l`xyi zpicnl oey`xd xeyra ziaxrnd milyexia zine`ld zedfd ziipa

Transkrypt

1 1 l`xyi zpicnl oey`xd xeyra ziaxrnd milyexia zine`ld zedfd ziipa ahdîodk iaew z`n dncwd.` zedf ly dziipa jildzae zeine`ld ly draha wqr zipxcend zeaxzd ly dizeceqi xwg mewnd ly mdiciwtzl eycwed mihrn `l mixwgn.mlerd zene` axwa ztzeyn zine`l miycwn ly mciwtz ybced,dnbecl,jk.zine`l zedf iavrnk itxbe`bd agxnd lye milnqke zedf iavrnk mii`av axw zecye zexaw iza,miixehqid micixy,zeavn,miizc oxeaqe` o`ixa,oecxeb ciec,dqen 'bxe'b e`xdy itk,zipxcend zeine`ld zginva miifkxn zexagzda ober zg` `l yniye zeiekf wiprnk qtzp 'mewn'd ly ixehqidd xard.mixg`e,xhynd ly zenefi zelerta oc mb xwgnd.zinewnd zine`ld drcezd aevirae zil`ixehixh.ihilet xhyn lkn cxtp izla wlg mdy,miizklnn mipglete miqwh,zekexrz meiw oebk ziipada riiqle mihilyd ly miihiletd micrid it lr ldwd zrc z` avrl ecrep md zewilaetxd ibidpn cvik d`xd qenrîoa,lyn jxc,jk.migxf`d ly zine`ld zedfd 4 ixweg.ziztxvd zine`ld zedfd aevirl ilkk zeizklnn zeieelda yeniy eyr ztxva eiaikxnn cg`y,ine`l mfiheixht ly mipkeqk milnqd ly mnewn z` mb eyibcd zeine`l zepyxt zervn`a zine`l zernyn laiw df xyw.mewnl xywd getih `ed miifkxnd ine`ld qez`d gexa zixehqid dpigan mipey zenewn ly mzeaiyg z` dyibcdy,zycegn 5.gztznd George L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses, New York 1975; ibid, Fallen mb xe` d`x xtqd.soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, New York 1990 zengln izy oexkf ly ycgn eaevir ± axwa miltepd,dqen 'l 'bxe'b :e`x.zixarl mebxza.1993 aia`îlz,xiny inr zilbp`n mbxz,mlerd David L.A. Gordon & Brain S. Osborne, Constructing National Identity in Canada s Capital, : Confederation Square and the National War Memorial, Journal of Historical Geography, XXX (2004), pp Brain S. Osborne, Constructing Landscapes of Power: The George Etienne Cartier Monument, Montreal, ibid., XXIV (1998), pp Avner Ben-Amos, Funerals, Politics and Memory in Modern France, , Oxford 2000 Daniel Bar-Tal & Ervin Staub, Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, Chicago 1997, pp

2 2 gekieea ernyp dligz.dizexewn lr gekie zeine`ld xwga miiwzn mipexg`d mixeyra mikildz oia dwif exviy,zeihqipxcen zeyib elred cg`d cvd on :miixwir miccv ipy,lynl,dbvei ef dyib.zene` ly oiepia oial zxeywze dxeagz,jepig,xeir,yeriz enk yeriz exary zexag ly jxevd jezn dclep zeine`ld ik orh `ed.xplb hqpx` icia mfilhitwd iptle iziiyrzd ocird iptl dniiwzd `l `id jkitle,dcig` zipeyl zxeywza 6 zeine`la d`x `ed.me`aqaed jix` did mihqipxcend mixwegd oiay mipeviwd cg`.xeirde yeniy zervn`a zeine`ld z` ze`ivnn miqxhpi` zelra zeveawy orhe ipeirx yecig zeine`ld,ezrcl.jtdl `le dne` zxvei zeine`ld dax dcinae,dixehqida iaihletipn ezprhl rxi`y itk,mikildzl mxebd `le,ze`ivnd ly zepyxte miyrnl ozipy xaqd `id jxca divnihibl onvrl wiprdl eywiay,'kd±h"id ze`na zeitexi`d zeine`ld zerepzl 7 zeine`ll qgia rah eay,oeqxcp` hwicpa ly mqxetnd extqa e`xy dl`k eid s`.ef dyibl wefig,(imagined Communities) 'zepiinecn zelidw' mqxetnd byend z`,laewnd oaena 'zene`' mlern eid `le oi`y dxe`kl xeaigd on dler mzprhl.zihqipxcend zeixehqid zeaiqpl m`zda dly me`ld z` 'zpiincn' dlidwd miax mixwnay `l` daxd mdl yiy migeha j` df z` df mixikn mpi`y,dlidwd ixag.zenieqn zeizxage dze`l mikiizynk mnvr z` oiincl mdl mixyt`nd mitzeyn mikxr miyabn,szeynd on 8.ztzeynd zine`ld mzedf z` jka miwfgne mikxr mze` aiaq micklzn md.dlidw zeine`ld xwga dgztzd,zeihqipxcend zeyibl daebzk dax dcinae,ipyd cvd on mibviind cg`.mc`d rah lye dixehqidd ly irah xvez zeine`la dz`xy,zxg` dyib.zixarl mebxza mb xe` d`x xtqd.ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford aia`îlz,xe`c oc zilbp`n mbxz,zeine`le mine`l,xplb hqpx` :e`x Eric Hobsbawn & Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge 1983; Eric Hobsbawn, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, New York 1990 Benedict R. O G. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread,oeqxcp` b"e` 'x hiwcpa :e`x.zixarl mebxza mb xe` d`x xtqd.of Nationalism, London 1983 aia`îlz,xe`c oc zilbp`n mbxz,dzehytzd lre zeine`ld zexewn lr mibibd :zepiinecn zelidw `l` zene` oi`y oeirxd ia` `ed oeqxcp`y dvetpd drcd zexnly,zpreh l`xyiîoa deecg.1999 miyxey bivne,me`aqedn dpeya,`weec ziyep`d dixehqida wenr rehp oeqxcp` ixd,oeinca,zpiinecn dne`dy ely mqxetnd iehial qgia,xidan envr oeqxcp`.zeine`lde dne`d ly mikex` xnel oeekzd `l `ede,oeincd geka wx dze` qetzl xyt`e dagxe dlecb dne`dy `id ezpeeky qgiin dixehqidl wfge cgein xyw,ok lr xzi.zipxcen d`vnd `l` dpi`e miyxey zxqg dne`dy mnvr z` qetzl ligzdl mdl xyt` jkae zg` oeyla mi`xew ldw xviy,qetcd z`vndl oeqxcp` mirneyd e` mi`xewd xeaivl wtiq zeitexi`d xeaicd zetyl ycewd iazk mebxz.zg` dne`k oeixehqidde bele`zd z` l`xyiîoa dxikfn df xywda.zg` dlidw ly dyegz dpey`xd mrta lr cgeina cnre zene` aevira dtyd ciwtz z` `ed s` hilady,(hastings) fbpihqiid ihixad i`xwnd l`xyi mr z` ektd,ezprhl,jka.zeitexi` zetyl ycewd iazk ly minebxzd zeaiyg mya,'zeine`ld ly drah lr',l`xyiîoa deecg :e`x.ixvepd mlera dycgd zeine`ld ly lcenl.476±474 'nr,dn`d 6 7 8

3 3 dveaw ly jxeva zeine`ld zrted z` wnipy,zinq ipezp` `ed ef dyib ly mihlead 'zipz`d zeine`ld' zervn`a dcgkd iptn dnvr z` xnyl mcew meiw zlra zizeaxz zipz` 9 d`ex dpi`y dyibd z` bviin me`aqaed.dcegii z` z`hand zeine`l,epeylk,dly,zinq.zeine`ld zrtez ly dceqia dievnd zedn miipz`d miyxeyae ipz`d qezina,'mihqil`ipxt'd ly mxaecl aygpe zeine`ld xwga zixehqidd dyibd z` bivd,eznerl ozeyabzde zene` ly ozeedzd jildza zipz`d zyxend ly dzeaiyga mipin`nd xnelk,mipeebn miixehqid zexewn lr eknzqda.zeipbened zeine`le zeieaxz zeiedf zelra zeyil zedf ziipal miliaend zegztnd md cinzn ixehqid jildze izbxcd aeviry zinq giked.ztzeyn zine`l dqitza dxe`kl lbec `edy myexd dler zeine`ld lr zinq azky miaxd mixwgnd on dz`xdy itk,szeyn `ven zlra wxe j` epiidc,zipz` dveaw ly jynd `id dne`y mixwgne zeycg zeixehqid zeiecr xe`l.zeine`ld ly drah lr dixwgna l`xyiîoa deecg 10 dixe`zd z`,dixehqida dne`d,oexg`d extqa bivdl,dzprhl,zinq xga mitqep Îepz`d dyibd.dligza bivdy 'zipz`dîzine`l'd' dyibl dagxdk,'zileaniqîepz`'d mb zine`ld zedfa zlleke ditxbencd one dibeleiad on zeine`ld z` zxxgyn zileaniq,mikxr,milnq,miqezin ly dybcd zervn`a miixehqidd miyxeyd z`e zeybxd z`,miinnrd micnnd z` zepiiprzdd cwena daivn ef dyib.mitzeyn zepexkife zexeqn ly zeinihiblde d`xydd z` mdn za`eye,zine`ld zedfd ipa ly miixqende miiybxd zxge`nd dixe`zd z`.zg` zihilet zetzey e` znieqn ux` zxak iabl zeipxcend zene`d xwgl zeixwird zeyibd izy oia dxyt zgqep oirn rivdl epeiqip z` xwirae,zinq ly,zncwend ezyibn xzei zllek dyib ef.zixehqid dyib zehyta l`xyiîoa dpkn,zeine`ld lr ybcd z` dny,xzei mitpr mixywa ixehqidd xard mr deedd z` zxyew `id ik dlrny zel`yd ziaxnl dprn zzl dqpn jkae,dne`d ipa ly mikxrde zeybxd lelkn 11 zybcd zervn`a mb zecbepnd zeyibd izy z` cg`l dqpn zinq.zeine`ld zrtez xyt` i`y mikqn `ed.ine`ld jildzd z` zellegnd zeifkxnd zeytpd ly ociwtz,xard on mikildze miqetc it lr wxe j` dne` zeedzdl miliaend miaizpd z` xiaqdl.zeax zexeqne ixehqid xar millekd miizakyîax mipank zene`d z` ze`xl rivn ok lre ef dyibl.anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford 1986, pp miprehe zipz`d zeikyndd z` miyibcnd,xepew xwee bpexhqnx` oe'b oebk,mitqep mixweg mitzey John A. Armstrong, Nations before :e`x.zeine`ld xwga zipz` zeine`l ly dzeifkxnl Nationalism, Chapel Hill 1982; Walker Connnor, The National Question in Marxist- Leninist Theory and Strategy, Princeton, N.J Anthony D. Smith, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity,zinq 'c ipezp` :e`x.zixarl mebxza xe` d`x xtqd.and Nationalism, Hanover, NH 2000.b"qyz milyexi,x`iexa di` zilbp`n dnbxz,dixehqida dne`d.104±93 'nr,(b"qyz) 12,dixehqid,'"dixehqida dne`",zinq 'c ipezp`',l`xyiîoa deecg

