z` zevnl dpeek ef zepey epizerc;(dpey`x dxecdn) e"pyz,wxa ipa,yipa miig'x z`n'dklda mipnfd' zheih z` e`xwy dl` lkl dcez inly.mz epax zhiy zpada miax mihxta efn my`xae,zeiexidaîi`ne zeax ze`ibyn ize` elivde zrce mrh aeha eilr exird,ixn`n hinydl dn rcie zeplaqae zeirevwna xn`nd z` jxry ohw l`ei axd'oirnd' jxer mxei'x,diblaay lqixan xlcii` i"i'x,hytcea-c"agn xcplxae` jexa'x,siqedl dne wgvi iel aipi'x,a"dx`ay iqpenn xalif wgvi'x,dwixt` mexcay bxeaqpdein'ubea iwvpinw dirx'ab oeyld zkxer,oelwy`a'ux`de dxezd oekn'n xecbia`'x ipa,z"tn afh' ;mdizericin il ewiprdy mitqep miaxle,(epzeixg` lr od,ex`yp m`,ze`ibyd).(h,ak'yn)'jxai`edoir Ÿ * oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

2 dncwd.1 oiiprd.miakekd z`ve zeynyd oia ipnf zriaw ziibeqa jtyp xak ax eic ezlin z` da xizn q"zgdy,dcaera oenh 1 oldly xteq mzgd zaeyza cgeind zriwy ixg` dry ivgk zncewd zayd i`ven z`xwl clepy wepiz ly zaya drxi` dcild m` wxe j` zayd z` dgec dlin reciky s` lr, 2 wte`a dngd epax jled dnvr daeyza oievny itk. 3 zeynyd oia zligz iptl zncewd zaya,dze` oiad `edy itk zeynyd oia onf zriawa mz epax zhiya oecipa q"zgd,l`xyi ux`a xwira) eppnfa. 4 wte`a dngd zriwya llk aygzn epi` `ed xy`k dze`mzpaditl)mzepaxzhiyamiccvndaexmb(d`eydixg`ux`luegambe lr `xnegl oecipa mixen md;`lewl dyrnl dkld ditl bedpln miyyeg(eppnfa `ed m` (zxgnl `l`) zaya wepiz lenl `l mibdepe,`"xbde mipe`bd zhiy it miwetwt eid `l q"zgl,mle`. 5 wte`a driwyd ixg` zncewd zaya clep xen`kdze`oiad`edy`l`,`lewlmbdenkbdp`ede,mzepaxzhiyzetwza.eppnfa laewndn dpey dxeva q"zgdzwiqtyoldlgikedldqpp,q"zgdzrcitlz"xzhiyxe`ialrsqep z`v onfz`xzidoiallmy 6 xlc`ozpiaxeaxelxqnymipnfgellrdqqazd dyn iax.t 'iq (1855-e"hxz,bxeaqrxt :oey`x qetc) miig gxe`,` wlg,q"zg z"ey zpya.( x"z-b"kwz) dipnxba oiin xdp lr hxetwpxt cili `ed xaiixy-xteq odik e"qwz f`n.dixbped axrn oetvay sxfcqxhn dxiird ly daxl xgap 1798-g"pwz.(1803 ipei) b"qwz fenzn od daeyzde dl`yd.dixbpeda f`,bxeauxr ly daxk ynyd wner lyewte`a zeriwyd ipnfly,oldl e`aeiymiixtqnd miaeyigdlk z`,zeaizpn ipewv ozi` axd z`n'miny oefg' aygnd zepkez zxfra eprvia,wte`l zgzn. eizepkez d`x,20 dqxb'2005 yeciw' zpkez mr xwira.zaydgecozlinoi`...zeynydoiaclep:dsirq`lyoniq,miiggxe`jexrogley -`"lwzz'c-q"zz'c)xi`nx"aawriiax`edmzepax.xn`ndly2wxta,oldld`x.zetqezd ilra ilecbn,i"yx ly eckp,( z"eya `nbecl d`x,`lewl ezhiyk eppnfa weqtl mz epax zhiya miccvnd iqeqid lr.hnoniq`wlg`"hilyxpf`eieldl`eny'xlieldhay xvp.q"zgdlyeizeaxncg`,( q"wz-a"wz)xlc`odkdoernyoaozpiax z` aefrl `"px ul`p (1782) a"nwz zpya.oiin xdp lr hxetwpxta zqgein dgtynl xirvd q"zgde,(dik'va meid) dieexenay'uiaewqea xird zepax z` eilr laiw `ede exir.hxetwpxt ezclen xirl `"px ay(1785) e"nwz zpya.dieexenl hxetwpxtn eax mr dlb mye,dixeea zpicnaybxapxip cilr ( Fuerth) `cxeit œ xird cr eze` deeil xteq mzgd,dpydlklymeiedlilipnfoeaygz`xteqmzglxlc`ozpaxdaizkdmzcixtzrya jiynd`leaxzcewta.(1gtqpd`x)jnqndseqayxetnaxteqmzgdz`foiivyitk xar zecg` mipy ixg`e,dieexen zpicnl xfg `l` hxetwpxtl enr xteq mzgd lyezencrcere`xzd`lmiipyd;sxecqxhnazepaxdqklrmyzelrlickdixbpedl.xlc` ozp axd oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 24

3 .zeynyd oia zligz onf z` xeg`l epnn ayig `edye,hxetwpxta miakekd mb (n"cttl `weec dxe`kl mi`znd) gela meyxd onfd lr qqazd q"zgd zen`zde miiepiy ea jexrl jxev yiy ayg `l d`iltd daxnle,dixbpeda enewna wte`a dngd zriwy onf lr qqeanenvr `"pxgely mbgikep jynda.mdylk `"pxe, 7 xaepdn iel l`tx 'x mepexhq`de i`wihnznd ayigy xaepd xird o`k mb - hxetwpxta miakekd z`v aeyigl `edd gelay mipnfa ynzyd.mdylk zen`zde miiepiy `ll epzrztdl ceqi ibyen.2 x`zp oldl.dklda zeynyd oia zligzl zeixwir zehiy yely zereci zaeyz ly dzpadl dyexcd `id ik,dpey`xd dhiyd z` xwira hexhexta.dpecipd q"zgd zeynydoiazligzlmzepaxzhiy.` `id, 8 mipexg`d aex depiady jxca,mz epax zhiya 'zixewnd' dpadd.1 lreta mi`ex xy`k'miakekd z`v onf' lg odixg`e,dng zeriwy izy zeniiwy dngdzriwyiptlaxonfligznllekddriwydjildz.miipepia miakek dyely driwyd'idefe,miakekdz`viptl(zewc90e`72)lin4jldnlyonfa-wte`a ecvn) miptan 'riwxd iaer jez l` dngd zqipk zligz' onf `idy 'dpey`xd zizkld zernyn oi` efd 'dpey`xd driwy'l j` - ueg itlk (ux`l dptend,miakekdz`viptl(zewc17cr14)linõjldnwxligznzeynydoia.eppecipa miaygn'dipyd driwyd' z`.'diipyd driwyd' z`xwp zeynyd oia onf zligze efys`lr) wte`a dngd zriwy onfa llk zeaygzd `la,miakekd z`vn xeg`l oia onfd jyn.(eppnfa mc` ipa oeylae dinepexhq`a mzq 'driwy' dpekn meidnwlgkefdhiyitlaygp,lin3ó jldn`edy,diipyldpey`xddriwyd,mepexhq`e i`wihnzn,g"z did ( h"lwz-d"nz) xaepdn iel l`tx 'x gtqp) oldl `aeiy mipnfd gel lye'xeaird zegel'e'minyd zpekz' mixtqd ly mxagn car.zetyemircnenvrzegekacnljkxg`e,oiinxdplrhxetwpxtzaiyiacnl.(2 ealzneyzz`jynmy.xaepdaxniidprf`sleexvgdicedilv`zepeaygldpnxeza ecinlzl jtde,( ) uipaiil mldlie cixtheb ixkepd i`wihnznde seqelitd ly.dinepexhq`e dwihnzn,diteqelit cnil jynda.exikfn oirkl mb dn onfle,ezeqgîoae.eixtql zeadlp zeipax zenkqd laiw `ed d`x`loiicr`ed!mipexg`dlkzrck`idezrcyo`kezaeyzzligzaazekq"zgd z``l mbe,g"e`r"eylr `"xbd xe`ia z`(b"qwz fenz yceg) daeyzd zaizk onfa xiaqe,(1803) b"qwz zpya wx dpey`xl eqtcp mdipy;eay zekldd mr f"yxbd xeciq.15-14zexrdaoldld`x.eicilf`eribd`loiicrdl`ygipdl oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

4 zriqe mdxa` obnd zeawra,mz epax zhiy z` q"zgd mb oiad jk.eipic lkl. 9 (oldl daeyzd seba d`x) yxetna mxikfn `edy mipexg`d zriawiabloebk,z"xipnfzriawlwte`adriwydonfallkmiaygznoi`y,efdriaw ila dgiken oldl q"zg zwiqt la`,driztn,ezhiy itl 'dpey`xd driwyd' onf 'ynyd zriwy' gpend,ok`.'zixewnd' z"x zhiy z` oiad `ed jky wtq xi`ydl epl dywe,wte` `xwpd ipeincd xeyina ynyd zlebr xarn rbx z` `han eppeyla ji`miaxloaen`ljklkokl;dfiehialyzlaewndedheytdzernyndnxxgzydl mzrcl `idy,wte`a driwyd rbxn ixnbl mlrzn 'zixewnd' dpadd itl z"xy okzii z` epiad mipencwdn miaxy `id dcaer la`.mzq 'driwyd','zizin`d driwyd' jildz,xe`d zenlrid jildz `id byend zpeeky epiad md;zxg` jxca'driwy' byend miiwympeiqipnexikdmdyoaenk.znieqnonfzcewparexi``le,seqedlgzdelyiy zernyneleqgii`lmdla`,wte`lxarnynydzlebrzenlridly'inepexhq`'aly,a)zekxazkqnzligza.riwxaxe`dznvraizedniepiyf`ygxzn`lik,zizkld onfzlgzdoiipra(f,ak`xwie)'xdheynyd`ae'weqtdoaenz`cenlzdwcea(a-` oeyla'dngd zriwy'l ddf dxezd oeyla'ynyd z`ia') `nh didy inl dnexz zlik` e`-'eynyz`ia'onflrxaecnm`d:weqtdzernynlzetelgizymyzewcap;(l"fg.driwyd jildza mialy ipy lr xaecny xexae,xzei mcwend 'exe` z`ia' onf lr oaena `l,ze`ivna=) 'ynn `ed yny z`ia'y mixiaqn (`nlic d"c my) zetqez zligz `id'exe` z`ia' dznerle,miakekd z`va,'dngd zriwy' jildz seqa,(l`yen driwyd' mipkn epgp`y dn,driwyd jildz zligz,riwxd iaerl dngd zqipk ynydy s` lr,mnrzdl ligzn ynyd xe` day,z"x zhiya epzpad itl 'dpey`xd mez,zetqezditlrmycenlzdzpadl,epiid.(izxaqdyitk)wte`dlrnz`vnpoiicr -'driwy' byend ly zlaewnd dpadl cebipa,miakekd z`v `ed'dngd zriwy' jildz zpwqnjke.miakekdz`viptl,wte`aynydzlebrxarnlymieqnrbxlrxaecny lyxe`dn'xdhn'riwxdyk,driwydjildzseqedf'xdheynyd`ae'ymycenlzd z`v iptl dlgy 'exe` z`ia' z` my mipkn zetqez.miakekd z`va epiide,meid ce`n mi`zn 'exe` z`ia' iepikd.riwxd iaerl ynyd ly dqipkd zligzk miakekd ynydxe`,dxcbditlr,ligznf`ik,'riwxdiaerldqipkd'efm`dpey`xddriwyl,'exe`z`ia'wte`aynydzlebrxarnrbxz`zepklxyt`lecbwgecawx.mnrzdl ynydzlebrxarn-xwirdz``handiehia,'eynyz`ia'dfonfzepklie`xdidik z`ia' `exwl ie`x did miakekd z`v z` `weece,da dtevd ipirn dzenlride wte`a ielddigxf'xn'ohwdxe`n'azekxaaxz`lrz`aend,z`fk dqxb ep`vn ok`e)'exe`,wte`a ynyd zlebr zriwy `id'eyny z`ia' ditly,'mipe`bd zqxb' mya s"ixd lr mpi` mde,jk eqxb `l zetqezd ilra.'miakekd z`v' `id 'exe` z`ia' dlg dixg`e `idy itk dzqxba,zekxa zkqna z`fd dibeqa.(wte`a driwy byenl llk miqgiizn ialy ipnf z` dpend,z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpadl qiqad z` ep`vn,miqetca epiptl oiiprzn epi` z"x.wte`a driwya llk zeaygzd `la xeg`l miakekd z`vn driwyd wxe j` `l`,driwyd jildz ly mieqn rbxa ynyd zlebr ze`vnid mewna llk driwydy xiaq okl.mipeyd driwyd ialya ynyd xe` znvr zylgd jildza byen,wte`a ynyd zlebr zenlrid rbxl llk dxeyw dpi` z"x zhiyl dpey`xd.zizkld `le zinepexhq` zernyn lra `ed ezhiyly oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 26

