mixetlxiy-'miypyelylrycgdtixiy'

Transkrypt

1 oneipî`pdk dclfe oiaex dbp mixetlxiy-'miypyelylrycgdtixiy' dncwd.`.1,(1650jxra,b`xt)'miypyelylrycgdtixiy'dfxn`nwqereayxiyd 1.8Ë556 `ed extqn;cala cg` wzera cxetqwe`ay dp`ilcead zixtqa `vnp ici lr dkxrpy,dpyid yicii zextq ly dibelezp`l qpkpe wzred xiyd zextq lr onley ly extql `xewd z` qwiixt dptn extqa epi` o`nley ly extq,dyrnl,j` 2.qwiixt 'b 3,ztqep divnxetpi` myl dpyid yicii ote`a wx qgiizn o`nley,qwiixt s` oiivny itk.mitqep mihxt `xewl siqen onley okîenk.illk ote`a yiciia dxiyl :xnelk 4,"df beqn hqwh"l illk eze` xikfn epi` `ed.df xn`n ly e`yep `edy mieqnd xiyl dptn epi` `ll dpyi yiciia dxiyd lr zillk dxiwq ozep o`nley.ekezn hhvn epi`e lr cirn epi`y i`xw` ote`a xnegd z` beeqn `ed.dxexa dibelecezn lk o`nley ly exwgn f`n.oyein o`nley ly exwgn.xp`'fd ly exyer 5,zixqen dxiy :dpyid ziciid dxiya mipey mibeq lr miipxcen mixweg ecnr dxiy 9,zipeylÎec dxiy 8,gekie ixiy 7,zit` dxiy 6,zixehqid dxiy Steinschneider M. Catalogus Liberum Hebraeorum In Bibliotheca Bodleiana, Berolini: :d`x Typis A Friedländer, , 3667; Coeley A. E. A Concise Catalogue of the Hebrew Printed Books in the Bodleian Library, Oxford 1929, p :oldl) Frakes, Jerold C. Early Yiddish Literature , Oxford 2004, pp (qwiixt 'nr.1913,`bix, dzextqe zifpky`îzicedi zty.`,o`nley.637'nr,qwiixt xnypy,dfxtq)1627,oitedoit`twgvixaxcpqkl`'xl daixne dqn xtq:dnbecl iwqp`ipxeh.g ici lr miiley zexrde dncwd ieeila dpey`xl qtcp,ciîazka.(1985îa milyexia oi` oyiprryrb ic obree cil yix`hqid hp`w`ane` o`" iwqp`ipxeh.g :d`x 'nr,1986,b,9 zecdid ircnl inlerd qxbpewd," oiinc hxe wp`x inlerd cebi`d oerici,"`xwnd lr yiciia zit`d dxiyd xwgn",iwqp`ipxeh.g:d`x.39-27'nr,1987,27,zecdid ircnl 'nr,1983,32 zextqd,"fpky`a eleblibe icedid gekiedîxiy",iwqp`ipxeh.g :d`x.12-2 oebi jily`' ipeylîecd xiya fpky` oeyll ycewd oeyl oia",iwqp`ipxeh.g :d`x

2 zepwqnl ribdl mizirl eqip el` mixwgn 11.micrenle zayl mixiye 10,zi`xwn meid cr j`.miitivtq mixiya ewqr mizirle,llek ote`a dxiyd xp`'f iabl dpigan od,ax mekgza oiit`zn xy`,df beqn xiyl dpt `l cg` s`y d`xp ep`,efn dxizi.mixetd bgl(epzrcl jk) crein `ede,zipan dpigan ode zipkez dxivi :dpyid yicii ly dpina zcgein drtezn wlg `ed df xiy ik zexeaq zebdpzd lr geecn dkezîjezayk- dxeg`e dnicw- zipwcv zxbqn dtehrd.dpnf za zicedid dlidwd z` dbi`cdy xiyddpan.a z` wlgl ozip ik `id xiyd dpan iabl dil`n zpaende dpey`xd driawd sebe,eneiqae xiyd ly ezligza z`vnpd,zxbqn :miixwir miwlg ipyl xiyd akxen zxbqnd z` gzetd wlgd.miyp yely zece` lr xetiq `edy xiyd `xewd z` oaxcne ezxivi z`e envr z` bivn xagnd day,zillk dncwdn meiqa eli`e.xiyd z` bivnd,belexte,enlrii mdy iptl miwzer sehgl.dzr df bivdy xetiqd z` yxtne aey axrzn xagnd,belit`a,zxbqnd ipydmizadz`liknbelextd.oey`xdziadlkz`dliknzillkddncwdd lr xetiqd.iriaxd ziad ly zepey`xd zexeyd rax` z`e m`elna iyilyde dxeyl cr iriaxd ziad ly ziyingd dxeydn rxzyn zezeyy miypd ziyingd dxeydn rxzyn belit`dy cera,xyr dyiyd ziad ly ziriaxd.mi`admizadipyjxe`lexyrdyiydziadly df alya.ef zitivtq zxbqn ly dpanl xzei hxetn ote`a jynda qgiizp od o`k mi`ex ep`y zillkd dncwdde zinvrd dbvddy jk lr wx riavp.dnecwd dtewza dxiyl cegiiae illk ote`a ef dtewza yicii zextql zeipiite` jezaievnydna`ed(eplyxn`ndcwenedfokle)dfxiylyyecigdepzrcl.envr xiyd ly eteba:zxbqnd ±±±±±±±±±±±±± xac df" mdxa` oa opgl`,olrd :d`x oke, 'nr,1997,`i±h zxeqn,'dgp`e dhlewtd,milyexi,zixard dhiqxaipe`d,"zelbd jxe` lr d`p xnfe xiy `ed ycg.g"kyz,yicii zextql begd- gexd ircnl,c,`p uiaxz "reyedi xtq lr yiciia zeit` zexiy izy",iwqp`ipxeh.g :d`x 10 cidîazka dievn epl drecid xzeia dnecwd zi`xwnd dxiyd 'nr,1982 epniqe 'bcixaniiw zhiqxaipe`a zrk) zixidwd dfipba `vnpy,yiciia xzeia mecwd lr xiy,ocrd ob lr xiy :md df sqe`a mii`xwn mi`yep lr mixiyd.(t-s.10.k.22 miax mii`xwn mixiy.wicvd sqei lr xiye oxd` ly ezxiht lr xiy,epia` mdxa` l`eny"d md,dncp jk,xzeia mirecid.xzei zexge`n zetewzn mb epl mixken mitqep."jea mikln"de"jea.92-51'nr,1982,'i xtq ilr,"yiciia zexinfde'lxyhpra'd",iwqp`ipxeh.g:d`x