4 4 zipxcend zeine`ld,ef dyib it lr.mdl milirend milnqd z` mkezn mixgea zeine`ld ipea zrcen dxigaa mb `et` dkexk dne` zeedzd.deedd ikxevl xard ly yexite ielib `id 12.zipxcen zine`l dne`k dlidwd z` yabiy ote`a xard z` yxtl dhil`d ly `ed.zeine`ld lr zinq ly ezaiyga cgein mewn yi icedid mrl ik zpiivn l`xyiîoa zine`l zedfl zizeaxz zipz` zedfn ekxca zeax zexenz xary wizr mr ea d`ex miaxd minrd oiane,dizexecl zicedid zeaxza ifkxn mewn qtz izcd aikxnd.zipxcen qqan iperny oercb mb.mdilr exny zewfgd mdizezcy dl` ecxy,wizrd mlera eigy zeaiyg dziid zicedid zipz`d zedfl ik raew iperny.zinq ly zeixe`zd lr ezyib z` dxiknd,zeine`ll zihxe`z dyib wx ok lre,zipeivd dibele`ci`d zegztzda zifkxn 13 it lr.zepeivd zeedzd z` xiaqdl dleki,zipz`d zyxend ly dlecbd dzeaiyga mpn`.zeipz` zeieyi ly divnxetqpxhn mixvep mine`ly cnln ok` ipeivd dxwnd,iperny zeieyia mxewn j`,divfipxcena mixeywd mikildz zervn`a zygxzn ef divnxetqpxh zipxcend zine`ld zercend zxivia dlirtd zizxagd dakyd.oi`n yi `le zewizr zeipz` meyn wx df ciwtz `lnl dleki `id j`,divpbilhpi`d `id dly dibele`ci`d geqipae 14.mitzeyn miyxey zlra zipz` dveawa miverp diyxeyy ipniqn md l`xyi zpicn ly dznwde zipeivd drepzd zrtedy dnec df oeic ceqi lr,dpicnd ly micqiind zea`d zqitz itl.zicedid zeine`ld zegztzd ly mihlead xkidd.ipeivd oefgd znybd ly xzeia wdaend iehiad dpicnd znwd dziid,my`xa oeixebîoae zepeaixd yecigl dlrna dpey`x zeaiyg drcep l`xyi mr ly zine`ld diigzd jildza xard l` dycgd zil`xyid zepeaixd ly xywd.zea`d ux`,l`xyi ux`a zicedid.ezclen l` ayd mrd ly zixehqidd zeikynda xzid oia ybced l`xyi ux`a icedid mrd ly exare,l`xyi ux`l qgia zixehqidd drcezd dcnr ine`ld ipeivd oeirxd fkxna 15 zepexkifde milnqd,miqezind qiqa lr.ux`d lr zelra zeiekf wiprnk qtzp evx`a l`xyi ux`a zeikyndd dqtzp icedid mrd ly ± zinq z`f dpkny itk ± mitzeynd lr xenyl micedid ly xabznd jxevd gkep cgeina,zicedid dixehqidd ly irah xvezk eqtz xexgyd zngln dzaby mincd xigne dpicnd ly dzcil,ok`e.dcgkd iptn mnvr,il`xyid iaihwlewd oexkifd ziipadae zicedid zine`ld zedfd aevira xzeia ifkxn mewn.100±88 'nr,(10 dxrd,lirl) dixehqida dne`d,zinq.9 'nr,`"qyz milyexi,zipeivd dibele`ici`d,iperny oercb.43 'nr,my mixaecnd mi`yepd cg` `ed zipxcend zicedid zeine`la ux`d oial mrd oiay oilnebd iqgi milyexi,mixwgne zeqn :zicedi zeine`l,u"k awri :dnbecl e`x.zepexg`d mipya xzeia mixwgpde,`xity dhip` ;1992 milyexi,mixwgne zeqn :zeinyihp`,zepeiv,zeine`l,benl` l`eny ;h"lyz.(13 dxrd,lirl) iperny ;2000 milyexi,zepeivd ocir,(mikxer) qixd awri,uxdpiix dcedi

5 18 17 zextqa e` ze`nvrd zebibga,miltepd zgvpda 5 16,'dpicnd ipglet'a mitwzyn mdy itk.'xekfi' ycewd xir,milyexi dcnr l`xyi ux` lr zicedid zixehqidd zyxend ly dfkxna zra mb.zexecd lk micedid ly mytp z`yne lbxd iler ly izcd fkxnd,ycwnde xwira zipaxe` dpigan dgztzd day,zip`n'zerd dtewzd seq z`xwl cgeinae,dycgd 20 icia xird yeaik mr xak,ok lr xzi.xird ly cgeind dcnrn xnyp,dycgd xird i`avd xhynd ztlgd mr.ycgd oehlyd ly efkxn milyexi dyniy 1917 zpya mihixad oeilrd aivpd ly eayen mewn rawp,1920 uiwa,igxf` oehlya dlek l`xyi ux`ae xira dl did `ly cnrn,l`xyi ux` ly ihilete ildpn fkxn zeidl dxfg xirde,milyexia xeniy,dpbd lr mihixad eny cgein ybc.a"id d`na zipalvd dklnnd ly dzlitp f`n mixz`a ogletd ytegl eb`c s`e,miyecwd zenewnde miwizrd mixz`d ly uetiye 21.xira zeihqi`zepend zezcd yely ipal miycewnd xweaîdcy,1956±1948,miltepd zgvpde ze`nvrd zebibg :dpicn ipglet,edixfr fern dgvpd,l"pd ;d"pyz aia`îlz,oexkfe dgvpd :l`xyi zekxrna miltepl zehxcp`,xiny dpli`,(mikxer) lfiin edizzne l"pd ;1997 aia`îlz,oexkf itep aevira zil`xyid dxagd ly dkxc :oexkfe,dabp ± oexkfd sepa min ilcbn',edixfr fern ;2000 aia`îlz,mixn`n zteq` :dgvpd ly miqetc abpl jzcxa ± jldd"',l"pd ;173±160 'nr,(e"pyz oqip) 79,dxczw,'wgvi zex`ae ikcxnîci zngln zgvpda xwgn :z`wilega izrab zaihg ly 54 cecb illg xkfl dhxcp`d :"epze` xekf.363±336 'nr,(1995) 5,l`xyi znewza mipeir,'ze`nvrd crvnd did zixeaivd drcezae zicqend dipada mday ifkxndy,eixcq oepkze ze`nvrd mei lr ly onewn lr.136±118 'nr,g"pyz obîznx,ze`nvrd meil xwgn iwxt,cpx` oxd` :e`x,i`avd mei zefxk',onqexb miig :e`x oey`xd xeyra dne`d iepia jildzn wlgk ze`nvrd mei zefxk 'nr,(2006) 151,xyb,'icqnn lew ly izefg ran zeclezl :dpicnl oey`xd xeyra ze`nvrd.87± aia`îlz,oexkife oweic,qezin :g"yz xec,oeiq l`epnr miipeivd zecqende oeiv iaaege,`weec milyexi z` dligza dyibcd `l zipeivd drepzd ik xrei,h"id d`nd ly mipenyd zepya lgd,etia mdizecqene mzlert z` efkix ux`l eribdy mipey`xd ly zepexg`d mipya wx.ux`a ycgd icedid aeyiid ly izeaxzde ihiletd fkxnl dktd `ide.xird ly zizeaxzde zihiletd dzeaiyga zipeivd drepzd ibivp xikdl elgd ip`n'zerd oehlyd cgeina lrte,xirl zipeivd drepzd ly dqgia iepiyd z` lleg dyrnly,oiwyiqe` mgpn jka hla dtewzd idlya milyexil zipeivd drepzd ly dqgi lr.da zixard dhiqxaipe`d znwdl ztewza icedid aeyia dipenbdd lr etil milyexi oia wa`nd',l`ipw ryedi :e`x,zip`n'zerd mqgia dptnd',uk iqei ;212±185 'nr,(`"nyz) b,mly,'(1914±1882) dipyde dpey`xd dilrd mlerd zngln iptl zixard dhiqxaipe`d znwdle milyexi gezitl oeiv iaaege oiwyiqe` ly ;136±107 'nr,h"nyz milyexi,iwqal zibg zkixra,zipeivd diyrae drceza milyexi,'dpey`xd,'diipyd diilrd ztewza milyexil zipeivd zexczqdd ly dqgi ± milyexil etin',dliy zilbxn.132±115 'nr,my z` dax dcina eqqiay,xira mpehlyl zepey`xd mipya milyexia mihixad ly zelertd lr zeixwird zexenzd',dix`îoa ryedi :dagxda e`x,hcpnd ztewz lk jynl xird ly dcnrn