5 zgpen dilry,dgehy ux` did mz epax zrcl mewid mbc ef dpad it lr ixeg`nxwealkzxaerdngd.lin4jldndiiaery'riwxdztik'dketddxicwk myeriwxlzgznzineiddztwdldtiklzgznl`dtikdiaerjxcriwxdztik ztik ixeg` l` dtikd iaer jxc axra z`vei `id aeye,ux`d z` dxi`n `id mbc itlmiiw`l-xen`k. 10 miakekd z`vonflgdpnnd`ivid xnbae,riwxd iptlzgznl`llkefdhiyitlzcxeidpi`dngdik,'wte`adriwy'byenddf ekezn dlere,axrnay dpelg jxc riwxd iaerl zqpkp `l`,(wte`d edfy) ux`d,gxfnay dpelg l`,dgxfn axrndn,riwxd ztik lrn zxfege riwxd llg itlk.zxgnl sqep aeaiq z`xwl aexw eigy,minecw minkg xak.mz epax zhiya 'zinepexhq`d' dpadd.2 driwyd=)'riwxd iaerl dngd zqipk'y yxtl xyt`y exaq, 11 mz epax ly epnfl s` lr,ynyd ly'wte`a driwy'd `idî`id mz epax ixaca zxkfend(dpey`xd jka exikd md. 12 mewn meya 'wte`a driwy' byend z` xikfd`l envra z"xy lk mrj`,mzepax lymewidmbc z`evni` `lmd oklezixeckdxev ux`ly dhnlzkldndngmeia'ditl,'l`xyiinkgzrc'a,cvmigqta`xwpdfdmewidmbc dngmeia'ditl'mlerdzene`inkgzrc'znerl,'riwxdondlrnldlilaeriwxdon jka oexzid dn,l`eydl`yim`e.'rwxwdondhnldlilaeriwxdondhnlzkldn rawdzcewp`edmiakekdz`vonfeay'l`xyiinkgzrc'kelymbcdz`rawz"xy heytdmbcaynzyd`lrecne,zeynydoiazligzonfz`xeg`laygn`eddpnny (12dxrdoldl'ir!l`xyiinkgdlenikqdydrc)'zene`dinkgzrc'-dxe`klxzei xzei dlwe opeazn lkl xzei zwdaen dcewp `idy,wte`a driwyd l` zqgiizny dprnd?zvwna dnenr ezelgy miipepia miakek dyely z`v onf znerl,dpgadl xzqen izla iaxrn wte` mr minec zenewne,l`xyi ux` ipkeyl :heyt ef dl`yl wte`a driwyd zenewnd aexa mle`;dpgadl dlw llk jxca wte`a driwyd,ziqgi daebn `ly ziyrp da diitvde,mipane diignv,zerab,mixd ici lr zxzqen iaxrnd driwyazetvldyw,`edjetdp.daoigadlllkheyt`le,zyxcpefyitkenvrwte`d d`xpk,jk lr sqep.zerhdl dlelr dilr zeknzqdde,lilra dze` mi`ex oi`yk wte`a inkg ly ef it lr `le,l`xyi inkg ztwyd it lr dkldd z` xiaqdl z"x sicrd.zene`d xird cili) ip`xhîic ediryi 'x d`xpk did mday oey`xd ;12Îd d`nd seq z`xwl 'c"ix zetqez' lra,( 'd-d"kwzz'c) owfd c"ix,(divpeea ig;dilhi`ay ip`xh zhiyn zeax rtyed c"ix.`xiityn dgny'xlyezaiyia fpky`acnly,cenlzd lr.d`ad dxrda ezhiy d`x.zetqezd ilra ly cenild ly) odixac oi`xpe iax xn`'(zencewd zexrda d`x) my migqta cenlzd zpwqn xe`l z` mipencw miyxtn lv` epivn xak,'epixacn(dlila ynyd jldn lr zene`d inkg ynyd=) l`xyi inkg ly mlerd zpenz lr miqqeand,mz epax ly mibyend zxnd driwyd' byenl,(gxfnl dxfga riwxd ztik lrn dlila drpe riwxd iaera axra zxaer xecklzgzndlilazkleddng=)mlerdzene`inkglymlerdzpenzitlr'wte`a oia zligzye,zeriwy izy zeniiwy) epk lr mz epax ly epic zx`yd jez,(ux`d dngd xarn byend zxnd z` d`x.(miakekd z`vn xeg`l aeyiga zrawp zeynyd oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

6 izy zeniiw ditly mz epax zhiya zcgeind mkxca ccvl ekiynd md z`f.wte`a driwydn lin 4 jldn meza lg miakekd z`v onf mzrc itl.zeriwy zeynyd oia zligz z`e,miipepia miakek dyely mi`ex eay onfd edf mzpadl `l dl` mipey`x.dfd xge`nd miakekd z`v onf iptl lin Õ jldnk miaygn oia onfd z` lreta cecnl,miwiecn mipery xcrida,mnewnae mpnfa oiicr elki z`eeyda itec e`vn `le,miipepia miakek dyely zrted oial 'wte`a driwy'd z`f zeawrae,zinepexhq`d 'wte`a driwy'l mz epax ly 'dpey`xd driwy'd ztewza edylk xagn izi`x `l mle`.miakekd z`ve zeynyd oia ipnf xegi`a z`v onf ef dpad itly ezrc lr dlrdy (19Îd d`nd cr) mipexg`de mipey`xd lcadd xwir dfe) lreta miipepia miakek dyely zii`xn xzei xge`n legi miakekd.(oldl dze` hxtpy,mz epax zhiya,`xnegl,'zxge`nd' dpadd ilra oial mpia ile`, 13 'odk zgpn' extqa(pimentel) lihpinir mdxa`'x dlib 17Îd d`na wx zipexwrcciv`edmbys`lr,mzepaxzhiylyefdpadaiyewdz`,dpey`xl mcxhun` exira zecicn jxr `ed.mz epax zhiy ly 'zinepexhq`d' dpada oqipa ieeiyd inia- dfk ipetv mewna elit`y `vne,(itxbe`b agex zelrn 52Îk) miipepia miakek dyely z`vl wte`a driwyd oia zewc 48Îk wx mixaer ixyzae oia oi` ok m`e,(xzei miinexc zenewna xzeixvw df onfy dnkednk zg` lre) daxd`l`-zewc90cr72mdylin4jldnmiakekdz`voialwte`adriwyd epaxzhiylmiakekdz`vonfylihpinir`"xrawdiradz`xeztlick!zegt 4 exar mxhy s` lr,miipepia miakek dyely lreta mi`ex xy`k lg ok` mz df jildzy dyixcd z"x zhiylye,miakekd z`v cr 'wte`a driwy'dn lin.xzeiawegcuexizedfyoaenk.`weece`l`idlin4jldnjynii edfi`d"c,a,`lzay,c"ixzetqeza'wte`adriwy'l-mzepaxzxezay'riwxdiaer'a inkg itk uxiz `edy `l`,xyid xtqa z"x mb uxizy iz`vn ixacke" :zeynyd oia ip`e,riwxd on dlrnl dtikd xg` dlila zkled[dngd](dingd) ik mixne`y l`xyi `ede,ux`d zgz dlila zkldn dngdy mixne`y mlerd zene` inkg itk izvxiz iaer'jezl`dngdzqipkzligzz"xzrcly`idc"ixlyezrc."mzdopixn`ckxwird,miwte`ipyminiiwelymbcditl.inewnd'wte`adriwyd'mrzipnfeadlg'riwxd itldpey`xddriwyadngdzrweyekxc,ux`dxeckiptlwiyn,dtevdmewnacg` dngdzrweyekxc,mideabdmixddiy`xnhanawxmi`exeze`yipywte`e,mzepax zeidl dngd dligzn f`e,zeynyd oia ligzn ef diipy driwy ixg`.diipyd driwya ly driwyd mbcy lilra mi`ex.'eizgz qpkidle ux`d xeck ly eretiy' zgz zxzqen daxdadlecbynydik)driwydlyircndinepexhq`dmbcloiicrddfdid`lc"ix,miwte`ipydyrnloi`okle,ux`dxhewlceblqgiace`nepnndwegxeux`dxeckn.('eizgz qpkidle ux`d xeck ly eretiy' zgz zxzqen zeidl dleki ynyd oi`e zgpn' extqa,mcxhyn`a micxtqd zcr inkgn,( Pimentel) lihpinir odkd mdxa`'x el`noey`xdmkgd`ed.(1668)g"kz,mcxihyn`,(d,a)'ynyd`ean'xtq:`wlg'odk.eizecicn revia myl miwiecn mipery ezeyxa eid xaky `yepd z` exwgy oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 28

7 mipexg`d ilecbn dnk oiadl ekiynd 'odk zgpn' lra ly eizecicn xg`l mb,lkelknz"xzhiyz`ellymdefmzpadzeawrae-c"ixdzrckz"xzhiyz`.`weec e`l `ed miakekd z`v cr lin drax` jldny uexizd z` elaw `le miwqetae 15 (execiqa) f"yxbae 14 (a'rq`qx'iqg"e`lrexe`iaa)`"xbaxaecn dpaddn dgztzd ef dpad. 16 'dxexa dpyn'e'ogleyd jexr' my`xae,mkxca ekldy.mz epax zhiya 'zxge`nd' dpadd.3 'odk zgpn' ly lwnd eyexit z` cg` cvn elaiw `l diccvn.'zinepexhq`d' drax` jldnye lreta miipepia miakek dyely zii`xa lg miakekd z`v onfy lawl eaxiq ipy cvne,`weec e`l `ed miakekd z`v cre wte`a driwydn lin r"eydyiptnxwira,f"yxbde`"xbdiciadzellkamzepaxzhiylydiigcdz` z`v onf lg z"x zhiya ef dpad itl.oldl d`xpy itk z"xk yxetna wqt ligzn zeynyd oiae,wte`a driwyd ixg` zewc 72 `weec mz epaxl miakekd,delaiwdhiydiccvnlk`ly,`xnegle)dfdmiakekdz`vonfiptllinõjldn itl bedpl mihrn eligzd 19Îd d`nd seqn wxy d`xp.(wte`a driwya xak mibegn mixingn mbe,dixbped gxfnae divilba miciqgd ibega xwira,ef dhiy onf ef dhiy it lry,aey yibcdl yi. 17 'zercd lk' ici z`vl elczydy mitqep elit` e` miipepia miakek dyely lreta mi`ex xy`k lg epi` miakekd z`v zexaery iptl dpyd zeper aexae miax zenewna ygxznd xac,mitevxe miphw xrtde,wte`adriwydixg`lin4jldnmeza`weec`l`-driwydnzewc72,ezen ixg`:oey`x qetc) miig gxe` lr `"xbd xe`ia,( g"pwz-t"z) `"xbd d"c,a 'rq `qx oniq,(1803-b"qwz,'ux` ipibn' g"e` r"ey zxecdn jeza,ee`lwya.[riaxe oilin]'b `edy x"enc`d',ic`ln axd,( b"rwz-d"wz ;onlf xe`ipy iax oe`bd=) f"yxbd xeciqa.'zay zqpkd xcq',(1803-b"qwz ee`lwy oey`x qetc) f"yxbd xeciq,'owfd zpwezn dxecdnl zeaygp ode,'axd jexr ogley' ixg` eazkpy zepey zekld zealeyn r"eya zekldd oia dxizq yiy dxwna,c"aga milaewnd dwiqtd illk itl;zekldd ly.f"yxbdlyziteqdezrc`edaxdxeciqaxn`pd,axdxeciqazeklddoialaxd,( g"qxz-h"twz) oiihytr ield oxd` x"a lkin l`igi 'xn,ogleyd jexr ;(1908-g"qxz,`yxee-zayipiclyoey`xqetc)g-f'rq`qx'iq,zayipic,miiggxe` inyxd ezgtyn my; b"vxz-h"vwz) odkd xi`n l`xyi'xn,dxexa dpyn xeaivaex.(1891-`"pxz,dyx`eoey`xqetc)kw"qa'rq`qx'iq,bwlg,(fwrerdid efy itk f"yxbde `"xbd jxca icrla ote`a z"x zhiy z` yxtn eppnfa micneld zhiya 'zixewnd' dpada llka gibyn epi`e,dxexa dpynae ogleyd jexra zx`ezn elit`.lirl dze` ephxity itke q"zgde mipexg`d aex depiady itk mz epax,('od zeriwy izy' :d"c,bkw 'nr,b jxk) 'zeynyd oia' jxra zicenlzd dictelwivp`a mxb dn oeir jixve;z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpadd lr eblic,mitqep miaeyg ori ixtqae.ezhiy ly ef ziccvîcg dbvdl zexnegdayiy,efdhiydgztzdji`mitqepmihxtdfxn`nly5wxtaoldld`x.zelew mr oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