3 etebxiyd.b e`/e dad` ixiy.miyp yelya wqer xiyd ly eteb,zxzekd driavny itk epi`y dn.dnecwd yicii zxiya mixicp mpi` zelk e` miypl micreind mixiy zeiaihxq`d.odilral oqgie miypd zebdpzd ly xe`izd `ed df xiya libx zeipxcen miypl zipiite`k ytzidl hlgda dieyr elld miypd ly ze`nvrde ytzidl leki,iewl ote`a cwtznd bef ly o`k mi`ven ep`y xe`izde.cala ote`a zlretd zipxcen zeibef ly xe`izl xzei mi`znk,ipxcend `xewd ici lr izlazegtdlkl`ed,z`fze`exep`yitk,etebxiydzxbqnd`ll.yaeyn.rfrfne xirqn s` ile`e,il`peivpapew xiyd ly yiciia dqxbd zixarl dnebxze 12 miypyelylrdtixiy :zexwi miyp,oz`.ycgdtixiye`x,mixabe :zepebd miyp yely cvik :odilral a`k enxb.gfxndziaadlilemeieayiod[5] :odilra owf z` eylze z`faaxrlelkiod,oiidornle :xteqn[dfd dyrnd]e :dti dpibpna!zrkdfdxiydz`epwokl[10] :jkn egxaz l`e.miax miwzer izpkd `ly meyn.ethgii mlek dxdna :o`iex oail xi` hxree cil `iip oiy oii` oip`n 'pe`.o`iey xi` oii xaiiee `iixc `iee :oiit oip`n dxi` o`hib oa`d orc`iiah p'pe`b`hoyrfboiif[5].oit`v oii` :oit`xhxra`icoipnxi`'pe` oprw oiiee orc `iia jif oa`d 'pe` oxiywpa :oxicpty xiwee'pe` :ox`eebh nbobipoiyoii`hinfi` o iewclacilfchehmexc[10] :o ieloe xrchip'pe` :owexcof`lli hipa`dji`orc :oiwevx cla`ifl`fon mr enebxz iabl epvriizd oiaex dbpe oniep `pdk dclf ici lr azkp xn`ndy s` 12 md.xewna miniiw mpi`y,weqit ipniq eptqed zixarl mebxza.xnx xhqpn qiqwl`.d`ixwd lr lwdl ick etqep 159

4 ipec`,midel`,ed[1] epi`hgl lgen dz`.miigcerep`cerlk reeyn wcvîi` miiw leka.dyeae mi`hg wx gfxndzialekldod eca`wcviig.gvpn ryxd :oxrdoiinh`b`ecj`[1] hyeho`iivx cpifxfpe` :oarl hxcepvi` xin liiee henxai`xyexbfi`fl`.cpy'pe`cpifxhielyl` :wp`eey orc oi` obprb `if :ox`l x fi` hiiwnex :hpd xai` hnrp hiidfiea diizydlyamc`ca`nmizirl[2] :ezpeazz`eelkyz`,eiyegz` melklrayegepi``ed mbe sqk ca`n `ed diizyd lya 13.zeghad `vei `edyk eicli mbe ezy` lek`l miwwezyn zeaexw mizirl.ziaamglmdloi`e o iefxtheho`nx prn[2] :cphyx 'pe`uiee'pe`oifoiif :owprcajifxrhehywip :cp` hj`'pe`hlrbh efx.fiex`hlrhyjifxroree :w"y] :fiexw hin cpiw 'pe` aiiee oiif [xi prn oiyr oxrb `if ohl`ee l`n oi prn :fiedoi`hexaoiiwoad'pe`.zrkmixabdz`aefr`[3].[jkl]milbeqnmdwx`l.wlg[jka] zegwel miypd mb.xeaiva zezey od 14,zeiytega oii xg` zeytgn od 15.mipyrx ixg` zeytgn sqepae miwicvd miyp`l mxeb df xac.mei lka zeycg zexvl z`e 16 'xheew'`eddnzerceiod[4] ezcin wiecndmydz`zerceiod iptl zeaexw mizirl zezey od.dgex`d :oaiilaof`lji`lieexiprn`ic[3] :oiil`hipfroprw`if :xaiieexrcli j`haibfr :oiinb ypi` o ief `if :`iix h efoiee`ic`ifoad :`iiaxch efxit`lw`ic'pe` oiprnonex orch nonfc :`iipb`hil`oib`ltdyexbx`b :oiqrn x 'pe` oixheew ohp`w[4] h rxon`porc`ifoa`d :oiyrorcx h e`owpixh`if.oewizd it lr epnbxz ep`."cp` h" mewna"cp` t" zerha o`k `xw qwiixt 13 ote`a xeywy `yep `id xeaiva ziyteg diizy xwira,"ziyteg diizy" ly `yepd 14.mixetd bgl wecd."xrb`xb" `id oyrxl dlind eppnf za yiciia.zipnxba zynyn"xit`lw" o`k dlind 15."oii ly dcin"