6 6,milyexia dxvep dycgd zicedid dpicnd zxiak milyexi ly diepia jildza mle`e ew zervn`a dwleg milyexi :dycg zihilete zitxbe`b ze`ivn,ze`nvrd zngln meza,iaxrnd dwlg oiae,miyecwd zenewnd eid eay,xird ly igxfnd dwlg oia gznpy leab dziid `l,diwlg ipy oia cixtn ipicn leaby,dievg xirk.zil`xyi zepeaixa xzepy zi`nvrd zicedid zepeaixd.xara dziidy itk lbxl diilr cwen ynyl milyexi dleki zwzepne izc fkxn dxqg ziaxrnd milyexi xy`k dkxc z` `et` dlgd l`xyi ux`a itxbe`b uig xvep zipxcend milyexi zecleza dpey`xl.dly miixehqidd dkiynd inxebn zlynn dfixkd xy`k avnd did df.dycgd xird oial zixehqidd xird oia xexa ihilete 22.l`xyi zpicn ly dzxiak milyexi ly miiaxrnd miwlgd lr 1949 xanvca l`xyi,zetqep zeira izy ipta ziaxrnd milyexi davip miyecw zenewn xcridn cal,ok lr xzi dfxkdd,zipevig dpigan (`) :dxia xirk dl miietvd mixbz`d len l` dze` eyilgdy zinyx dxkdl dzkf `le ziccv cg dziid dpicnd zxiak ziaxrnd milyexi lr l`xyi ly 23,zinipt dpigan (a) ;zwelgna iepy xzep xird ly ine`lpiad dcnrne,mlerd zepicn ly dylgp milyexie ux`d fkxn l` ilklkde itxbencd caekd fkxn xar hcpnd ztewz jldna 24.dpicnd ly mipey`xd dinia ce`n mixwgn :dxar i`xa ux`,'(1926±1917) ihixad oehlyd ziy`xa milyexi ly dzegztzda 'nr,`"qyz milyexi,iwqal zibge oeqpxd` ox zkixra,l`xyiîux` ly zixehqid ditxbe`ba ux`a ihixad oehlyd ztewz ziy`xa milyexi ly dpepkze dxeniyl zelirt',l"pd ;439± ±441 'nr,my,'1926±1917 :l`xyi ixe` :e`x,l`xyi zpicn zxiak ziaxrnd milyexi lr dfxkdl dliaedy mirexi`d zelylzyd lr,'1949 zpya l`xyi zlynn ly inyxd dayen mewnl milyexi zkitd ± dxial jxcd',xl`ia,'l`xyi zxiak milyexi zriawe oeixebîoa',jxel l`pzp ;191±163 'nr,(g"nyz oqip) 35,dxczw ixweg.403±377 'nr,h"nyz milyexi,iwqal zibg zkixra,zipeivd diyrae drceza milyexi xak zipeivd drceza zraewn dziid dnglnd meza milyexi zwelg m` dl`ya miwelg dtewzd zvle`n zeipicn ef dziidy e`,xira ipeivd qxhpi`d z` mcwnd iaeig oeirxk,miyelyd zepyn.zil`xyid hand zcewpn ievx oexztk dqtzp `l dligzklne xexgyd zngln ly zeaiqpd ixt cr xird ly dzwelg zepya zil`xyid zeipicna iehia icil d`ay itk,dpey`xd dyibd qeqial milyexi zl`ya l`xyi zeipicn :cegl miyrn,cegl miteqik',ipleb ihen :e`x,1967 zpy.296±267 'nr,1998 milyexi,`xity dhip` zkixra,zepey`xd mipyd 50 :ze`nvr,'1967±1948 dwlegy xir ± milyexi''',uk iqei :dpexg`l e`x,mixweg oeice df oiipra zepeyd zeyibd mekiq ly dzecg` e` dzwelg zl`ya zipeivd dbdpdde m"e`d,mihixad zecnr ± "eicgi dl dxaeg e`,2003 milyexi,dix`îoa ryedi zkixra,zyxende diiyrd ± hcpnd ztewza milyexi,'milyexi.166±158 'nr,my,jk lr zeaebzde,157±133 'nr ikf ;a"pyz aia`îlz,1949±1937,milyexi zl`ya zipeivd zeipicnd :zepeiva oeiv,ipleb ihen,'miyingd zepya milyexi me`pia lr m"e`d zxvr zehlgd lekiql l`xyi zpicn ly dwa`n',mely.97±75 'nr,(1993) 3,l`xyi znewza mipeir milyexi,'hcpnd ztewza aia`îlzl milyexin ilklkde itxbencd fkxnd ly exarn',onex l`kin cvik',opeb mxinr ;234±217 'nr,h"nyz milyexi,iwqal zibg zkixra,zipeivd diyrae drceza

7 7 dfig`d z` qqal ick dpicnd oepik xg`l eyrpy zeizlynnd zelertd lr azkp hrn `l ite` e`ypy zelertl xwira dpzip ald zneyz.milyexi ly miiaxrnd diwlga zicedid dxiad xir lr zicedid zepeaixd z` eyibcdy,miine`ld zecqend ziipa :ibeviiîipehly okyn ziipa,dil` dlynnd icxyn zxard,dxiak milyexi ly dzriaw,dycgd dl` lk ± ine`ld dgvpdd fkxnk eqeqiae oexkifd xda lvxd zenvr zpnhd,zqpkd,oi`n yi xevil ecrep od.xird axrna oehlyd zecqen ly zepey`xd zelertd oia eid zecqen e`vnii day,dxia xir ly ievxd ienicd z` milyexil qqale,zifit dpigan zegtl.miycgd miine`ld mipande oehlyd wlgl dwifd z` gthle zinewnd zedfd z` zepadl zepeiqipd lr azkp hrn,z`f znerl xwira e`ypy,mitzeyn zepexkife zexeqn,mikxr,milnq zervn`a xird ly iaxrnd ik,orhp epxwgna.miayezd ly meineid iigl xzei erbp mixacd rahne,iybxe innr ite` 29 dnka dygxzd,dpicnd znwd xg`ly oey`xd xeyra,ziaxrnd milyexia ef zelirt lbxl diilr ly zexeqn erited,ziaxrnd xird iagxa xeiq ilelqn dnk eyaeb :mipeeik xwira) milbxd zyelya lbxl diilrd dyceg,(lvxd xdl xwira) miiaihpxhl` mixz`l,ycgn extgp mzvwe xird ly iaxrnd wlga miibele`kx` mixz` dnk edef,(oeiv xdl zxzekd zleb,epzrcl,mle`e.ziaxrnd xira zexiizd izexiy z`iigdl zepeiqip eyrpe eippkzn.ziaxrnd milyexi ly ifkxnd xz`d zeidl crepy,'dne`d ipiipa' znwd dziid seygi zizeaxze zine`l zelirte miqpk zervn`ae,xira mixwanle miayezl ynyiy eeiw ipiipaa miiwl hlged dpicnl xeyrd zpy irexi` zxbqna.ine`ld lrtnl xeaivd z` megpe il`xa ia` zkixra,1948±1918 hcpnd inia dxage dlklk,'l`xyiîux`a "ux`d fkxn" mw ly dizelert zkqna milyexi ly ileyd dnewn lr.488±439 'nr,2003 xwea dcy,iwqpilxw l`xyi zpicn znwde hcpnd mez z`xwl ef dnbna lgy iepiyd lre hcpnd ztewza zipeivd drepzd,'hcpnd ztewz idlya ipeivd cqnnd ly eizelert zkqna milyexi xird ly dnewn',uk iqei :e`x milyexia zeipexird zeizyzd gezitl eyrpy zepeyd zelertd lr.90±67 'nr,(e"pyz) `q,oeiv dzriaw,xpined xzq` :e`x,dnecke diiyrzd,dweqrzd,dxeagzd,xeicd megza zepey`xd mipya,jnqen x`ezl xnb zcear,zepey`xd mipya dxia xirk dgezite l`xyi zpicn zxiak milyexi ly.107±75 'nr,1997,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d.74±38 'nr,my,xpined Yossi Katz & Yair Paz, The Transfer of Government Ministries to Jerusalem, : Continuity or Change in the Zionist Attitude to Jerusalem?, The Journal of Israeli History, 23 (2004), pp ;170±131 'nr,(q"yz fenz) 96,dxczw,'diipae oepkz :mx zraba zqpkd okyn',slex qihd dliy.180±171 'nr,(b"qyz ixyz) 105,dxczw,'mipewize zetqez :zqpkd oepkz',l"pd,ditxbe`iba miwte`,'milyexia ine`ld zexawd zia ly ixehqid deezn :lvxd xd',edixfr fern.383±369 'nr,(2005) 65±64 :zepeaixd xbz`,(jxer) oe`îxa ikcxn :e`x,xwgnl dtewzk dpicnl oey`xd xeyrd sewiz oiprl.19±3 'nr,1999 milyexi,dpicnl oey`xd xeyra zebde dxivi

