zilrd ly dcnrna zexenzde aeh`te` dcedi h"id d`na dplieea zicedid dlidwa

Transkrypt

1 zilrd ly dcnrna zexenzde aeh`te` dcedi h"id d`na dplieea zicedid dlidwa z`n,h"id d`nd jldna dtexi` gxfn icedi ly mnlera elgy zeizeaxzde zeizxagd zexenzd d`nk df ixeaiv giye ixwgn oiipr mixxern,df jildz lr mnzeg z` erahy minxebde Îzipaxd zilrd z` xikfdl ozip jk lr zifkxn drtyd ilrak eqtzpy minxebd oia.dpy dzrted z` ;miizpicnde miinewnd oehlyd inxeb z` ;zicbpznd od ziciqgd od,zipcnld znbec miycgd miibele`ci`de miizeaxzd minxfd z` ;dycg zicedi zihilet zilr ly mavwe miite`,iepiyd ikildz z` oegal ywap oldl eppeica.cere,mfil`iveqde zexe`pd did elld iepiyd ikildzay ze`xdl dqpp.zinewnd dlidwd ly ef ± dpey dii`x zieefn lelknl mb `l`,miizeaxzde miihiletd,'milecb'd minxebl wx `l xzeia ax lwyn zewinpicl,zeinewn zeienc ly ozelirt ikxcle oiite`l,zinewn dlidw mipiit`nd miaikxnd.da elrty zeifkxnd zeiencd oia miqgid zekxrnle dlidwd ly zeicegiid zeizxagd zelerd zepwqnd z` ligdl zexyt`d z` dxe`kl znvnvn zinewnd daihwtqxta dxigad miigd ze`ivn ly xzei daeh dpad zxyt`n `id,z`f mr.xzei milecb miagxn lr dpnn Îixwgnd oeicd ileyl ewgcpy zel`yl miixyt` mixaqd drivne mipecipd onfae agxna znieqn dlidwa recn oiadl zexyt`n df oirn oeicn zelerd zepaezd,lynl,jk.ixehqidd avwa ipeyl rwxd edn,zxg` dlidwa xy`n xzei xdn zexe`pd ly mlerd zqitz dhlwp mewna miv`en yeriz ikildzl mxb dne,dzxagl zg` dlidw oia mil xarn l` dxibdd,cg` 'ogan dxwn' zervn`a dizeklydae dipiit`na,ef drteza oecp oldl.xg` e` df dycgd zizlidwd zilrd ly diite`a ifkxn ot,ezeldpzda od eiaikxna od,bviind.h"id d`nd jldna dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa ibega ifkxn mewn dnvrl zxvand dycg zenca oigadl ozip h"id d`nd ziy`xn Self-made-Îd `ed `ld,zexg` zelidwae `hilay dplieea zicedid dlidwd ly zilrd,zicedid dxagd ly zekenpd zeakya e` miipiad zeakya e`veny icedil dpeekd.man zinewnd zicedid zilklkde zihiletd zilrd ly dnler lr siwn xwgn jezn wxt `ed df xn`n zecdi xwgl oilfap fkxna xwgn zinrk izedy zra azkp `ede,h"id d`na ziqexd dixtni`a,fkxnd zeevl zecedl ipevxa.d"qyz zpya milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a dtexi` gxfne diqex lk.zelirend mdizevr lr oltw iniw x"cle qqxe l`eny xeqtextl oke xwgnd zveawl izinrl.ip`ixebxbd dpyd gel it lr md xn`na miritend mikix`zd * [(d"qyz) r dpy,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

2 [2] 42 1.zinewnd zihiletde zilklkd zxnvl qthle ilklkdîizxagd meqgnd z` uextl gilvdy ziqexd dixtni`a dbdpedy,dycgd zizxagdîzihiletd zxbqnd lya dxyt`zd ef dvixt s`e mixgeqd zeclib yelyn zg`l jiizydl micedil dxizdy,g"id d`nd idlya xak ozna dzeel ef zekiizyd.( ÜÕÝØâëÙ ÓàÐÖÔÐÝØÝ) 'cakp gxf`' x`ezd z` lawl zeiytega hrnk repl xzide seb iyperne `avl qeibn xeht oebk,ilklkd mfil miax mivixnz 2 dtewzd ziy`xa.zizcdîzipz`d ezekiizyda e` e`vena aygzdl `la,dixtni`d iagxa zizxeqnd dxaga laewnd dfn dpey zelirt lcen avrl eqipy miyp`a xaecn did `l,zihwxt e` zibele`ci`,dkexkd zeiliaen zervn`a izcdîipz`d lbrnd z` uextl e` dlidwd ly zxkende dpyid zxbqnd jeza elrt dl` 'miycg mixiyr'.divliniq` ikildza eid `l.zeinipt dbdpde dhily zecnrl ribdl oeiqip jezn,zinewnd zizxeqnd zicedid icedid agxna dbdpdle zihilet zeaxernl,oey`xd alya `l zegtl,zeti`y mdl icedi ly mnler lr zernyn axe wenr mzeg driahd ef dveaw,z`f mr 3.iqexÎllkd 4.ollka dplie zlidwe,zepeyd zelidwd l` ozwigc jez,izlidwd jxrna zeifkxn zecnr dxdn cr eqtz miycgd mixiyrd jyna mizrl,zeax mipy dl` zecnra owifgdy zegtynd ly miixeaivd miigd iley,obeaplpvw zegtyn oebk,dplieea dycgd zilrd zegtynn zeaxy `l` cala ef `l.zexec 5.zexe`pd znbec,zeycg zeizeaxz mler zeqitz zvtdl cwen eyniy oite oefpzp,oey`xhy,zilklkdîzihiletde zipaxdîzil`ehwlhpi`d,zizxeqnd zilrd dqgiizd mixacd rahn Îizeaxzd mnler m`z mday mixwna xwira,mizrl.zepcyg ly dax dcina ef drtezl zizxagd dakya mipexg`d dl` ealzyd,laewnd z` 'e`a aexwn miycg'd ly izcd yabzd oday,bxeaxht hpqe dqce`,dyxe znbec,ziqgi 'zexirv' zelidwa wqer epi` oldl oeicd.h"id d`nd jldna wx icedid ilklkdîizxagd jxrnd W.M. Pintner, Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I, New York 1967, pp ; R. Pipes, Catherine II and the Jews, Soviet Jewish Affairs, V (1975), pp. 3 20; E.K. Wirtschafter, Structures of Society, Illinois 1994, pp. 32, 168 ivx`d xeyina dlrty ef,'ddeab'd zilklkîzihiletd zilrd ly dzelirt ikxce dciwtz lr,'cp`lqex oi` hx`rqp`xh oe` hicrxw oet bpelwieehp` ic oe` ocii',iecp`l 'd :e`x,ine`lpiade,'l`xyi mr ly zilklkd ezegztzd lr',iwqpi'vyl 'i ;105±93 'nr,(1932) 2,ohtixy ryin`p`wr zicedid zenfid',od`w '` ;jli`e 243 'nr,1954 milyexi,mixg`e xepic 'a zkixra,l`xyi llk E. ;410±391 'nr,d"nyz milyexi,qexb 'p zkixra,dlklka micedi,'zix`vd diqexa Lederhendler, The Road to Modern Jewish Politics, Oxford 1991, pp ; B. Nathans, Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia, Berkeley 2002, pp 'f :e`x divfipxcend zenbn mr dzeccenzd ikxcae 'dpyi'd zilrd ly dnlera miivelg mipeicl 'nr,g"lyz aia`îlz,ezkixra,`,wqpit,'oilx`we wqpit ixiab ly zexec dyiy',uiaepiax G.D. Hundert, The Jews of a Polish Private Town, Baltimore London 1992, pp. ;466± ; D.E. Fishman, Russia s First Modern Jews, New York London 1995, pp ,q"yz milyexi,dxyrîryzd d`na ziqexd dixtni`a zicedid dlkydd,xgyd zelra,oiwlf 'n.107±92 'nr