8 dhiyxg`mihepditlraeplretamiipepiamiakekdyelyzii`xoialdfonfoia.dlil lr micirnd miakek dyely zpgada'mi`iwa ep` oi`'y jkn ef `l,mdilr qqazn `edy mipexg`d zriqe,q"zgdy dghaa reawl xyt` oditly,(3îe 2 zehiy) lirl zepexg`d zepadd izyk mz epax zhiy z` epiad driwyd' `idy) wte`a dngd zriwy `id mz epax ipnf ly `vend zcewp z`v onf `idy) lreta miakek dyely zii`x `le (el` zehiy itl 'dpey`xd.(z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpadd itl miakekd oiay`id,mzepaxcinlz( Metz)uinnxfril`iaxz`n,mi`xidxtqzhiy.a epax exicbdy itk)'riwxd iaer'l dngd zqipkiptllinõjldnligznzeynyd z` zekix`a o`k ezaeyza dgec q"zgd. 18 'dpey`xd driwy'd iptl epiid,(mz.eixaclydfwlgaweqrp`lj`,lkelknz`fddhiyd g"e` dxexa dpyn mb mdizeawrae,f"yxbde `"xbd devni`y) mipe`bd zhiy.b ligzn zeynydoiay `id(g 'rq`qx 'iqg"e` ogleydjexre,bk w"q`qx 'iq z`v onfa xnbpe,dngd zlebr ly dpeilrd dtyd ly wte`a dzriwy mr cin zaeyzahexhextazxaqenefdhiy.efdriwyxg`llinõjldn`edymiakekd zaeyzik,efdhiywtq`llxikdq"zgd. 19 ev oniq xww`l`(m"xdn=) dyn'x 'iq)c"eijexrogleylymiaeygdmilkdi`yeplv`mbz`aenxwy`l`m"xdn q"zgdz`flkae,(mitqepmipexg`ae`iw"qj"yamye,dlinipicah'rqeqx. 20 o`k ezaeyza mipe`bd zhiyl llk qgiizn epi` zhiy oia zwelgn oi` lekiaky gikedl zeqpnd 'dxyt' zehiy mb zexken myne,(epz 'iq) oiwilcn dna wxt seq 'ikcxn'a mb dxvwa z`aen mi`xid zhiy iptl dlg 'dpey`xd driwy'd ditl,q"zgde mipexg`d zpad itl.q"zgd dhhvn zexpd zwlcd zncwd ici lr mi`xid zhiy ici mi`vei oi`y oaenk,wte`a driwyd uilnndxexadpyndy,ef`xnegl;wte`adriwydiptllinõjldnxeriyazayaxra zepaditlemipe`bdzhiylwxdwcvdyi(`kw"qoeivdxrybkw"q`qxoniq)dilr `l q"zgd iyxei zelidwa.lirl epx`izy 'zxge`nd'e 'zinepexhq`d' mz epax zhiy.(ohxtl mewnd o`k oi`e,mi`xid zhiya zexg` zepad mb zeniiw) ef `xneg exikd.dpw cenr,1554-c"iy(dilhi` oetv) dhipfiaq oey`x qetc,xwy`l` m"xdn z"ey d`x hexhexta dgec `edy itk,eppecipa mipe`bd zhiy z` zegcl gxeh epi` elit` q"zgd yiz`f s`lr.(lirl 5 dxrda d`x,elyz"eya xpf`e axd z`ilt) mi`xid zhiyz` cgeina,z"xzhiyly'zixewnd'dpaddoialmipe`bdzhiyoialecbdlcaddz`oiadl ligzn zeynyd oia mipe`bd zhiyl.l`xyi ux`n dpetv xzei daxd mipkeyd zenewna 'zixewnd' dpadl cebipa,dpyd zeper lkae itxbe`b mewn lka wte`a driwyd mr cin jk.miakekdz`vonfndxeg`zeynydoiaonfzligzz`miccenditlyz"xzhiya ixg`zewc48ieeiydmeiamcxhyn`algmiakekdz`vonfyodkzgpnloin`pm`y,z"x zhiya 'zixewnd' dpadd it lr) my ligzd zeynyd oia if` - wte`a driwyd driwyd ixg`(48-17=31) zewc 31Îk,ok iptl zewc 17Îk wx (xteq mzgd zhiy `idy!zeynydoiazlgzdonfiablzehiydizyoiadryivgklylcad,wte`a oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 30

9 lka. 22 eppnfamiyxtndaexiciaegcpdl`zehiyj`, 21 mzepaxlyeflmipe`bd.hxtlmewndo`koi`e,dl`dxytzehiykxaq`lq"zgdyd`xpote` :mzepaxkzeynydoiazligzoiiprawqtp(a'rq`qx'iqg"e`)jexrogleya ziad oxne, 23 'mei i`ce...dfd onfde...ux`d lr zi`xp ynyd oi`y driwyd zligz' ji`.`xnegl`lmb,mi`xidzhiyz`emipe`bdzhiyz`llkxikfnepi`sqei r"eyd oeyl?lirl epx`izy zepeyd zepadd oian z"x zhiy z` i"ad oxn oiad rhwd z` oiadl yi mzriqe q"zgde mdxa` obnd itl j`,dfa znbnebn zvw ynyd oi`y [onfd `ed,dpey`xd driwyd=] driwyd zligz' :jk r"eya oecipd oi` 'driwyd zligz'y df itl xexa.'ux`d [ipt] lr [dwfega zgxef=] zi`xp zgzl`xakdrwyyllbaux`donhanazi`xpdpi`xakynydydzernyn ly 'zixewnd' dpadd itlllk miiwepi`'wte`a driwy' byend ixdik-wte`d driwy'd zrya :r"eyd zrca xiaqd yexitd edfy ok m` d`xp! 24 z"x zhiy axd dpexg`le ;fh 'iq a"g,f"hyz milyexi,'oeiv ipa' z"ey,`xity cec 'x ly ef oebk oepîoa ox k"yn'ire.epztewza xwira,mixagn cere;g"pyz,iig xe` qxhpew,`cxa wgvi 'nr(c,en) e"qyz fenz'oirnd','dngd zriwye meid ipnfa z"x zhiya xe`ia' exn`na.72-67'nr(c,fn)f"qyzfenz'lbamyzeaebzae,24-10 xwwna yibpy,'einexna mely dyer' exn`na iel(e`il) dcedi'text axd icia xzid oia extqa,yipa miig axd iciae, ik,oecipa zedf opi` epizerc.cvy 'nr,` dxecdn,an wxt,a wlg,dklda mipnfd xzie q"zgd it lr mz epax zhiya 'zixewnd' dpadd z` mb milley dl` mixagn izrc zeiprl.r"ve,mze` zrpkyn dpi` efd q"zg zaeyz s` iz`iltle,mipexg`d driwyd' byen z` zeqipkn olek ik,q"zgd zpad z` zen`ez opi` dxytd zehiy dze`m`ezdfoi`izrcle,z"xzhiyly'zixewnd'dpadlzxg`e`efjxca'wte`a.ceqi ibyen,2 wxta lirl izxaqdy itk,oexwira mihep eppnfa.(k w"q) dxexa dpyn llek,xz` lr r"ey ly milkd i`yep mixirn jk zeynyd oia zligz onf iabl mipe`bd zhiyy miayege,z`f gekyl miax micnel,zayzqpkd xcq,execiqa f"yxbd mpn`) `id `le,dkldl r"eyd zwiqt z`zn`ez eqxoniqdlinzekldc"eiae,`qx'iqg"e`ao`kezwiqtneaxfgenvrxagndyoreh mixacdy eayg `l ezriqe q"zgd mle` ;mipe`bd zhiyk wqet lekiak `ed h 'rq.(zncewd ezwiqtn xagnd zbiqp lr miriavn c"eia mi`aend,dpey`xd driwyd zrya wte`d lrn z`vnp oiicr ynydy,z"x zhiya df xaqd azek jk.micg` mipencw mipexg` iyexitae,mipey`xa r"ey ly eizexewna yxetn :(dw 'nr wew axd cqen 'cdn,dpyi zela` oipr - la`d xry,'mc`d zxez') o"anxd ynydy dryn epiidc)'ux`a zgxef dpi`y dryn driwyd zligz...mz epiaxl izi`xe' zligzy zehyta azek epi` o"anxd ;(ux`d ghyn lr xe` ly qt dlihn dpi` xak y"`xd mb yxetna azek jk!wte`a zrwey dngd zlebr xy`k z`xwp driwyd dngd zriwyn oia welig yiyz"x uxize' :(ixz d"c `,dl) zay zkqn lr eizetqeza qpkil dngd zlgzny,driwy zligzn rnyn[dngd] zriwync,dngd rwyzyn oiae zriwyk dpey`xd driwyd z` xicbn epi`e,'ddk zeidl dxe` zlgzne riwxd iaera mya (i`nne d"c) zekxa yix y"`xd zetqeza mb `aen jke,wte`a ynyd zlebr oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

10 onfle,wte`d lrn zxkip dcina z`vnp oiicr ynyd mz epaxl 'dpey`xd aexe q"zgd zrck lkd,eppecipa idylk zizkld zernyn oi` wte`a driwyd.lirl epx`izy z"x zhiy ly'zixewnd' dpada mipexg`d zx`ean q"zgd zaeyz.3 zexdade zenlyd,zeybcd mr,mibelica l"pd q"zgd zaeyz z` `ia` o`k i"p mqxetnd `ltend oe`bd axd [iytp cicil ax ryie=] p"il x"ie mely zyecw ceak,wfgd yiht,ipinid cenr,l`xyi xp=] 'dn z"ywk d"t d"r. 25 i"p l"bq lkin[axd epxen,ezx`tz my ly egely iiptl `a dzr o`k=] xnc 'igely `pncwl `z` `zyd `kd edricedl ilr dev [ezlrn mex x`te=] n"xte,il azk xtq zlbne,[ipec` zaya 26 [clepy wepizd eze` oipra=] ciliz`c `wepi `edda,izrc zeipr :miixbeqa `edy s` lr) mz epax z` ehhva,ev 'iq xwy`l` m"xdn z"eyn rnyn oke.m"ayx.'ux`d lr zgxef dpi`e riwxd iaera qpkidl dligzdyn,dpey`xd driwyd':(el cbpzn lyexecoa,xlbxf`sqeioal`eny'xn(1681-`"nzmcxihyn`)'cinzzler'xtqaoke oi`yxagndazkydfe':`qx'iqg"e`'zayzler'wlga,`w`xwaoiic,mdxa`obnlra cer d`xe.'riwxa [!jk] qpkl ligzdy iptn,f`nk egeka d`xp epi`y,d`xp ynyd dxrda oldl q"zgd zpad it lr wte`a driwyd iptl dpey`xd driwyd zelg oiipra dpada wxt izcnl epnny,milyexin qiie oeyxb awri axd qcpdnl dcen ip`).45 mixn`naa'rq`qx'iqg"e`r"eylyz`fddpaddz`gikedy,z"xzhiya'zixewnd' (.o`k mi`aend zexewnl ial zneyz z` dptde,il` miazknae miax,xi`iexp(ield=)dielobq( Glogau=`bFlb:e`venxiritlrezgtynmy)lkinl`igi'x miyi`,xrkilhqpiw`yefxcpqkl`dynaxdlyextqa'ir)y"`=hhwpfii`lydax dkenq hhwpfii` dxiird.(tw 'nr,`rx oniq,b"pyz wxa ipa,xteq mzg zeaeyza zexiird izy.onfd eze`a xteq mzgd ly ezepax mewn,(bxeaqxhn:meid) sxfcqxhnl wlg eid od xteq mzgd onfa.dixhqe`ay cplpbxea fegna meid ze`vnp zeaexwd zgz ecnre if`dxhq` zial cqgd ikiqp zfeg`ay'zelidw ray'n wlg eide,dixbpedn.mzeqg,zelrn 47.9 oetvl itxbe`b agexa zpkeyd,hhwpfii`a clep oecipd wepizdy xexa l"pdn zrtyd llek) wte`a ynyd ly dpeilrd dtyd zriwy.l`eyd ly ezepax mewn 8:01 drya my dlg ( ) meid eze`a (dxtqenh`a xe`d zxiay = 'divwxtx'd lye ynyd ipery ly (Local Apparent Time = LAT) 'inewn izin` onf' itl,axra miperyd ibegn ly mpeeik z` zetekz mizrl eni`zd) mditl epeeky miipknd miperyd zevg dl` mipery it lr ;(inewnd ynyd oery riavd eilry 'izin`d onf'l miipknd hhypfii`a1803îadl`miperyexedeilryonfd.12dryaweicacinzlgizin`dmeid CET ='dtexi`fkxnlyixef`onf'dpekndepxecamybedpdiwegdonflddfdid`l miinepexhq` miaeyign lawznd,(dry 1 + 'uipixb onf) = Central European Time oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 32

