opex dcedi 2005 x`epia 22 ly zepylal bega (41594) ''zitexi` eced

Transkrypt

1 zitexi` eced dibelepet opex dcedi 2005 x`epia 22 ly zepylal bega (41594) ''zitexi` eced dibelepet'' qxewd mekiq zxagn.iwviaq d`l :dvxn zpy,zixard dhiqxaipe`d mzqd on,zerh yi m`.mdy zenk dxn` dvxndy mixac hqwha ze`xl oi`.dvxna `le,ia dxewn -xtd jxc ize` biydl ozip.zxagnl sqep rcine zepeirx,mipewiz lawl gny`. ay mih.mi`yep zwelg mr dheih :ddbd aly 1

2 mipiipr okez dncwd ?dibelepet idn qxewd megz dixehqid mi`bd in`zd minzeq milhpce mil`ial mix`leeh`l`te mix`le mix`leeia`l zerepz mihppeq j, w r, l mibpeztic milbpixl dnrhd miipeyl mipt miiepiy hixwqpq zeip`nxb zipeei zipihl zeia`lq mixevir zerepz ze`lah '` mihppeqpew '`.1 2

3 mil`ial '` mil`hpc '` mix`le '` mix`le eia`l '` zerepz '` zerepz '` zerepz '` zerepz '` mihppeq '` j, w '` n, m '` r, l '` mibpeztic '` oganl rcin 'a 3

4 dncwd 1?dibelepet idn 1.1 xyt`.xaicd zwtd ly iqitd cva zwqer dwihpet.dwihpet xicbp,dligz :mipeeik ipyn "dbd" xicbdl relae dta mixai`d xe`iz.lilvd ly dwtdd ote`,reviad ote` oeeikn.milret md mda ote`de,oezpd dbdd zxivia mitzzynd ea ote`ae,dbdd ly zeihqew`d zepekza zeppeazd.dhilwd ote` oeeikn.oze` z` hlew rneyd ly dibdd ote` epiiprl ihpeelx `l.zwqer `l dibelepetd el`d minegzd ipya divwxhqa` `id dnpet.zenpeta zwqer dibelepetd.ely drinyd ote` e`,dbdd wzpzdl epl zxyt`ny,ztqep dhytd znx mixaer epgp`,xnelk.dbd ly sqe` `id dnpet.mixg`e el` mixaec icia dbdp lilvd eay ixlewihxtd ote`dn dbdl.mixg` midbdn oezpd dbdd z` zecixtny zepekz - dbdd ly zepekz ly -hpewa wx dribn zernynd - dibelepetd zpigan zernyn oi` dtyn wzepna day dtya :dnbecl.mixg` midbdn cxtp,dbdd,`edy dcaerae,dty ly hqw mb okle,seyip xiqdl e` siqedl xyt` zxg` e` zihpnq zernyn oi` seyipl dcigin,zernynd zpigan,dpeyy xzeia dphwd dcigid `id dnpet.k h mbe k zniieqn dcigiy reawl ick - minimal pairs d ogan z` xxeby dn,zxg` iepiyay dlin zniiw m`d miwcea ep`,zxg` dnpetn dpeyd dnpet zn`a `id lcadd llba zixara v f :dnbecl.zernynd z` dpyn dipyl zg` dnpet.[av] "a`"e [af] "s`" oiay zernyna qxewd megz 1.2 mb `l`,zeitexi` eced zety ly zitivtq dibelepeta wx `l weqrp qxewa.zepey zeitexi` eced zetya zenpet oiay zegztzdae xywa dn`zdd ote` zpigany,efk zkxrn - dty ehext `ed ytgpy mixacd cg` zeielvtzdae mipey mialya,dgtyna zetyd x`y exfbp epnn qiqad z` deedn.llk ihpeelx `l wiqpy dpana diepay dty ehext ly dneiw.ura zepey dcai` zi`hild m`d.'a wx yi zi`hila ;'da mbe 'a mb yi hixwqpqa :dnbec.(dcai` zi`hild)?dpgadd z` dxvi hixwqpqy e`,'a e 'da oia lcadd z` 4

5 zety daxd yiy dcaerd `ed zitexi` eced dibelepet xwgnay zepexzid cg` dxyr ryzd d`na.ahid zecrezne,zecrezn odn zeaxye,zeitexi` eced.zixehqidde deeynd zepylad dgxt dixehqid 1.3 dn`zd `evnl dqip day zipeixpinq dcear azk,hpcehq ezeida,mixb awri,zexg` zeitexi` eced zety ly mixevir oial zeip`nxb zety ly mixevir oia dlib,okl mcew mipy dnk,onf eze`a jxra.hixwqpqe zipihl,zipeei xwira.dktdn deeid xceqnd m`zdd ielib zcaer mvr.m`zd eze` z` ipc dfi`.zexezt `l zeira ex`ype,`ln eppi` m`zdd,meid cr,oiicr -peei :dxyr ryzd d`nd ly mihqitexi` ecedd enk lrtp dnbcdd zpigan cinz.zihlw dty ile`e,zia`lq dty,zip`nxb dty,hixwqpq,zipihl,zi -add dxeg` xzei jlpy dnky `ed oeibdd - mecw xzei ceriza ynzydl sicrp.zizebd `id xzeia dwizrd zcreznd zeip`nxbd zetya.ohw xzei didi lc `ed epl yiy dn lk hrnk - mihqwhd herin `id zizeba zixwird dirad `vnp `l heyte zizeba dlin ytgp,zeax minrt,okl.oeilbpee`d ly minebxz.dwizrd zicplqi`de dwizrd zilbp`d l` dptp el`k mixwna.qetxewa dze` dni`zn `l,zipwind zipeeid,dwizr zipeei ly epiciay xzeia dwizrd dxevd -gadd z` zyhyhn ixnbl hrnky,zltxern azk zhiya daezk `id - epl zipeeia mlrpy oiit`n da yiy dxwna da ynzyp mizirl zety ly dgtyn ef - zg` zipeei oi`,llka zety,mzpigan.zeibelepetd zep.`t`w :dnbecl,xzei zxge`nd.(zipeei ly mihwl`ic ze`xwp minrtly).ur ly ipeivelea` enk lcen uetp did dxyr ryzd d`na zeadlzdd zxbqna.miihtwq xzei epgp` meid.miig mixevi enk ynn ebdpzd ehextd ddf hrnky dty efy eayg md hixwqpqn mi`texi`d ly zillkd.zehy efy oaenk.zitexi` eced oia dn`zd hrnk oi`e,ziyep`d oeyld xewn lr melk hrnk mircei `l epgp`.zety ly zepey zegtyn `l` - mi`bdd e`hea eay itivtqd ote`l - dwihpetl ribdl miytgn `l epgp`.zenpetd jxrn zipazl,miniieqn mi`pza jxev oi` (lirly dnbeca 'da e 'a enk) zenpet cg`l ick `l m`.zxceqn zeiweg miiwzdl zaiig,miizyl dnpet lvtl mivexyk la` dnecw zixewn dtyl cixy edfy xiaqe okzi,inpetd lcadl zeiweg lk ep`vn okle,el enxby mi`pzd lr `l la`,levitd lr rcin epl yi eay avn okzi.xzei 5