5 .rpkeyn ip` dfa 17 zepebd miyp yely xy`k.cgia zeybtp aldlkazg`dzxne` 'aeh oii dxikn ip`'.h ixa oia y i` ef` oii xaiiee `iixc fc `iee :oiifonewon`fev :oi rxty le`ee heh oii` ic :oiiee oheb oii` yiiee ji` zezyl 18 belivgeploz[5] mixg`n ep`y meyn epa`pwnydf.oii mewna min dzyiy aehgexavnlmxeboii.ixh,dti mcl mkz` bi`ci `l sqkdy.sebl aeh[oiid] df :owpixhq`naldoii`fpe`hf`l[5] oiifdn`f`iiaxinliiee opibx hehhipfpe`xree oiieex xyeewpixhxc oii`heno lix h noiieexc :hela ybpei yix oiy :o`iixhiphlrbfcjii`hf`l :hebevaiilorchnewfr 19 :dvixwa zg`d zxne`[6] belivginirzgwelip`' jklkaxonfo`kzaylilxeq`.'il dyxn epi` ilra :ahid dkiynn ziyilyd?jlraz`zl`eyz`recn' zrcl mikixv `l milrad.'zeyer odizeypy dn lk ovieehinj`xtyoii``ic[6] hinji`b`eeq`naldoii` ovifevecbplhipsxcji` :hipxinhiexhonoiin :o`l`eej`xtyhixcic :on oiic jep ehybrx y`ee :oyieefl`hipofenxiprnic :o`eh xaiiee ic y`ee gfxndzialeqpkpod[7].miypd yely lk dti oze` laiw xvlnd.gepa yibxdl odl `xwe ohwxp`iad`ed.zefixfae zexidna uxe zeqekdz`dwip`ed.oii miypl `iade obpbifox`eefiedyhxieefcoi`[7] :`iixc il` xaiiee `ic obp hp`oii ifhedhxiexc :oiifmewliee`ifqid'pe`.oiilcprw fc m`p xr 'pe` cpieeyb 'pe` whxed sil 'pe` :oiit :owpreeyxrhehxfrlbic :oiiee oxaiiee orc h `xa'pe`.ipexi`ote`a"oebd"x`ezao`kynzynxagndikhlgdaepld`xp 17 oa" 18 `k wxt mixac i"yx itîlr "bel" zixard dlina yeniyd."diizy ly dcin" 18 i"yxlv`dn."oiibelivgdzyiexyaxnihxzlk`ieaepbiycr,aiigepi`dxenexxeq.zfxten diizy lr riavn"bel"d epxiya mb.inixet oepbqa xacn xiyd ik divwicpi` `id dvixwd o`k mb

6 gex avna eide zezyl elgd od [8] aeh oxeara befnl gxken did xvlnd sqepa daeh diipngl odl `iadle dyiy [hlgda / zegtl] dlwyy 20.micpe`t oxearce`ndaxd[...]diddf,cilr(didy)aehdbcde[...].ghal micpe`t dying mb lwy x`ee 'pe` :owpixh ev o` aed `if [8] obpic xheb oi` owpryoii``ifhfenhxeexc obprxa oiilhrxa heb oii`'pe` :hpe ywrf le`ee hbree fc :hp..]x`b`ifx`eey`c :oarpxrcyi oheb[ic :cpe t spi oe jie` le`ee hbree diipngldz`elk`od[9].bcdz`mbe cgieayiod.egp`loiicrj` ziagneqekncerecerezyod.belmixyrleribdodycr :oyrb`ifoa`doiilhrxafc[9] :evxcj`yi orc :oqrfb xcpp` `iia oiif `if :`exoiiwj`phrd`if xrn 'pe` xbprl `iee owp`xh `if f`lb'pe` oip`w fie` :q`nwivpeevox`eebfi`frfcfia cqtdmeylreayg`lod[10] axrd ribdy cr xib gwl xvlnd ogleyd lr [mekqd z`] z`f azke.ohwd mixl`h dyely diizyd lr oz`ved' zrkmze`lawlgxkenip` xzei mkl zeeldl leki ipi`.'zeplaq cer il oi` :oc`yoiiwo`owprcb`if[10] m`whpa`orcfrfia ociixwicm`phxeexc oiilyihorco`yraixy'pe` :o`hx oiifxl`h`iixc o`dhxcpevdji`fen`ic obx`axbprlhipo`wji` :o`xcfiexcx oiiwa`dji` epzp(odn) miizy[11].miwpx`d jezn odly mixl`hd z` ahid al eniy,ziyilyd welgd z` xiqdl dgxken dziid 21.dly dziad zkll dgxken dziid `id.cala mipezgzd dicbaa.miphwe milecb dilr ewgv okle :oarb opeh `iieev `ic[11] :yiex` xw`ee xl`h ixi` oarhwxnihixc`ic yie`odiv`ifhfenw`xoxi`.miid`oib`ifhfencnrdoi` oiilw'pe`yexbo `lo`ehef`."lwyn ly dcin" 20."dly zi`vgd" mb mbxzl ozip

7 dziizy xeara dxkn `idy.xwoiixearadlywelgdz` o `fx hedifyc :oiieeoleworc`iiaw`xxi` dziad dribd `idy rbxa[12] 22.dlyuengdd`xnlalmydlra medple xegpl dlgd `id.[cg`] ovnw dz`,wezy' dxn`e epwfa eze` dytz `id wfgjklkdhxne lefpl lgd mcy.dhnl epwfn :onewmiid`heh`ifoep`iee[12] o`x`iefx`b`ifj`fonxi` ev 'pe` o xepy ev o` `if aed ef` onexa o`nxfiel`ecbiieeyhibhb`f'pe` hx`aorciiao`mi`m`p`if hx`def`oi`h tex`if :oqil helafchehmi`f`c :a`pd hx`a oiif xai` xn` `ed 23,'ed ed,ed'[13] 'dxwid izaed`,iaal(z`)' oevxa jl glq` oiil xgn ixfg,iaxbe ilrp 24.sqepa xac lke miiqpkn diizy xear lekd z`f ifafa.jklyailiviaxzl`wx.o`iixyxrheh`ieej``ieej`[13] oiin ihyail xil` uxd o`iivx oxrbxiclieeji` oiiee mev xciee obx`n `ib :`ey oiin'pe` stnexhy oiin :evxcf`ee'pe`ofied o iefx fl`hyl`f`ec :evxchipx`pjinb`ly :ahid dkiynd dyi`d[14] lcg :zernyna] ovnw yi`,aywd [miyi` xal jl`yk dxkeyl dzy`e dziad ize` liaeze `eaz f` ily ohwd dpiyd xcgl dti ize` hytde.dphwd izhina ize` akyde :o`le`eej`xty`iex `ic[14].o`nxfel`ecevxrd :`ibfiedyhxieefcoi`ji`oree :o`d owpexhb le`ee'pe` :miidjinxi 'pe`mewef` oiilxnrw s`ly oiin oi` :odivyie`ytidjin`eh'pe` oiilhrafcoi`jinbil'pe` epxga ep`.dyi`d ly e` lrad ly `ed 'uengd d`xnd' m`d hqwhd on xexa `l befd ipa oia divwipenewd xqegl xzei mi`zn `ed ik epl d`xpy meyn df mebxza.elld,yiciiadlvddz`ixwgqepitlr'iieeie`,iieeie`,iieeie`'mbxzlozipo`kikokzii.jkazegehaepiid`lj` ep`."jka xeywy dn lke iqpkn" `ed oekpd yexitd ik okzii.xexa `l hqwhd on.hqwhd ly xzei zipxnyd d`ixwd z` eptcrd