11 opernd mei dide, 27 dvgne 'g drya,zay i`venl zeynyd oia,oeiq g"k. 28 miakek lr hetyl `"`y ote`a izrc zfgle epevx zeyrle repnl lke` `l, 29ilr zxaer ezevn zeidle zrck wetwt mey ila dfa zgefx dkldd ik, 30 izeaxn mb izlaw xy`ke yeniyl qpked df mipnf mleq;ziaxrnde zifkxnd dtexi` ly milecb miwlga ddfde,1891îa wx (mhxtl mewnd o`k oi`y my mipnfd ziipna micg` miipia ialy ixg`) rexi`d ixg` mlek ebdped el` miiepiyy oiivl wx aeyg.dfd meid cr sweza `ede dnecd ezpekzna 'uipixb onf' bdped oecpela,dixbped znerl.1803îa rxi`y,eppecipay,`"hily`pfetxi`naxdz`oebk)micg`mixagndrhddfe,1792îaxakzieeykrdefl (b"qyz d`xpk,oecpel,xteqd zexve`,l"vf q"zg oxn ly mipnfd oipr xexia exn`na itlrrawpy'inewnizin`onf'mpi`xakq"zgdicilrmi`aendmipnfdmbyaeygl.mcia zerhe;ynyd ipery.eitloeekndixeaivdipkndoerydlyeynydoeryly'inewnizin`onf'itl8:30drya raexl cenvd,if`dxhq` zial mikiqpd oenx` zifga dfd meid cr mi`vnp mdipy minrt minid mze`a oeek(dpenza ipnid lcbnd lr) ipknd oeryd.hhypfii`a icedid mixacd;dpenza il`nyd lcbnd lr)ecilryynyd oeryjldn itlrreayazecg`.(zixbpedîexhqe`d zexqiwa mipnfd zeclezl mignen mr zevriizd jez,mewna ewcap aixwzmelivecivae,mdilrmiperydibeqipyemilcbndipymroenx`dmelivz`d`x.ynyd oery ly 27 miakekd z`v onf z` reawl,[yiciia'orliihxe`ra orpxrhy j`p' =]'miakek lr hetyl' z`v onf q"zgly,o`kn.minya erited xaky miipepia miakek dyelya diitv ici lr.df onfn xge`n `le,lreta mze` mi`exyk,mixg` xfr irvn` xcrida,rawp miakekd oekpddlindonfednzetigcareawljixvo`k-'zxaerdevn'efyiptndtegcdaeyzd :xne` dcedi iax' :`,gk zekxaa oebk,xvwe aevw dneiw onfy devn = zxaer devn).'zxaerdpi`ydevn efezxaer devn efy,dgpn lylltzn jkxg`esqen lylltzn 'iqd"g;t'iqc"g;alw,`kw,i'iqb"gq"zgz"ey'ir-q"zgdlraiagdiddfiehia eaxmbm`oeirjixve,mzepaxzhiykmixaeqdeizeaxmwz`o`kxikfnepi`q"zgd.(av oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

12 y"ri,ok enikqd xak mipexg`d lke, 31`"ly [oniq yix=] i"qx `"bnd 32 [a w"q] dax dil`a[my oieri=] hlgena eqtzy, 33 [i w"q] zay ztqeze,miakekd z`v mcew lin iriax 'b [m` ik=] `"k epi` zeynyd oia xeriy wte`d zgzl dngd zriwy seqn `ede hwp`edy(1 gtqpoldl) `"px ipnfgeln d`xpdxe`kl.efdhiykbdpxlc`ozpiax wte`a driwyd onfn miakekd z`v onfz`zaygnd,mipe`bd lyefl dnecd dhiya epcery oecipa sqep xn`nae) oldl egell zexrda d`x ;o`kle o`kl mipt yie,d`lde.(ezrc z` d"fra x`a` dpkda 'xn 'mdxa` obn' mye,(3 dxrd lirl d`x) d sirq `ly oniq miig gxe` jexr ogley.zeynyd oia" :epeyl efe,a w"q ( b"nz-f"vy) xpianfb ield ila` mdxa` [miakekd z`vl=] d"vl dry ziriaxl jenq cr zay oilawn oi` minrtl epizpicna la` yidlinoiprl[oicd`edokm`=]d"dk"`,`"qx'iq[jexroglyaaezkyenk=]y"nk."okoixaeqmiwqetdilecblk`dc,zayaelenldflrjenql exewna azkp xeaigd.1757-f"iwz,javlef) b`xtn l"vf `xity dil` 'xn 'dax dil`' xaere,dtiikcxn'xz`n,'zlkzdyeal'e'zeklnyeal',g"e`lryealdxtqlxe`iak :aw"q`lyoniq(jexrogleyl'milk`yep'zeidlaqedeycgnxeaigdjxrpdqtcdl z`vljenqdryziriaxclepy`wec(aw"q`"bn)mipexg`eyxit.'ekezeynydoia" zayaclepm`oke.'emeiaoilnmiakekdz`vndryziriaxmcewclepla`,miakekd."zaya oiln dlil mcew dry ziriax xce`c hxetwpxt...aegx`d w"wa c"ia y`x,ylfiin l`tx 'xn 'zay ztqez' xtq zegt `ede zeynyd oia clepe" :(161 'nr,` 'nr `t sc) i w"q `ly oniq,1767-f"kwz jelid ick `ede,miakekd z`v cr driwyd seqn epiide,miakekd z`vn dry ziriaxn i`venaoiazayaxraoiameii`ceoklmcew clepyine,`"qx'iqy"nklin irax'b."zay zeynyd oia zligz onfy xdazn q"zgd `iady mixagnd iazkn l"pd mihehivdn wte`a driwydn `le,miakekd z`vn xeg`l aeyiga l"pd mipexg`d lk zrcl ccnp oiaonfiabl'zixewnd' mz epax zhiymzrclefe,(llkmixikfn mpi`dze`y) d`lde q"zgd zaeyza 'wte`d zgzl dngd zriwy seqn `ede' :milind zernyn.zeynyd iazka df oeyl epivn.xeg`l,miakekd z`vn ayegn zeynyd oia zlgzd onfy `id zrweydngdy...zetqezeazkydnoiir":`,dlzayzkqnlq"zgiyecigaoebk,epax,"...riwxd iaerl zqpkpy l`xyi inkgle [l"i.mlerd zene` inkg it lr] wte`d zgz iaerl dqipk' gpenl ernyna deey zene`d inkgl 'wte`a driwyd' gpendy epiid onfzcewpq"zgditl'wte`adriwyd'oi`,epiid.mzepaxzrcaq"zgdixaca'riwxd zpeeko`k.'riwxdiaer'axarnldneca,seqedlgzdelyiyjildz`id`l`,znieqn eixacl.miakekd z`v :ernyne,yxetna oievnk,'wte`a driwy'd jildz seql q"zgd itelgd iepika `xwpd,miakekd z`v onfn xeg`l aeyiga dlg zeynyd oia zligz,o`k oihelgl mlrzn q"zgd mby ze`exd epipir.'wte`d zgzl dngd zriwy seq' mb.wepizd zcil meia wte`a driwyd onfn,hhvn `edy mipexg`d xzi enk,ezwiqta mi`xid xtqa uinn xfril`'xe'gwex'd zexneg oiipra,daeyza rhw lr epblic o`kn),mzepaxitlrezligzld`eeydamdizehiyitlzeynydoialyzncwendligziabl (.oecipd dxwnd iabl q"zgd icia dl` zexneg ziigce oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 34

13 ,dryl aexw cr w"yr dk`lna miyer el` zepicna eplek epgp` dpde... zhiykhlgenamiqtezep``vnp,miakekdz`vmcew,dry[i]riax'be` 'g meia epa lenl eilr lhen didie,zayd mei ribda k"g` ji`e, 35 z"x izxzciar`vnpe,f`dlildidxakymixaeqdzrclyegiexn`i,ezcill cr dk`lndyr,[efz`efzexzeqdzflewizybdep=]iccd`ixzqc ilew 'leni ipinyd meia' ly [dyrzevna=] r"nalvrzne,liniriax 'bl jenq midinznd on didie,dlil did[dcild ly] onf eze` el[i]`k lewernyzegtdlkle`,ey`x`ivedy xexaaeplrcepm`,okikdpd... itl dlild onf ik,c"rtl i`ce mei did,xn xikfdy dry eze`a,eziika xnbmcewoihepin'ddzrzrlz`fddpydzetewza`edzebdepdzeryd,lin iriax 'b wx `edy zeynyd oian wegx df dide, 37 xde` oiip WwWw ª zei`xa gikede jix`dy enk 38 oihepin a"k `ed hlgena lin xeriye. 39 y"ri,i"wq h"pz'iq'awri wg'a daeyz mdilr oi`y zexexa,dfaey`xqipkdllekiin[miperyd=]zerydilkawtqyim`,mpn` dnye [sxecqxhna] o`kay zeryd ilk jelid oi` ile` ik mbe ipec`=]'ixz` ik xn mpn`.dfa ixac lr jenql `"`e,mieey[hhypfii`a] z`vn wgexn xzei [dcild dzidy] 'idy el reciya, 40 [enewn it lr i"tr lin iriax 'bn xzei,mixida minydyk,z`fk zrl bedpd miakekd `ld if`, 41 jxrl [zewc=] oehepin [17=] a"eh `edy 'awri wg' ly epeayg ixz'd"c,`,dlzayzetqezae,`kxoniqmiyecigdwlg-'xyidxtq'extqa,mzepax d`x.zay zkqna ef `ibeqa z"x yexitl minikqn miax mitqep mipey`x.'lin izliz.58dxrdaoldlcer lirle,miakekdz`viptl(zewc17)'liniriax'bljenqcrdk`lndyr':o`kazekepax ezpeek.'miakekdz`vmcewdryirax'be`drylaexwcrw"yrdk`lnamiyer'azk ztqez' oicn `ed miakekd z`v iptl dryl aexw cr wx dk`lna miyery df :dxexa envr zeynyd oiaa dk`ln ziiyrîi`y cera,(dgpnd bltn lgd) epevxk dxeriyy,'zay r"ey t"r,'`xnegl `ziixe`c `witq' llba zhlgen daeg `id(miakekd z`vn zewc 17) z``iaddneaxiaqnepaxy,daeyzarhwlraeyepblico`kn).a'rq`qx'iqg"e` epax dgec,ok enk.mdizehiy itl zeynyd oia zligz z` micwdl l"pd mipey`xd ipy (.mgxdnwepizdlyey`xnwlgwx`vil`eydixacaaewpdonfayzeyygo`k.4wxtoldld`x;8:55îa=ryzdryaoenrtdlevlvxnbiptlzewcyng.zewc 22.5:wiecna mya mb recid,xwiix awri axdn,1724-c"tz zpyn,jexr ogley lr miyecig,'awri wg' Ÿ.(ztxv) uine (dipnxb) `fiinxee ly oax,( b"vz-`"kz) otf`wa dgtynd eiptlymiwqetalaewndznerl,zewc22.5`edcg`linjldnyycigydf`edd`xpk.zewc18wx`edy z`v onfn dwegx witqn dziid dcildye,wiecn enewna oerydy rcei l`eyd axd m`.lwdl leki `ed- eze` dnicwnd zeynyd oia zligzne enewna lreta miakekd =22.5*0.75:`edlinÕjldnokl,zewc22.5`edlinjldn'awriwg'itlylirld`x oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