8 8 ynyzy dkexrz,zrd dze` cr ux`a ipeivd lrtnd mekiql,'xeyrd zkexrz' z` dne`d zbvd.l`xyi zpicna miigd zernynl qgia ux`d iayezl zeine`lîzeikepig zexhnl dpicnd znwd xg`ly oey`xd xeyra milyexi ly zine`ld dzedf qeqial zepeyd zelertd xe`l zine`ld zedfd ziipad jildzl zinq ly zihxe`zd ezyib z` jixrdl epl xyt`z.ziaxrnd milyexi ly df oganîdxwn ziaxrnd milyexia zexiiz izexiye xeiq ilelqn,lbxl diilr.a zizlynnd oiricend zkyl.1948 xanvca xak ybxed ziaxrnd milyexia xwal oevxd ly df wlg lr xneg dpey`xl dvitd,zexiizd zper z`xwl ycgn dgztpy,mixiizl miicedid zecqend iy`xl od (micediî`lk micedi) milibx mixiizl od creiy,xird 30 ziaxrnd milyexia mixiize lbx iler,mixwan zlawl dkyld ly zepkdd.zevetza.dnglnd meiq lya cgeina ibibg didy,(1949 lixt`) h"yz gqtd bg z`xwl exab zyelyl xwira dligz exywp ziaxrnd milyexil lbxl diilrl qgia egztzdy zexeqnd l`eny x"c cnr dy`xay,dlynna zezc ipiiprl dwlgnde,zekeqe zereay,gqt,milbxd 31 l"kpnk.zevetzd icedile l`xyi iayezl milyexil lbxl diilr ilelqn drivd,`pdk 'f l`xyi zpicna miizcd miigd oebx`l zeceqid z` gipdy ink `pdk rcep zezcd cxyn drceza mle`e.miizklnn mizexiyl dpicnd iayezl mipzipd miizcd mizexiyd z` jtde,dpicnd znwd xg`ly minia.ux`d iagxa miyecwd zenewnd gezita eny xywp zixeaivd oeiv xdl ifkxn mewn `pdk ozp,zigxfnd milyexia miyecwd zenewnl dyibd dnqgpyn 32.zinnr zizc zelirtl fkxnk eze` gtihe gqt crend lega dpey`xl dniiw,zezc ipiiprl dwlgnd mr seziya,zexiizd zkyl dlynn ixy zetzzyda dkeldz.eneia mei icn mixeiq dyely,xird iagxa mixeiq h"yz 33.rxe`nd ceakl zibibg dlitz dniiwzd mye,'oexeyi' zqpkd zial xird ixryn d`vi ldpn l`,milyexi,mixiizl oiricend zkyl ldpn,ozp b"t,s21/105,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d mrhn dpnene dnwed 'mixiizl zipeivd oiricend zkyl'.1948 xanvca 13,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd dzelirt ipiit`ne dkyld lr.hcpnd ztewza cer ceqid oxwe l`xyil zniwd oxwd,zipeivd dldpdd,ihixad hcpnd ztewza l`xyiîux`a zexiizd :ux`d z` xezl,ahdîodk iaew :e`x,ef dtewza.222±218 'nr,2006 milyexi.3 'nr,1949 qxna 7,ux`d dpey`xd zi`lwgd daiyid z` miwd,dyxe cili,(1998±1905) `pdk lieepf l`eny x"c axd zpya ux`l dlr.ux`l diilrl eppekzde ze`lwg icenile dxez da ecnly,'l`eny zia',oileta xzei jyna okn xg`le igxfnd lretd zexczqd fkxnk dligz zixeaivd ekxc z` lgde 1940 aia`îlz,`i,eipeae aeyid ivelgl dictelwivp`,xdcz 'c :e`x.zezcd cxyn l"kpnk dpy mixyrn.3831 'nr, 'nr,1949 lixt`a 12,ux`d

9 9 ly zexeqn gztzdl elgd (1949 ipei) dnglnd xg`ly oey`xd zereayd bg z`xwl mb 34 ekxrp ok enk.oeiv xday cec xawa zelitz eniiwzi ik xqnp df bg z`xwle,lbxl diilr milyexia xtqd iza iclil miine`ld zecqend ipiipa xvga bgd ceakl mixekia zebibg znc` ixekia ziy`xn l`xyi icli e`iad jka ik oiev rexi`d xe`iza.daiaqny mixtkae ixiya dbibgd z` dzeeil 'milyexi lew' ly mixzind zxenfz.zniwd oxwl iy l`xyi ux` 35 oey`xd zekeqd bg.deewzd zxiyae mipei zgxtda dniizqp dbibgde zeinnr zepibpnae mr xira dxary lbxd iler zkeldze,milyexil lbxl diilra `ed s` oiev (1949 xaehwe`) 36.diipyd mlerd znglna dleba eaxgy zqpkd izan ecxyy dyecwd iyinyzn dnr d`yp diilrd ly dwizrd zicedid zxeqnd lr `et` epryp milyexil lbxl diilrd zexeqn.dlebae ux`a aexwd icedid xard on mirexi` oda ealey j` lbxl mipebx`d lk eywazp i"yz gqtd bg z`xwle,dxabe dkld milbxa milyexil diilrd dcreed zexikfn mr y`xn mxewia z` m`zl mewna mipbxe`n mixewia mikxerd zexagde ietvd axd wgecde xda mixwand ieaix llba,xewial wiecnd onfd z` reawle,oeiv xdl 37 dying oia crend lega zelrl miietv milyexily dkxrd draed dpy dze`a.mewna 38 lecbd mxtqn hla xird zeaegxay geec i"yz zereayd bg lr.yi` sl` mixyrl xyr 39.dvx` eribd xtqn mini iptl j`y dl`k mb mdae,gxfnd zevx` i`vei lbxd iler ly diilr ly zexeqn mipyd oze`a exywp mday ziaxrnd milyexia mihlead mixz`d ipy ipebx` ixag,miycg miler mixrp lr.dpey ite` e`yp md j`,oeiv xde lvxd xd eid lbxl oeiv xd iliaya zexrpde mixrpd zelra' ik xqnp,i"yz gqta xirl e`ay,izcd xrepd mexnl mditk e`ypy mipdk miying iciîlr zilnqe zizxeqn mipdk zkxaa elawzp md exare lbxd iler e`vi,cec xaw cil zqpkd ziaa dlitzd xg`l.lbxd iler z` ekxae 40 xqnp (`"iyz gqt) okn xg`l dpy.'dewzd zxiya lvxd xdl mkxca milyexi zeaegxa milyexil lenz` eribd,miycg miler,lbx iler 600Îl aexw' :i"`tn znfia lbxl diilr lr exwia milerd.l`xyi ux` ilret zbltn znfeia dniiwzd ef lbxl dilr.zcgein zakxa 41.'mxk oirae lvxd xda,dxxqena,ixgqnd fkxna,dyn oinia,oeiv xda zenewnd l` dyibdy xg`l xira xvepy izcd llgd z` dax dcina `lin oeiv xd,oeiv xd jtd mipyd jldna.zixyt` dziid `l xird gxfnae dwizrd xiray miyecwd.3 'nr,1949 i`na 31,my.6 'nr,1949 ipeia 2,my.5 'nr,1949 xaehwe`a 2,my.3 'nr,1950 qxna 21,my.3 'nr,1950 qxna 29,my.4 'nr,1950 i`na 23,my.6 'nr,1950 lixt`a 5,my.7 'nr,1951 lixt`a 26,my

10 10 42.ziaxrnd milyexil lbxl diilrd ly hlead lnqle ifkxnd mewnl,cec xaw cgeinae miifkxnde miaeygd icedid ogletd ixz`l oeiv xde cec xaw zkitd ik oiivn xa oexec xd.mipy ax izbxcd jildza `l` dpicnd znwd mr cin dygxzd `l l`xyi zpicna agxnl mewnd z` jtdy,zezcd cxyn icia,cg` cvn,lbxl diilrl ifkxn xz`l jtd oeiv zvexna xdl enxfy mixwand ipend icia,xg` cvne ;zelerte miqwh zervn`a ycewn xa.iaihpxhl` ycewn agxnk mewna ogletd z` md mb eavire miqwh ea ekxr,mipyd miizcd miqwhd z` xweqe lbxl diilr ly innr xz`l mewnd zkitdl zeax ze`nbec `ian oeiv xdy dcaerd lya xwira ygxzd df jildz.mewnl exywpy zeaxd zexeqnd z`e xcge,cec xaw lrny oiipad bb.zil`xyi dhilya xzepy cigid yecwd xz`d xen`k did milyexi xar l` xzeia daexwd zitvzd zcewp eyniy,eil` cenvd dpexg`d dcerqd zipcxi dhilya eidy,mizifd xde iaxrnd lzekd xwira,miyecwd zenewnde zigxfnd ipend rexi`l oeiv xda zereayd bg jtd mipyd zvexna.dxyt`zd `l mdil` dyibde bga eid jlnd cec ly ezen meie ezcled meiy zicedid zxeqnd it lr,lbxl diilr ly.zereayd jenqa mwedy,d`eyd szxnl dziid oeiv xdl dxywpy lbxl diilr ly ztqep zelirt 43 oeiv xd lr egztzdy zexeqnd.ea lltzdl s`e ea xwal ebdp miax micedie,cec xawl.ycewn agxn zxivia cqnnd iyp` lye lbxd iler ly iccdd jxevd z` `et` e`hia mizrl,mipey miileaniq mirvn`ae miqezina yeniy dyrp mewna xewiad ziieeg wefigl mizrle,zereayd bga cec xawl lbxl diilrd oebk,deedl ozn`zde zexeqn yecig jez.d`eyd szxn oebk zicedid dixehqida ziqgi ycg okez lra xz` zxivi jez fern oiivny itke,xira mixwanl dkiyn xz`l lvxd xd mb xen`k jtd mipy oze`a dziid 1949 hqebe`a milyexia ezxeawle dvx` lvxd ly eizenvr z`lrdl,edixfr dziid milyexi axrna ibevii izklnn dxeaw xz` xevil dhlgdd.dax zilnq zernyn dcnrn xeviaae ziaxrnd milyexi ly zine`ld dzedf ziipaa miaeygd mikacpd cg` 44 minler zgepnl e`aed xdd lr lvxd ly ezxeaw xg`l miyceg dyelyk.l`xyi zxiak dl` eid.'milyexi drciy xzeia dlecbd dieeld'k x`ezy dna,millg 228 lvxd xda welgl e`vi mlek milyexi ipa.oexhl illg zvwne xcxd zrab,awri deep,oeivr yeb illg 45.aeyiid ibeg lkn mc` zeaax e`ln xird zeaegxe,oexg` ceak mdl zil`xyid zepeaixd z` mibviind miqwhl ifkxne ibevii xz` xdd yniy eziy`xn xak,1967±1948 mipyd oia milyexia zipgletdîzizcd ze`ivna oeiv xd ly enewnl ycwed hxetn xwgn zipgletîzizcd ze`ivna zexenz',xa oexec :e`x.icedidîizcd haidd on ea eyrpy zelertl xwira miwte`,'dpexg`d dcerqd xcge cec xaw,oeiv xd ly dxwnd :1948 zpy xg`l milyexia.18±5 'nr,(2000) 52,ditxbe`iba.my zexewnde,9 'nr,my,xa.62±55 'nr,(16 dxrd,lirl) edixfr.1 'nr,1949 xanaepa 18,ux`d