8 cerxewmeyyjk[15],itebl xecgl lkei `l.dti bdpz dz`yk 'daehd diitdtid izy`',dgnya z`f dyr`' lrad xn` jze`qirk``lyick.'jpevx z` riaydl dvex ip`e :ohlrwxchehhipxiny`c[15] aiiloiinoi`oip`noiin ohlda oii ehyxree ef` :aiiee ypiy ytid oiin oxrb ji` liee yc j`xty o`n xrc :o`h :opxrvxclieehipjicji`yc :o`dolieeohebxic`iia'pe` yinlke[16] dyi`z`fkljkweicadyer aehlenbelozimidel`.cin eze` xiyrie mialke milezg enk rbxlkamiigmd mdly ziad zwfgda dipenxdd zcae`.medzl rwey lekde :heh oa`d x lree oe`[16] :jiilb ev aiiee y lrf oii` ha`bale`eeh`bh`dmrc :jiixclaoii mi`h n'pe` :cped `iee'pe` ov`w `iee cpehyil``ifoarl oxelx fi`bpehldfiedxi` :cpexbevoibyl`fenpe` el`miypl`xepdnk[17] otebl `xep,odilral zeiral zenxeb od odiqxk z` ze`lnne zexne` mb ode odizeit z` ze`lnn odyk.'ycgcbailzeyrlgxkendz`' x iieey`copiif`ieeii`[17].xaiil xrif ev `iee ob`ltop`n`icopehif.ob`n oxi` oli 'pe` [!]o rx y`ifopehj` o rx mxi` olit'pe` :ciilw`iipoii`o nxinhyen`ec miiq` dfa[18] ipblbld,recid ixiy z` (miyp`) dnk fibxdl ieyr `ed.zecez hrnl dkfi `edy okziie miwicvd z` ailri `ed azkp `edy meyn dlile mei miayeid dl` ornl :gfxnd ziaa.oqilyaji`lieehinxrc[18] bpfib oxih `w oihpwa oiin.oqixcx oi prnh `nyr :wpcbipieeopicx h rn'pe` :h `x me`onex `ic :h nbfrfi`orc ovifopehurhyic :h p'pe`b`hfiedyhxieeypi` 25 mler`xeal`l:gaymlypemz mler`xeal`l:gaymlypemy.zxaecnd dtewza ycewd oeylae yiciia mihqwha laewn meiq

9 zizxag ze`ivn.c ondwegxdpi`z`fdpenz.zezyld`aqnlze`veidmiyplrxacndfxiy yicii ixweg axwa aygpy,16îd d`nd on xqen xtq,'lbity hpxa'a.ze`ivnd zeicedid iig cgeinae,zxaecnd dtewza micedid iigl onidn jixcnk xe`izl icnl dnec xe`iz mi`ven ep` 26,dtexi` axrna xwira zeqqeand.drxdyi`ldaehdyi`oiadpgadmi`venep`'lbityhpxa'a.dfxiya`vnpd [?zxndn]edxiaegfxn[zia]ldzianonfdlkdvx'yzg``iddievx`ldyi` hpxa'd iabl oiivl migxken 27.'mpnf z` milkn miyp` ea mewn,miwgyna xzei izxewia oiicr `ed ea xe`izdy,(xqen xtq `edy meyn ile`) 'lbity zecaekn zeicedi zexab ly xe`izd,ipxcend `xewl,xen`k.epxiya xy`n efdyitz.oihelglxiaqizla`lm`ipeincznieqndcinad`xpxaazezeyd dyi`d on ipxcend `xewd ly zihqipexkp`d dklydd on,wtq `ll,zraep wtq oi`y d`xp.miipiad ini ly zeicedid miypd iabl epini ly ziqwecezxe` ze`ivnd zexnl,oiicre.mdd minia zxken dziid miyp ly z`fk zebdpzd ik eze` mi`ven ep`y ote`a zezey miyp ly xe`izdy wtq oi`,efd zizxagd dxhnd`et``iddn.zixqendpi`dfxe`izlydxhnde,ipeviw`eddfxiya,dpeekd iabl rney/`xewd z` lalal,berll crep df xiy,epzrcl?xe`izd ly ivg `ed df xiyy meyn.dxaga laewny dn lkl zcbepnd ze`ivn bivdle lr oze` jtede zeizxagd zenkqenl qgiizn `edy meyn,gcazn ivge ipivx dnkqenklaewnepi`ydneay,mieqnicedibglmi`zn`edyzeygep`,oy`x.mixetd bgl dpeekd:laewnl jted zizxag dxecdnd j`,1597îa aewxwa dqtcp 'lbity hpxa'd ly dpey`xd dxecdnd df xtql zixwird zeqgiizdd.1602îa lfaa dqtcp epicia meik z`vnpy dpey`xd ic oe xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc oe rhkiyrb ic",wixr qwõn ly extqa z`vnp wixr 'nra xwira,1928,rpliee,"d ewyîdlmud xrc fia oöv rhqhlr,eze` d`x `edy itk,miigd gxe`l qgiizn'lbity hpxa'd xagny dcaerd z` yibcn xac lk itlk dcg oir el dziid" :289 'nra xagnd lr xne` `ed jk.hxetn ote`a."dvignmeydziid`leldwoialepia:elymi`xewdldwz`xikd`id;eaiaqdxwy :(zixarl mebxza) `"r a"k,1602 b`xt,'lbity hpxa'dn `lnd hehivd z` o`k `iap zeyrlepnnzrpenerxdlkz`zeyrldlraz`zrpkyndef`id,drxdyi`j`" mdamizaae(xenidiwgynl)wgynle,dxiadeoiidzialziadononfdlkdvxe.aeh z`e zeabnd z`e.miiwp `l dhind z`e ziad z` dxizene.miryrzyn miyp` zrpene,zqpk zial llk zkled dpi`e.zevepd zetr dhind ilkne.miklkeln mipicqd cile dhina mixf mipiipr lr e` milha mixac ezi` zxacne.myl zkll dlran mb zwgev `ide.rny z`ixw zra mbe,dlya dweqr `id oefnd zkxa zrae ogleyd e` dwcv oziy dvex dpi`e.aixl eze` dziqne.miyp` lr zlkxne ezi` zhhewzne zxyi `edy dvexe,eilr helyl dvexe.'y`xd lr' lral zpzep `ide.migxe` qipkiy.'zxg` `le,zeyrl gxken dz` jke,didiy dvex ip` jk' :zxne`e.xac lka dze`.dfxiyaepybtpdniry,dlraadcexddyi`lyoineze`weicaedf