3 43 aeh`te` dcedi [3] z` qltl Self-made-manÎd dqip mday,oldl oeciiy df enk,mixg` mixwna.zniiwd,laewnd on mipey zebdpzd cewe mler zeqitz un`n `edy jez dcinxitd y`x l` ekxc mixwnd ziaxnay `wr `c.ekxc z` meqgl zepeiqipa s`e zepier ly dax dcina lwzp `ed dneiw lr riavdl ozipy,ef drtezl.'sq`n axw' zpigaa eide dl` zepeiqip eglv `l ly eaevir lr zernyn zelra zeklyd xzei mixge`n mialya ercep,zepey zelidwa oeilrde deabdîipepiad micaxa izxagd akxda jynznde iawrd iepiyd.'ycg'd icedid mlerd znbec onfd ipa zexewn oeebna eiehia z` `vn dtexi` gxfna zinewnd zicedid dlidwd ly 7.ixwgn oeirl hrnk dkf `l df `yep ok it lr s`e 6,zepexkifd zextqe dtid zextqd?aeh`t` dcedi did in.`.dplie ly micedi `lde micedid diayez ly mnlera izxby `l mei did 1868 ipeia 30 :diayezn cg` ly ezhin ixg` mirqet,miiy`xd dizeaegxa ettehvd xird iayezn miax lecb cre ohwn xird ipa lke,ezena mb el dyrp lecb ceake,zexawd zial edeliaeie eizewcv dyrne eigay ezhn ixg` mixtqne eixg` ekld dlwp cre cakpn owf cre xrpn dpa xy` zqpkd ziad cr xird lk jxc edeliaed zn my xy` uiwd zian.iec aal lke ceakaedeliaedmyne.xekadlrxndkmixexnzctqneilre`ypmipctqipye,etqkn idp lew enixd md mb mixvepdn micakpe miaxe,ctqnd lcb my mbe,enler zia l` lecb oia dkex` jxca znd jiledl dev...xird zecewt xy.mal wner axwn mi`veid mixaca 8.c`n xzi lecb miwl` dpgnk dpgnd did ik lired `ll z`f lkae.zeagxd zeaegxd ly epex` zeawra `l mb,recie aeyg ax ly eizeawra crv `l df lecb 'miwl` dpgn' zial eeil,micedi `le micedi,dplie iayez.drtyd ax ihilet bidpn ly e` mqxetn xteq,ederci h"id d`nd rvn`a xird iayez ziaxny yi`,aeh`te` (lcei) dcedi z` enler miax ezay recn?aeh`te` lcei did in.wegxn ine aexwn in,erny z` erny zegtl e` xetiqn zbxeg ef dl`yl daeyzd oi`,dxe`kl?dpexg`d ekxca ezeell e`vie dk`lnn aeh`te` gkyp ezen xg`l mipy laeiy dcaerd lya wx ele,didiy lkk oiiprn,inewn zlidwa xzeia daxd drtydd ilrae mixiyrd micedid cg` ezeid lya mle`e.lek aln.25±23 'nr,g"vxz lyinyt,mipewi`e ze`pweic,`pdk '` :lynl e`x `eeii,'ldw xreerw`xw oet x`h`hwic xrc yeaiit 'x',o`a`l`a 'n :e`x ef dl`ya ipey`x oeicl milyexi,a,1868±1304,'fiini'f`wae aew`xwa micedid zeclez,l"pd ;234±223,(1935) 8,xrhrlA an,oeiv,'"ldw"d lehia mr diqex zelidwa dbdpdd',hgey 'r ;902±889,783±757 'nr,b"qyz E. Lederhendler, The Decline of the Polish-Lithuanian KAHAL, ;233±143 'nr,(f"lyz) V.T. Bill, :e`x ziqexd dxaga dycgd zepbxead ly dnler lr.polin, II (1987), pp The Forgotten Class, New York 1959 oiin oet xrhrla,o`d`w '` :e`x di`x cr ly xe`izl ;(1868 ileia 8) g"kxz fenza g"i,oepald.80 'nr,1926 wx`i eip,1,oarl 6 7 8

4 [4] 44 iepiyl enxby 'miycgd mixiyrd' mze` ly zbviin zencl aygidl aeh`te` leki,dplie dcaerl zcgein zernyn yi.dplie zlidw ly zihiletde zilklkd,zizxagd dtna izedn Îizxagd bxcna iepiy llegl iekiqd oky,`weec dplieea ygxzd oldl x`eziy jildzdy dniynk hrnk d`xp zeraewn zexeqn zlrae mipy ze`n za dlidwa mipyd ax ilklkd.zixyt` izla ziy`xad zepy oky,xwir lk heyt epi` aeh`te` lcei ly ditxbeiad z` xfgyl oeiqipd zicedid dxagd ly dzebiizqd rwx lr,dinzdl jixv epi` df xac.ltxra zehel eiig ly izc jxr ilrak eqtzpy mixwn hrnl,ditxbeiaae ditxbeixehqida,dixehqida weqird on zeiecrd z` yhyhl un`n dyr envr aeh`te`y gipdl xiaq izla `l z`f mr.ixqen e` zilrd ibega zeiekf deey xagk lawzdl epeiqip zxbqna,ezexrp ztewz lre e`ven lr lya j`,epicia zeievn opi` aeh`te` ly ditxbeiae ditxbeiaehe` ok`e.dplieea zicedid onfd ipa,zexewn ly agx oeebna ezenc lr zerici exnzyp ixeaivd ecnrne cgeind eite` mixeaig znbec,iqgi ote`a ddeab zepin` qgiil ozip zexewnd zvwnl.mdl mixge`ne 10 9 oke,dycgd zixard zextqd zecleza,dplieea zicedid dlidwd zecleza miwqerd zexewnd.onfd za zepezira zeazke miazkn,zipeikx` divhpnewec,zepexkifd zextq znbec,`yepd ly xzei 'ziperav' dpenz zlawe xzei daeh dpad mixyt`n mixg`d zexnl.cere xelwlet zextq,zefgn,mictqdd zextq,`xwnd zepyxt,dfextd I. Cohen, Vilna, Philadelphia ;237 'nr,q"xz dplie,`,`pliee xir,xciipypiihyîcibn p"d aia`îlz,1881±1495 mipey`x zexec,`hilc milyexi dplie,xpfielw 'i ;1943, pp ±171 'nr,(7 dxrd,lirl) hgey ;gztna,h"nyz.gztna,b"iyz milyexi,b,dycgd zixard zextqd ly dixehqid,xpfelw 'i mdxa` iig,o`lt`w '` ;211 'nr,f"pxz dyxe,iwqlewehp` edizzn oa ikcxn xeqitextd,cibn 'c,yhiee`nipea 'c ;45±42 'nr,q"xz aewxhrit,et`n mdxa`,oipiixa 'x ;17 'nr,l"xz oriee,et`n 'nr,(g"rxz) `,zenyx,'zegkypl xkf',uiaepiax f"` ;61±59 'nr,a"qxz dplie,edil`n azkn,`hilc milyexi,ipal 'c ;78±74 'nr,(l"yz) ci,mrîrci,'iqwpt jezn mitc',iwqxiaq '` ;187±178,oixeyi 'i zkixra,rpliee,'(ee`h`t` lcei) "siwz" xrc',oieehil '` ;`t 'nr,a,u"xz aia` lz oiin,oxrtl`d 'a ;12±11 'nr,b"kyz aia` lz,zepexkf,uk v"a ;864±859 'nr,1935 wxei eip H. Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, Detroit 1999, pp. ;11±5 'nr,1978 dawqen,qrkii Lietuvos ;l"l`=) dplieea i`hild ine`ld oeikx`a exnzyp aeh`te` dcedia zewqerd zeax zecerz ine`ld mixtqd ziaa ;wxeiîeipa `"eeii oeikx`a ;(centrinis valstybinis istorijos archyvas Á..»ÞíØÝáÚØÙ, ºÐ ÕÝÝëÕ :zexewnd uaewa oke ;bxeafpib sqe`,milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ÕÒàÕÙáÚØÕ ãæøûøéð, ÕâÕàÑãàó 1920 zrd azka mikynda dpey`xl mqxet df xetiq.».»õòðýôð ÕßÞ ±ÐÚÐÛÕÙÝëå âþòðàþòê' ceaire mebxz.(45±34 zepeilib) 1861Îe (32±10 zepeilib) 1860 mipya ²ÞáåÞÔ ziqexd dtya icedid oet (oif`b`n) `Rrc xrc xrc`...'p dldw xrc oet xrr xrc rlrnely 'x,wic n"` :yiciil ;1874 dqce`,zlkxnd,od`fqiviix 'i :zixarl ceaire mebxz.l"xz `pliee,(minya) oriil`w`a xewna rited df xetiq.vz±frz 'nr,h"vxz aia` lz,et`n mdxa` iazk lk,'opg zia',et`n '` ezenc mr,iagp,xetiqd ixeaibn cg` ly eiedif lr.f"kxz bxaqbipw,bebct oen` xtqdn wlgk

5 45 aeh`te` dcedi [5] epvni`,ixehqidd xwgnd ikxevl zexewn ly dfk beqa yeniy ly ibeleceznd iyewd xwga winrn xwgndy lkk' ik orhy,jela wx`n oeixehqidd ly ezqitz z` df dxwna 18,ok`e.'dfn df c`n mipey zexewnn qpkzi zeiecrd xe`y se`yl eilr lhip ok zecaerd mzrceza aeh`te` ly ifkxnd enewn lr cirn zexewn ly agx dke ax dk oeebn ly eneiw l` ekxcn lgd,eiiga miagxp miwxt ly xefgy xyt`n mbe,onfd ipa dplie icedi ly.zixeaivde zizxagd ezelirt xg` awrna dlke ziyi`d ezeldpzd ipte` jxc,zxnvd,xciipypiihyîcibn gp lld,dplie zlidw ly xzeia onidnd sxbeixehqidd ineyix it lr eixerpa cer.`hil mexcay ( Varena) ç o`x` dxiira 1797 zpya aeh`te` dcedi clep xeexta dayiizde,zexg` zeax zegtynk,dplieel dixebn mewn z` ezgtyn dwizrd on drap `hila milecbd miipexird mifekixl miixtkd mixef`d on dxibdd 19.lewehp` xird oehlyl xarnde 1795 zpya oilet ly dzwelg jildz meiq :zeihiletde zeilklkd zexenzd zengln ;h"id d`nd ly oey`xd xeyra gztzdy sixgd ilklkd xaynd ;ifekix iqex micedid ly yexiba mei`d ;`hil icedi ly izxagde ilklkd jxrnd z` erfrfy oe`iletp dxibd lbl enxb dl` lk.ifkxnd oehlyd ly zpeekn zeipicn oke,iaxrnd leabd ixef`n 20.dplie jlta zeipexird zeicedid zelidwd ly xkip itxbenc lecibl `iady,swid agx ei`eyip enk,dplieea aeh`te` dcedi ly dpey`xd eiig ztewza miiyi` mihaid lr oigadl ozip dl` mipya xak mle`e.dry itl zexexa zeiecr epicia oi`,mipey`xd miax oiit`n df oirn jldn.zizxagîzilklk dpigan mcwzdl miwqet izlad eizepeiqipa.inewnd ilklkde ihiletd,izxagd mwxna alzydl eqipe df dxibd lba xirl eribdy inewnd ihiletîeiveqd jxrnl idylk zeaiegn eyg `l dl` 'e`a aexwn miycg' mle`e,uilnd,'zrca axernd',oecxeb l"i ;355,286 'nr,b,(10 dxrd,lirl) xpfelw :e`x,aeh`te` ly elqka 'e,(1880 xaehwe`a 19) `"nxz oeeygxna c"i,(1880 xaehwe`a 12) `"nxz oeeygxna 'f xanaepa 23) `"nxz elqka 'k,(1880 xanaepa 16) `"nxz elqka b"i,(1880 xanaepa 9) `"nxz.nw±ekw 'nr,j"yz aia`îlz,dfext ± oecxeb ail dcedi iazk lk :jeza efkex dl` miwxt ;(1880.`k,al,mixac,d"rxz milyexi,l`ixab zxez,zeilbxn f"b.52±49 'nr,h"kxz dplie,xin` y`x xtq,diaeh oa 'n.1940 dbix,c`a`k rwh`n,ipnef`x 'n eip±aia` lz,`,xc xcn,oeqtil 'n ;gztna,g"vxz aia` lz,cecgde dgicad xtq,aep`iexc '` xelwlet',oiihyxtheb 'i ;198 'nr,1938 dplie,x`lwl`t xryicii,odk l"i ;88 'nr,1937 wxei,oxrhy 'n ;627±583 'nr,1950 aia` lz,`,mixg`e oxeb 'p zkixra,`hil zecdi,'`hil icedi.88 'nr,b"iyz aia` lz,mifeb` zxrw,ocq 'c ;64±3 'nr,q"xz wxeiîeip,c"ag rwh`n.103 'nr,a"qyz milyexi,dixehqidd lr dibelet`,jela 'n.211 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) iwqlewehp`,cibn ;237 'nr,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn zeklydd lr.138 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) xpfielw :e`x df lecib lr micirnd miixtqn mipezp zenbne mipiit`n :"ler ewxt dtc miavwd"',oiwlf 'n :e`x df jildz ly zeilklkde zeizxagd sq` 'c zkixra,milyexil dplieen,'dxyrîryzd d`nd ziy`xa dplie zlidwa dgeexd zkxrna A. Kahan, Essays in Jewish Social and Economic ;jli`e 34 'nr,a"qyz milyexi,mixg`e.56±55 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xphpit :mb e`xe ;History, Chicago London 1986, pp