11 11 dpicnl ziaxrnd milyexi ly zipicnd dzekiiy zl`yy s`,dycgd zine`ld dxiaa qwhl oaenk drcep dxzi zeaiyg.drxked mxh,xen`k,da zine`lpiad dxkdde zicedid ze`nvrd mei axra xda dpey`xl jxrpy,ze`nvrd mei irexi` zgizt oeivl izklnnd zinnr zelirt ly cwenl mipyd jldna jtd xdd,mle`e.edixfr x`zny itk,i"yz 1949 xanvca xak,dnbecl,jk.xira miaxd mixwande miayezd iiga drbpy,zine`l ly,zine`lpia xirl milyexi z` jetdl m"e`d zpeek cbp 'mipen` zreay' mewna dkxrp bfna e`viy,mdipwfae mdixrpa,inlyexid aeyiid zeaky lkn milyexi ipan 50,000Îk' 46 ik xqnp yceg eze` rvn`a.dtewzd zepezira x`eznk,'lvxd xdl xixw iezq xiee` mia,dyaia m"irpcb 1,755 ea etzzyde milyexil dkepgd icitl uexn lgd dpicnd iagxa bg oeivl lvxd xda r"pcbd jxry qpka,okn xg`l zereay dnk miizqd uexnd.xiee`ae 47 fenz 'k icn,ok enk.milyexil aia` lzn dlynnd icxyn z` xiardl dhlgdde dkepgd 48.lvxd ly ezenl dpyd mei oeivl qwh xda jxrp ilelqna lvxd xde oeiv xd z` mb zizlynnd oiricend zkyl daliy mipyd jldna xak xird iagxa ervedy,xeiqd ilelqn.mixiizl drivdy ziaxrnd xird iagxa xewiad ziaxrnd milyexi z` zepadl mipey`x zepeiqip lr micnln,dzwelgl mipey`xd mialya miyecwd zenewna dxe`kl zelz `ll,mixwanl dkiyn xef`ke izeaxzîine`l fkxnk zg` `l ik `vnp,zexiizde zepiilvd zrtez lr ihxe`zd xwgna.xird ly miixehqidde df llkae,zenieqn zeibele`ci`e zeihilet zexhn meciwl xiyknk zexiiza yeniy dyrp elrti mdit lry millkd z` zeraew dpicne dxag lk,dyrnl.zeine`l zexhn oaenk 49.znieqn dibele`ci` it lr,mipeyd mixwand xird zwelg xg`ly zepey`xd mipya zexiizd zkyl drivdy leihd ilelqn zniyx zepekyd xef`a,xird ly ipetvd dwlga ilbx xeiq (`) :miixwir xeiq ilelqn drax` dllk xird ly miipetvd diwlg lr mizad cg`n zitvze,mixkeade l`xyi zia,mixry d`n miiaxrnd diwlga zipekna e` qeaehe`a xeiq (a) ;mitevd xde zixard dhiqxaipe`d oeeikle oire lvxd ly exaw mewn,obe zia,mxkd zia,dyn zixw,dnnex zepekya,xird ly qeaehe`a e` akxa xeiq (c) ;l`lva oe`fenae miine`ld zecqend ipiipaa xeiq (b) ;mxk,zipnxbd dayend,zeitlz zepekyde lgx znx mllkae,xird ly miinexcd miwlga.1 'nr,1949 xanvca 5,ux`d.4 'nr,1949 xanvca 5,ux`d.51±50 'nr,(28 dxrd,lirl) edixfr Colin M. Hall, Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place, New York 1994; :e`x H.G. Matthews & L.K. Richter, Political Science and Tourism, Annals of Tourism xywa miizlenrz mikxvl zexiiza dyrpy yeniyd lr.research, XVIII (1991), pp Kobi Cohen-Hattab, Zionism, Tourism :e`x,zihixad dtewza ux`a ldpzdy ine`ld wa`nl and the Battle for Palestine: Tourism as a Political-Propaganda Tool, Israel Studies, IX (2004), pp

12 12 cgein xeiq rved zaye iyily inia.xird fkxne dyn oini,dialh,oenhw,zipeeid dayend 50 ixz` ztn.milyexi lye igxfnd dwlg l` epnn zetvl did ozipy,oeiv xda cec xawl od zizcd dzyxenae zixehqidd xird zyecwa od dcwnzd dycgd dxiad xira xewiad dalzyd mixeiqd zpekzn ik xnel ozip.iaxrnd dwlga zine`l dxiak ycgn dpepika exzepy miwlgd l` dbxrd zwnrd zervn`a,zeine`ld gexa mixwand ly maevir jildza zewizeed zepekyd aiaq miqezine zepexkif zxivi,xg` cvne,cg` cvn,xird gxfna miine`ld mixz`d mb mdae,dwizrd xird znegl uegn egztzdy miycgd mixef`de zenewne zexaw iza,xexgyd znglnn zeaxw ixz`,dl` mixef`a enwy miizeaxzde.miyecw zexiizd izexiy gezitl zelert mb eyrp,ziaxrnd xird iagxa mixeiql liawna 51 zexiizd izexiyn miax.ihixad oehlyd inia xak da elrty mzvw,xird ly dl` mixef`a mda oqk`l did ozip `le,mipeiqptde oelnd iza xwira,xexgyd znglna ewefip xira zeptzdl xdin `l `ede dnglnd jldna `avd icia eqtzp mixg` mixebn zenewn.mixwan dl` lk lr sqep.ycgn xeciqde oewizd zk`ln z` akir jkae,zeaxwd meza mb mdn 52 mewiy lr geec 1950 zpy ly zexiizd zpera xak mle`e.mina xeng xeqgn xira did e`a dpy dze` ly uiway xqnp.mlelqnl miigd zxfgd lre xird axrna dnglnd iwfp mb.mewn qt` cr mi`ln dtwd izae zecrqnd,gexi`d izexiye milyexil miax mixiiz mighye,mditipq z` ycgn egzt ± miine`lpiade mil`xyid ± mipeyd zeriqpd icxyn egztp,ezaiaqe miqexd yxbn oebk,hcpnd ztewza oeghia inrhn exbqpy,ziaxrnd xira 53.migxf` ixewial drityd miyingd zepy ziy`xa ux`a dxxyy dywd zilklkd ze`ivnd,z`f mr cgi 'g l`,milyexi,mixiizl zipeivd oiricend zkyl,ozp b"t,s21/105,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d.1949 ileia 29,milyexi,zicedid zepkeqd,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd,edixab :dagxda e`x xira ihixad oehlyd ztewza milyexia zexiizd izexiy ly zegztzdd ipiit`n lr jxrna 'miipynd zeceqi'l epzpeek 'zexiiz izexiy' gpena.214±171 'nr,(30 dxrd,lirl) ahdîodk izexiy xwirae,exewiaa xiizd z` miynynd mizexiyd millkp mday,miipexird dkiynd inxeb Myriam :e`x.miweeye zeipw ifkxn,(mia`t,zecrqn) dpfd,(mipeiqpt,oeln iza oebk) dpil Jansen-Verbeke, Inner City Tourism: Resources, Tourism and Promoters, Annals of,uk iqeie ahdîodk iaew :e`x,df oiipra dagxdl.tourism Research, XIII (1986), pp ,dxczw,'l`xyiÎux` xwga enewne zexiizd ly ixehqidîitxbe`bd xwgnd ± mfixezl dhpqîdxhn'.17 dxrde,136±113 'nr,(h"pyz oqip) 91 zexiizd zkyl l`,milyexi,zecrqne dtw,oeln iza ilra oebx`,s21/105,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d,zexiize mipeln ipiipra zevriizd,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd,my ;1949 x`epia 21,zizlynnd.1949 x`epia 30,milyexi,dpey`xd zqpkd inia milyexi ly dpipae dgezt,xphy 'n,9,1084,71,l`xyi zpicn oeikx` ryedi ;1951 ileia 24,diyrze xgqn cxyne xve`d cxyn,milyexi,1951 ilei ± 1949 x`exat,'1967±1948 mipyd oia zil`xyid milyexi ly dzegztzdae dziipaa mialy',xbe edil`e dix`îoa

13 13 ly davn lr milyexi ipiiprl dxiwgd zcre ly dkxrda.milyexia zexiizd spr lr mb mixiizd on miax ik xqnp,dpicnd znwd xg`l mipy yngk,1953 zpya xira zexiizd zexiizd mbe,xira mipl mpi`e cala zexetq zeryl mi`a dxial miribnd ux`l uegn 54 ziaxrnd milyexi zriaw,mle`e.ux`a xxeyd ilklkd xaynd awr dyw zrbtp ziniptd d`iad,xard on zicedi zegkep ly miwdaen mipniq,xen`k,dpnn excrpy s`,dxia xirk,dycgd xird ly agxna xard ly mibviin z`f lka `evnl diy`xe xird ibidpn z`.ycgd agxna zicedid dfig`d z` qqale winrdl ick ziaxrnd xira miixehqid mihpnepen ly uetiye d`iigd.b sepd l` zexagzda,evx`l l`xyi mr zaiy ly oeirxd qeqiaa dziy`xn dwqr zepeivd ux`l elry dlebd icedi elkei eay ghy,dycg zicedi zeine`l dpaiz eay ghyd l`e qqal `ay ircnd megzd.ux`a zicedi zegkep ly zencew zetewz mr xyw xevil l`xyi `xwnd ztewzl diipta.zi`xwnd dibele`kx`d did dgikedle ux`d l` zicedid dwifd z` dtewzd lr belic jez,mecwd xard l` miycgd milerd z` ycgn xeywl xexa oeiqip did 55 zexabzd gkep xwira,dpicnd znwd xg`l.ux`a zxkip zicedi zegkep da dxcrpy dkex`d ynyl,z`y xziae,dibele`kx`d dkiynd,ux`d lr miaxrl micedi oia ine`ld zenird 56 epxwgna.l`xyi ux`l icedid xywd wefigle miyxeyd zghadl miifkxnd milkd cg` znwd xg`ly zepey`xd mipya ziaxrnd milyexia mb eyrp ef gexa zelert ik `vnp axrna xeiq ilelqn yeaibl sqepae oeiv xdle lvxd xdl lbxl diilrl liawna ike,dpicnd,lirl) edixfr ;96 'nr,1994 milyexi,il`xa ia` zkixra,(18,ocir) 1967±1948 dievgd milyexi.51±50 'nr,(28 dxrd hqebe`a 2,a,milyexi ipiiprl dxiwgd zcre oeayge oic,17,5430,43.06,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`.1953 Neil A. Silberman & David Small (eds.), The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the,mipen` yeb :dcbl zetn izy,dbiit l`kin ;Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield 1997 Thomas W. ;my zexewnde 35±22 'nr,2003 milyexi,il`xyid agxnd aevire eiykr mely dhip` ;Davis, Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology, Oxford 2004 daiya oeixebîoa cec ly enewn lr.36±1 'nr,2005 milyexi,zil`xyid zedfde j"pzd,`xity drcezd ly dileblb :oexkfe qezin,'j"pzde oeixebîoa',xegv a`f :e`x miik"pzd zexewnd l` dhip` ;149±140 'nr,f"pyz aia`îlze milyexi,jixhqie 'q hxaexe dpge` cec zkixra,zil`xyid.146±121 'nr,a"qyz milyexi,lhxa l`xyi zkixra,d`lnd dlbrd,'j"pzde oeixebîoa',`xity zeine`lle zepeivl mipey`xd dinia zil`xyid dibele`kx`d oia dwifd zecleza `iyd zecewp oia dcvna zexitgd,`akekîxa zelibn ± oici l`bi ly minqxetnd ei`vnn wtq `ll eid zicedid.292±283 'nr,a"lyz aia`îlze milyexi,mipeae micqiin :mil`xyid,oeli` qenr :e`x.cere xevga