10 mixetl xiy.`.2 dpi` "mixet" dlind xiya mewn meyay zecedl zegxken ep` oey`x alya e`) zixarn d`veny zg` ddefn dlin wx yi envr xiya,dyrnl.zxkfp?mixetl xiya xaecny zexidvn epgp` recn,ok m` 28.(zinx`-zixar xetiql xnelk,inixetd hqwhl,oitiwra ik s`,i`ce ote`a crein df xiy xiyd;`edekxcamdawgynedlibndlymi`yepdz`gwelxagnd.dlibnd ely dpand mb.mixetd bgl mikiiyy mibdpnle mireci miizeaxz mihqwhl fnex xrt,`lten ote`a,mzeq `ed,seqal.mixetl mixeywd mi`yepd z` dwgn.dlibnd ly hqwha izeaxzd xywdd z` oiadl jxev yi,zexidvn ep`,zizextq dxivi oiadl ick z` rciil izeaxzd xywdl mipzep ep`y drya.dxvep ef zizextq dxivi eay zexg` zextq zexivil dzeqgiizd z`,daezkd zizextqd dxivid ly dpadd odil` qgidye,`idd zeaxza igy in lkl zereci eidy,dl encwy e` dpnfa jeza iygenl rztl jted,izeaxzd xywdd ly dpadd,izextqd hqwha'lezy' dazkp dprnly zeaxza igy in lkl zereci eidy zenxep.itivtqd hqwhd zereci ozeid zcaer z` gipd `edy meyn,xagnd ici lr eyxet `l,dxivid.elld zenxepd lkl"lewa `exwl" epilr,meik hqwhd z` mi`xew ep`yk.lekl zpadl epiptl dpgztizy zeax zeycg mikxc ze`xl epl xyt`z efk d`ixw j`,mc`dipaz`aiignxy`,mewnlyeonflyip`ihpwdopqndenk.hqwhd mihqwh ly mippqnd zxkd mb jk,micnnîax mlera cwtzl mdl dyxn mb mi`xewl mixyt`n,onfd zepa zeizxag zenxepe mpnfa mixken eidy miizeaxz.dxivia milinl xarny zeaxzd iigl mifnxd z` oiadl miwizr mihqwh ly ly miixwir mi`yepae gztnd ze`wqta,milina df xiya aygzp m`,epzrcl `l`epl oi`,mixetdbgly rixkndeipep`wdhqwhd `ed `ld,xzq`zlibn.wdaen inixet xiy epiptly wiqdl dlibnd i`yep.a oeirxd `ed,(dlibnd ly xetiqd seqa xwira) dlibna ritend aeyg oeirx wxt,xzq` zlibn:d`x).zhhenzn e` zktdp- div`ehiqd:'`ed jetdpe' ly `id dlibna zifkxnd dcewpd.(22 weqt,wxtd eze`a jyndae,1 weqt,iriyz ly mdingxl oezp icedid mrdy mewnae.dgny ly meil jted la`d meiy jyna zeizxeqn zeicedi zelidwa.mdn mingxl mippgzn mdi`kcn,mdi`kcn,z`f zeawra.wnerle agexl cere cer gztzd'`ed jetdpe' ly `yepd zexecd ziaa dievn yicii ly inx`-ixard aikxdn dae`y ze`ceeay df xiya dcigid dlind j`" milindy okzii,miileyd zexrda epiivy itk."oebip" dlind :8 dxeya,oey`xd.zipnxbdonzegewlopi`eyiciiaoxewnods`"`ieej``iee