6 [6] 46 z` ebtqe ef dlidwa eclepy inn dpeya,zizxeqnd zilrd ibeg ipta ceak z`xi `l s`e ote`a xidne sevx jildzl micr ep`,lynl,jk.da geexy zercde zepen`de mikxrd mler jeze 1812 zpya dplieel dribdy,oey`xhy zgtyn ly zihilete zizxag zeciip ly iqgi 21 zxnvd l` ef dgtyn ly dkxc.zinewnd zilrd ibeg ala dcnrn z` dqqia ax `l onf zgtyn z`f znerl.cec,dgtynd ia` ly axd eped reiqa dllqp zihiletde zizxagd Îzizxag zeciip ly jldn exyt`y mi`pzd zyelyn cg` s` dnr d`iad `l aeh`te` Îizxagd avnl cd.zepcnl e` izgtyn qegii,oed :zizxeqnd zicedid dxaga zilklk okn xg`l zeax mipy eazky mixaca rnyp dplieea dini ziy`xa ef dgtyn ly ilklkd.(oldl e`x) aeh`te` dcedi ly xzeia mixnd eixwanne eiaixin micg` ibegl aeh`te` ly zixe`hn diilr lre zihilete zilklk dglvd lr zexexa zeiecr zepya,h"id d`nd ly miyelyd zepy rvn`n xak zeniiw zinewnd zicedid zilrd dpin,aeh`te` ly diipyd ezy`.oi`eyipd megza lynl xkip df xac.eiigl miyelyd 22.dplieea zeqgeind zegtynd zg`l za dziid,dl` mipya dl `yip `edy,qrwtiv dpg zg` `id mb,obeaplpvw zgtynl `lkin z` dyi`l `yp,1843 zpya,dzen xg`l 23 cqend ixag mr dl` mipya xak dpnp `ed jka `veik.zinewnd zicedid zilrd zegtynn j` akxed izxeqn ote`ay,'ldw'd,dplieea zicedid dlidwd ly xzeia izxweide oeilrd 24,1836 zpya xak df xywda riten eny.zinewnd zilklkd zilrd zegtyn ibivpn wxe 25 df wxtn.oecxeb l`xyi axd ly iepind azk lr i`plieed 'ldw'd mya minzegd cg`k ixeaiv cqen lka aeh`te` dcedi ly ezegkep dybxed,1868 zpya ezxiht cr,jli`e zeiqppit zeielirt ly agx oeebna oaenke zernyn lra ixeaiv rexi` lka,dplieea icedi erahy h"id d`nd ly zi`plieed zicedid dxaga zeiencd od zehrn,dyrnl.zeilklke?z`f dyr cvik.diayeze xird iiga wenr dk mzeg M. Zalkin, Samuel and Mattityahu Strashun: Between Tradition and Innovation, :e`x Mattityahu (Matias) Strashun ( ): Scholar, Leader and Book Collector, ed.a. Astrinsky, New York 2001, pp mxtqn ik m` micli eid befly dler digîdpin ly dzavn gqepn ;237 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn xq seypi ayei mdipiae rcbp eitprn cg`y deab ur zenca davery,zx`etnd davnd.xexa epi`,lekn xzei,dcirne dplieea icedid zexawd zia ly zeavnd sepa zipiite` `l ce`n dziid,mipt lr dzexg dziidy dpiwd oeylk,'oa`d ef xwia jxiwedl' ef zicegii jxca xga aeh`te`y jk lr.281 'nr,d"pxz `pliee,a,ycw zty ixiy,od`fprarl miigîoa c"` :e`x.urd rfb.233 'nr,l"yz milyexi,et`n mdxa` iazkn,xepic v"a xrpliee',o`w 't :e`x dpecipd dtewza i`plieed 'ldw'd lr.195 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn.156±152 'nr,(1934) 7,xrhrla `"eeii,'1831±1820 ox`i ic oi` ldwdîiy`x.6 dxrd,195 'nr,my,cibn

7 47 aeh`te` dcedi [7] zilklk zeciip.a.zilklkd eziilr ikxc mb jk,oeekn e` ixwn,ltxra mihel aeh`te` ly ezexrp iniy myk m`e jka oiipr el did `ly meyn m`,df megza xceqn ceriz xized `l envr aeh`te` gilvn dxaga zekenpd zeakyd on mc` eay,df oirn bixg jldn.zexg` zeaiq lya mpeinc z` zivd,miyxn swida miqkpe oed xeavle ilklkd ceaixd ilbrn lk z` uextl iehia df oeincl ozpy mipey`xd cg`.eicde` mr epnp `ly in llk jxca,onfd ipa ly 26.ely oey`xd sxbeiade et`n mdxa` xteqd ly ecici,oltw mdxa` did miaezka ex`za,gilvnd xgeqde miwqrd yi`,aeh`te` oia dgztzdy zakxende dywd miqgid zkxrn z` zepyn gth `xewd iptl oltw syg,(oldl e`x) gexd yi`e dxend,xteqd,et`n oial :aeh`te` ly ezecli `yp `ede,mrd zlcn my ila oa did xrp epcer?eiig ini lka dfd ee`h`t` did dne in zeaegxa mixaerd ilrp zewpl ecia zexry zeiwpne,xird zeveg ipt lr milrp xegy ci lqa el `a oi`n rci `l yi`e,xyrie lblbd eilr jtdp minid uexna.dlwp xkya mdilbx lr 27.axd exyr sqep icedi xxeyne xteq ly ezaizka mb iehia d`vn xirvd aeh`te` dcedi ly ezenc oltw ly exeaig meqxt xg`l mipy xyrk.(b"li) oecxeb aiil dcedi `ed `ld,dplie oa dqip,oltwk,b"li mb.'zrca axernd' exetiq cwena aeh`te` ly ezenc z` b"li aivd :xge`nd eienic z` m`ezd ote`a aeh`te` ly zilklkd ditxbeiad z` ei`xewl bivdl iciwtl micba xtez did hiigd licei.dfd ziad z` cqi xy` dxvwa hiigd zeclez dl`e hiigd mb `eaie `avd iyp` e`vie ux`a dngln zeida idie,ligd icecbn cg`a `avd dkd eitl`a cecbd dkd xy` zrae ;ehgna `vi hiigde mzywae maxga e`vi dl` ;mkeza sqka cak ezia l` ayie,'ziax' ici lr seqale 'xezi' ici lr dligza,eizeaaxa hiigd 28.adfae jez iqexd `avd iliigl micn zwtq`a e` miilrp gevgva xirvd aeh`te` wqr m` oia lr cenrl ozip dl` zxewia ixacn `weecy dnec,e`l m` oiae,diinx irvn`a yeniy ly mdipira d`xpy dn.aeh`te` ly ef oial mdiazek ly mlerd zqitz oiay xrtd,dbxc izegpl die`xd zeldpzd jxcke miiefa miweqirk oecxeb aiil dcedie oltw mdxa` dplieea xxebzd miyingd zepy ly diipyd zivgna.1839 zpya dpaew xira clep oltw mdxa` zal ihxt dxen yniy oltw.iyi` ote`a exikd s`y okziie,aeh`te` lr zeax rny wtq `lle dxrd,lirl) et`n :e`x miipyd oia mixywd lr.miaexwd eicicin cg`l did s`e et`n ly eig`.gztna,(23 qpxtznd,xrpd ly dnec xe`izl.859 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oieehil ;17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw.448 'nr,(9 dxrd,lirl) odk :e`x,dplieea lecbd zqpkd zia xvga miilrp gevgvn.xewna zeybcdd ;`lw 'nr,(13 dxrd,lirl) zrca axernd,b"li