14 14 z`iigdle miixehqid mixz` z`ivnl,miilklke miine`l mikxvl xwira,zepeiqip eyrp,xird 57.xird ly miiaxrnd miwlga xard icixy gezitl dwlgnd' did ziaxrnd milyexia df oeeika lertl lgdy mihlead mitebd cg` 58 ilra zenewn ieaixly jkl dxr dziid dwlgnd.zicedid zepkeqd ly dceqin 'milyexi milyexia dxkdd qqazz :daexn zlrez didz xird ly miiaxrnd miwlga xwanl dkiyn mixiizd xtqn lcbie,mvrei izeaxz fkxnk dcegii,irvn` izla gxe`a dxiak ziaxrnd ldpn mr seziya.zilklk zernyn mb oaenk didz dl` lkl.xira mzedy ini xtqne dwlgnd' db`c,diixirde zewizrd zwlgn,zezcd cxyn,dlynnd y`x cxynay oepkzd 59.ziaxrnd xira miixehqid mihpnepen ly mdi`xn z` xtyl 'milyexi gezitl mda lthl i`cky ziaxrnd milyexia miixehqid zenewn xtqn dxzi` zewizrd zwlgn 60,mipiiprne miwizr mixaw,oixcdpqd ixaw did mday oey`xd.mipeyd mixwand zaehl 61 dxeaw ixz` ik oievi.iqgi ote`a dphw drwyda mixewial mpikdl xyt`y did dncpy mixaw ektd ipxcend ocira.zeizc zeaiqn xwira,lbxl diilr ly zenewn mlerne f`n eid z`,xzid oia,mibviin mzeida,mipey mixwan lr mitcrend mixz`l zexaw izae miccea yeniy mda dyrp zg` `l,jke.zinewnd zyxend ly miihpze`de miaeygd miiehiad cg` 62 ini idlyn rlqa zeaevg zexrn zveawl ozipy my `ed oixcdpqd ixaw.miine`l mikxvl zizexiiz dibhxhq` `id mipey mikxvle mixwanl mzgizte miixehqid mipane mixz` ly mnewiy zizexiizdîzixehqidd xird ly zegztzdd lcena aeyg mewn zqtez `ide,zixehqidd xira dreci Gregory J. Ashworth, & John E. Tunbridge, The Tourist- :e`x.xwgnd zextqa gzety Historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City, Amsterdam New Kobi Cohen-Hattab, Historical :e`x,hcpnd ztewza milyexi lr.york 2000, pp Research and Tourism Analysis: The Case of the Tourist-Historic City of Jerusalem, Tourism Geographies, VI (2004), pp dhlgd 'milyexi ipiiprl dcreed' dlaiw,1948 hqebe`a miiwzdy,ipeivd lretd creed ly eqepika,'igxfnd' ibidpnn,cleb a`f axd z` dzpin zepkeqd zldpd.'milyexi gezitl dwlgnd' znwdl hexitl.1952 cr dniiwzde 1948 xanhtqa lertl dlgd `id.dycgd dwlgnd y`xa cenrl,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd oeikx` ly miwizd zniyxl `eand :e`x dwlgnd ly dizelert.3 'nr,2000 milyexi,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d,1952±1948 dtewza milyexi gezt lr ipnf oeayge oic,milyexi geztl dwlgnd,l`xyiîux`l zicedid zepkeqd.(1950 xanhtq ± 1948 xanhtq) `"iyz ixyz±h"yz ixyz ixawa dceard yecig epecp day daiyid ly mixac oexkif,s21/312,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d lixt`a 28,zewizrd zwlgn,zicedid milyexia mixg` miwizr mihpnepen ly mxeniye dixcdpq.1949 dtewzd idlya oixcdpqd ixaw lr.1949 xaehwe`a 23,milyexi,l`vpap `"i l` xbxapy 'i,my,1979 milyexi,dziy`xa dycgd milyexi :dtewz i`xa xir,dix`îoa ryedi :e`x,zip`n'zerd.5 'nr,1949 xanvca 2,ux`d :e`x oixcdpqd ixawa zexitgd zlgzd lr drici.39±37 'nr :e`x,zipxcend zexiizde zeine`ld oial zexaw izae zeen oiay xywa milthnd mixwgn xganl A.V. Seaton, War and Thanatourism: Waterloo , Annals of Tourism Research,

15 15 edvwa `vnp xzeia mqxetnd xawd.milyexi ly iaxrn oetvd dwlga elbzpy,ipyd ziad ipehwhikx` dpana,dniyxn dqipk zagxa oiihvdy,'oixcdpqd xaw',mewnd ly ipetvd mewnay zxge`n zxeqn xvi df xtqn.aexiwa mirayk,dxeaw i`z ly ax xtqnae miyxn dpekyd dzpek jk zeawrae,yi` cg`e miray dzpny,dlecbd oixcdpqd iyp` exawp dyrnl df didy jkn drap oixcdpqd ixawl dpzipy zcgeind zeaiygd.dixcdpq dkenqd zicedi zelirt ly miaeygd micixyd cg`e xzeia miwizrd miicedid dxeawd ixz`n cg` 63 gezitl dwlgnd,zezcd cxyn,zewizrd zwlgn.xird ly iaxrnd wlga e`vnpy gezitl dwlgndy mkeq.mixwan ixewial ozxykdle zexrnd iewipl eb`c diixirde milyexi gewitd,diixird icia didi reviad,jkl creind aivwzd z` licbze zeceard z` fkxz 64.milyexi gezitl dwlgnd icia iaihxhqipinc`d fekixde zewizrd zwlgn icia ircnd 65 mixawd ztn.milret xtqnl dweqrz ozn ly ilklk wenip mb sqep mixawd zxykdl rvn`a zewizrd sb`e zeaxzde jepigd cxyn xe`l e`ivedy mixwanl jixcna s` dnqxet 66.miyingd zepy ziaxrnd milyexia mitqep miibele`kx`e miixehqid mixz` exkfp zepey`xd mipya wizrd inlqend zexawd ziae `linn zkxa,qecxed zia xaw :xewial mxiykdl ozipy XXVI (1999), pp ; John Lennon & Malcom Foley, Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster, London New York 2000; David W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia, and Canada , Oxford 1998; John Towner, An Historical Geography of Recreation and mipiiprnd miiehiad cg`.tourism in Western World , Chichester 1996, pp gztzdl dlgdy ef `id zipxcend zexiizd on wlgk zexaw izaa mixewia ly zxeqn zeyabzdl,lirl) ahdîodk :e`x.milyexia mitevd xda i`avd zexawd zial qgia ihixad oehlyd ztewza edixfr :e`x mixwanl dkiyne lbxl diilr xz`k lvxd ly exaw lr.165±164 'nr,(30 dxrd.51±50 'nr,(28 dxrd,lirl) ;(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn xqg,dixcdpq zpekya mixaw zexrn,s21/3121 ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d miibele`kx`d mi`vnnd xe`iz.(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn xqg,dixcdpqa micedid zexaw,my zeibele`ikx` zexitgl dycgd dictelwivp`d,(jxer) oxhy mixt` :e`x,jkl zexewnde df xz`a :dpexg`l e`x mewna eyrpy dxitgd ilrtn mekiq.678,673 'nr,1992 milyexi,a,l`xyiîux`a 266±264 'nr,2003 milyexi,ipyd ziad inia milyexi ly mixawd xir,eqif freae xpelw qenr.my zexewnde,zewizrd zwlgn,dixcdpql dpynd zcre zaiyi ly mixac oexkif,s21/312,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d.1949 xanaepa 21,milyexi.1949 xanaepa 8,milyexi,zexafbd l`,milyexi,milyexi geztl dwlgnd,l`vpap `"i,my.f"hyz milyexi,zewizrd sb`,zeaxzde jepigd cxyn z`ved,dixcdpq ixawl xvw jixcn ly mxe`ite mxeniy epecp day daiyid ly mixac oexkif,29±42,1878,milyexi ziixir oeikx`.1949 xanaepa 13,milyexi,zewizrd zwlgn,zicedid milyexia miwizrd mihpnepend.1892 zpya wiy cxpew dliby dyn oini zpekyl cec jlnd oeln oia rlqa aevg dxeaw dpan exaq mipey mixweg j`,edizznîoa sqeil micedid znglna xkfpy qecxed xaw z` ea e`x dligz