14 ihnle,ippd ippd.enr[sxhv`y=] sxv`y dvexy wx, 42 lwdl dhep ezrc mb xyiexyke, 43 [i"yx-'dxewdondphwzxeqp'il`ribze]`xeykn`aiyil.xacd,[sxfcqxhn ycew zlidw=] c"n w"w dt mzegd [ixac dk `ld=] c"kd.xteq[ohwddyn=]w"dyn.[1803;ohwhxtl=]w"tlb"qwzfenz'a,'cmei.q"zgdzaeyzoeylo`kcr xaepdniell`tx'xipnfgelexlc`ozp'xipnfgel.4 hhypfii`a miakekd z`v onfy zwiecne zihlgd dxeva ezaeyza awp q"zgd itk.8:55 drya lg ( ) b"qwz oeeiqa g"ka zaya wepizd zcil meia oi`.oihelgl eilr jnq `edy,aezk mipnf gel eicia fg` q"zgd - oldl gikepy epeiqiplrjnqy`lmbe,miaeyigayigye`elynzitvzjxryjklfnxelit` ;enewn bdpn lr jnqy e` rexi`l miaexwd miaxra miakekd z`v onf zriawa z`vonfz`awepdid`ldl`dzexewndncg`lrjneqdidm`ygipdlozip `l q"zgly gipdl xiaq,ok lr xzi.o`k dyry itk,wiecn dk ote`a miakekd zriwy ipnf z` aygl miyexcd miihnznde miinepexhq`d zegelde milkd eid mr dpy zegel=) mikpnl`l dyib el dziidy xiaq `le,hhypfii` iabl ynyd aygl milkd q"zgl eid `ly dnke dnk zg` lr.enewn ly (inepexhq` rcin itk miakekd z`v onfa wte`l zgzn ynyd wner it lr miakekd z`v onf z` eixacafnxoi`mbe,ipcijildzarevialxzeiajaeqndfaeyigik,eppnfabedpy.dfkjildzrvia`edymewnmeya did hhypfii`a miakekd z`v onf z` reawl ick q"zgd jnq eilry oezpd 1 'qn gtqp) eax xlc` ozp 'x epnfa el aizkdy,ecia didy mipnf gela aezk itke' geld y`xa oiiv q"zgd j` - hxetwpxt xird xear jxrp df gel.(oldl riten df gela,ok`e.aexiwa ea ynzydl xzen 'el` zepicna mby d`xpd dpyd ly ef dperl 8:55 - ezaeyza q"zgd awpy miakekd z`v onf yxetna zewc 17,8:38Îa hhypfii`a ligzd zeynyd oia onf q"zgd zrcly o`kn.zewc 17Îk wepizd,okl.wepizd zcil ixg` zewc 8Îk,8:55Îa ezrcl lgy miakekd z`v onf iptl.d`adzayaeze`lenlyie,zayaclepkaygp cinlz didy,l`eyd ly ef drcl sxhvn epax.dnvr zaya wepizd z` lenl = lwdl.envra reci wqete mkg ax ian opax dxyr iziine sipkin,dinwl `pic iz` ded ik `ped ax" :a,f oixcdpq oiihnilcikidik:xn`.(yxcndzianminkgdxyr`iadesq`,`ped'xiptloic`ayk) on dphw zxeqp epribiy - `xeykn `aiy oiihnpc" :i"yx my yxtne."`xeykn `aiy - `aiy.ilrn elwie eplek oia yperd [wlgzi=] ylzyi - drhp m`y,xnelk,dxewd."oigeel ixqipl:opinbxzne'oexney lbr didi miaay ik'(e,g ryed) enk,zxeqp oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 36

15 didygeld`et`edf.(ileia5/6îaf`dlgdziidyl`enyitlfenzztewzlaexw). 44dn`zde`iepiymey`llenewnleipnfz`mUii`ede,q"zgdicia miakekdz`voialwte`adngdfkxnzriwyoiayonfdxlc`ozp'xgelitl ipnfz`.('zrclz`fe'd"c,egelad`x)dpydlyefdpera 45 (`xnegl)zewc35`ed geln,(oldl4gtqpd`x)iiaeyigeizxryditl,xlc`ozp'xcnlwte`adriwyd, 46 (oldl 2 gtqp) xaepde mcxhyn`,oilxa mixrd xear xaepdn iel l`tx'x xaigy extqa yipa miig 'x :dnbecl d`x.epxeca mb,miax mixagn wiqrd `"px ipnf gel oecpel,aiuaew,'xteqdzexve`'aexn`naoke,77dxrd,enwxt,ajxkdkldamipnfd my,'l"vfq"zgd oxn lymipnfdoiprxexia',`pfet xi`n 'xneixacl daebze,a"qyz mipey mdi`vnn.b"lyz oecpel,xi`n xe` extqa mcew cere,(d`xpk b"qyz) bi uaew.o`k mi`ian ep`y dl`n miax mihxta driwyd zligz,`"px zeawra dfa jledd,q"zgd zrcly gipdl epilr epgxek lr rvn`adriwydiptlzewc55îk)wte`adriwydiptldaxddlgmzepaxlydpey`xd zizkldzernynmeyefonfzcewploi`la`,(!zewc90`edezrcllin4jelidik,uiwd miycew mc zliqt oiipra z"xl dkldl zeaiyg dpey`xd driwyd onfl yi) eppecipa jiiy df oi`e - dngd zriwya lqtp d"c,a"r k zegpn zetqez d`x,dngd zriwya driwyd oia zewc 35Îy gipdl xiaq la`,jkl daezk `zknq` il oi`.(o`k eppiiprl 10 = zewc 35 :`ad aeyigd itl `"px icia erawp `xnegl miakekd z`v oial wte`a dfkxnnynydzlebrlkzriwyaaygzdlick)wte`aynydfkxnzriwyxg`zewc mippre zebbe minvrn mb mlrp ynyd xe`y cr oizndl ick oke,dpeilrd dzty cre zewc22.5itllinõ`edyzewc17zeynydoiaonfl,25=17*1.5)zewc25+(mideab jynl `"px ozepy onfd mb.oldl 1 gtqpa oldl cer d`x,(uiwa 1.5 it lcbend,lind 10=zewc24:dnecjxcaayeg,miakekdz`vlynydzriwyoiazewc24,`lewlonfd.(`lewl,lindzewc18itllinÕ=)zewc14+wte`aynydfkxnzriwyixg`zewc ipezpnribd`edji`d`xnd,`"pxlyeiaeyigxefgyxn`ndseqa4'qngtqpad`x micrein eidy miakekd z`v ipnfl eikxrl,xaepd l`tx'x gelay xaepd xirl driwyd,(!mikxr 8) dpyd jyna mikix`zd lka d`ln dn`zd d`xnd,df xefgy.hxetwpxtl yiydlecbdd`iltds`lr,xaepdgellr`"pxzeknzqdz`wtqxi`ydlilagiken oial,xaepd gela driwy/dgixfd ikxr oia dnec znlyen dn`zd mb mi`ven ep`.jka xaepdgellrixn`nahexhextagkeiyitk) xweaarnyz`ixwonfseql`"pxikxr ipery ly)'inewn izin` onf' itl dgixfde driwyd ipnf mi`aen xaepd gela.([dpkda] did jk) wte`a dngd zlebr fkxn ly (mditl mipeeknd miipknd miperyde ynyd Connaissance des izxweid iztxvd jpnl`a oebk,miircnd mikpnl`a mb f` laewn seqa dklda laewnk `le ;dwqtd `ll,meid cre 1679 f`n dpy icn ritend Temps (dgixfd zncwde) driwyd xegi`a elit` aygzn xaepdn iel x"x.(ynyd lebir zriwy jpnl`ak,zyw zewc 32Îk elv` dxeriyy,xe`d ipxw zxiay=)'divwxtx'd zrtez oiba dnxl dgked efe,([dibla,xlcii` i"i qcpdnd z`n izlaiwy rcin it lr] iztxvd z`bivn`edditly,(dhnl)egelileyaezxrdxytdfe.dil`ribdyddeabdzircnd axd ly extqn o`kl wzred xaepd gel.lreta 'zi`xpd driwy'de 'd`xpd up[d]' ipnf epnfautedeqtcpdfgel.dkwz'nr,ajxk,e"pyzwxaipa,'dkldamipnfd'yipamiig gellycg`wzermiiw)edylkxeaignwlgk`le,cceaoelrxezad`xpkexagnicia oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

16 ircn gel edf.onf eze`a miiw didy zixara cigid oin`d mipnfd gel didy i`wihnzndidyxagni"r,epnfamirecieidyrcndillklkitlayegywiecne ipnfz`dpiy`lemi`zd`l`"px-lirlxen`kj`; 47 dlrneenkynmepexhq`e,enewna miakekd z`v aeyigl eay driwyd ipnf z` myii xy`k xaepd gel. 48 hxetwpxt œ œ ipeia 20Îl 8 oia wte`a ynyd fkxn ly driwyd onf z` awep xaepd gel 8:18 zeryd oia (l`enyl fenz ztewz iptl zereayd 4 jeza mdy mikix`z=) yi ezrcly onfd=) zewc 35 dl` mipnfl siqed xlc` ozp 'x.(egel d`x) 8:23Îl f` lg miakekd z`v onfy `vne,(miakekd z`v cr wte`a driwydn cecnl ezaeyza q"zgd raw eitly xewnd edfy wtq oi`.axra 9:00Îl 8:55 oia(lberna) b"qwz oeiqa g"ka hhypfii`a lg(`xnegl) miakekd z`v onfy zeihlgda o`k miakekd z`v zelga mipnfd iyxtdl qgiizd `l xen`k q"zgd.8:55 drya. 49 xaepde hxetwpxt znerl enewn ly dpeyd itxbe`bd agexd oiba minxbpd epnn mitqep miwzer miniiwe,[r73a1160 extqn] milyexia zine`ld dixtqa df.(mlera ynydwneryklgdfydgpda,miakekdz`vonfz`mbegelaaygnxaepdnielx"x dpexg`le,milyexin qiie b"ixe diblan xlcii` i"i i`vnn) wte`l zgzn zelrn 7.1Îk ielx"xgelipezplwwfp`"px.(dfgeliaeyigz`exfgymlek;daaxnaiaxoxr'xmb miakekdz`viabldfgelipezpnmlrzde,dzriwyeynydzgixfipnfiablwxxaepdn llba d`xpk) wte`l zgzn ynyd wner lr miqqeand mipezp,('xikiiyn') xgyd zelre oeir cer jixve ;epnfa hxetwpxta bdpnl d`eeyda dl`n zraepy dxzid `xnegd wizrdy dgpdl ze`ceea mini`zn(oldl 1 gtqp) `"px gela mipnfdn cg` lk.(oecipa gell ely xywde `"px gel lr cgein xn`n) xaepd geln driwyde dgixfd ipnf z`.(dpkda `vnp xaepd mcxhqn`,xaepd mixrd ly itxbe`bd agexa,'inewn izin` onf'l ayeg xaepd gel xlc` ozp 'x.(oetvl itxbe`b agex zelrn 52.3Îka eitl ze`vnp mixrd yely) oilxae agex)oiinxdplrhxetwpxtexiraynydzriwyiableicwiecnkxaepdgelz`aiygd znerlzewc14îkly`edyxtdduiwd`iyaxy`k-oetvlzelrn50.1îklyitxbe`b iablmbwitqnmiwiecnxlc`ozp'xipnfygipdxteqmzgd.(xaepdxiradriwydonf lr xaecne,oetvl agex zelrn 47.9Îk ly itxbe`b agex) hhypfii`a clepd wepizd mewn zewc 10Îke,xaepd xira ze`ivna driwyde xaepd gel znerl [!] zewc 24Îk lyyxtd ozp'xgelipnfyjklrcendid`lq"zgdyd`xp.(hxetwpxtamipekpdmipnfdznerl,wiecnahxetwpxtipnfmddl`yxaq`ed;xaepdxirlayegygellrmiqqeanxlc`.eciadidy`"pxgely`xayxetnaazk`edyitk milyexi,q"zgd oxnl laeid xtqa exn`na,l"f hhyxald wgvi 'x oebk) mixagn yi ('xteqmzgdlrazrclzayi`venonfa',hnoniq,['dnkgdxve`'xb`naoinf]o"yz yexcd(zelrna)wte`lzgznynydwnerlrq"zgdzrciablzepwqnwiqdlevxy dtewza miakekd z`v onfa enewna did ynyd wnerye`vn md ;zayi`ven zelgl wte`l zgzn edyne zelrn 7Îk,q"zgd zaeyza o`k aewpy itk 8:55 drya,zxaecnd.zayi`venzelgldkldlq"zgdzrcefydfnewiqde,(zelrn7.5îk`edoekpdjxrd) oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 38