6 - dyrnl zxge`n zelvtzd wx ef la`,ixewn xewna xaecny aeygpe drhp.eze` xveiy background d z` milawn `l la`,gure d z` milawn epgp` -xtqa) A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics mirhw ea yi.eilr adf zeize` mr mec` xtq - (P 511 L4 :mitevd xda di.mixb ly x`yd oia,miixewnd mixn`nd ly zilbp`l minbxezny mi`bd in`zd 2.zxagnd seqa gtqpa zetxevn eplaiwy ze`lah minzeq 2.1 milhpce mil`ial OHG d - zizebd `id dwizrd zip`nxbd dgtyna.mecw ceriz sicrp cinz - zia`lqd dgtyna.xzei dpey xak,onfa ceriza dixg` dpey`x d`ay.dwizr ziziiqpk zia`lq wx `l`,xac ca`n `l - ixewn oniql wizrza cg` oniq :div`xhilqp`xh azkaa meyxd iabl dcnr zhiwp llek - divtixwqp`xh.dxevd z` dpyn.(zexeh`bil micixtn :dnbecl) miazkd oia r"gg dn`zd oi` - ixewnd.zerepzay el`n xzei milwe miheyt mixevird oia min`zdd.ezagxd xy`n rcin ly mevnv oiadl xzei lw,dtyd ehext xg` zewgzda xhpapi`dy dxrydl qiqa yi,xv xhpapi`e agx xhpapi` yiy dxwna,okl.zixewnd dtydn xzei bviin agxd ly ze`nbec hrn ynn yi.skr. bh l qgia cegia,ziqgi xicp Skr. ph x`y.ze`itehnepe` oaex - llkae,itexi` eced hiihpbew odl `evnl ozipy ph yi m` mb.el`kk zeiepa `le,zeitexi` eced ze`xp `l llka ph mr milind.mixicq `l md,min`zd xak izy ody e` `"k zenipet izyn zeakxen od m`d :ph e bh lr dl`ypy dl`y zipexkpiqd dnxdn `id dl`yl daeyzd?zenipet ynn leki deab ikd.xevir ly dxad xevil zlekide xiee`d zenk mleq :zeixepeq.jenp ikd mi`vnp mivvet.drepz - dxad xevil [] 11/11/2004 6

7 leki lilv lk `l :milin iteq lr zeniieqn zelabd yi zeitexi` eced zetya.pedis aihpbd zxeva zeppeazda Lat. pes z` deeyp :okl.dlin seqa `eal,zipnf ea ynn `l d`xpk ik m`,dfefz yi :izkxrn `edy llba oiiprn mixb weg.zkxrnd lk ly.syepn ilew - dihxitq` ;ilew uvet - dicn ;ilew `l uvet - qeiph :dibelepinxh TAMTAM :mixb weg,dpey`xd dxeya seqdn ziyilyd dxeya opeazdl.mixb weg lr `exwl :ziaa.z`fd dxeya oiiprn dn cibdle m`znd riten ziyingd dxeyay `ed o`k ihixwd oiiprd izrcl?oiiprn dn.π - f - b riten ziyilyd dxeyay cera,gr. β - Lat. b - Skr. b.mixb weg itl ziziira (Skr. bandh-, Got. bindan) seqdn ziyilyd dxeyd -xwqp`qd dxevd o`k.b yi hixwqp`qa o`k la`,lat. f l mi`zn Skr. bh bhandh- >) zekenq zexada seyipd ly divliniqic ly d`vez `id zihi xevir mr zekenq zexad izy yiyk - z`xew cinzy divliniqc ef.( bandh mb z`xew `ide,zillk ziced drtez ef.seyipd z` zca`n dpey`xd,syepn zxeva,yxeya oey`x (?dxadd) xevird ly divwiltecx yiyk :ipexkpiq ote`a -piq ote`a seyipd z` ca`n ltkend if`,syepn oey`xd xevirdyk,aihwtxtd znerl πενθ ) zipeeia dxw xacd eze`.(**bhabhar znerl babhar) ipexk,skr. bh l zeliawnd x`ya enk,φ l `l `id zegztzdyy llba.(ϕενθ ote`a,zetyd ly zecxtdd xg`l exw zeipeyl miptd zertezdy miwiqn ep`.onq`xb dlib df z`.i`nvr my dzidy wiqdl ozip zipeeidn.gr. αλφo υσ, Lat. ALBVS :dxe`kl dira dn`zdd dlin y`xay `ed oexztd.lat. f l zegztzd oi` la`,dhxitq` zligza ipeyl lewiyd.> Lat. b dlin y`xa `ly la` PIE. b h > Lat. f `id.(`ivedl xiee` xzei yi dlin zligza) iaihxitqx oiipr `ed dlin Lat. p(lenus), Got. f(fulls), l jted PIE. p zetqep zeaiaqae dlin zligza.zltep p d zeihlw zetya.ocs./baltic p(ilnas)/p l, OIr. l(an) ipy zecinv zxzety zipexkpiq div`ilniqc ly d`vez `ed OCS. jësti a s d.zneiq `id -ti.miil`hpc miiaiqelt.dwfg ce`n dzid div`xitq`d,d`xpk,dlin y`xa.ze`nbec izy mr geqip meyxl.xpxee onq`xb,mixb weg ly geqip `exwl [] 16/11/2004 7