11 zeizxag zenxep ly zehhenzd ly meik ytzp mixetd bg lk elld zelidwa ;cecirl dzkf meid eze`a,dze` exq` llk jxcay,xeaiva diizy.zeax elit`;meid eze`a mibrlpl ektd,mze` evixrd llk jxcay,miyecw mihqwh xzed,hlgda eze` exq` llk jxcay,(jtdle dyi`l xab oia) micbad jetid 29.df meia xetiqd.miyplmixaboiaygekdiwgyn`edxzq`zlibnaifkxnipy`yep (jlnd)dlraydnzeyrlizyedklndlydaexiqawqerdlibndz`gzetd.zxg` dklna slgeze zeklnd qkn gcez izyeey rivd jlnd urei.dilr deeiv :oihelglxexaote`aureidzpeekz`xidandlibndlyoey`xdwxta20weqt."ohw cre lecbnl odilral xwi epzi[izye ly dzgcdn d`vezk] miypd lke" jetidd,epxkfd eze` dlibnd ly oey`xd `yepa wqer zepc ep` eay xiyd ly dhilyd:epxkfd eze` ipyd `yepl eze` steke,zeizxag zenxep ly llekd,odilraa zehleyd miyp `ed o`k epl yiy dn,jkitl.odilra ici lr miypd.odizeypa mihley xy` milra `le ote`a xiyd zexey z` oegal onfd ribd zrk.agx ote`a xiya epc o`k cr.mixetd bgl zeieqgiizdd zegpen okid weica ze`xl ick xidf mipyrx.b miribn eppi` iyilyd ziad cr.zllek dncwda gzet epxiy,epxrd xaky itk miypdy epl xn`p,df ziaa ziyiyd dxeya.miyp axwa zexkyd ly `yepl o`k xagnd ynzyn day yiciia dlind."mipyrx xg` zeytgn" zexekiyd xiyknd z` dwizr yiciia epik da dlind dze` weica `idy,'xrr`lw' `id yniydfilkm`d 30.dlibna'ond'mydxkfenymrtlkayirxdlxen`yipcid j` 31.oky d`xpd lkk?miicedi `l e` mixetl mixeyw `ly,mixg` mixywda xtqa `evnl ozip miypl mixab oia ode mixabl miyp oia od micba ztlgdl xeyi` 'xeupinndcedi'xlyzeaeyzezel`ylysqe``edxtqd.1882îaaewxwaqtcpy,upin 'x ly 16 'qn daeyza xaecn.m"xdn enya recid,obiealpvw wgvi oa xi`n [...] dxiar xedxd df yeala oi`e":raewe mixeta miyealn ztlgdl qgiizn `ed day."rcei zeail ogeae diipyd ezxecdny,"mibdpn xtq"a ievn,df bdpnl,d`xp jk,xzeia mecwd xewnd mixirvdy bdpn miiw" :(zixarl mebxza) jk xn`p my.1593 zpya divpeea dqtcp 'ond'oa`lreazk.mipyiptlmlv`bdpybdpndno`klribddf[bdpn].ondz`mikn ick dlibnd [z`ixw]a 'ond' myd z` exn`yk zxg` oa` mr ekd z`fd oa`d z`e.(`"rc"r-a"rb"r)"awximiryxmy:e`.enygni:xnelkwgniiondlymydy miwlg dryz"ux`d" oezir ly izextqd sqena xtiv ipa mqxt ipei-lixt` miycega aeey lqxn icedid iztxvd xteqd ly "miclid ly alvd rqn" `xwpy xtq jezn inin zixehqid zxeqn lr qqean `ed j` 1896 zpya mpn`,qtcp xtqd.( ) olwn `vi f`,1212zpy ly aia`"l qgiizn xtqdly ixehqiddqiqad.alvd irqn.milyexil mdipt znbne q`lewip enye xrp my`xae micli ly alv rqn dipnxbay

12 z` yniy izxeqn ote`ay xacd eze`,o`k mipyrxd ly xekf`d,dxwn lka ep`y icnl daeh divwicpi` `id,mixeta xeaiva dlibnd d`xwpyk mirneyd.mixetl dxeywd div`ehiqa o`k miwqer ipivx`lxeaic.c did mixeta xzeia miaed`d mibdpnd on cg`,zeizxeqn zeicedi zelidwa,el` z` ellid llk jxca mihqwh ly el` brl icenil 32."mixet zxez" xeaig dnbec epi` ote` meya eply xiyd mpn`.brll wxe j` miie`x,dpyd jynay :elld mihqwha `vnpy z`f enk dibhxhq` dze` hwep `ed j`,"mixet zxez"l ziaa.dpya zxg` dtewz lka dpebn didz ea z`vnpy'zcaekn'd zebdpzdd zetq`znd"zecaekn miyp" yely lr xacn xagnd,ziyingd dxeya iriaxd epi`xagndydfhqwhly(belit`donmbjyndae)belextdnmirceiep`.cgi oze` dpkn `edy rbxa.miypd ly ozebdpzd z` (dhrnd oeyla) xy`n xexiaa,ef lld zxinb.zinixet daiyg zxbqnl eldw z` qipkn `ed,"zecaekn" ly dig oir zvixwl izextq hpleeieew` `id,zipivx `l lld zxinb ly beq.xtqn dhilya miyp.d :xnelk.dlibna z`vnpd div`ehiqd z` jted df xiyy okl mcew epxn` zexeyd lr riavp zrk.mixabd lr 'dhily zeytez'y miypa xaecn o`k.jk lr zecirny dfd ziad ly dpey`xd dxeyd.iyiyd ziaa dpey`xl jka milwzp ep` zvxew `id.xzei zeipyiiad miypd zg` z`,siefn ote`a,epipta dbivn dfixkn,xidf ote`a,oiicr `id j`,(mixetl fnex envray hw`) dizexagl (eznkqdîi` e`) dlra ly eznkqda aygzdl dgxken `idy dyibxn `idy :eldw mr wgyn xagnd ik o`k mi`ex ep`.(4-3 zexey my d`x) dzebdpzdl dyrz`idyzb`ec`idykmbdlralydiitkdnxxgzydlzwwezynefdyi` ±±±±±±±±±±±±± cg` lk miclid rqn lr micirnd mipey zelew dpeny,miwxt dpenya aezk xetiqd.( îa mqxtzpy) ipyd wxtd jezn rhw o`k ze`ian ep`."zxg` ze`x zcewpn iy`xyerc,mkil`xn`xy`z`oiadlmkytpz`yim`"rxevndlyexetiq:awxt oyrxd.(.x.p,.p.k.f eply dybcdd)."dyw urn oyrx rprpn ip`e oal qcxaa dqekn miaye mixaerd al zneyz z` aqdl ick miipiad inia mirxevnd z` yniy mb mirbeyn - mgxk lra mibixg',xpiihyîmdy.` :d`x,dacp biydl dxhna mzlgnl.2'qn xei`,g"qyz milyexi,'miipiad inia dtexi`a zicedid dxaga mirxevne Zelda Kahan-Newman The text as Reference: An Examination of Purim Torah. In: :d`x 32 From Sign to Text: A Semiotic View of Communication (Yishai Tobin ed.), 1989, pp