17 zhiy z` zxzeq zi`xp xlc` ozp 'x gel ipnf erawp ditly dhiyd,dxe`kl zewc17îk)linõjldnligznzeynydoiaditle,q"zgdzpaditlrmzepax z`vz`ayig`"pxixd;miakekdz`vnxeg`laeyiga(zewc22.5`edlindyk dpadd itl mz epax zhiyl xf xen`k `edy byen,'wte`a driwyd'n miakekd ipnfa xfridl q"zgd xga z`f lka!mipe`bd zhiya xwira miiwe,'zixewnd',mzepaxitlrzeynydoiazligzaeyigmylmiakekdz`vonfzriawa`"px miakekd z`vl egela eipnfy (min zai`y onf okl d"c) yxetna azek `"px ik meyiil q"zgl yexcd onfd dfe,lreta miakekd z` mi`exy mipnfl miaexw.(28 dxrda lirl d`x) eppecipa,z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpadd epinicrq"zgdiniixg`mzepaxzhiymeuii.5 epaxzhiyahhvn`edymipexg`dzpadz`epldnibcnl"pdq"zgdzaeyz zligzz`miaygnefdpaditl,xen`k.(2wxtlirl,'zixewnd'dpadditl)mz dyely ly lreta dii`xd onf) miakekd z`vn xeg`l aeyiga zeynyd oia epax zhiy.wte`a dngd zriwy onfa idylk zeaygzd `ll,(miipepia miakek 50 'd`ex lkl yigkn yegd'y dhiydpi` ef dpad it lrmz `"xbd ekixrdy enk ynydwnerdpydjynamiakekdz`vl`"pxipnfxzia:mipekpmpi`mixacdmle` zelrn 7.5 jxrdn ixnbl dpeye ce`n lecb xefit d`xn hhypfii`a wte`l zgzn [!] 1.5Îk wxe l`enyl ixyz ztewza zelrn 5.1Îk wx `ede - ipeia 18Îa lirl ep`vny oerhlxyt`i`yjk,(4gtqpaygelafxehaoldld`x)l`enylzahztewzazelrn.`"px ipnf lr zqqaznd y"ven zelgl zelrna ynyd wnerl 'q"zg zhiy' zniiwy `l dl` mipnfye,`"px gel it lr daewpd dryd z` raw q"zgdy,epizepwqn xe`l dl`k miwiecn miaeyig rvia `l q"zgdye,xaepdl m` ik hxetwpxtl mxewna erawp dnicwnd,z`fddrcdz`zegclepilr,myef`jyegdzcinz`zizenkjixrd`lmbe zegelde miaygnd zxfra eppnfa aygl milbeqn ep`y dn z` dpy 200Îka zeninza el`eyz`ezaeyzaq"zgdfxifcg`cvnyjknmlrzdlxyt`i`ote`lka.epiciay onfaoperndaxraavndlrdfnwiqie,xidaaxralretamiakekdzrtedonfaopeaziy zrl bedpd miakekd z`vn wgexn xzei 'idy el reciya 'ixz` ik xn mpn`") dcild z` zraewd `id efk dii`xy o`kne,(..."lin iriax 'bn xzei,mixida minydyk,z`fk lricrlaote`ajnq`l`,jkbdp`ld`xpkenvra`edxg`cvne;miakekdz`vonf.b"rve.`"px ly geld lrazekd,(lirld`x)ev'iqxww`l`m"xdnz"ey:mdmihleadmzepaxzhiyigfc zxfegdlilae,axradiaerz`zxaer dngdyriwxd `id,dtik=) z"x lymewidmbc :(ux`l dtikd oiay llgl dkxc zqpkp aey `id xweaae,dtikd lrn gxfnl dngd epaxzhiyiccvn.dkldldhiydz`dgec`edokle,'ze`ivnmeymdloi`el`mixac',dygndl wx `a `ed `l` 'dtexvd zn`'d zeidl jixv `l mewid mbcyel eaiyi mz s` lr,dbxcda ynyd xe` zenlrid ly ze`ivnd z` ahid yignn z"x ly mbcdye yigknyegde':z"xzhiylrazek(a'rq`qx'iqa)`"xbd.daxdaepnnzakxen`idy oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

18 ilecbe q"zgd ipira ;'zinepexhq`d' dpadd it lr z"x zhiy z` f"yxbde zixwird dhiyd `id z"x zhiya 'zixewnd' dpadd,`ian `edy mipexg`d ode `xnegl od dyrnl dkld ewqt dit lr,dklda zeynyd oia ipnf zriawl.mipya ze`n jyna mdizevx`a xrxern izlade laewnd bdpnd did dfe,`lewl i`vene zeynyd oia oiipra bdpnd lvtzd 19Îd d`nd zligzn jxra mle` :mibdpn dyelyl,zifpky`d zecdia xwira,zay dixbped axrna,q"zgd icinlz ly mzaw mewna) daxrnae dtexi` fkxna fkxna,dipnxba,diqexae oileta zewizr zelidwa,diwaelq llek 'oeilrd lilb'a aex ly mdizevx`a mb mdipia,zetqep zevx`ae dwixn`a oke,daxrnae dtexi` zay oiiprl,zeynyd oia zligz ipnfa l"pd dpyid dwiqtd dkynp(gxfnd zecr cre q"zgd zwiqt onfn) zetqep dpy 150Îk jyna,dgpn zlitz ipnf oiiprle s` lr) dpecipd q"zgd zaeyz ly dlecbd dzrtyd llba xzid oia,(d`eyd dl` zevx`a.(6 wxta oldl d`x,dihxt lr zelrdl xyt`y zexengd zeiyewd miakekdz`vonfe,miakekdz`viptl(drykcr)dryõîkzaydz`lawlebdp lr - `"px ly mipnfd gel itl e`,zeheicdl elit` oira d`xpd it lr e` rawp jxra,jynda.lirlepgkedyitk,itxbe`bmewnlklcxtpaeayeg`leipnfys` z`v zligz z` l"pd zevx`a zayd ixney zelidw eraw,20îd d`nd zligzn wner it lr miakekd z`v onf z` erawy,einece 'odk zegel' it lr miakekd zwiqt it lr ebdp oday l"pd zevx`d lka. 51 mewn lka wte`l zgzn ynyd.` jildz z` x`zl jixv:mdiwenip.'yegd cbp ef zrc'e:raew(execiqa) f"yxbde,'d`ex lkl,wte`a dngd xarn onfa ze`ivna milg mdipye,xweaa dgixfd znbeck axra driwyd ;wte`adriwydonlin4jldnonfn mcwenxzeidaxdlgmiakekdyelyz`vonfe jkmpn`:mdleaiyimzepaxzhiyiccvn.lkelknmzepaxzhiyz`migecmdokl it lr driwyd jildz zxcbd la`,zinepexhq` han zcewpn driwyd zxcbd `id.z"xxaqjke,dpeyzeidldlekidkldd z`e ('xikiyn' onf z` :oekp xzei) xgyd zelr z` rawy oey`xd geld il recid it lr ;dn`zda 7.1Îkae 8.1Îka) xaepd gel did wte`l zgzn ynyd wner itl miakekd z`v `tex dnly sqei 'x =) d`icpwn x"yi azk mcew dpy 140Îk xak,la`.(2 gtqp oldl (1629-h"ty,mcxhyn`)'mli` xtq' exeaiga([zicxtqa,`texd=] Delmedigo,ebicnlc ze`na.(miakekd z`ve xgyd zelr=)'mityp'd ly mpnf z` reawl dze`pd jxcd efy ztxva,dipnxba,divilba,dilhi`a dl`k zegel zpkdl zepeiqip eid 19Îde 18Îd odka"xmepexhq`dzegellydvetzledxweildkf`ldl`ngels`la`,dilbp`ae - 'zelrn +66 cre -38 ly agex ieewa dklda meid ipnfl odk (jexa) clehxa zegel' - zecdi ly wdaend wqetd ly dcenvd ezkxcda,(1899) h"pxz zpya dpey`xl eritedy ;eznkqdae( t"xz-c"xz) l"f onted iav cec'x,20îd d`nd zligza fpky` dkldk lawzd df gel.l oniq g"e`,'liredl cnln' z"ey extqa oecipa mihxt d`x.20îd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna mlerd iagxa miqwecezxe`d zelidwa dweqt Berthold Cohn, Tabellen enthaltend die Zeitangaben für den Beginn der Nacht und des Tages; für die Breitengrade +66 bis -38, zum Gebrauch für den jüdischen Ritus; oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 40

19 `le zay zlaw iabl `l,wte`a ynyd zriwy zelga llk egibyd `l q"zgd iptl zewc 17-14Îkl zeynyd oia zligz z` eraw `l`,dgpn zlitz mez iabl.(miipepia miakek dyely z`ivi=) epipirl d`xpd miakekd z`v onf miaxeligzd 52 19Îdd`ndlyoexg`draxdn-l"pdzevx`abdpndznerl.a - dixbped gxfna) miciqgd ibega xwira,dtexi` gxfna (ohw herin oiicr la`) zhiy itl bedpl (diqexne oiletn miwlgae,divilba,dipnexa,'oezgzd lilb'a cig` ote`a lg miakekd z`v onf ditly,(2 wxta lirlk) 'zxge`nd' mz epax onfzewc18itllindrax`)zewc72mezaitxbe`bagexlkaedpydzenilka zenewnd aexa lilra ze`xl xyt`xaky s` lr,wte`adriwydn (lin jldnl efdhiyl`evnldyw.mcewaxonf,mitevxemiphwelit`,miakekdyelyel`d z`eyxityjxcditlr, 53`xnegkdzciledzxede,envrmzepaxixacadfig` z`v ipnf berechnet und zusammengestellt von Dr. Berthold Cohn, Strassburg, zgzn zelrn 7.1 wnera ea z`vnp ynydy onfd lr miqqean odk zegela miakekd gtqpoldl)egelaxaepdniell`tx'xeiptldpy130îkrawyjxrlce`naexw,wte`l ly miyiyd zepy cr ux`l uega miax zenewna zelidwd z` eyniy 'odk zegel'.(2 ynydeaonflmiakekdz`vzelgz`xg`lexingdlebdpl`xyiux`a;20îdd`nd lkin l`igi axd ly eizeriaw it lr z`fe,wte`l zgzn zelrn 8.5 wnera z`vnp mb (jxra 1960-j"yzn lgd) eppnfa mibdep jke,'l`xyi ux`l gel'a l"f iwqpivweh.eipeebl,zayd xney icedid mlerd aexa l"ega yi' d"c,enwxt,dkldamipnfdyipaaxdlyextqaeihxtljildzdxe`izz`d`x,efd dxingnd dhiydy my xxazn.hnz 'nr dpey`x dxecdn,'dl` mipya elgdy!dpyd`nkiptllkdjqadbdped,mzepaxinindxewneli`kmiaxlzincpd zelewl zexneg oia aexird cirn ef zxge`n dhiy ly wcwecnî`ld axewnd dite` lr dpadd itl mz epax zhiy ici z`vl mivex ef dhiy iccvn.dilawn icia zebedpd `"xbd it lr mipe`bd zhiy zexnegn zecg` ici z`vl mb la`,'zinepexhq`d' mipe`bd zhiyk wte`a driwydn lg zeynyd oiay mixingn dibdepn micg`.f"yxbde miaygnd q"zgde mipexg`d aex zhiyk `le,(k w"q `qx'iq dxexa dpyna x`eznk) zhiyiccvnnmixg`.(awxtlirld`x)lretamiakekdz`vnxeg`lzeynydoiaz` 18itl,linÕ=)zewc14meznlg`xneglmiakekdz`vonfymibdep'zxge`nd'z"x,'xne`riai'z"ey,sqeidicaeraxdoebk)wte`adriwydixg`zewc20e`(lindzewc iablzayaxraclepdwepizzlinoiiprazwqerisirqadpwqnd;`n'iqg"e`fwlg mixg`,dl` mixingn znerl.dlil i`ce edf mipe`bd zhiyl wx xy`k,(zaya ezlin xge`nd,miakekdz`vonfiptlzewc14îkwxzeynydoiazligzz`miraewdibdepn mbminrtldfdllkdz`enuiiyzeheicdiciazeaxzelwzenxbpdfne,mzhiylce`n xzi it lr dzelg ixg` ax onf,ce`n zxge`n zay zlawa oebk) oick `ly,`lewl miakekdz`vonfiabl.(e`aaexwnd"c,oldl3gtqpadfxka`nbecld`x;zehiyd `lmbe,wte`adriwydixg`linõjldnlg`edy`"xbdzhiyitlmikledmdoi` lin 4 meza `weec `xnegl `l`,(mipexg`de q"zgk) lreta miakek dyely zii`x itl xarn onfy driawa `lew md mibdep z`f znerl.mzxneg xwir dfe,wte`a driwydn lin4=)zewc72îk`edmzhiylmzepaxitlrmiakekdz`vcr'riwxdiaer'aynyd oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