8 mix`leeh`l`te mix`le (velars) mix`lel xearp,mil`hpcle mil`iall `eana epniiqy ixg` hixwqp`qa dira yi kardía, cor/cordis, hr " d, hairto, sr d ce/lit ²irdis dxeya milibx mix`le eid,zitexi` eceda,dligzny `ed mixaqdd cg`.zia`lqae wlgae,miil`h`l`t mixevir exvi md zetydn wlga.miil`h`l`t mix`lee did zizeba mixg` mixwn itl,mle`.milibxd el` mr ecg`zd md,zetydn.[s] o`k gztzdl jixv zetye (zipihla "d`n") centum zety :zeitexi` ecedd zetyd ly dwelg exvi mixreynd miil`h`l`td mix`led zepey`xa.(ip`xi` "d`n") satem k, c > mh`qae,k, c > k mehpw zetya.miwxey exvi od zepexg`ae,x`le,icn miaexw md,aivi izla did c-k zpgad ly avndy `ed oeirxd [mix`le] 25/11/2004.S or s -`xbe`b dpigan dti ic dcar dwelgd.mh`qa ynn cxtpe mehpwa cg`zde avnd,mle`.zeinehpw eid axrnd zetye,zeinh`q eid gxfnd zety :zit dhytzd drtezd :xaqdd.mh`q zty `idy,oiqa zix`kehd ieliba jazqd.oiql cr dribd `le,zilbrn oi`.x`le e` wxey riten mday zenewnd iabl zecig` oi` mh`qa mb :dira.zecig`d i` z` xiaqdle zeqpl zepey mikxc zeniiw.otecd i`veia zeizhiy libxd x`led,dligza.dnecw ce`n ce`n dpgada o`k xaecn :mikxcd zg` ektd mdy cr jk lk epzyd zeaiaqd,okn xg`l.mipetel` eid il`h`l`tde.mh`qa zepey zenitxenl ode,zeibel`p`l mewn oend yi,dnecw jk lk drteza xaecnyk,dxwn lka.iz`nhqiq `l jildz zetya dpey`xd 1 dqelbefi`d dzid zinh`q mehpwd dcxtddy eaygy el`k yi,f` cr.zeitexi` ecedd zetyd oiay zipey`xd zecxtdd :zitexi` ecedd leabd dfy geha `l llk.cg` mewna xye`e xye`a eig mitexi` ecedd lk dfd oiiprd lk.dqelbefi`d zeipey`x z` wtqa lihn ibeletxen xwgn :oey`xd.iphyt `ed,zecxtd ly mixexa zeleabl dwelg ly :mekiql.mh`qa zecxtp ex`ype mehpwa ecg`zdy,zenipet izy eidy e`.mh`qay div`finpet exare mehpwa micge`n ex`ypy,mipetel` ipy eidy e` zety leab 1 8

9 .zehxitq` ly div`aih`wixt yi xak ziq`lw zipeeia zexew lr xtqle PIE d z` zepal,eply ze`nbecd lr xearl :`ad xeriyl zegztzdd z` zepale,miitexi` eced mixevir zgwl :oeirx.dty lka xevird.mi`pzl dwelg mr,dty lka dlaha mdly zeil`nep` od :zeitexi` ecedd zeneh`d zehxitq`d ly zegztzdd dxexa `l i` eced zety oia dl`yd ly,d`xpk,d`vez od odn daxd.zexfene llka xaecn `ly miprehy dl`k yi,zeilew zehxitq`l cebipa :zepexztd cg`./t/+/h/ :dipyl zg` zecenvy zenipet izya `l`,(dnbecl,/t h / oi`) dnipeta `le,ahd. **raþh l mitvn epiid) zeip`nxbd zetyd mr xczqn `l df :dira.l`bpix`l my did :oexztd.(ahd. rad l [] 2/12/2004 mix`leeia`l mh`q zetya.x`leeia`l ly div`fil`ial ceai` yi zia`lqae hixwqp`qa x`le ly cegi` yi mehp`w zetyae,libx x`le mr x`leeia`l ly cegi` yi.mix`ledn xg` edyn ca`n cv lk :libx x`le mr il`h`l`t υ iptl.x`leeia`ld ixg` d`ay drepza dielz zipeeia mix`leeia`l zegztzd xarn yi,υ n zxg`,zincw `l drepz iptl ;x`yp x`lede zhnyp zeil`iald x`yp υ ixg`.([p] n incw xzei [t]) τ l div`fil`h`l`t yi ε, η e ι iptl.π l.κ.k w s > ψ e [k w j] > σσ zipeeia.(e`z dzid dhei ixg` k w a) β l jted PIE g w,ι ixg` iepa `ed.dare wexi oelin.buck's The Dictionary of Indo-European synonyms.dibelenih`l zeqgiizd mr,miitexi` eced miihpnq zecyl dnecy dxeva.ziriaxd dlaha zexqgd milind z` `lnle,dlahd z` milydl :`ad xeriyl zerepz 2.2 [izxqgdy xeriy ] 9/12/2004.zeitexi` eceda zegztzda dti ic mixnyp u e i.zipeyl mipt drtez ly d`vez md mikkegdn wlg `l xevir eixg` yi zipeeia.ilewd xevirl div`liniq` llba z l jtd s :mizdo.dpzyn `l `ed okle,ilew 9