8 [8] ipey`x oed zxiav myl zeiepncfd levip ly wdaen jldnk uexgde xirvd mfid ipira qtzp dtewza zilklkd ezelirt lr dplie icedi ly innrd oexkifa exnzypy ze`qxbd ziaxn mb 30.zilklk zelirt ly df mbc zen`ez ef mipya xak dyabzdy,xbaznd aeh`te` ly zilklkd mlerd zqitz z` hhxyl ozip mipey miwlga iciip `lc iqkp zxiav lr dqqazd `id.onfd zepa zecerz it lr,dl` 31,mipey miletepen zxikga zecwnzd lre,`qib cgn,miaipn miqkpl mzkitde xird ly riwyd,ipey`x oed xavy xg`l,h"id d`nd ly miyelyd zepy ziy`x onl.`qib jci`n zexikga axern did xak dfd xeyrd rvn`a.dxikgd megza eivn`n ziaxn z` aeh`te` 32.mixgeqd ly ziyilyd dclibl ezekiizyd lya xyt`zd xacde,ce`n lecb itqkd otwidy,mixg` miaxk,aeh`te`.da lrt aeh`te`y 'ziwqrd daiaq'l mb drcep zcgein zeaiyg,izxeqnd xkegd ly ezlert jxc enk `ly,zifekix zilklk zkxrn ly zxbqna lrt inewnd ipletd liv`d oial icedid oedd lra oiay akxend miqgid jxrn lr dzzyedy 33 erawp zifekixd zkxrnd ly zeillkd dizenbn.df liv` ly ezfeg` inegza dldpzde jli`e g"id d`nd rvn`n ziqexd dixtni`d zlklka `av icnl yewiad `liny ifkxnd ciwtzd lr lr.p. Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy , New York 1986, pp :e`x A.J. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs :e`x df megza micedi minfi ly zxkipd mzeaxern in Imperial Russia, Chapel Hill 1982, pp 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oipiixa :e`x 'iprd lkexd' zqxb lr jiiyd oiipaa xgqn zia zgiztl oeiyix zlawl dywad mb e`xe.237 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn iiqae`,dywad yibn lr.5916 wiz,567 sqe`,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l` :iwvipcex aegxa aeh`te`l.145±144 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn :e`x,oeqpiwlf uiaewilf zipzen dziid mixgeqd zeclib yelyl zekiizydd.(1864 x`epia 1) c"kxz zaha a"k,lnxkd millkd erawp 1807 zpya.dlecbd dpixzwi ly dpehly ztewza wega rawpy ilnipin oed zxiava.laex 50,000 ± dpey`x dclib ;laex 20,000 ± diipy dclib ;laex 8,000 ± ziyily dclib :mi`ad ewtzqd zepehlyde,ely oedd swidl zegked bivdl yxcp `l znieqn dclibl jiizydl ywand :e`x.miycg beeiq illk erawp 1863 zpya.oedd on 5.225% jqa izpyd qnd z` mlyl ezlekia `ed mb rawpy,zicedid dxaga iniptd icnrnd beeiqd.85,39±31 'nr,(29 dxrd,lirl) xaix mix`ez dyelya' :cx`pic mixt` x`zny itk,zvwna dpey did,mc`d ly ilklkd eavn it lr "cibp",laex sl` drax` e` dyely cr dlr exyr xy` yi`d.mdd minia eixiyr z` mrd x`z '` :e`x.'`xwp "xiab" mya sl` miyly cr ribd m`e,"xiyr" did mitl` zxyrae.el e`xw ze`ivnl qgiizn cx`pic ly exe`iz.79 'nr g"rxz oehbpilx`,`,inr za zepexkf,cx`piic cenll ozip zephw zelidwa inepew`îeiveqd beeiqd illk lr.zelecbd mixra zilklkdîzizxagd,mixteqe minkg zlleyne,dyxe dlc xir `id uipnxw xird' :oefpzp xra cec ly eixacn d`eelda e` zepga mdn qpxtzne sqk miz`n jxr el xy`.xrvn xir lk bdpnk diayei bdpne,od`fp`h`p a"c :e`x.'dpeki xiab ± adf ixpic sl`k el xy` yi` oncfi m`e.`xwi cibp ± dnecke.39'nr,1878`yx`ee,zepexkfdxtq gek,sqk,xlh '` ;M.J. Rosman, The Lords Jews, Cambridge 1990, pp :e`x ;240±182 'nr,e"qyz milyexi,g"id d`na `hila lieei'fcx zia zefeg`a micedid ± drtyde J. Kalik, Szlachta Attitudes towards Jewish Arenda in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Gal-Ed, XIV (1995), pp

9 49 aeh`te` dcedi [9] oiipr xqeg ly dax dcin did dly ixwird oiit`nd z`f mre,ifkxnd oehlyd ici lr 34 mixac avna.mitheyd miinewnd miilklkd mikildza oehlyd inxeb ly zeaxrzd xqege mixgznd xtqnl rbepd lka lynl,epnn dpdp 'oyi'd icedid xkegdy iqgid oexzid mlrp df 35.zehlgdd lawn lr dxgznd ly ezrtyd zcinle zitivtq dxikg lr fxkna wqerd inyx cerizn dler df megza aeh`te` ly ezlert jxcl zipiite` dnbec 36 idlya.h"id d`nl miyelyd zepy ly diipyd zivgna dplieea gnw zpgh zxikgl 37 zizpy zlz dxikgl fxknl drvd oext` cec mixt` xgeqde aeh`te` eyibd 1837 zpy,dpyl laex mitl` zyely ly mekq lr dcnr miipyd zrvd.zipexir gnw zpgh ly miqnd lk z` xicq ote`a mlyle zetheyd dwfg`d zelert z` rval zeaiigzd mb dllke aeh`te`l careyy,xpii lxw,dplie ayez ly ezia yniy mzrvdl zeaxrk.miihpeelxd zervdd lk oian xzeia daehde ddeabd drvdd d`xpd lkk dziid ef.1837 xaehwe` ycega i`lewip,`hil ly xehpxaeb lxpbd ipta uilnd dplie ly igxf`d lyende,eybedy zeqpkdl mxeze xzeia obed igkepd xignd' ik epiiva,dlawl,aewexeblec 'uiaiixcp` 38 xeyi`de,xzei deab bxc ly exeyi` z` dziid dperh deab dk mekqa dxikg.'xird dxikga wqerd oexg`d g"ecay oiivl oiiprn.dpy dze` ly xanvca 31Îa wx lawzd lry oeeikn,oext` mixt` ziyilyd dclibdn i`plieed xgeqd mr wx mzgp dfegd' ik oiev 39.'cala oext` ly eny lr didz dxikgdy aeh`te` xgeqd ywia zipexird dnecd g"ec it dwqra ezetzzydn beqp `l aeh`te`y jkl al miyl yi ik m`,dxexa dpi` jkl daiqd.da szeyk ilnxet meyixn wx `l` odn witdl zlekie zeiwqr zeiepncfd iedif ellky,otecd i`vei miiwqrd eixeyik lya exwpy miiwqr mileykn lr xabzdl aeh`te` gilvd,cgeind eite` lyae,iaxn geex miilklk milewiy it lr dazkedy,ziwqrd ezelirt.ea exgzdy in z` qiadle ekxca zelirt lcen dxikfn,zizeaxz e` zizc mler ztwyda mxewny milewiy aexir `ll,`cxb oeikifd z` i`plieed 'ldw'd icin `ivedl zeqpl qqid `l,dnbecl,jk.ilwicx ihqilhitw ly xzeia miaeygd dqpkdd zexewnn cg`,sxy oii xevii lr miqnd ziiab ly dxikgl.250 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xphpit :e`x dl` zenbn lr N.V. Riasanovsky, :e`x h"id d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna iqexd oehlyd ly zifekixd zeipicnd lr A History of Russia, New York 1963, pp gnw zepgh zxikg lr.1301 wiz,378 sqe`,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l`a ievn oldl hhevnd cerizd,48 'nr,h"lxz `pliee,oeyny oexkf,oeyny oa l"i :lynl e`x h"id d`na `hila micedi icia 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn :e`x,dycgd zilrl `id mb dkiizydy,oext` zgtyn lr.jli`e dipxaebd ly illk lyen yniy aewexeblec i`lewip.1838 xanhtqa 28 mein aewexeblecl xikfz.1840±1831 mipya `hil ly lyend,'uiaewxin 'uialaew`i xeceit l` dplie ly igxf`d lyend ly 1841 qxna 8 mein xikfz.36 dxrd,lirl e`x ;1850±1840 mipya `hil ly illkd