20 `l dpetvae dtexi` fkxna. 54 (lirl 2 wxt d`x) dicbpzn xwira mz epax zhiy crzeyxcpdzewcd72oialze`ivnamiakekdz`vonfoiahleadcebipdybxed day,l`xyiux`lyitxbe`bdagexala`,efdhiyitlmiakekdz`vonfribny wicvdl did dyw,wte`a driwydn zewc 30Îk ixg` miakek mi`ln xak minyd ef dpad miaxa dhytzd `l mrt s` l`xyi ux`ay jkl `iad dfe,ef dhiy.mz epax zhiya,dizeaiyiae `hila bedpl eligzd(19îd d`nd zligzn) jxra dtewz dze`a.b lkn mzepaxzhiyz`dzgcy,ezhiyk,`"xbdicinlzibegal`xyi ux`aoke mr cin ligzn zeynyd oia ditly mipe`bd zhiy z` dnewna dticrde,lke dyelyz`vonflgf`e,driwydxg`llinõjldnmezaxnbpewte`adriwyd ickcr,`xneglzewcdnksiqedlmibdepdfmiakek z`v onfl.miipepia miakek iabl oke dpnfa ziaxra rny z`ixw iabl,mitevxe miphw miakek dyely zii`x.zayztqezmrzayi`ven zyely itl ebdpy zelidwdn lecb wlg ly ozcnyd xg`l,d`eyd mez mr idylkzelz`lle,dpydlyzepeydzeperadnnidjxe`azelz`ll,(linlzewc18ly zwiqtl cebipa mbe,odk zgpn xtq zwiqtl cebipa `id ef `lew.itxbe`bd mewina z`v cr lin 4 jldn onf z` mi`zdl yiy,mixg` miax miwqete f"yxbde `"xbd t"r,eppnfa,e`)meidjxe`itlr,dpydzeperlzeynydoiallinõonfz`emiakekd ixg` zewc 90 e` 72,35,17 onfak didi dwnery epiid,wte`l zgzn ynyd wner :zexeng zelwz zenxbp ef `lew it lr.(ixyzeoqip inia l`xyiux`a wte`adriwyd,dibeexepay elqe` xira uiwd `iya lg wte`a driwyd ixg` zewc 72 onf,`nbecl aex!zehiydxzilzayi`venonfiptlivgedrylaexw,zelrn60îklyitxbe`bagexa,'awriwg'klinlzewc22.5itlrmipnfdz`ayglmixingnmpi`mbefdhiyibdep.linlzewc18wxmihwep`l`,mzriqeq"zgd,`"xbd lilra mi`exy dxwnl hxt) ef `xneg lr uilnn dxexa dpynd mb d`iltd daxnl zligz oiipra wqet `edy s` lr;(riwxd ly iaxrnd cva'oezgzl deeye oeilrd siqkd'y lrmipe`bdzhiyk(bw"qbvx'iq)miakekdz`voiiprae(bkw"q`qx'iq)zeynydoia d"c dkld xe`ia) 'mz epax zrc z`vl dligzkl oekpe' :azek `ed,f"yxbde `"xbd it onfoiipra`evnlxyt`,ab`jxc.('mzepaxzrcle':rhwa,riaxeoilindyely`edy,dxexa dpynd ly mipeyd eiwlga ze`aend zercd oia zelw zexizq 'zeynyd oia' epae iav 'xe oxd` 'x eipzg oebk) mixfer icia riizqd xagndy drecid dcaerl zecr xfgenvrxagndyokziimb.zayipicacgeina,micg`mipniqgeqipa(aiildix`'x extqa d`x) ef zpiiprn dibeqa jix`dl mewnd o`k oi`e,xtqd iwlg zaizk oia ea eiwenip,eikxc,eiigzexew,l"vfmiigutgaxdiazkn'`wtetodkdaiildix`'xepaly dxecdne,[a"iyz zxecdn ly xrya aezky itk f"txz `le] 1937-f"vxz dyxe,'eizegiye b"dakyx oxn ly eiig zexewe zeclez',yhiic oeivîoa 'x icia [zxvewn d`xpk] dycg xwwna yibpy,bn-`n 'nr 1952-a"iyz milyexi,'l"vf odkd xi`n l`xyi 'x ly 'nr mye, uaew oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 42

21 eikiynne `"xbd depiady itk mipe`bd zhiy xeaiva dlawzd,l"pd mibdpnd dwgc `ide,(dpeilr zeknq xeaiva el dwpredy,dxexa dpyn xtq my`xae). 55 xteq mzgde mipexg`d zpad itl 'zixewnd' mz epax zhiy z` ixnbl hrnk,l`xyiux`a`pczncwnlaewndidybdpndzrtydcg`cvneidjklzeaiqd mipe`bd zhiyk weqtl, 56 oyid ifpky`d aeyiia mbe micxtqd zecrn micg` lv` mlera zei`hild zeaiyid ly mzrtyd zxabd xg` cvne, 57 zeynyd oia oiipra oke,ux`l uega xwira, 58 miciqgd ibega wx.mipyd oze`n dlgdy,dxezd ixney `ly la`,mz epax zhiy dxnzyd,l`xyi ux`a micg` micxtq miwqet lv` oke ;(2 wxta lirlk) dxingnd 'zxge`nd' dzxeva `l` - q"zgd zpad it lr 'zixewnd'dpaddz`dgece(bkw"qzligz`qx'iq)dxexadpyndxikfnlwfnxawx.mipexg`d aexe q"zgde mdxa` obnd ly mzpad,z"x zhiya,l`xyiux`d"c,dnwxtoke,i"`a`nbecld"c,cnwxt,ajxk,my,yipamiig'xd`x.my mi`aend zexewnde mzlitz onf epiid,'axben'd lr fixkn(dlitzl ffxmd=) oif`endy bedp zeinlqen zevx`a lgiznagxpoeicmincewzexecamilyexiinkglv`mi`venep`.dngdzriwyxg`l zewc10cr7îklg`edyerawmde,axbendz`ixwlqgiadkldditlrdriwydonf driwydonfaweqird.(e,iwxt,`jxk,dkldamipnfd,yipamiig'xd`x)efd`ixwiptl zhiya'zixewnd'dpadditl`lemipe`bdzhiyitlebdpmilyexiinkgyjklrcirn eidel.2wxtalirlxaqenk,dkldlzizernyndpi`wte`adriwydditlixdy,z"x iabl ce`n zenec ze`vezl miribn eid z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpadd itl i"`a mibdep miakek dyely zii`x ik,mipe`bd zhiyn zelawznd dl`l zeynyd oia zligz zligze,wte`adriwydixg`zewc20îlaexwzecicnitlrdlgl`xyiux`amiipepia z"xzhiya'zixewnd'dpadditlmbwte`adriwydonflce`naexwdlgzeynydoia ce`nizernynmy,dtexi`zevx`aoebk,i"`nxzeimiipetvzenewnajkdfoi`la`) itk,zeynydoiazligzoiiprl'zixewnd'z"xzhiyle`mipe`bdzhiyitlmibdepm` miipepia miakek dyely ly dii`xd onf zecicn d`x.(20 dxrda lirl xak epazky z`ved) rqeple zial dkldk mipnf extqa iel (e`il) dcedi 'text icia l`xyi ux`a `vny milyexin qiie b"ix qcpdnd icia erveay zeitvzae,(a"lyz milyexi,qn oae`x zah 'oirnd'a oecipa exn`na d`x,dl`n xzeie zewc 5Îka elit` mincwen mipnf dyely milyexi inya mi`xp zelild aexa :my ezpwqn) 'nr (a,gn) g"qyz.(!driwydn zewc 18 mez iptl miipepia miakek jez la`) `"hily sqei dicaer axd zwiqta oke,bxeapfielw-fp`ve xnh`q iciqg xwira d"c,cn wxt,my,yipa miig 'x d`x.(mipe`bd zhiyn zeraepd zexnegd aex ueni` mzrcl miwqet mipey`xd aex `l`,r"eyd wx `ly miyibcn dl` lk.epinia bdpnd,sqei dicaer axd lv` dfa agxp oeic dnbecl d`x) z"xk zeynyd oia zligz oiipra dnkqddz`miqgiinmlekd`iltddaxnlla`,(`k'iqg"e`,awlg,xne`riaiz"ey llke,mz epax zhiya'zxge`nd' zinepexhq`d dpadl `weec mipey`xa z`fd dagxd,'zixewnd' dpadk`weecz"xz`mipiandl`mipey`xmbyzexyt`dz`milrn`l.lecb oeir jixve.lirl 2 wxta xaqenk,mzriqe q"zgke mdxa` obnk oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

22 micxtq,zeevna miwcwcnd on wlg (y"ven iabl xwira) `xnegl denk mibdep.mifpky`e q"zgdzwiqtlrzecg`zeiyew.6 mkqpy,q"zgd zhiya miizernyn miiyw dnk miniiw,lirl fnxp xaky itk :mitirq dyelya mze` uiwd`iyamiakekdz`vonfz`rawy,`"pxzeawraxen`kjledq"zgd.` mipekpeipnfe,(zrclz`fed"c,oldl1gtqpd`x)wte`adriwydixg`zewc35îl denz jk m`.dnec itxbe`b agexa zenewnl aexiwae,hxetwpxtl `"px zrcl onf z` zn`l ick,sxecqxhna enewna,zaxewn elit`,zitvz jxr `l q"zgdy eizeitv ze`vez m` elit`.ze`ivna miakekd z`v onf z` dzervn`ae driwyd dpyd ly ef dperay cin dlbn i`ceea did `ed,zewiecn `le zeaxewn wx eid `"pxgipdyitk8:20îl`le)axra8dryldaexwsxecqxhnlywte`adriwyd 35ztqez=)`"pxzhiyitlmiakekdz`vonfylawndidf`e,(xaepdgelitlr mipnfdgela`vnyitk8:55drya`le,8:35drylaexw`ed(driwydonflzewc?dpzyndzid`ldfdxwnaezwiqtm`d.`"pxly,8:55dryadpydlydpecipddpera`edmiakekdz`vonfyq"zgdzrcl.a wepizdzcilonfyxn`recnr"v,8:38îa-okiptlzewc17ligznzeynydoiae onflre`"pxgellrjnqdnle,epeylk,zeynydoiazligzn'wegx'8:30drya miperyd weica ze`ceedîi` lr fnx q"zgdy ixg`.dfk mevnva wepizd zcil eilr did,mpiipra sqep xexia lr uilnde,dcild zry lr geeicd weicae miinewnd.`"pxgelazecg`zewclyweici`mboeaygazgwldxe`kl cig`ote`azewc17îk`edzeynydoiajynygipdq"zgdrecnxexa`l.b ux`loekpkdfdonfdz`rawiydidietvdxe`kl.dpydzeperlkaemewnlka itl,axewna zegtl) uiwa enewna eze` jix`ie,ixyze oqip ztewza laale l`xyi lk lr ddinz mvra ef.(meid zekx`zd xeriya epiid,zeipnfd zeryd lecib eizexewne envr mz epax lr mbe,lirl q"zgd jnzqn mdilry l"pd mipexg`d.dpydlkjynacig`jxe`azeynydoiaonfz`mlekerawdxe`kly,cenlza,dklda meid ipnf oiipra zizkld zeknq q"zgd xear didy) odk zgpn xtqa lin Õ jldn jyny `aen ('mdxa` obn'a `knq zepak eizerc z`ad zeawra aexw wxe,laael`xyi ux` lymiitxbe`bd agexdieewa wx swzzeynyd oial `"px ly enewna) xzei jex` `ed uiwae zeipetv zevx`ae,ixyze oqip zetewzl zligzfenzycegayepiid-(meidjxe`itlr,ivgecg`itjxra-uiwd`iyae ayigy zewc 17 mewna,miakekd z`v iptl zewc 25Îk dlg xak zeynyd oia zeynyd oia zligza weica dlg dpecipd dcild zryy `vei df itl.q"zgd z`v onf z` `"px rawyk ixd ;wqty itk wqt q"zgd recn oeir jixve,8:30îa 200 oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 44