10 -ixitql jtdy e` mlrp `edy e` :drepz iptl cxy `l zipeeia dlin zligza s -xhpi` llka mlrp `ed zipeeia.meh.r l mfivhexa jted il`weexhpi` s zipihla.zil`wee.jxe`a inipet lcad yi oday zety yi.drepzd ly dnrhdd z` zxicbn jxe` gztzne a zia`lqa x`yp a.o l zia`lqa gztzde a zip`nxba x`yp dxvw a.o l zip`nxba dzid efy mixryn,okl.pitar mi`ven hixwqpqa ik,xczqn `l df pater a. 2 a dpi`y,zxg` dnipet.a l ziceda jted e :nebo.i l ziheba jted e :ist.ziceda a l jted : e.a l jted zia`lqae,zizeba o l jted o ;zizeba a l jted o :octo.a l da mikted a, o ;a l zia`lqa mikted a, o :dllkd.odly zegztzdd ote` zpiga zpigan mixevirn xzei jaeqn xac od zerepz.ifkxne ihixw ibeletxen ciwtz odl yi zeiny zetya -xevira weqirdn xzei akxen xacl zerepza weqird z` miktedy minxeb dnk :mi [] 16/12/2004 zexvw zerepz oia dpgad zeax zeitexi` eced zetya yi.zekex` zerepz,"zitexi` eced"a mb zekex` zerepz eid m`d :dl`yd zl`yp.zekex`e zekex` zerepzy `id zlaewnd zillkd dxrydd?xge`n gezit dfy e` -x`ld enk) xg` dbd zenlrd ly dnlyd llk jxca od zexge`n zetya.(mil`bpi.mibpezticd ly mneiw z` mb yi zerepzd jxe` ly zeiziirad caln.hp`peq + drepzn irah ote`a miakxen miitexi` eced mibpeztic.mihp`peq ly il`we revia mb yi,sqepa cig` icd dpand llba :milrta zerepzd jxe` ly xewnd z` wecal xzei lw.edyn mlrp m` ze`xl lw milrtd ziv`nxet ly l`bpix`l my did :dxryd 2 10

11 mihppeq 2.3 j, w `id iriaxd sca dpey`xd dlahd ly dipyd dxeya h l j ly zegztzdd zeidl leki.dxfen zi`xp iptly dxeya dz l zegztzdd la`,zihpet dxiaq. 3 l`bpix`l ile`,edyn ly div`fil`h`l`ta xaecny dhixgl yniyy azk) dlewqeina.u s`xba eynzyd minexd mb :ab` zxrd.(*v `le) u eazk (daizkl yniyy azk) dlewqepinae V eazk (dyw xneg lr. 4 zipeeidn mcwen ce`n dnlrp dn`bicd.ze`ad ze`lahd izy lr lkzqdl :`ad xeriyl r, l [] 23/12/2004 zeynyn `l zexevd izy - puru/pulu) xefi` itl :l e r oia dtilgn hixwqp`q.(hqwh eze`a miynyn r o at e/l oka-) dlin itl e`,(hqwh eze`a,dxad zbqta ritedl elkiy mihppeq mdipy.l n daxda uetp itexi` eced r ecal zeidl leki `l xak l d zecreznd zeitexi` ecedd zetyd aexay `l` yi ziceda.zetyd lka ddf dpi`y,xfr zrepz ginvn `ede,dxad zbqta ektd mde,xfr zrepz mcil dtqep zexg`d zeitexi` ecedd zetyd aexae,/r/ ",zip`nxb ehext `ed xfr zrepza yeniyl xarnd zeip`nxba.milibx mixevirl.zelibx ic zerepzk zerepzd ly zirah zegztzd dzid jk xg` xy`k mibpeztic 2.4 mdy `id,hppeqe drepz ly cxtp sexivk `le,zeyik mibpeztica oecl mrhd.hppeq+drepz sexivk `le,cgein ote`a migztzn md zipexk`ic mb.dnipet mieedn :zeihpet zelabd mr, 5 milwicx dyely yi irah ote`a miitexi` eced miyxeya.yxeyd seqe zligz lr zelabn mb yie,hppeq didiy daeg yxeyd rvn`a dlidwd lk lr laewn my lkd `l.evidance for Laryngals / Verner Vinder a sctcl 3.zircnd dn`bicd z` mixifgn m`.dwixhnd zpigan zexczqn `l dxe`kly zexey yi qexneda 4.zxczqn dwixhnd,dn`bic my dzidy mirceiy zenewna miilwicx ec miyxey lr mb mixacny el`k yi 5 11