10 [10] zilklkde zihiletd zilrd mr dzpnpy,lhpfex zgtyn mr znrzd jka `veik.df seb 41 icedil aygpy,(qrkibei) b`i awri mr oke,diqkpn cakp wlg ca`l dl mxb s`e,dplieea 42.mirax`de miyelyd zepya dplieea xzeia xiyrd zpya xake,dxidnd zilklkd eziilra iehia icil e`a ziwqrd ekxc ly dize`vez 43 iagx lka ef dcliba eid dpyd dze`a.mixgeqd ly dpey`xd dclibd mr dpnp 1839,mixgeq dray lekd jqa (meik `hil ly dghy ziaxn z` dllky) dplie ly dipxaebd 44 micedid zyngn cg` did aeh`te`y `id xacd zernyn.micedi `l miipye micedi dying yi aeh`te` ly dniyxnd zilklkd dglvdd z`.dzaiaqae dplieea xzeia mixiyrd ziwqrd dibhxhq`l mbe,(oldl e`x) oehly inxeb mr deehy mixywd zkxrnl mb qgiil minxeb mr dlert seziy lre drwydd inegz xefit ly oexwird lr dqqazdy,ely sqep icedi xgeq mr cgi,1841 zpya aeh`te` laiw,lynl,jk 45.micedi `l miixgqn.dplieea d`etxl dincw`d xe`l d`ivedy cenil ixtq zvtdl oeikifd z`,oilbp` miig mya miipyd etziy `hil ly dipxaebd zeleabl uegn mixtqd zxikne oeikifd yenin myl 46 eiwqr eagxzd mipey zexewn it lr.xgq oeiyix ilra eidy miinewn mixgeq mr dlert.88 'nr,`,(17 dxrd,lirl) oeqtil ;180 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaepiax z` ez`n gwl xia`d ee`h`t` ik,mdilr jytp dzka `l m` lhprf`xd zgtyn z` zi`x el' oeqlcpn qewxn ly azkn.'xard sxegn jl recid xrid xear lhprf`xn eznwp `ed mwep ik...lkd 1845 lixt`a 24,17/4 wiz,(12 dxrd,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`,oeqlpvw awri l` lr.er 'nr,(`"yz) `,dpeaz,'l"wevf hplqn l`xyi xe` oxn ly eizelerte eikxcn',oiwtil 'i ilklkd eavnl dcin dpwl.307 'nr,(9 dxrd,lirl) xpfielw :e`x b`i awri ly ixeaivd ecnrn.. ¼ÐÓÓØÔê, µòàõùáúþõ ÔÞÜÞÒÛÐÔÒÝöÕ Òì ²ØÛìÝì 30-åê ÓÓ. àþèûðóþ ÒêÚÐ', :e`x ÕàÕÖØâÞÒ, IV (1913), p. 193 dzgtd lr.208 'nr,(29 dxrd,lirl) lxhb :mb e`xe.(1864 x`epia 1) c"kxz zaha a"k,lnxkd Kuryer Litewski, :e`x dpey`xd dclibd on micedi mixgeql xgqd oeiyix zxb` ly 1835 zpya oe` win`p`wr x`t ohtixy,'cp`lqex oi` oci` ic oet rhkiyrb xryin`p`wr xrc ev',ee`paec 'ee,xrhrla `"eeii,'rpliee oi` mixgeqîrclib ryicii',o`w 't ;96 'nr,1928 oilxa,1,wihqih`hq oxeb 'p zkixra,`hil zecdi,'`hil icedi ly dlklkd',oiihylwpit '` ;85±81 'nr,(1935) 8 on mixgeq 33 dplie ly dipxaebd inegza eid 1851 zpya.169 'nr,h"iyz aia`îlz,`,mixg`e enyxp 1861 zpya.58 'nr,(29 dxrd,lirl) xaix :e`x ;(73%Îk) micedi 24 mdn,dpey`xd dclibd ¼ÐâÕàØÐÛë ÔÛï :e`x.(95%) micedi 19 mkezn,dpey`xd dclibdn mixgeq 20 ef dipxaeba ÓÕÞÓàÐäØÙ Ø áâðâøáâøúø ÀÞááØØ, ²ØÛÕÝáÚÐï ÓãÑÕàÝØï, II, ÁÐÝÚâ ßÕâÕàÑãàâê 1861, pp. 384, 418 'nr,(3 dxrd,lirl) od`w :e`x onfd za zicedid zilrd ly ixwird oedd xewnk miptdîxgqn lr.395 cbp zizxhyn dxiwg dgztp aiiw xirl mixtq ly znieqn zenk gelyna erxi`y zelwz lya,mippelznd.aeniqip`e aexetiwip,miinewnd mixgeqd ipy eyibdy dpelz zeawra,etzeye aeh`te` dcaerd lya itqk wfp mdl mxbpy eprh,mzeyxa didy xgqd oeiyix lya dwqrl etxevy,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l` :e`x dlek dyxtd lr.crena zelbrd ilral enliy `l etzeye aeh`te`y.4846 wiz,567 sqe`

11 51 aeh`te` dcedi [1 1] mivr zzixkl oeikifd zxikgl,x`ec izexiy wtql oeikifd zxikgl mb zenieqn zetewza dplieel uegn mitqep zenewna zelirtl oke,mipeyd dibeql zeplawl,zexria ziy`x ly ilklkd xaynd znbec,miilklk xayn iavna oekiqd z` dnvnv ef dyib 49 oday,dl` mipya.xiip zexhya yeniyl sqk laexa yeniyn xarnde mirax`d zepy ilklkd eavn rbtp `l,dplieea zicedid zilklkd zilrd zegtynn zeax odiqkpn ecxi 50 dplieey dcaera mb,xzid oia,ef zilklk dglvd zelzl yi.xkip ote`a aeh`te` ly ziwqrd ezglvd lr.ziqexd dixtni`a milecbd micixid one xgqnd ifkxnn zwgexn dziid wpredy xzeia deabd x`ezd,'eizexecl cakp gxf`' x`ezd 1864 zpya aeh`te`l wpred xag ezeid lya x`eza dkf aeh`te`.dlev`d cnrn mr dpnp `ly inl ziqexd dixtni`a,zebiltn zeahd el dpwd x`ezde,zetivxa mipy ynge mixyr jyna dpey`xd dcliba 51.miqn melyzne seb iypern,`avl qeibn xeht oebk ibega dycg ziwqr mler zqitz ly dzegztzda oigadl ozip h"id d`nd rvn`a miizxeqn weqir inegzn xarn dxwiry,cg`k zicedide zillkd,dplieea zilklkd zilrd 52 uni` `ed,ekxck `ly.ef dnbna alzyd `l aeh`te` mle`e.ziziiyrzd zenfid megzl zilrd ibeg z` dpiit`y zilklkd dqitzd on dbxg `l ezelirte,zipxny dyib `weec `weec zilklkd ezelirt inegza did `l ezlertay yecigdy o`kn.'dpyi'd zicedid `edy dcaerl zeaiyg zrcep s`.dly zeiaiqphpi`d zcinae zelirtd swida `l`.dplie zlidwa 'dpyi'd zilklkd zilrd zegtyn ly zhlgend dipenbdd lr xbiz `xw lecbe jeld exyr jlie' :oltw mdxa` ly epeylae,xzeia xidn avwa dpiit`zd ezelirt 53 uiwa aeh`te` ly ezen cr epira xzep df avn.'c`n lcbie yi`d uextie mei l` mein.1868 zilrd ibega bedpk,eiig gxe`a mb iehia icil d`a aeh`te` ly zilklkd ezglvd dxrd lirl) iwqxiaq ;80 'nr,(8 dxrd,lirl) od`w ;17/4 wiz,(12 dxrd,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` z` dxikga lawl aeh`te` ly eizepeiqip lr.253 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaenxa` ;76 'nr,(11 ;180 'nr,my,uiaepiax :e`x jk lr milhend miqnd ziiable miiledekl` ze`wyn xeviil oeikifd.88 'nr,`,(17 dxrd,lirl) oeqtil.21 wiz,my,bxeafpib sqe` :e`x wcexbeaepe hplq zexiira aeh`te` ly eiwqr lr zeiecr.215 'nr,(29 dxrd,lirl) lxhb ;127 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xphpit.1845 lixt`a 24 mein azkn,17/4 wiz,(12 dxrd,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` xaix ;ÁÒÞÔì ÐÚÞÝÞÒê ÀÞááöÙáÚÞÙ ØÜßÕàöØ,Á.- ÕâÕàÑãàóê 1912, vol. ix, pp ±63 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xphpit ;87±85,36 'nr,(29 dxrd,lirl) 'n :mb e`xe.81±78 'nr,(1935) 8,xrhrlA `eeii,'rpliee oi` wixa`t ryicii rhyxr ic',o`w 't :extqa,'19îd d`nd ly ipyd yilya wqpit ly ilklkd beybyd ly eize`veze einegz,eaih',acp dlecbd zepbxead ly oziilr',iwqpi'vyl 'i ;122±111 'nr,b"qyz aia`îlz,gezt qwpt milyexi,mieapixb 'i zkixra,dyxe :zeielb ly dictelwivp`,'zicedid zirevwnd divpbilhpi`de 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xphpit ;170±169 'nr,(44 dxrd,lirl) oiihylwpit ;174±157 'nr,b"iyz.232± 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw

12 [12] 52 Îzilklkd zilrd ly dayen mewn,dplie alay iwvipcex aegxa dxxebzd ezgtyn.onfd za qhpfnla zeraba,ezelraay uiwd ziaa zedyl bdp uiwd iycegae,zicedid zizxagd 54 `l` 'xcg'a ecnl `l eiclie,zx`etn dakxn ezeyxa dziid dfa `veik.xirl gxfnny 55 mb aeh`te`.dl` mibega bedpk,eziaa mcnll xky mze`y,miihxtd mixend iaeh lv` oiipaa ddeabd zitqkd drwydd lr.ef zizxag dakya laewnk,ihxt zqpk zia miwd!ezx`tze elcb ziad zipaz z` ze`xl dee`p dn' :oldlc xe`izd on cenll ozip zqpkd zia xy` mixacd lka hrn ycwnd zetil sqkd lr lng `l dfd aicpd ji` egibyi ei`ex lk oia eitei qqepzi xfp oa`ke ezrti zcng c`n lledne lecb ok lr,'c ziaa xcde ced eeyi zitqkd drwydl xarn zeitqk ze`veda dkexk dziid ihxt zqpk zia znwd 56.'awri iza,mewnd ly ztheyd dwfg`a od dlidwd zecqenn diipad xeyi` zlaw alya od,zipey`xd 57.ofgl dreaw zxekyn melyz mb dllky zicnrn zeciip.b icnl geex,zihilet dnvrl zilklk dnvr ly dnebxz exwiry,oehlyl oed oia xywd lra oial zicedid dlidwd oia miqgid zkxrny dcaerd.dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa Îmiilklk zeceqi lr dziy`xn dzzyed zeicedi `ld zeipexird zehil`de ipletd dfeg`d 58.zicedid dlidwa ddeabd zilklkd zlekid zelra zegtynl ifkxn cnrn dzpwd miixgqn qgiiy,icnrn dpana zinewnd zitexi` gxfnd zicedid dlidwd dpiit`zd df rwx lr dipecpd.(1868 ileia 8) g"kxz fenza g"i,oepald ;5916 wiz,567 sqe`,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l` uiaenxa` :e`x.dplieeay d'vx`f zpekya mixebn zia mb dllk di`eyip lbxl dipd ezal wiprdy.253 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl).17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw elqka g"k,cibnd :e`x df zqpk zia lr.(1864 xanaepa 30) d"kxz elqk yceg y`x,cibnd,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn ;(1868 ileia 10) g"kxz fenza g"i,oepald ;(1867 xanvca 25) g"kxz dplie zlidw oaxeg cr sevx ote`a lrt df zqpk zia.76 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) iwqxiaq ;237 'nr.d`eyd ztewza oiicr d`vn `ly zenewn"',oiwlf 'n :e`x ihxt dlitz zia ceqii ly miiqppitd mihaidd lr qwh` 'r zkixra,miciqg ilbrna,'19îd d`na `hila micbpznl miciqg oia?"llk dl ow zeciqgd oezira dnqxtzd (1863 xanhtqa 21) c"kxz ixyza 'ga.30±28 'nr,q"yz milyexi,mixg`e z` ebivdy mipfgd lk,drcena oievnk.aeh`te` ly zqpkd ziaa ofg zxynl yetig zrcen cibnd minqxetnd on didiy xeaivîgily zepnl eaala ik epevx ewitd `l' drcend meqxt cr mzecnren mirax` ly ireay xky ± mirvend dwqrdd i`pz.'`ltp obp rcei didiye ux`a xy` milecbd.onfd ipa migpena xzeia mideab eid ± mixebne sqkîlaex D. Blazyte, ï ç :e`x h"id d`nd ziy`xa dplie zlidwa ihilet cnrn oial zilklk dnvr oia xywd lr The Vilnius Magistracy and the Jewish Community in the 18 th Century, The Gaon of.vilnius and the Annals of Jewish Culture, ed. I. Lempertas, Vilnius 1998, pp dpey`xd zivgna opfet ly icedid raexd ± `zeeva miig,xlh '` :e`x opfet zlidwa dnec drtez lr.63±49 'nr,c"qyz milyexi,dxyr rayd d`nd ly

13 53 aeh`te` dcedi [13] 59 icil `a xacd.hxtd ly izxagd enewn zriawa ilklkd oeixhixwl daexn zeaiyg ifkxnd ihiletd ocnrn z` xnyl dnbna davery,zeizlidwd zepwzd zkxrna mb iehia xgaidle xegal zekfd ilra zriaw zervn`a lynl,zilklkd dhil`d zegtyn ly miicqnnd miteba zealzydd zcin drawp eit lry ifkxnd oeixhixwd.dlidwd zecqenl xyt` df oeixhixwa yeniyd.hxtd ly ilklkd ecnrn did,'ldw'a xwirae,dlidwd ly zeiexyt` lr gewit oke,miizlidwd miteba zkynzne dtevx dhily zenieqn zegtynl 60 zihiletd ze`ivna elgy miiepiyd.miievx `l minxeb ly mzqipk zripne mda zealzydd,dl` zepwzl zernynîdpyn ewiprd h"id d`nd ziy`x onl ziqexd dixtni`a zilklkde z`e dcnrn z` xnyl dxhna 'dpyi'd zilrd icia xzepy cigi hrnkd irvn`d eid ode dylgdd cva,zeycgd zeilklkd zeiexyt`d mle`e.miizxeqnd gekd icwena dzhily jxrn ektd,1844 zpya wega mlehia ick cr,miizlidwd mitebd ly mcnrna zizhiyd 61.zernyn xqgl df zepwz zicedid dlidwd ly dzeknq zexrxrzd lr u"k awri riavd 'xayne zxeqn' extqa mziilrl `iade g"id d`na xak lgdy jildz,mipeyd dizecqen zcixie dtexi` fkxna 62 z` zzl dlgd ef dxenz.zlaben dziid dlidwl mzeaiegn zciny,miycg zegek ly dnbn zpnzqn ef d`n jldna.h"id d`nd ziy`xa wx ziqexd dixtni`d inegza dizeze` zehlzyd s`e zealzyd znerl zizxeqnd zilrd zegtyn ly ocnrn xerxr ly dxexa 63.zeizlidwd dbdpdd zekxrn lr 'miycgd mixiyrd' ly dpecipd dtewza dplieea zicedid dlidwa izlidwd cqnnd dpan ly zipey`x dpiga d`nd ly mixyrd zepy rvn` cr m`.dl` iepiy ikildzl zhlea dnbec ynyl leki hlgen ote`a,'dlecbd dwcvd' znbec,ely dpynd itebe i`plieed 'ldw'd ehlyp h"id,iwqpivyrl 'i :e`x h"id d`nd rvn`a ziqetih zitexi`îgxfn dlidwa df dpan ly hxetn xe`izl wihqih`hq,rit`xb`nrc ryici` x`t xrhrla,'1917 fia 1789 oet dldw ryici` xreeryhicx`a'.43±39 'nr,(1923) 2,win`p`wr oe` I. Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia , New York 1943, Ch. VII; M. Jucas, ï Jewish Kahals in 18 th Century Lithuania, The Gaon of Vilnius and the Annals of Jewish Culture, ed. I. Lempertas, Vilnius 1998, pp ; M. Zalkin, Who Wields e`xe ;the Power? The Kahal and Chevrot in Vilna in the 19 th Century, ibid., pp 'nr,c"yz aia` lz,iig zepexkfn,oiel 'y :mb I. Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia , Jerusalem 1981, pp 'nr,g"iyz milyexi,xayne zxeqn,u"k 'i oke ;4 'nr,1877 dyxe,dcedi zgpn,oiihytr ield 'i :e`x wqixa zlidwa dl` zexenzl dnbec P. Wengeroff, Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman :eza ly dizepexkifa dxiira zicedid zilrd zegtyn axwa wa`n lr.in the Nineteenth Century, Bethesda 2000 :e`x,mixkege mitiwz,bxapiit zgtyn ly dziilr lre h"id d`nd ly miyiyd zepya ic`il.181±178 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaepiax

14 [14] mipy xyry ixd,qkiice ew'v`lw,`fiinxb,lhf,uxt ± 'dpyi'd zilrd zegtyn icia zizxag zilr od,'dycg'd zilrd zegtynl df seba dhilyd dxar xak okn xg`l zilklk zilr od,oefpzpe obeaplpvw,iakxd,mex,oey`xhy zegtyn znbec,zizeaxze dlidwd z` ebviiy zeiencd zxigaa,lynl,iehia icil `a df jldn.aeh`te` znbec ibivp zcireea m`,jke.zeicedid zelidwd ibivp ly zeieqpkzda e` miaeyg mirexi`a,ew'v`lw l`eny icia dplie zlidw dbvei 1816 zpya wqpin xira dniiwzdy zelidwd 65 hpqa ixeitihpen dynl dkxrpy miptd zlawa dlidwd ibivpy ixd,'dpyi'd zilrd yi` dtewzd ixwegn micg`.(oldl e`x) aeh`te` dcedie obeaplpvw iav eid 1846 zpya bxeaxht drtezd j`,ef zegztzda zilikynd zilrd zegtyn ly ozeaxern z` `weec eyibcd lehia mr 66.aeh`te` znbec,ef oirn mler zqitz evni` `ly zegtyn mb dyrnl dtiwd,miitelgd oehlyde dbdpdd iciwtz z` einece aeh`te` eqtz 1844 zpya 'ldw'd cqen 67.(bivp) h`hercde (xeaiv owqr) wipahq'vyaf`d,(qn daeb) wi'vyxfaqd oebk ly miyelyd zepy rvn`n xak i`plieed 'ldw'a xag aeh`te` did,lirl xkfpy itk zilnxetd zxbqna od,dplie icedi ly miixeaivd miigd jxrna ezeaxern.h"id d`nd zelirta mb iehia icil d`a,mirax`d zepy rvn`a df seb ly elehia xg`l od 'ldw'd ly aeh`te` ly ewlga xywp oey`xd rexi`d.mdn miipy oiivpe,mibixg mirexi`a mbe ztheyd myiil aex`ae` iibxq iqexd jepigd xy icia dpnzpy,l`hpiilil qwn ly xira eixewiaa 68.(oldl e`x) dixtni`d icedi axwa 'mrhn dlkydd' zipkez z` diqexa ixeitihpen dyn ly exewia `ed ifkxn ciwtz aeh`te` `lin eay ipyd rexi`d,mkeza dplie icedie,ayend megz icedi ly mnler lr fr mzeg xizedy rexi`,1846 zpya 69 bxeaxht hpql ixeitihpen ly e`ea mr.mdly iaihwlewd ixehqidd oexkifd lr mb enk zilklkdîzihiletd zilrd ibivpn dakxedy,micedi micakp ly zglyn eipt z` dlaiw dziidy,dplie zlidw z`.dpliee wqiexaea,aelwy,aliden,wqpin,dyxe zelidw ly iave oiwhep xa,aeh`te` dcedi :dlidwa mihlead miyi`d on dyely ebvii,oday dlecbd inyxd dkxad azkn lr,mixg` dyely mr cgi,mzg s` aeh`te`.obeaplpvw yxid x`a,`,dplie ifpbn,(xicdn) oiwlf 'n :'xird ipt' mipeknd zniyxa mb e`xe ;(24 dxrd,lirl) o`w.34±31 'nr,`"qyz ray.137 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) xpfielw 17) a"lxz oqipa 'h,oepald :e`x 'xird qpxte y`x' ciwtzl oey`xhy l`eny ly eiepin lr,lirl) bxeafpib sqe` :e`x dplieea 'ldwd y`x' ciwtzl oefpzp ikcxn iepin lr.(1872 lixt`a oeic.dxrda 181 'nr,(c"xz) a,oetv igxt,(mikxer) oit i"ye uieexed l"` ;17/4 wiz,(12 dxrd dxenzde "mrhn dlkydd" zyxt',qwh` 'r :e`x zilikynd zilrd ly ihiletd dcnrn zl`ya.313±264 'nr,(g"lyz) bn,oeiv,'diqexa dlkydd zrepz cnrna M. Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews, ;172±171 'nr,(7 dxrd,lirl) hgey Philadelphia 1983, pp (66 dxrd,lirl) qwh` :e`x ef dyxta mipiiprd zelylzyd lr L. Loewe (ed.), Diaries of Sir Moses and ;e"xz `pliee,gxe`d,wic n"` :e`x xewiad lr Lady Montefiore, London 1983, pp