16 dvrd zrab) xezîea` zpekya xfpne diiqpk icixy,miqexd yxbna oa` cenr,dl jenqd xqnpy itk,minieqn zexit d`yp ef zelirt.xca 'giy zpekya aeyii icixye,(drxd :1950 idlyn miixehqidd mixz`d xetiyl zicxynpiad dcreed ly oeayge oica zixard milyexi inegza wizr cixy mey hrnk `vn `l,dpy iptl milyexia xwiay xiiz `vnp df dpany mixaeqd yi s`.ohleqd zkxal jenqa,myn dpetv qecxed xaw z` ytgl yiy zavn myd o`kne xawl lrn davn dziid edizznîoa sqei ly epnfa ik okzii.mky xryl oetvn.cnrne mirvn` ilra miyp` ly mzxeaw mewn did df ik dcird zllkeynd daivgd zcear.qecxed mi`vnnd xe`iz.(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn xqg,'qecxed zia' xaw,s21/312,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d dpexg`le ;678,673 'nr,(63 dxrd,lirl) oxhy :e`x,jkl zexewnde df xz`a miibele`kx`d.222±219 'nr,(63 dxrd,lirl) eqife xpelw :e`x zwelg xg`l ziaxrnd xird inegza xzepy cigid zexawd zia did `linna inlqend zexawd zia 'nr,(61 dxrd,lirl) dix`îoa :e`x,h"id d`na milyexia miinlqend zexawd iza lr.xird.67±66 ly ekxe`.ezaivga lged day davgna,e`elna avgp mxhy wpr oa` cenr `vnp miqexd yxbna iptl cer mipiipad icenr z` aevgl mibdep eid ik dgiked ez`ivn.xhn xyr mipyk `ed cenrd ile`,ipyd ziad inil jiiy `edy dligza xrey ezxeve elceb itl.mzavgn rlqn mze` ewzipy zxitg zra 1934 zpya dcedi dpgna davgna `vnp dnec cenr.qecxed ly eizepenx`n cg`l xqg,mdizeavgna xz`a miwizr micenr,s21/312,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d :e`x.zial zeceqi ziiqpkl crep `ede xzei xge`n df cenry okzii ik orhy in did dpexg`l.(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn,xawd ziiqpk lr qeitewext',xixtv mxei :e`x.zihpfiad dtewzd idlya milyexia dzpapy d`ipd.30±27 'nr,(d"qyz oqip) 115,dxczw,'milyexia "ber ly erav`"e ecx`wd z`xwpd drab lr ipeei xfpn `vnp,zakxd zpgzl jenqae xird ly dgxfn mexca,xezîea` zpekya odekd ly ezia eyi ly epnfa da cnr miipiad inin zxeqn itl.'drxd dvrd zrab' mixvepd ita...mrd ilecbe mipdekd iy`x' etq`zd df ziaa ik xteqn (g±b,ek izn) dycgd zixaa.`tik lecbd ipeeid xfpnd xvg jeza.'drxd dvrd zrab' myd o`kne,'ezindle dnxra eyi z` yetzl evreeie.'fd d`nd ziy`xl qgeind irwxw zz dlitz zia dae,diiqpk icixy e`vnp drabd zbqt lry.(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn xqg,xezîea` xic,s21/312,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d 1949 uiwa.xc`a 'giy mya drcepy drab z`vnp,mxkd zial dnnex oia,milyexi ly daxrna icixye,dl` micixy.ixiyrd inexd oeibild mzeg z` e`ypy mitrxe mipal ixay mewna elbzp zepkeqd dybipy iptl,jkitl.aeyii icixy mewna mipenh ik egiked,zecg` zecewpa evavay zeneg dxagd mrhn ervea zexitgd.zeibele`kx` zexitg mewna ekxrp,dne`d ipiipa ziipal zicedid,milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ly oenina,zewizrd zwlgne dizewizre l`xyi ux` zxiwgl zixard minecwd micixyd.zillkd zexczqdd ly dceard xqeg oxwe milyexi ziixir,zewizrd zwlgn wtql ick d`xpk eavgpy,ipyd ziad ini seqn rlqa miaevg zexea eid mewna elbzpy xzeia `ede ixiyrd oeibild ghya ddy ziad oaxeg xg`l.qecxed ly epnfa cegiia,xirl diipa ixneg ile`,zxg` dxhnl mewnd z` mi`nexd exiykd dn onf xeark.mipal ziiyrzl mewnd z` lvip,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d :e`x.miihpfia xfpne diiqpk icixy mb elbzp mewna.diiyrzl e` mixebnl,df xef`a miibele`kx`d mi`vnnd lr cer.(xreyn,1951 uiw) xagn xqg,xca 'giy,s21/312,dizewizre l`xyiîux` zxiwgl dxagd zerici,'(h"yz) xca 'giya zexitgd',dpeiîia` l`kin :e`x H. Senés, Biblica, XXXI (1950), pp ;24±19 'nr,(???) eh

17 ly (zeiaivwz zel`y lbxl gxkda) zenvnevn zelert xg`l dzr.oeiv xda xewial hxt zlert dlgd wx eay oixcdpqd zexaw ± c`n oiprn mixewia mewn sqep zewizrd zwlgn,drxd dvrd xd,xewial oiprn xz` cer siqed `linna zexawd zia...xeciqde iewipd mini dnk yicwdl xiizd z` gixkdl miieyr...qecxed zia xaw,mx zraba micixy `le hrnk [xird ly] dizewizr ly izee`xd okxr...daexwd dzaiaqe milyexia exewial dk cr lvep miilklk miripn cva,miycg miine`l milnql mktedl zepeiqipe xar icixy z`iigd milyexi ly dqeqial dbdpdd dhwpy zeibhxhq`d zg` `et` eid,ef diiyrl eelpy dpicnd ini ziy`xa ilklkd avnd mle`e.dil` qgia zine`ld zedfd ziipadle ziaxrnd,dnbecl,jk.dk`lnd meiq z` eakir zelirtd oenina zeirae,o`k mb eizeze` z` ozp dwqted xtqn miyceg iptl dlgdy dcearde migpfen oixcdpqd ixaw ik geec 1950 ziy`xa 74 yekxl mpn` dt`y zewizrd zwlgn.mipeyd zecqend ly zwtqn dkinz xqeg llba ritydl jiynd ie`x aivwz xcrid j`,zewizrd icixy mda mipenh eidy miyxbnd on dnk eay dn onf xg`l j`,mipeyd zewizrd ighy ewep mrt `l.mipyd lk jyna dk`lnd lr mb j`,dreaw dxiny dyexc dziid mipeyd zenewna oeiwipde xcqd zghad myl.endefe 75.mled oenin cinz `vnp `l jkl zepefge miripn ± 'dne`d ipiipa'.c dpicnd znwd xg`ly zepey`xd mipya ziaxrnd milyexia mwedy ifkxnd ine`ld lrtnd eznwd,oldl bveiy itk.'dne`d ipiipa' did agxd ldwl ecreie zeinnr eid ea zeielirtdy cvne,xird ly zixehqidde zicedid zyxende dwileaniqd lr zepryid cg` cvn zlnqn zelirtle miqpkl fkxn znwd zervn`a.ekezl ewvepy miycgd miine`ld mipkzd z` xg` ektedl dpand infei eeiw,ine`ld lrtnd l` xeaivd sygii ekxcy,zizeaxze zine`l.xira mipeyd mixwanle miayezl ziaxrnd milyexia ifkxnd dkiynd xz`l zicxynpiad dcreed ly dizepwqne dzcear lr oeayge oic,6,5451,43.06,l`xyi zpicn oeikx`.1950 xaehwe`a 1,miixehqid mixz` xetiyl,xhqe` 'c l`,milyexi,zewizrd zwlgn ldpn,oiaii 'y,29±42,1878,milyexi ziixir oeikx`.1950 qxna 15,milyexi,milyexi ziixir y`x xcrda ldwl xebq mewnd j` xez ea`a diiqpkd dzwep zezcd cxyn zxfra ik xqnp,dnbecl,jk dxiwgd zcre oeayge oic,17,5430,43.06,l`xyi zpicn oeikx` :e`x.mewna xneyl aivwz zaiyin g"ec,oiaii 'y,27±21,1857,milyexi ziixir oeikx` ;1953 hqebe`a 2,a,milyexi ipiiprl rvn`n,zxg` drici.milyexi,milyexi ziixir,1953 xanaepa 11,zexizd cecirl zvriind dvrend hly oi`,dxaqd hly xqg,mixawa dndef yi' ik zxqen,oixcdpqd ixaw avnl rbepa,1957 zpy dwlgnd,milyexi ziixir,slee dix`,'mixg`e miixehqid mixz`a xeiq',my :e`x.'mewnl dpeekd.1957 hqebe`a 1,gezitl