12 xyt` milwicx ipy lk oia ixd) yxey zeedl mileki milwicx dyely lk zeinya lwicxd oia wx irah ote`a drepz qipkdl xyt` zeitexi` eceda.(drepz qipkl alya.(c - consonant, V - vowel, S - sonant) CVSC epl yi f`.ipyde oey`xd.vs d ly div`fibpeztic yi zeitexi` ecedd zetya miieqn mb yi la`,zekex` zerepzl div`fibpeztepen mixaer mibpeztic mixwn oenda.div`fibpeztic zexaery zekex` zerepz.ycgl oyin iepiy - fnx.oίνη ly zeedzdd xewn lr ipy meil aeygl.u, y dbdp d`xpk la`,oυ k azkp ow zipeeia milbpixl 2.5 zibelepet `le,zibeletxen dixe`izk ziy`xa dxvep milbpixld ly dixe`izd mday mixwn yi.ibeletxend ipexk`icd xaqda zeira xiaqdl d`a `id - mihppeq eidy wiqd xiqeq.c(v)sc :libx d`xp `l itexi`d ecedd yxeyd zgpdl lewiyd mb.a, O k mze` myx `ede,drepz mdixg` oi`yk,0 dbxcay.ibelepet `le,ibeletxen `ed milbpixld ly zeihppeqd zeize`dy oiiprn.h 1 > e, h 2 > a, h 3 > o zipeeia ik oezp :ily dieby dixe`iz.(ε, α, o - r,`,d) miipexb zebviin zeize` oze` z` bvil exgapy zeiwipitd izyn mi`a md.milbpixld meiw z` ixnbl milleyy meid miyp` ce`n hrn yi :zepgn [] 30/12/2004.milbpixld ly mneiw z` iai`p ote`a lleyy gipf dpgn z` mi`ex da jxcdn raep df gekie.milbpixld xtqn iabl gekie miiw mi`bdd in`zd z` xiaqdl ce`n lw.milbpixld ly zeihpetd zepekzd z` mvnvz daeh dixe`izy oaenk.milbpixl oend ly mneiw z` gipp m` oeeik.cg` lbpixll xtqnd z` mvnv 6 ofex.menipinl milbpixld xtqn z` weica oigadl jxev oi`,ilbpixl hppeqk eze` x`zn ofexe,cigi `edy daiaqa zexge`nd ze`vezd z` xiaqn ofex.ely zeihpetd zepekzd zbqt iptle (VH) dxad zbqt ixg` ((C)H(C)) dxad zbqta :lbpixld ly " ylgd itexi`d ecedd mehwtxtd z` dti dxiaqn dxe`izd.hv dxad mlek xewn :(rfbd zrepz ly he`la` mr `le,qwiteq mr dpapy df) mircei epgp` zipihld iabl.(lat, V, Grm. d, Gr. κ) ilbpixl qwiteqn.lingua ly 10 e 6 zepeilba mixn`n yi 6 12

13 .yexcdn milbpixl zegt yiy llba,lbpixl my didy.milbpixld ly zihpetd zednd lr `ed xg` gekie dixe`iz :zitexi` eceda zxg` zibelepet zkxrn lr mixacn llkay in yi yi oday zetya miwqery mixweg ici lr dbved efd dixe`izd.milhelb ly zexydl mihep mipyla minrt daxd illk ote`a.zeif`weew zety,milhelb milhpc llka oi` mix`zn mdy zkxrna.mdl zeaexwy zetydn zeixe`iz xewn zzl dqpny,zihxhqepd dixe`izdn wlg `id efd dixe`izd.miheyt.zil`xe`e zifweew,ziny,zitexi` eced :zegtynl szeyn.xg` edyn ly oetel` `l `edy edyn xvei `l lbpixl mewn meya drepzd.itexi` eced ehext a ly eneiw z` zlhan laewnd zilbpixld dixe`izd z`lnn `idy ifkxnd ciwtzdn df z` ze`xl ozipe, e `id `"dta zifkxnd.dibeletxena mihqwh :oiq fkxna e`vnp dly mihqwhy zitexi` eced dty `id zixkeh :h"` -ip.zigxfn jk lk `idy zexnl,mehpw zty `idy oiiprn.xwira miihqidcea edyti` lgd mh`q ly iepiydy jk ici lr e`,dcicp ici lr df z` xiaqdl oz.(mehpw zety) zeevwd lr ritydl ilan,miieqn leab cr hytzde,fkxna dnrhd 2.6.dibelepeta xy`n dibeletxena ziaihxte` xzei daxd zitexi` ecedd dnrhdd dleki dnrhd.zniieqn dxad ly xzei wfg iebida `hazn ybcd "eply zety"a -iy itl m`e,"dlin"d zligzn e` seqn zexad zxitq itl m`) dreaw zeidl.ziyteg zeidl dlekie,(miibelepet e` miibeletxen milew -gaddy migipn.dnrhdd mewn z` znyex zice eplfnl - hpvw`d mewinl rbepa ibeq ipy ly meyix yi zipeeia.ziaxqae zi`hila enk,zil`peh dpgad dzid dp.dnrhd [] 6/1/2005 z`.zeitexi` ecedd zetyd ly ce`n miniieqn miwlga wx epwqr miizpa.mixtqa `evnl xyt` x`yd 13

14 miipeyl mipt miiepiy 3 hixwqpq 3.1 -xd da yi.mh`q zty `id,zeihlade zeia`lqd zetyd cvl,hixwqp`q miiqwltexhx mixevir da yi.zipexk`icd dnxa zeiv`fil`h`l`t ce`n da zeiced zety ly drtyda xaecn d`xpk.mixg` mixevir ly mipetel` md - -en s m`y xne` ruki d tivpxt zia`lqa.k, r, ó, i, u.zeitexi` eced `l slav chud a:skt kùudra :dnbecl.x l zipexk`ic,jted `ed iwex zaiaqa rit.ã l jted sd sexiv.such u:soùa e vr ch u vir sus:varùman e.hixwqpqa a l jted itexi` eced e migwel :ilew `l uvet `edy oetel`a miizqdl aiig (ran seqa) zil`fe`t dxev yiyk.h mixvei s, r :micgein mixwn.ipa a dcenr dze`n meh`d uvetd z`.punar+tad=punastad :s l jted r,ixg` yi meh` uvet.na+asti+iha=n ast ha :dkex` zg` drepz milawn,zedf zerepz izy zeybtpyk -epztic exvep jk) ai xvei a+e.o xvei a+u.(na+iha=neha :okle) e xvei a+i ltep e, o ixg` a.au xvei a+o.(div`fibpeztepen exar mixg`y ixg` mib ly zycegn dwelg mixvei drepz iptl mibpeztic.("el` mb" te+api=te pi).ziceda llka dlin zeleaba zaygzn `l zexadl dwelg.aov=avv zexad.upari+upari=uparyupari "lrn" zlawl militkn ;"lr" upari jted dteq,drepz iptl z`vnp dlinde,wqtdd zxeva ilew izla xevir yi m` mewna mb,zeilewa mb :zeivliniq` oend.(abhau+at) "zeidl" abhavat.ilewl.milin leaba ltken drepz iptl l`f`p.zeil`f`pa mbe jezig ("miwxey") hpliaiq+l`f`p+drepz ly aeliyn zil`f`p drepz ly dxivi :dx`aqp`.("eze`e") tam+cha=tãcha,anj=ãj.l`h`l`t e`.tad+hi=taddhi dhxitq` mr ilew xevir xvei h e ilew izla xevir milin zeleaba zeip`nxb 3.2 wzrnd) mixb :miihixw mikildz ipy wx yi zip`nxb ehextl zitexi` ecedd oia.xpxee (oey`xd ip`nxbd.zihebl dnec ynn zxfgeynd zeip`nxb ehextd zi`bd dpigan z > iepiy edf.zizeba miiw `l oiicry,mfivhex yi zeip`nxbd zetydn wlga zipih`la mb.il`weexhpi` `edyk mfivhex lg s lr mb okle VsV > VzV.r.(honos, honoris) mfivhex miiw 14