23 jezn df onf jynl ribd `ed,wte`a driwydn zewc 35 xeriya uiwa miakekd 59 uiwa zeynyd oia zkx`d ly dnec lewiy q"zgdjld`ldnl,denzokm`-?dfa eax zeawra `le zeipkh zeiran zeraep oaex.oayiil ick lecb oeir jixv elld zel`yd lk mirvn`d enewnae eztewza q"zgd zeyxl ecnr `ly jkn enxbpy,zeipexwr zaeyzl yi ; 60 'dad` epilr ebelic' mb - epiabl la`.miakekd z`v ipnfa wiicl `yepa zexecd iwqet ly daygnd jldn zpadl dlecb zeaiyg dpecipd q"zgd jexr ogley wqt ditly,mz epax it lr zeynyd oia zelg ly ifkxnd izkldd dpi` z"x zhiya'zixewnd' dpaddy mzrcxexiale,(a'rq`qx'iqg"e`)dkldl.'z"x zhiy' mzqa d`xewl meid laewny dhiyd ä ä ä eitnxteqmzgdmnyxyitk 61 xlc`ozpiaxipnfgel:1gtqp 1785-e"nwz elqk ycega wxe,t'iq g"e` q"zgd zaeyza eppecipl zekiiyd milind od dar ze`a oldl zeybcend milind mipnfd lk.miixbeqae dphw ze`a oldl e`aei ily zetqez.oldl exaqede o`k edbed el` milin dtewzd.mditl mipeeknd miipknd miperyde ynyd ipery ly'inewn izin` onf' md miaewpd.(`,epoiaexiritl)l`enyztewz`id axd=lirlxkfpdiaxeixenipec`n=] l"pde"n`ndpydlklymeie dlil onf oeayg el` zepicna mby d`xpd itke,[oiinc hxetwpxt=] c"tta `vnpd itk [odkd xlc` ozp agexdy zevx`d xzia mb aexiwa dl` mipnfa ynzydl xyt` d`xpk=] aexiwa dfk `vnp (agex zelrn 48Îk) dixbped axrnîoetva oebk,(agex zelrn 50Îk) hxetwpxtl dnec odly itxbe`bd agexae dpyd zpera wx miielz'inewn izin` onf' itl dgixfde driwyd ipnf.q"zgd ly enewn.[itxbe`bd z`ixw onf seq epiid,xge`nd :l"v] mcwen xzeid onfd,zixgy ly rny z`ixw onf :[rny 25Îlzewc17În,1.5itzeynydoiajynz`uiwalicbn`"pxy,45dxrdalirld`x.zewc blcnedxezawqereayeimc`elit`:ioniq,xacnazyxt(xaea)`negpzyxcnitlr FbElce-(c,ay"dy)'dad`ilrelbc'e,`edilraiag`edjexayecwdxn`i...[dbey=].dad` ilr xalyz"eydhwiextn)gioniq,zeaeyzuaew,mihewil,xteqmzgz"eyno`klwzred jxer icia yiciia my miaewpd mipnfd ly mxyt iabl zerhend zetqedd `ll,oli`,c"g,miigoaxagihewilxtqamb`vnpjnqnd.(rhwdz`ewizrddpnnydxecdnd meliviciayi)wiym"xdniazka`aenoke,xteqmzgdcinlz,hieltlaiitdiwfg'xn `ed mb,(oecpel,'xteqd zexve`' ikxer zeaic`a,wizrnd ly eci azka,epnn wzer.xteq mzgd ly miwdaend eicinlzn oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

24 reaylkae,xde`hk`sie`orhepinbivtpit-oqipztewzmcewzereay'c Û,dry riax micwdl jixv,xde` orarif sie` orhepin bivtpit mcwend onfd'idi oqip ztewzay cr Û orhepin bivtpit mcwend onfd,dtewzd cr fenz ztewz mcew zereay 'cn Û dfi` jenq ynn cr zepzyd hrna jynp dfd onfde,xde` qwrf sie`,reay lka jlede zget f`e,ixyz ztewzl mcew zereay,xde` orarif j`p orhepin bivp`eev mcwend onfd ixyz ztewza Û,orhepin odrv jxrl reay lka zget dtewzd xg`l zereay dfi`e Û bivtpit f` mcwend onfd.dtewzd cr zah ztewz mcew zereay 'c cr Û.xde` oiip sie` orhepin [miipepia miakek dyely z`v onf=] dlild onf,qwrfj`porhepinc"eil'doia-oqipztewzmcewzereay'c Û j`p orhepin odrv me` dlil ied f`e dtewzd cr reayl dry riax siqene Û,xde`/ray/ [ip`ixebxbd geld itl,ileia 5/6Îa `"px onfa dlgy=] fenz ztewz mcew zereay'cn Û iptlzewcyngcrryzzerydoia=] oiipx`torhepinspitsie`,xde`oiipo`t œ œ œ œ œ,[9:00-8:55 = axra ryz,qwrfj`porhepinodrv,ixyzztewzcrhrnhrnzgetoke Û spit sie` orhepin bivxrit,dtewzd cr,zah ztewz mcew zereay 'cn Û.xde` ynyd fkxn ly] driwyd on [dweqtd dkldd idef - ol `niiwc] l"iiwc,zrcl z`fe 'icar, 62 [zewc =] orhepin d"l e` [zewc =] orhepin c"k miakekd z`v cr [wte`a. 63 [`xnegl o`ke `xnegl o`k miyer ep`=] `xnegl `kde `xnegl `kd wte`adriwydoiaonfdaeyigl'dweqtddkldd'efy`"pxxagndzriawildywzvw dnecddhiyahwep`"pxyd`xpdxe`kl.(?okideeiptljkwqtin)miakekdz`voial daqipkn`edla`,wte`adriwylmiakekdz`vonfoiaqgidiablmipe`bdlyefl `"px zhiyle wte`a driwyd xnba cin ligzn zeynyd oia mzhiyl ik,micg` miiepiy oecipamiyxetnmixacizi`x`lik)oeirzvwjixve;wte`adriwydnzewc10ixg`wx 24Île`xnegldl`zewc35Îl`"pxribdji`dxaq45dxrdalirld`x.(izxaqlxarn.`lewl zewc 35xge`ndlklmiakekdz`vonfz`miaygnditly,('eke'zrclz`fe')z`fddwqtd epaxzhiyamixingndzrckdriwydixg`zewc72`le,wte`adriwydixg`zewc zexp zwlcd oiprle' rhwde ('eke 'onf okl') d`ad dwqtd oke,eppnfa 'zxge`nd' mz i"r ehnyed,('l"pd oeaygd' cr) 'eke'dngd zriwy mcew mlerl zeidl jixvy...zaya,crenxcq,xteqmzgiyecigxtqaqtcpyxlc`ozpiaxipnfgelnminieqnminxeb dyn axd zxcdda,jli`e 1954-c"iyz wxei eip,mikxkd zyng za dxecdnd seqa oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 46

25 dngd znlrp izn rbxd ze`xl oeekl xyt` m`,zfvnl min zai`y onf okl `l i`e,a(e)`yie orhepin c"ei [wte`a ynyd fkxn zriwy ixg`] k"g` oizni epipirn,[xeg`l=] rxtnl orhepin d"k onf eze`a bedpd miakkd Ÿ z`v xeriyn a(e)ygi -.miakkd Ÿ z`v cr a`wie mcew mlerl zeidl jixvy [zay axra=] y"ra dkepge zaya zexp zwlcd oiprle itl,f` bedpd miakekd z`v mcew orhepin d"l mcew epiide,dngd zriwy. 64 l"pd oeaygd,ficaxtqdlrazekip`eil``xweitne,[xi`iexp`"px=] i"poxnitnizazkdflk izwzrde,w"tl[1785] m'e'w'z eilqk'b,'d mei,[fuerth=] `cxeita œ epnn icxtd zra.w"tl g"nwz oqip'g,'b meil xe`,[dieexena,prossnitz=] uihqext,o`ka.`"pxipnfgeloeylo`kcr.a"dx`a miwqetd ilecbn d`eyd xg`le (dixbped) oivxac ly dax miptln,oxrhy oilwexa,ziriax dxecdn) 'mipnfde l`xyi' qrptx`d cec l`xyi 'x ly extqa d`xe z`x`zn`edeay,(miqitcndfi`ed"c'miigl`bxy'zexrda,brzz'nra"g,a"qyz ly ycgn dqtcdl l"vf(miealhiih yi'l`ei'x) xnh`qn iaxd ly zvxnpd ezecbpzd zeaeyz ihewl xtqae q"zg iyecig ly zeycgd zexecdna ezenlya `"px ipnf gel ezpeek)o`kdpecipdezaeyza`aenydnz`ezrclxzeqmy`aendik,hr'iqq"zg xwwnayibpxtqd;wte`adngdzriwyiptlzayzexpwilcdl`"pxzyixcld`xpk. xwwnayibpd,'dxiwg'ihpxhpi`dzrdazkaexn`nseqacl`bwgvi'xmbjklrxird,'melyde zn`d lr' :oecipa d`xe.( dnxera dyrpy seifd lr,g"iyz zpyn oxhy axd mrhn oilwexaa d`gn meqxt.ezeyx `lae xicdnd zrcl cebipa `"px ipnf ly oecipd cenrd da slgedy,ezxecdna mi`xiiyp`'mrhn"r"ifxteqmzgdoxnixacseifcbpd`gn":3gtqpaoldld`xoke axd ly ez`gn enk,g"iyzl aexw d`xpk) jix`z `ll dfxk-'bxeaqn`iliee micxge.(oxhy zernyne)wte`adngdzriwyiptlzayaxrazayzexpwilcdljnqna`"pxzyixc,'zixewnd' z"x zhiya q"zg zpad z` od zcbep dxe`kl (mcewd rhwdn zxxazn ef itk,dibdepaexl'zxge`nd'z"xzpadz`ode,efonfzcewpallkmiaygznoi`ditly [cl`eepixb]sqeioriez"eyoebk)mixagnyiok`e.5îe2miwxtalirldl`z`epxaqdy dpecipd q"zg zaeyza `aenl ddenz dxizq ef dyixca e`xy (cw oniq miig gxe` (!)zeaxipnzg``xnego`k`ianq"zgd;llkdxizqo`koi`izrczeiprlj`.lirl zelidwaote`lka;zaiign`ldvlndkdlaiwe`,llkdlaiw`l`edy`"pxeaxly yipamiig'xlydkldamipnfdxtqad`x)efdxnegitlebdpcinz`lq"zgdicinlz.(dpkday`"pxjnqnlrixn`nae,26-25zexrdc,enwxt oeilb ß[a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd

26 ,(1766)e"kwzzpynxaepdniell`tx'xnmipnfgel:2gtqp mcxhun`e xaepd,oilxa mixrl,eipnf gela `"px ly('upd'=) dgixfde driwyd ipnfl xreynd xewnd 1785-e"nwzÎa eitn xteq mzgd myxy 200 oeilb ß [a,ap] a"ryz zah,oirnd 48