13 dyi`d epiptl zbven,ef dyi`l 'dxhpew'k.zenkqend ilakl xarn crv / jlra z` zl`ey z` recn" dyegp gvna zxne`d,yelyd oian zhlead.(8-6zexeyd`x)"zeyermdizeypydnlk/zrclmikixvmpi`mixabd xeaiva zelhxrzd.e mixylizyelyditeiz`ze`xdldvxyexeyg`jlndyeplxn`p,dlibna dywazd izyeey `id dpeekdy epiad mipaxd.genyle zezyl elv` etq`py daehd jxcd didz,lekd ixg`,ef) 33 dinexrna mixfd micaeknd iptl ritedl dnliy `ide,hytzdl dzvx `l izyeey cera.(ditei iabl mze` rpkyl xzeia,iytegd dpevxn dhytzd dyrnl epxiy ly dtevgd dyi`d,diiga jk lr dyi`d.(rax`dxeyyyziad`x)jkmeynllkexcxcid`ldlramrdiqgie `yep dt,ok m`.dzebdpzd lr dlran 'migay'a dkef epxiya dtevgd ly zinixetd dnizl setk,(eze` exikd lekdye) dlibna"ievn"d,zelhxrzdd zhytznxiyadyi`d/mixg`icilrhytzdldywazdizye:"`edjetdpe" dlranmigayldkefz`fddyi`d/dlraicilrdyprpizye;iytgddpevxn.(minecn m` mb) Dlenbe dxwed.f zialxyrdrax`dziadonxarndeipinydzialiriaydziadonxarnd dxwedlyzlaewndzipazdepi`o`keplyiydn.xaqdmiyxecxyrdyingd,mwa`nn mivexn mi`xpy bef ipa o`k mi`ex ep`,jtdl.bef ipa oia miqgia.mdipia dipenxd ly xfen beq biydl ick diizy mikixve zltxerne cala iwlg ote`a dyeal dziad dribn,dyi`d,iriayd ziaa cg`dbd`iveddlramxhacer"cg`ovnwdz`,wezy"zndep`id.diizyn znxeb`idycrepwfz`zhxen`id.(ziriaxdxey,xyrmipyziad`x)eitn e`refrflydpi`dlralyezaebz,icnlxfenote`a,oiicre.mcellfiyjkl dxey,xyr dyely zia d`x) "jl glq` oevxa" xne` `ed z`f mewna.qrk zeyrl ozip dn zrcl dyw.dgilq dywia `l elit` ezy`y s`,(ziyily glqi`edyxne``edydcaerdzexnl.xyrmipydziaalradlyeizelinmr zexey rax`) ziad eze`a,"(dly) oiil xefgl" dze` oaxcn `ede,ezy`l oevxa ifafa")eze`yyexz`id,dfkote`abedpljiynz`idm`yoiivn`ed,(d`ld z` `iadl" `dyxt(xaea) oeixeb `a` yxcn -xzq` lr `zcb`c ixtq lynl,jk 33 "dnexre xzkd `l` melk dilr didi `ly `a` 'x xn`,zekln xzka dklnd izye izye dklnd o`nze" 12weqt`wxtxzq`i"yx:eyexita i"yx z`f gztny itk e`) zepa zhytn dziidy itl bxdize o`nzy ick zrxv da dgxty itl exn` epizeax -."zaya dnexr hytzy dilr xfbp zaya dk`ln oda dyere zenexr l`xyi 169

14 ly lilvdy,hlgda okzii.([ray dxey,xyr dyely zia]"diizy xeara lekd dtîlray hqwha miwqer eppi`y oeeik.ipexi` `ed "oiil xgn ixfg" milind el` milin dxwn lka.ze`ceea z`f zrcl jxc oi`,zxaecn dbvd deednd ezaebz ly zepexg`d zexeyl dpeek xzei daxd zqgiin dyi`dy xexa.zepeekn ziaa) daiyn `idy meyn,dlignl(?oevxle) ely l`ivphetl xy`n dlra ly drax` mizae`x) `et`,drivn`idy dn"...ovnwyi`dz`aywd" :a(`ad xy`kymeyn,dziizyz`ccerldidigxkendlray`ed(xyrdyingexyr,z`fdcinrn`idyitk.dhinlqpkidloevxjezndziadribz`id,diezy`id zrk.dhinl dze` qipkdle "dti dze` hiytdl" dlra leki,diezy `idyk :`id jkl dpepyd ezaeyz.lrad cvn oevx z`ln daebz d`iven ef drvd dvexip`e/jze`qirk``lyick/,dgnyaz`fdyr`[...]ce`ndtidizy`"."jpevx z` riaydl zg` s`y,oilneb iqgi ly zekxrn ly zkeaqz xzei `ed o`k epl yiy dn dnl al miny mpi`,lrad `l s`e,dyi`d `l.dax dvxrdl die`x `l odn cil df `le,df cil df mixacn md eli`k mi`xp md.xn` dly/ely befd oay mdipye,divw`xhpi` zxivil jxck zenil` mr dira mey oi` mdipyl.df wwcfz`idyjkickcrdiezydidzdyi`dykwxeicgieidimdipyymipian.mgdldidiyjklb`ciedhinldze`qipkidfyickdlral zepfafa :dfd xiya befd ipa oia dpiwzî`l zkxrn ly dnbec cer dpyi dxikfn dpi` xiya dyi`d mpn`.dyi`l micba zepwl ick sqk z`vede "ovnw" eze` dpkn `id,micba dl zepwl lrad ly epevx xqeg z` zeyxetn diralmbyze`ceeazerceiep`,z`flkae,(rax`dxey,xyrmipyziae`x) ode":dfbeqndyi`iablepze`rciinxtqnd.belit`djezn,xiydqgiiznef "'ycg cba il zeyrl gxken dz`' / odizeit z` ze`lnn odyk / zexne` mb dpelzd z` o`k ze`ex ep`.(dpeny cr yng zexey dxyr ray zia e`x) mb`id,diizylretqkz`zfafanezy`ywx`l:meiîdywlralydlibxd ziaa)ebvedepxiyaymiypdyelyyxekflepilr.ycgcbalretqkz`zfafan mey oi`y oeeik.jxr zelra / zecaekn miyp yelyk (ziying dxey,iriaxd ep`,daeyg e` zcaeknk aygiz elit` elld miypd ly ozebdpzdy iekiq ly dax dcina ozip,xagnd oze` dpik oda dfd x`ezdy oiincl wx zeleki dxey,xyr dyiyd ziaa zwfgzn zpeekn dipexi`a xaecny dyegzd.dipexi` lenbl dkfi,df lra enk ezy`l qgiizny iny ricen xtqndyk,ziriax dxwn o`k epl yi aey."cin eze` xiyrie aeh lenb el ozii midel`" :midel`n zenxepd zkxrn z` mixiknd,mi`xewd xiyd lk jyna:"`ed jetdpe" ly xexa xi`ydle hytzdl dgxkene xeaiva dzeyy dyi`y mircei,zlaewnd befye,zcaekn dpi` - dziizy xear melyzk ipevigd dcba z` dixeg`n zetvl leki epi` mivegp `l micba ziipw lr mbe diizy lr etqk z` fafany.mze` xiyrie mdl lenbi midel`y lra `ed ene`py dcaerd z` xizqn epi` xagndy,seqal,al miyl epilr 170