15 dpgadd zexg` zetyayk,ylge wfg revia oia zifkxn dpgad zniiw zipnxba. 7.dn`zda,ilewe meh` oia `id miiepiy ipn lk da yi - zeip`nxbd x`yl dizeaexwe zipnxb oia licadl aeyg.x`yl mixfy miilew izla mixevir lr milgy miiepiy :ipyd ipnxbd wzrnd dxw yhiiec jed hl`a seqa.(dlin zligza,zi`weexhpi`e dlin seqa) daiaqd itl zepey ze`vez mr -p- > ; -t- > -zz-; :(dltkd) divpinbe divaihwixt yi zil`weexhpi`e dlin.(p > pf, t > [ts]) divaihwixt` yi dlin zligza.-k- > -chch-.pie ed- > Got. itan > AHD -zz- :dnbecl meyixd AHD a.he`lne`d `id ipyd wzrnl dnec alya ztqep daeyg drtez.xexae xceqn xak `ed MHD ae,iawr `l `ed he`lne`d ly.sk > S `ed zeip`nxba dxwy sqep iepiy.div`fil`h`l`te bpiwiixa :dwizr zilbp`a zeaeyg zertez izy zipeei 3.3 -xta la`,zenec ic zeipeeid illk ote`a.spr `l`,zccea dty `l `id zipeeid -ixtl ektd `le,zehxitq` ex`yp zehxitq`d ( Ionic) zipeia.zepey od mih.απιηµι :zipeiae,zih`a αϕιηµι ozep απ + ιηµι :ok zih`a.miaihw zegztzdd zile``a.miipeeid mihwl`ica dpey mix`le eia`l ly zegztzdd ca`n zipeeia.(ietlc) itlcl ile``d myd `ed βελϕoι.ε iptl mb `id l`iall `id mixg` mihwl`icay,zipeiae zih`a ziqgi mcwen dly dnbicd z` opeazp m`.dixg` oniq dxi`yne zltep `id minrt daxd.onf xzei zxnyp dnbicd) korf a dlinae,(ρ e` ι ixg` df m` `l`) η l jted a zih`ay jka iptl dxw a> e iepiydy wiqdl didi xyt`,kor e dxevd znerl (zih`a dnlrp.(kor a dxevd z` milawn epid zxg`) dnbicd ceai` -x`" :ze`nbec.zihhextd drepzd zrtez `id zipeeil zillk ic `idy drtez zeihhextd zerepzd ly oxewn d`xpk.ipihld "ehwex"l liawn ipeeid "i`nebee.milbpixla -wind z` yniyy azkd llba.zipeei ly xzeia mecwd xkend alyd - zipwin eze` deeyp m`y edynl cxtp oniq yi zipwina.dibelepetd lr cenll dyw,zip dkitd my dzid `ly mircei epgp` - x`le eia`l onqn `ed zexg` zetyl.(τις a enk) lhpcl zexagnd ly dhecwp`d z` meyxl 7 15

16 dlina opeazp.mh`q zetya enk `l ik m`,zeiv`fil`h`l`t mb yi zipeeia.(jo) l`h`l`t lleky qwiteq zxfra lret mixfeb dpnn,"wxa" zipeeia astrape.**astrapjo>astrapto lawp.prasso znerl zih`a prato zecenv zerepz izy ly befin `id ih`d hwl`ica zeiqetihd zertezd zg` a+a= a, o+o="ou"=u, e+e=ei, e+ e= e, o+ o= o,.(hixwqpq z` xikfny ote`a).a+e= a, e+o= o lbpix`la xaecn - iwlg df.zneiq ixg` jx`zn rfbd f`,drepza xnbp rfb m` zipeeia.jexi`l i`xg`e,rfbd z` xbeqy.mixevir zelitp ly ievit ody zerepz ly zekx`d yi zipeeia :aeyg mel anxolia :lynl.dlinde dxadd dpan lr zelabd llba,mixevir daxd mitep."xegy" < mel as < melans ly ibelepetd dpana qpkp `l dfy `l`,nt hpnl`a md deed ly mitivihxt.*liontsi > liusi :ltep xevide,zipeeid grapho "write", grapso (suf. -s-), gegrammai (suf. -m-).zeiv`liniq` dncin recid zieez minecw mihqwha.baino "walk", embaino (pre n-) e.ton "the: ton-nommon, tol-logon dlina oey`xd xevirl drepz iptl ziteq drepz ly dlitp - zeifil` :zipeeia idcpql dnec drtez yi cgeina hlea) qiq`x.dxvw `id efd ziteqd drepzdy i`pza,(d`ad dlina) -xveie odiixg`y mvrd myl zewacp zeil`peivwpet milin - (miixiy mihqwha **to-onoma > tunoma, *ta- :dlin jeza mixewy miiepiyl minecy miiepiy ze.agata > t agata :dnbecl.σ l jted lhpc iptl lhpc :milhpc ipy yiyk xwira :zeiv`liniqic.id: pf. oida, aorist **id-te > iste -peq ly zegztzd,j, s zegztzd,mix`le eia`l zegztzd :miaeygd mixacd.zehxitq` ly zegztzde,miizxad mihp zipihl 3.4 :zipihll zitexi` ecedn xarn zex`yd jxc,mihpxitql zekted,xac ly eteqa,zehxitq` :dlin y`xa.divxitq` zexny zeaezk yi.zncwen zipihla divxitq`a.dhu, bhu > bu :dlin rvn`a 16