18 18 dwlgnd ldpn,lvpap wgvi x"c bivd,xird ly dzwelg mr,xexgyd zngln meza miirahd dkiynd inxeb ly mxcrida.ziaxrnd xirl qgia epefg z`,milyexi gezitl :lvpap xn`,xird ly dfa.mini dnk xiizd z` wiqrdl eppevxa m` zeycg dkiyn zecewp xevil yi meid epiid,milyexi geztl dwlgnd dligzd ea xy` lecb lrtn eze` ly zrxknd ezeaiyg dcin dpwa zebibgl oexh`zitn` mr,zekexrze,miqepik,miqxbpewl lecb oipa znwd icedid mrd ly zizeaxzd zelirtd fkxn zeidl milyexil xyt`i df lrtn.ine`lîoia 76.xira mikyenn mixewial migxe` itl` zexyr dpya dpy icn jeynl dfae,elek z` dne`d ipiipa znwda `ed s` d`x,mini mze`a milyexi ziixir y`x,xhqe` l`ipc :eznwda ilklkd otd z` yibcd `ed.l`xyia mweiy xzeia aeygd izeaxzd lrtnd ifkxnn cg`le,l`xyi mrl zexiizde zeaxzd fkxnl didi,dne`d ipiipa ly,df lrtn on :mixiize migxe` zeaax eil` jeyni lrtnd.elek mleray miaeygd zexiizde zeaxzd mle`,lrtnd znwd dlrz zexil oeilink.ux`d xeck ieevwne l`xyi zevetzn,ux`d dne`d ipiipa.llka l`xyile milyexil dpy icn enxfi,xf rahna owlga,zexil ipeilin dwfg dtigc ozi dfd lrtnd meiw.dceqin zinlyexid dlklkd zkxrn z` zepyl miieyr mdipinl mizexiyde dxeagzd,dk`lnd,diiyrzd,dgx`d itpra ihxt oed zerwydl mb 77.daexwd milyexi zaiaqa ze`lwga s`e zpya dpnzpy,(aexfai) xfr xcpqkl` did dne`d ipiipa znwd ixeg`n digd gexde mfeid 78 axd epeiqip rwx lre,eciwtz sweza.zicedid zepkeqd ly ilklkd xecnd ldpnl 1949 rivd,miyelyde mixyrd zepya aia` lza gxfnd icixie ux`d zxvezn zekexrz oebx`a,dlklka xird iigl fkxn didiy oiipa ziaxrnd milyexia zepal miine`ld zecqenl xfr zepkeqa milyexi gezitl dwlgnd ldpn,l`vpap `"i x"c,s21/402,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d.'dlklkd iyp` zrc' dxcqa zicedid zepkeqa d`vxd,1949 ileia 7,zicedid lr xhqe` l`ipc xird y`x mr ipeteicx oei`x aezky,29±42,2095,milyexi ziixir oeikx`.1950 ileia 6,dpaxegn dnw milyexi :`yepd zpya.xiaiqa zipeivd drepzd ipey`xn did,dpi`xwe` cili,(1973±1895 ;aexfai) xfr xcpqkl` myn dlr 1921 zpyae,zinlerd zipeivd zexczqdd ly zebivp dpey`xl my cqiie oiql `vi 1920 mqxt 1926 zpyn.(1934±1923) 'diyrze xgqn' ilklkd zrd azk ly jxerde cqiind did.ux`l PalestineÎl eny aqed okn xg`l.palestine and Near East :mya zilbp`d dtya ilklk oezir mb,'dne`d ipiipa zxag' ly dceqii mr,1949 zpya.1944 zpy cr rited `ede,and Middle East zpya 'xeyrd zkexrz'e 1953 zpya 'dnnyd yeaik' zekexrz ildpnn did.illkd dldpnl xgap lgde,dlynnd mrhn zexiizd ipiipr lr dpenn yniy 1954 zpya.(xn`nd jynda e`x) 1958 xdcz :e`x.dxagd ureil dpnzd,(z"ngd) zexiizl zizlynnd dxagd znwd mr,1956 zpya x`a miige oiihycleb awri,hiay awri ;1349±1348 'nr,1949 aia`îlz,b,(32 dxrd,lirl).377 'nr,1983 aia`îlz,1948±1799 l`xyiîux` ly miyi`d oewiqwl,(mikxer)

19 19 79 dxwiry,xzei dagx dqitza xfr lv` dalzyd dne`d ipiipa znwd.zeaxzae dxaga zigxfnd milyexil mi`znd,'zezc yelyl ycewd xir ± milyexi' zlaewnd dxcbdd ztlgd zpicnle zecdil zcgeind,ziaxrnd milyexi z` xzei znledd dxcbda,miyecwd zenewnle icka did xfr ly ef drvda.'zinlerd zecdid ly ipgexd fkxnd ± milyexi' :l`xyi zicedi zeikynd xevil,cala zecdid zaehl zipgex dpigan ziaxrnd milyexi z` cgiil `le zinlerd zecdid zrceza dnewn z` aigxdl s`e,xird ly iaxrnd wlga dnvrl yeakl zixard milyexi ezrcl lkez dne`d ipiipa zervn`a.`weec zil`xyivx`d,'zinlerd zecdid ly ipgexd fkxnd ± milyexi' byende,ine`le ipgex fkxnk mewn zecdid ly dizexivi z` reaw ote`a xira bivdl egilvi m` iynn okez lawi,ezxcbdk,miifkxnd miicedid zecqend lk lr jk myl.dxagde zepn`d,zeaxzd ighya zinlerd fkxnl ziaxrnd milyexi zkitda wlg lehil,didi xy` mayen didi,mipebx`de zebltnd 80.lirt ote`a okez eze` `lnle zecdid ly ipgex dziid zixwird dxhnd.odl ynyi dpandy zexhn yely `et` eaved dfd oeirxd gexa `l` dleba `l,eiqepik z` d`lde dzrn miiwl ipeivd qxbpewd lkei eay mewn xevil.mixg` miine`lpia miqxbpew s`e miinlerd miicedid miqxbpewd ea eniiwzi.milyexia zipeivd drepzde l`xyi mr ly igvpd xywd z` xzeia iynnd ote`a `haz oiipad znwd miwdl zipeivd drepzd ly melgd z` lreta `et` miybz eznwd.milyexi mr zinlerd ziaxrnd milyexia miiwl xyt`l dziid diipyd dxhnd.izepn`e izeaxz fkxn xira m`zene ipxcen dpana agxd xeaivl zexg` zeizeaxz zeielirte mihxvpew,oexh`z zebvd zekexrz xira miiwl xyt`iy lecb miqepik oiipa zepal dziid ziyilyd dxhnd.dtewzl 81 milkd cg` zeidl crei dne`d ipiipay dler dl` zexhnn.miine`lpiae miicedi mi`yepa riiql did cizr `ed.inlerd icedid zeaxzd fkxnl ziaxrnd milyexi zkitdl miifkxnd d`liny ciwtzd z` `lnle,elek mlerde dne`d ipira ibevii mewn qetzle xefgl xirl jka.zexecd jldna mlerd lka micedid iiga milyexi micixide zekexrzd i`ceel aexw ecnr,xfr xcpqkl` my`xae,lrtnd infei ipir cbpl mixwan itl` ze`n mipyd jldna mdil` ekyn md.mixyrd zepya lgd ux`a ekxrpy.ihixad oehlyd inia ux`a mixiiz ly zxaebd zepiiprzdl miaeygd miiehiad cg` eide zexag mb mda etzzyde ux`d zxvez mda dbvedy,gxfnd icixi znbec,dl` mirexi`,ely icegiid ienicd ziipaae ux`a icedid xfbnd ly weeiya ifkxn mewn eqtz,l"egn xfr xcpqkl` my lr mle`d zgizt qwha mixac,oiwyiqe` xn,a458/27,ifkxnd ipeivd oeikx`d.1974 ileia 15,dne`d ipiipaa.jx`ezn `l,milyexi ornl zilklkd dxagd l` iwqapexeh 'ee aexfai '`,S21/99,my ipipa zxag i"r) milyexia zekexrzde miqxbpewd oiipa znwdl mixtqne zecaer,s21/403,my,ezencwzda lrtnd lr zeknqen zerici ± mpipaa dne`d ipipa ;mezg `l,1949 xanvc,(n"ra dne`d.` dpy,1 'qn oeilb,1950 xanaepa

20 20 82 zekexrzd.mlerd zepicn mr xgq fkxn ickl ux`d ly zilklkd dzegztzd lr ecirde rvn`a lgd axrnd z` dtgqy,milecbd miinlerd micixid zpt`a ealzyd micixide ecwty lecbd mixwand xtqna ercepe,zipxcend zeine`ld zexxerzd on wlgk,h"id d`nd 83.mze` oiipad ite`a `hal oevxd dler dne`d ipiipa oepkzl dfxkedy zianetd zexgzd i`pzn zine`ld zedfd ziipada enewn z`e ibeviid eciwtz z` ipexird agxna zhlead ezegkepae :ziaxrnd xird ly dycgd zizeaxzde,xird z` ynyiy milyexia ixeaive igxf` fkxn ly oirxbd z` eedi dl` oiipa iyeb oexztd ixd,ezaiaqe eciwtz,oiipad ite`a zeaygzd jezn.zinlerd zecdide dpicnd didi oipady mipeyd mihpnl`d lk ly ilpeivwpete ipeibd xeciqa wx `l `hazi mlyd izklnnd ybxde oipad ly d`pe zizin` zipehwhikx` zenc aevira mb `l`,mdn akxen fkxnk daiaqd lk lr helyie...zagxznd xird ly irahd fkxnd df didi...ea oenhd 84.miccvd lkn hand dpten eil` xy`,hlea ipehwhikx`,xhkx a`f lkixc`d da dkfe milkixc` cg`e mirax` etzzyd dpand oepkzl zexgza zekfa ax oihipen xav xhkx.ux`a dxehwhikx`a zipxcend drepzd iy`xn cg`l aygpy 85.miveaiwa mipey mipane mixebn ipan oepkza xwira,mirax`de miyelyd zepya eizecear ztewza aia` lza xwira eniiwzdy,milecbd miixeaivd mirexi`de miine`lpiad micixid zrtez lr zepya aia`îlza zipexir zeaxze zigxf` dxag ly ozeyabzd,onld zpr :dagxda e`x,hcpnd,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ez zlaw myl xeaig,miyelyde mixyrd zertezk micixie milaihqt,miqepik ifkxn lr dazkp dtpr zixwgn zextq.157±120 'nr,2000 zinewnde zine`ld dee`bd getiha mnewn lr,mzegztzd ly zipxcend dixehqidd lr,zeinler oia :e`x.mlera mipey mixz`a zexiizd meciwl sepn meik miynyne xara eyniy eay ote`d lre David C. Petersen, Convention Centers, Stadiums and Arenas, Washington 1989; :xzid Colin M. Hall, Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning, London 1992; Christopher M. Law, Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities, London 1993, pp iayezn yilyk,mixwan oeilin dyiyk ea exwiae 1851 zpya oecpela miiwzd oey`xd inlerd cixid myxp diipyd mlerd zngln cr eniiwzdy micixia mixwand xtqna `iyd.dtewz dze`a dilbp` Robert W. Rydell, :e`x.aexiwa mixwan oeilin dryze mirax` exwia eay,(1933) eb`wiya cixia World of Fairs: The Century of Progress Expositions, Chicago 1993; Maxine Feifer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to Present, New York 1986; Donald Getz, Festivals, Special Events and Tourism, New York 1991 milyexi,1990±1948 zenegl uegn zipxcend diipad :milyexia zelkixc`,xwp`iexw cec lv` hhevn.92 'nr,1991 diip`d ly dpetiq lr 1919 zpya dvx` dlr,diqexay dwalaew cili,(1960±1899) xhkx a`f zpyn.(1933) aia` lza micenr ipiipa ly mippkznd oey`xl aygpe zelkixc` cnl.'o`lqex' xg`e,(1936) glnd mi seg lry dilwa oelnd zia did oey`xd.xeaiv ipan znwdl xqnzd