15 epl xtqn `ed,(belit`a) xiyd meiqa zxbqnl xfeg `edyk.dletk zxbqn dl` ornl / azkp `edy meyn / miwicvd z` ailri" exiyy jkl rcen `edy ly zepexg`d zexeyd rax` z` d`x) "gfxnd ziaa / dlile mei miayeid df xac?zxwten zebdpzd lr lldd z` xnebd xiy `et` epiptl m`d.(xiyd.`xewd ly ezhlgdl oezp xaecn`ldj`recidhpnl`d.g.zg` mrt Ele xkfen epi` midel`,dlibna xteqn `edy itk mixet xetiqa iyixgz yxgd m` ik" :dl xne` `ed,lertl xzq` z` ccerl dvx ikcxnyk.(14 weqt,c xzq` :d`x) "xg` mewnn micedil cenri dlvde gex z`fd zra midel`yxzq`lxn`ikcxn,micedimi`xewlymiaxzexecxakdfoaenyitk dlind,oiicre.lrtz `l `id m` icedid mrd z` livdl ick xg` okeq `vni lk ita `le ikcxn ita `l,zibdp dpi`,eil` oeekn jk lk hqwhdy,'midel`'.mixetd xetiqa zxg` zeny.mixetlyoepbqadaxdcina`ed,efdcewpamb,eplyxiyd,zeripvdlkmr `idxeaivadiizyy,lynl:rceiicedilkydnhlgenote`a`hanepi``ed mixabd oia zegek iwgyn ly `yepdy e`,hlgen ote`a mixetl zkiiyd zelirt ly eail al `ed,eizexev lka - jetidye,mixetd xetiq ly eail `ed miypde.mixet ly xqnd jetidlysqepdxwn:xiydlyedpan.h.ihnkq ote`a,belit`e xetiq,belext,dncwdn iepa df xiyy okl mcew epiiv :epiptl,ok m`.dncwd.1.`adziadnzexeyrax`ceremi`lnmizaipy:belext.2.xetiq.3.mi`lnmizaipycereziadlyzepexg`dzexeydrax`:belit`.4 ipan jetid mieedny belit`l belextd oia fex`y xetiq,`et`,`ed elek xiyd "`ed jetdpe" ly dxwn `ed o`k epl yiy dn,zexg` milina.ipyd ly cg`.ipan hqwha'xeg'd.i dklnde daiqn jxer jlnd.diizyae daiqna gzet mixet xetiq,epxkfdy itk day jlnd zaiqnl `eal zaxqn dklnd xy`k zeligzn zexvd.daiqn zkxer ly eivrei.(11,`,xzq`) "ditei z` mixyde minrd ze`xdl" dxen` `id enicwd md.dnewna dycg dkln xgaie dklnd z` gici `edy erivd jlnd 171

16 dpxn`z dfd meide" :18 weqt '` wxta ritend,xaqd mdly dvlndd ixacl ick[l ribpe -!!!] jlnd ixy lkl dklnd xac z` erny xy` icne qxt zexy milin eli`,xnel zelelr eid icne qxt ly miypd weica dn."svwe oeifa.mlern epl xn`p `l df xac?miizripn mirvn` hewpl jlnd iyp`l dpnexbz lydnixfdoeeikj`,zewiecndmilindz`eploi`.xertxegmrxzephqwhd zelelrod,odilralyd`lndmzhilyzgzeidi`lmiypdm`.xexahqwhd."eplwygznydndyrpep`?mdlyzeriazdz`emixabdz`jixvin"xnel dn z` weica zeyerd miyp ly zeienc epiptl zex`ezn mecwd iciid xiya odilraydnlalzeny`lezevexodydnzeyerod:epnncgtiqxtdjlndy weqta miiwy xrtd z` `lnn zxceqn dxeva x`zn xiydy div`ehiqd.miyxn.mixetzlibnly'`wxtaxyrdpenyd mipta zeiziira,zipwcv zxbqn.3 oihelgl dpey df xiy ly belextde belit`d ly oehdy okl mcew al epny yrxp,belit`ae belexta mirney ep` elew z`y,xtqnd.eteb xiyd ly oehdn miypd yely ly ozebdpzd,xetiqd seba j`.miypd yely ly zebdpzddn?dfmxevgekieenoiadlmilekiep`dn.zvxrps`ile`ezlaewnkzytzp zxbqn jeza zbvend zizxag dira ly dxwn epiptly rivdl zevex ep` zeizxagd zenxepd on diihqa oecl xagnl zxyt`n ef dibhxhq`.zipwcv.llke llk inyx ote`a dpecip dpi` z`fd diihqdy drya elit`,zeinyxd dtewza yicii zextqa zlaewn izla dziid `l z`fk dwihwxty zepin`n ep` ep`y `ad xn`na oberze dlbz ef dixe`iz ly dnly dbvd j`,dpecipd.mqxtl zecner 172