17 xyt`.zeilewa `le wfega `id,zipnxba enk,zipihla zixwird divifete`d Gr. kubernan > Lat. gubernare; :zexf milin el`yp eay ote`a df z` ze`xl.gr. kolpos > It. goiepiyd.-t > -d :(ylegd llba) miilew eidp zipihla dlin seqa mixevir.mfivhex daezky zaezk yi dixtqd iptl ziriayd d`ndn :mecw ce`n `ed -t > -d -t d meiw z` dxiaqny dxrydd.fhaced (Classical Lat. facit) dlind da.jk xg` ltp `ede,iteq zeidl `l el mxby i my didy `id ziq`lw zipihla.suprad > supra, extrad > extra :ltep dxvw drepz ixg` -d facio : incio, :dpey`xd dxada `l odyk zerepzd ly zexvid yi zipihla m`e ;i l didi iepiyd,zil`h`l`t l d m` :l iptl mb dxew df.caput : capitis.colpa > culpa :u l didi `ed,zil`h`l`t `l feced > fecit (?lhpc iptl) dxebq dxada.ipexk`ic iepiy - o>u zexebq zexada.zekex` zerepzl mibpeztic ly div`fibpeztepen.( e>i) -xebq zexada zenrhen `l zerepz.concors < concords < concordis :dtewpiq.letil zehep zeiteq ze [] 20/1/2005 zeia`lq 3.5 mixevir divxitq` ceai` ;mh`q od zeia`lq :zia`lq < zitexi` eced cerizd iptly dtewza zeiv`fil`h`l`t ly milb dyely exar zeia`lqd zetyd zeiv`fil`h`l`td.iyilyd alyd ixg` zcner dwizr ziziiqpk zia`lq.azka.g,b,w :mix`le lr zelg lka ddf d`vezd (,, ë, e, j) zeincw zerepz ly daiaqa :dpey`xd.1 dwelgd iptl,ce`n mcwen alya dxw df :xnelk) zeia`lqd zetyd xaecn did dligza.k j, g j, x j > ts, dz, S l`h`l`t `ide,(zeveaw zzl -belepet dzxw,ziceda enk,epzyd zepznd zeaiaqdyk la`,mipetel`a.div`fi?div`fil`h`l`t didzy jk mix`le iptl zeycg zeincw zerepz eid dti`n :dipyd.2 jkl dgked.oi, ai > (j) e, ei > :div`fibpeztepena zeycg zerepz exvep - gipp m` mb) zeia`lqd zetyd lka cig` `l iepiyd :ipyd lba `a dfy 17

18 (zcxtp dzid xak div`fil`h`l`td,ztzeyn dzid div`fibpeztependy.k > c mday miaip yi. 8 k, g, x > ts, (d)z, S/s.zetydn wlga kv, gv, xv > tsv, zv, sv :ee mr mix`le lr mb dlrt `id d`a zil`h`l`t drepzdyk,azka cerizl,d`xpk,jenqa :ziyilyd.3.(x`le eixg`y il`h`l`t r) r'velar yiyk elit` dxew df.x`led iptl hxta,div`fil`h`l`t mixaer mixevird lk ziyilyd div`fil`h`l`ta `ed ziyilyd div`fil`h`l`td ly ixeh`fil`h`l`td gkd.j l jenqa.czech l div`fihp`peqpew xxeb r' zeia`lqd zetydn wlga.mevr `ed ia`lqd aih`weld.s>x, x>s dxew r, u, k, i ly daiaqa,ziceda enk.(!zrcd lr dlri `l?x a zitexi` eced zneiq) weica efd daiqdn,x a.did m`,sxeb `ed iepiyd - (g>)h wx e` x`ypy g wx yi zeia`lq zetya zeia`lq mipt zeli`yn xdfdl jixv.dpey dpgad oi` - lcad oi` zibelepet dpigan.izkxrn `l d`xpy edynl zenxeby.zeiaxeqd zetya v le,zipleta ª l jtd zixeg` drepz iptl l zerepz zekex` zerepz xeviw,div`fibpeztepen :zia`lqa xvwzd lkd dzid `l eixg`ly l`f`p+drepz ly sexivn zeil`f`p zerepz exvep zia`lqa.a e` u llk jxca milawne,ceai`l zkled zeil`f`pd zetya aexa.drepz ts minrtl ipa minrtl :mihppeqpew dnk zelleky ziziiqpk zia`lqa zenbic`x`t yi 8.dnbicxt xeyi eyry zety yi.ts minrtle 18

19 ze`lah '` mihppeqpew '`.1 mil`ial '`.1.1 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS πατ ήρ pater pitar- (OISL. faðir) πoύς/πoδoς pes/pedis pad- fotua Hυέρ super upari ufar (AHD ubir) tepeo tapati teplost βέ τ ερoς de-bilis bala- f- boljij diups dübrï ϕέρω fero bhar- bairan bero αλϕoύς albus γóµϕoς of-fend-ix bandh- bindan ϕράτ ηρ frater bhratar- broþar bratrü phalaka- (ON fjol) polica mil`hpc '`.1.2 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS τ ρείς tres trayas þreis tr je δóµoς domus damas domü έδoµαι edo admi itan jësti (h)έζoµαι/(h)εδρα sedeo asadat sitan sedy θυµóς fumus dhuma- dymü µέσσoς medius madhya- medjis meºda verbum waurd barba < farba brada vidva vidhava widuw o v dova rota ratha- (AHD rad) (LIT ratas) 19

20 mix`le '`.1.3 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS κρέϝας cruor kravya- OE hr eaw kry (Lit kraujas) lucus l oka AHD l oh Lit laukas καρδία cor/cordis hr d- hairto srüd ce (Lit ²irdis) (h)άγω " ago ajami γεύoµαι gusto jo³ati kiusan ζυγóν iugam yugam juk igo aύξω augeo aukan Lit augti αγρóς ager ajras akrs γι γνώσκ/omega gnosko znati (Lit ºinoti) oµίχλη megha m gla hostis gasts gost Ϝóχoς veho vahati ga-wigan vezo τ είχoς gura dehi ga-digan mix`le eia`l '`.1.4 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS τ ις quis kas ÿas kü-to κύκλoς akra OE hwel kolo λύκoς dial. lupus vr kas wulfs wl k πέσσω/πέψω " coquo pa ati peko πoινή poena Avest. kaena c na (Lit kaina) (h) ɛπoµαι sequor sa ate saiÿan Lit seku γυνή jan qino ºena βίoς vivos jivas qius ºivü (Lit gyvas) βαίνω venio gam qiman βoύς dial. bos gaus OE c u govedo αδελϕóς garbhas θέρµoς formus Ger. warm goreti εύχoµαι voveo snaiws sn gü θείνω/ϕóνoς de-fendo hanti ºeno/goniti 20

21 zerepz '`.2 zerepz '`.2.1 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS (h)ένoς senex sana- sineigs Lit senas (h)ςπτ ά septem έω>ω er o as ani µισθóς m ḍha mizdo m zda εστί est asti ist jestü zerepz '`.2.2 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS αγρóς ager ajras akrs άγω ago ajami mare marei more µάτ ηρ/µήτ ηρ m ater m atar AHD muoter mater- ϕράτ ηρ fr ater bhr atar broþar bratrü νέϕoς nebula nabhas nebo/nebes- εστί est asti ist jestü ϕέρω fero bhar ami bairan bero r ex r aj a s emen s eme τ ί θη µι f e-ci da-dh a-mi -d eds d eti πλήρης pl enus pr=atas oκτώ oct o aṣṭ a ahtau osm oϝις ovis avis awistr- ov ca (Lit avis) γι γνώ σκω (g)n osc o jñ ata- znati δί δω µι d o da-d a-mi dati os bloma 21

22 zerepz '`.2.3 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS τις quis Ϝίδ µεν vid-ma oµίχλη m gla ειµι asmi jesm πίνω p ita- pi-vo βίoς v vos jivas qius ºivü (Lit gyvas) ζυγóν jugum yugam juk igo µέθν madhu AHD metu medü µ υς m u s m uṣ- m u my² θυµóς f umus dhuma- dymü mihppeq '`.3 j, w '`.3.1 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS ζυγóν jugum yugam juk igo ηπαρ iecur yakr t Lit jeknos µέσ(σ)oς " medius madhya- midjis αλλoς alius aljis vir v ras wair vyras Ϝoίδα v eda wait v ed e oϝις ovis avis awistr- ov ca (Lit avis) νεϝóς novus navas niujis novü 22

23 n, m '`.3.2 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS µάτ ηρ m ater m atar AHD muoter materδóµoς domus damas domü (h)ένoς senex sana- sineigs Lit senas νύξ/νυκτ óς nox/noctis nak/naktam nahts Lit naktis πέτ ε quinque pañ a mf Lit penki (h)επτ ά septem sapta βατ oς -uentus -gata Lit gimtas (h)εκατ óν centum ²atam hund Lit ²imtas δέκα decem de²a taihun ά γνωτ oς ign otus a-jn a un-kunþs mens/mentis matis ga-munds pa-met r, l '`.3.3 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS πoλύς puru/pulu lu λευκóς lux/l uc ere r o at e/l oka- liuhaþ lubet/libet lubh- liuba- ljiubü θύρα for es dv aras daur Lit durys ερυθρóς ruber/rufus rohita-/lohita- AHD r ot rudü/rudrü καρδία cor/cordis hr d- hairto srüd ce (Lit ²irdis) δρακειν " dr ²- πλατύς " pr thu- " 23

24 mibpeztic '`.4 Greek Latin Sanskrit Gothic OCS δαήρ d evar- AHD zeihur d ever καικίας caecus hais δείκυµι d c o ga-teihan εισι it eti iti νείϕει n vit AHD sn van Lit snigti Ϝoιδα video v eda wait v ed e o µξω augeo aukan Lit augti αύoς ²oṣa suxü (Lit sausas) γεύoµαι kiusan d uc o tiuhan l ucus l oka- AHD l oh Lit laukas oganl rcin 'a zrcl jixv la`,zeilbpixld zeaiaqd z` xiaqdl milbeqn zeidl yxcip `l milbeqn zeidl jixv mixg` mixac iabl.lbpibxl my yiyk "lbpixl" cibdl.mi`bddn cg` lka dxew dn weica xiaqdl.xneg xebq dzk ogan didi ogand zibelepet zegztzdl mirbepy mi`yepd cg` z` zvnezn ote`a x`zl yxcip xiaqdl yxcip mday milin ly zeniyx mb lawp.(!ze`nbec zzl) zitexi` eced.miniiwy min`zdd z`.min`zdd oia zniieqn dxiga didz.ogand iptly iying e` iriax mein lgd d`l l` zeptl xyt` 24