15 55 aeh`te` dcedi [15] 70 ly ecnrn cegiiae,dplie zlidw ibivp ly mcnrn did dnk cr.ixeitihpenl ybedy cenll ozip ziqexd dixtni`d icedi ly illkd ihiletd jxrna mb zernyn lra,aeh`te` zicedid zilrd ly dybtn z` x`zn `ed eae epzgl obeaplpvw yxid iav glyy azknn :ixeitihpen mr 71,ee`prlv iav 'x,ee`h`t` xiabd epicicie ip` eil` epkld [ixeitih]p`n dyn xyd `a dtl 72 c"ndial epig` ix`y jeza epgp` ep`a...ipy h"eiae...hx`n 26 b meia xrph`x licprn 'x 73 zigxfna cnr...ely hgeyde x`hw`cd erxe xyd `a ryz dryae,(yxcnd zial=) did iel...xrph`x,ee`prlv,ikp`e ee`h`t`,x`hw`cd epinine,ycwd oex`l jenq zinexc 75 74,oiwh`p xra 'x did iying,ee`h`t` did iriax,lneb dyr iyily xyd xg`e,x`hw`cd 76.eil` `eapy dyn xyd mya ee`h`t`l x`hw`cd xn` dltzd xg`e...hgeyd did xihtn,zeicedid zelidwd icakp ly mitqep zeny oia ef dcerza xkfp aeh`te` ly enyy s` dxaga milaewn eidy miizxagd micewd it lr,mirexi`d jldn ly wcwecn gezip ixd :zihiletd dcinxitd y`xa avip `ed iyi`d ecnrn zpigany cirn,zitexi` gxfnd zicedid diilrd (a) ;ixeitihpenl xzeia jenqd ayena enewn rawp zqpkd ziaa dlitzd zrya (`) yniy `ed (b) ;envr ixeitihpen ly ef ixg` xzeia zcaeknl daygp exear dxgapy dxezl wqerd ceriza z`f mr.zelidwd ibivp oial ixeitihpen ly exikfn oia xikad xywd yi` xkfp oi`,miinewn milikyn icia lecbd eaexa azkpy,dplieea ixeitihpen ly exewiaa aeh`te` oia ef dtewza xxyy axd gznd on raep xacdy gipdl yi.aeh`te` ly eny ixeitihpen ly e`ea mr,lynl,jk.inewnd milikynd beg mdae,xira mipey mibeg oial.aeh`te` ly mixnd eicbpznn miipy,b`i awrie lhpfex oqip eil` eelp xirl mipiit`n mze` z` dlwp lr zedfl ozip izxagd mleqa zelrl aeh`te` ly eizepeiqipa cnrn qqal oeiqipa igxkd mxeb dziid zilklk dnvr.zilklkd eziilr jildz z` eaviry zilrd ibeg axwa dkinz yeaiba jxev did mb jk myl.ic da did `l j`,liawn izxag oi`eyipd cqena yeniy aeh`te` dyr okl.zicedi `ld zihiletd zkxrna s`e zinewnd.305 'nr,(9 dxrd,lirl) xpfielw lr.h"id d`nd ly mirax`d zepya wqpin zlidwa zehlead zeiencd on did aepl'v yxid iav Minsk vedomosti, September :e`x 1843±1840 mipya ef dlidwa xyad qn ziiabl fxkna eziikf 1839,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn :e`x ef dgtyn lr.aliden zlidwa zihiletdîzilklkd zilrd zegtynn.4 dxrd,273 'nr,`.ixeitihpen ly iyi`d exikfn,ield xfril` x"cl dpeekd.'lnebd' zkxa jxa,lirl) cibn :e`x.xirl oetvny xinewlie dxiira ixeitihpenl miptd zlawa dplie zlidw z` bvii.244±242 'nr,`,(9 dxrd lr.98 'nr,a"pxz dplie,a,xiac,bxeavpib `"n :e`x.21 wiz,(12 dxrd,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`,lirl) edil`n azkn :e`x dplie xef`l uegn micedi oed ilra mr aeh`te` ly miilklkd eixyw.61 'nr,(11 dxrd

16 [16] 56 77,mle`e.eiclil xy`a oke envr el xy`a jk.lirl ep`xdy itk,df bega alzydl ick dziid ef dglvdy ixd,idylk zizxag dxkda jk lya zekfl aeh`te` gilvd m` mb :dl` oi`eyip ixyway cxeqa`d z` `weec yibcn i`plieed iaihwlewd oexkifd.mini zxvw dcaerd z`e,jczyd onry zegtynd ly dywd ilklkd oavn rwx lr enwxpy dcaerd z` minkgd icinlz ly `le ely df did ei`v`v ly miite`ae mzenca ihppinecd ceqidy 78 zicedid zilrd axwa zizxag dkinz zbydy xnel ozip,llkk.eizepa epzgzd mnry dipenbdd lr sixgd wa`nd cva oky,zixyt` izla dniyn zpigaa exeara dziid zinewnd.inewnd izeaxzd qez`d on ax wgxn zewegx aeh`te` ly ezeldpzd ikxc eid,zilklkd zilrd mr mixyw ici lr drtyd zlekie gek zcnr biydl aeh`te` dqip ok lr xy` oqipe ew'v`lw yxid iav znbec,mixg` oed ilrak `ly mle`e.zicedi `ld zinewnd 79,dplieea ziqexde zipletd zehil`d ibeg mr zeizxag miqgi zekxrn mb egzity,lhpfex zcin lr eqqazd dl` mixyw.cala zipehlyd zkxrna ezelirt z` aeh`te` cwin elld mixywd egztzd mixacd rahne,mdn witdl miccvd ipy elkiy ziccdd zlrezd zkxrn iaihwlewd oexkifae onfd oa inewnd giya dnwxp df rwx lr.ilnxetd `ld xeyina.miccvd ipy ly miqgid zkxrn z`e miripnd z` ex`izy,mixetiqe zecb` ly dagx ipyy,zetiwrde zexiyid,zeitqkd d`pdd zeaeh did ef zkxrna xzeia ihppinecd aikxnd aeh`te` xkg day dtewza ik uiaenxa` yxid xtqn,dnbecl,jk.dfl df ewiprd miccvd irvn` gihadl ick ezxfrl oehlyd iciwt ewwfp dzaiaqae dplieea x`ecd zexiy z` 80 xe`iza innrd oeincd biltd okid cr.zeira `lle dxidn driqp mdl exyt`iy dxeagz :`ad xetiqd on cenll ozip dl` mixyw enwxp day jxcd lbxl zepehlyd izaa qpkpe `vei dide,mday milecbdn,zexri xgeq did aeh`te` lcei 'x zricba '`xvn xac `pic' eprhy mixki`d mr mikeqkq llbae,zepeiyx ipipra,eiwqr `pey ± ycg (jlt xy) 'xeh`pxaeb' dplieel ribde zexnynd etlgzd dpde.a"eike zexrid z` geztle jltd xy ly eal z` jkxl mikxc aeh`te` lcei 'x ytig.micedi `peye rva ze`ik,zxcedn dakxn,dxiad xir,bxeaxhta lcei oinfd.`vne rbi.ciîzpzn lawl eci,min zetih izyk dfl df minec,iliv` rfbn miqeq cnv miqeq lcbn lv` dpw,diilr ipal reqpl eilr deeive akx ly raek mr miycg cxyîicba eyialde d`p zefg lra amx biyd axd ly epzg,'uixfnn bxeavpib ixe` axd ly ezckp z` dyi`l `yp,yxid iav,xekad epa,ipyd epa.20 'nr,`"rxz oehbpiyee,b,xi`n zia,o`hqxreeliq 'b :e`x.`bpihi` a`f ikcxn zg`l oa,qpxt awril d`yip lhib eza.xbpih` lld awri axd ly ezckp mr ozgzd,l`ipc (aeh`te` ly ezen xg`l) d`yip,`prd,ziriaxd zad.dplieea xzeia zeqgeinde zexiyrd zegtynd :e`x.wqahieen wqieewliee cpenbif x"cl d`yip,`pea,ziyingd zad.iwqlewehp` ikcxn lqtl ;11 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uk ;237 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl) cibn ;87 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) cibn.253 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaenxa`.1506 'qn,a,(17 dxrd,lirl) aep`iexc ;11 'nr,my,uk ;20 'nr,my,oehqxaliq.98 'nr,(5 dxrd,lirl) oiwlf.253 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaenxa` ;17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw

17 57 aeh`te` dcedi [17] dide.dkgie my cenri.ecxynl dqipkd cil ezakxn mr my cenrle xeh`pxaebd zia cil liaya aeh`te` lcei xgeqd ici lr izglyp :dpri,epevx dne `ed inl eze` el`yi m` ly miciwtd e`x.did jke.izcear mewn didi o`ky il xn`e xeh`pxaebd ezlrn ced extiqe ekld,dler e` cxei yi` oi`e dkgne zcnerd dxecdd dakxnd z` jltd xy cxyn mr uriizd.eipira og e`vn miqeqd mr dakxnde oelgd jxc xyd lkzqd.jltd xyl ly miaxewnd cg` lcei 'x did f`n...deexe`l miqeqde dakxnd z` qipkdl deeive eiciwt 81.xeh`pxaebd ewwfpy micedi oed ilra md `ld,aeh`te` ly ezenc ipa ipirn dnlrp `l ef miqgi zkxrn ilral aeh`te` hiyedy reiqd.ihiletd mcnrn e` mdiwqr meciw myl zihilet zeplczyl dvegn ode dplieea od,ilklkde ihiletd ecnrn wefigl mxz dl` oirn mirbxa micedid oedd 82.dl lr `l miinewnd zepehlyd mr ely zcgeind miqgid zkxrn z` aeh`te` qqia mizrl,dnbecl,jk.zicedi `ld dxagl dnexz ly mipey mibeq lr `l` zexiyi d`pd zeaeh ozn 83 erbtpy dixeqa mixvepd zaehl dlecb dnexz wiprd oke i`av mileg zia znwdl mxz 84 xe`iza dwtzqd `l zinnrd dcb`d mle`e.xef`d iayez mifexcd mr jynznd wa`na lr ciri.xzei 'mideab' zefegnl mb dbiltde miinewnd zepehlyd mr aeh`te` ly eixyw aeh`te`.zizeklnd dakxnl dlwz drxi` dplieea xar x`vdy zra.`ad xe`izd jk lr dxenza.dkenqd dpgzd cr dakxna envra bdpe x`vd zeyxl eiqeq iaeh z` cinrd odylk zeiecr epicia oi`,z`f mr 85.'cakp gxf`' ly cnrn x`vd el wiprd dl` eizexiy zelirtde zebdpzdd qetcn dpeya,enr ipa zaehl aeh`te` ly ziplczy zelirt lr eay,epl recid ccead dxwna mb.zihilete zilklk dnvr exavy micedid ly izxeqnd ewledy zeicedi zexega ly oceake zecdid ly dceak xnyn lr cnery ink aeh`te` bven 86.lretd l` eizepeek z` `ivedy ink xkfp `ed oi`,inewn liv` icia did zixeaivd ezelirt ialy lka iehia icil `ae aeh`te` dcedi z` dgpdy oexwird zixeaiv zernyn lra `yep lka zeaxern,xnel dvex.'jci z` gpz l` dfn mbe dfa feg`' ef dlert jxcl zwdaen dnbec.ixeaivd ecnrnl `iadl leki xacdy zlrezd zcin it lr dpnzdy,aewiaia 'uiaelixab dili` lxpba d`xpd lkk xaecn ;76 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) iwqxiaq,edil`n azkn :e`x aeh`te` mr eixyw lr.1850 zpya dplie jlt ly illkd lyend ciwtzl.60 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) dpaewn bxapiit dnly i`wpad oial xbpihxw edil` xiabd oia wa`na aeh`te` `liny ciwtzd lr.59 'nr,my,edil`n azkn :e`x zepehlyd iptl diqex icedi z` bviil zekfd lr.17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw.(1860 xanaepa 9) `"kxz oeeyga c"k,lnxkd miixehqid mirexi` ipy o`k xyiw innrd xetiqdy gipdl yi.253 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uiaenxa`,1860 zpya dplieea ipyd xcpqkl` x`vd ly exewia :(onfd ipa migpena) mipnf zekinqa eygxzdy.1864 zpya aeh`te`l 'cakp gxf`' x`ezd zwprde.11 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) uk

18 [18] 58 xevia lr aeh`te` wa`p day onfd zcewpa.dlkydd ly izxagdîipeirxd mxfl eqgi `id wqr,h"id d`nd ly mirax`d zepye miyelyd zepy seq ixw,ihiletde izxagd ecnrn zicedid dxaga inihibl mxfk dlkydd ly dzelawzd zl`ya dplie zlidwa ixeaivd giyd zepeirxl qgia zi`ci`d ezqitz lr odylk zexiyi zeiecr xized `l aeh`te`.zinewnd,ziaeig dyib lr micirn mirax`d zepy ziy`xa dlkydl mixeywd eikldn j`,dlkydd.ixeaivd haida dpey`xae y`xae,ezelirt ly mipey mihaida iehia icil `a xacde,'mrhn dlkydd' zipkz ly dziigc e` dzlaw zl`ya dplie zlidw dxrq mday minia dybedy dywa lr,jk.zipkezd iccvn cva ianeta aeh`te` aviizd,l`hpiilil qwn bviiy mzg,dplieea l`hpiilil qwn ly ezedy z` jix`dl 1842 x`epi ycega dlkydd xyl dznwd oiipra l`hpiilil oikdy oeayge oicae 87.'dplie ixgeq ly divhetcd' xagk aeh`te` mixagk odkl mivlnend dcrd icakp oia aeh`te` ly eny riten 'mrd zlkydl dcre' ly aeh`te` wwfpyk.iyi`d ota mb iehia icil d`a ziaeigd ezyib 88.ef daeyg dcreea et`n mdxa` xteqd z` jk myl oinfd `ed eiclil ihxt dxenl mirax`d zepy rvn`a 89.zewdaend zeilikynd eizeihpa reci did xaky,dpaewn.dlkydd ikxr ly mznptdl zecr aeh`te` ly dl` eikldna ze`xl dyw,z`f mr zeihiletde zeizeaxzd zenbna jnezy ink envr z` bivdl dqip `edy gipdl xzei xiaq.ely jepigd xye iqexd x`vd ixw,xzeia mideabd mibxcd df dxwnae,zeieyxd eaizkdy,drtyd xave dplie zlidwa ilikynd mxfd qqazdyn,okn xg`l hren mipy xtqn mle`e.aeh`te` ly ezyiba iepiy onzqn,milikynd itlk ecvn dyw qgi lr zeiecrd zeaxzne zekled mirax`d zepy rvn` onl zqpkd ziae mipaxle mixenl yxcnd zia,miilikynd xtqd iza :mdizecqen itlk cgeinae aex`ae` iibxq jepigd xy icil dribd 1847 zpy seqa,dnbecl.dplieea oey`xd ilikynd oixtliid edil`,aeh`te` lcei :dplie zlidw ly mih`hetcd ly mzeldpzd ikxc lr dpelz icedid ly mdicli zqitza eixag z`e aeh`te` z` miy`d dpelzd xagn.bxay`il` sqeie z` wiqtdl oeiqipa oke,qeibl mzxiqne cpiwl`f onlf dnly likynd dxend lye oecxeb.miizlynnd xtqd izaa cpiwlf onlf dnlye oit sqei l`eny micedid mixend ly mzcear micinlzd xtqna zcnzn dcixil enxb mih`hetcd ly dl` zelert,azekd ly ezprh it lr mih`hetcdy,'zih`ptd dveawd y`x'k df jnqna bved aeh`te`.miicedid xtqd izaa dax drtyd lra ezeid lyae dipxaebd zepehlyn dl dkfy zeqgd lya mbivpk ea exga ixiyrn cg` `ed aeh`te`y s` ik,azeke siqen dpelzd xagn.zicedid dlidwd lr.247 'nr,(9 dxrd,lirl) xpfielw.20 'nr,1846 `pliee,mikea lew,cledcpbeh 'i :mb e`xe.270 'nr,my dxrd,lirl) oipiixa ;17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw :e`x miipyd oia zakxend miqgid zkxrn lr.285 'nr,b,(10 dxrd,lirl) xpfelw ;44±42 'nr,(

19 59 aeh`te` dcedi [19] mitqep mixiyr mixag ea `veike,'zexpd qn'a ewlg z` mliy mxhy ixd,dplieea mixgeqd 90.ceqi zlleyn dziid `l ef dpelz.dlidwa x`izy itk,xzeia sixgd mcbpznk aeh`te` z` dl` mipya edif dplie ilikyn,ok` :1849 zpya dcpal aiil ly eipfe`a dplieea mipaxle mixenl yxcnd zia icinlzn cg` zhlgda xird on miglyn e` `avl mixqen.`xt zeig enk mitcex 'mipilxa'd epze` y`x zeidl mi`zn xy`,mbivp `l` md `l...zexyt`d dvw cr mitcex,xeviwa.dlidwd eiykr dpd la`...mipaend lka oihelgl xea,xenb ux`d mr `ed df yi`...mihqil zitepk mdizegtyne mdiza z` eafr mixirv zexyr.scex `ede ± 'mipilxa'd z` secxl ezrca dlr 91.eicia letil `ly ick xar lkl egxae z` lekn xzei lniqy cqend z` mb zilikyn ihp`d ezelirta dxhnl el my aeh`te` ilikynd zqpkd zia `ed `ld,i`plieed aegxa dl dzkf dlkyddy divnihibld zcin ly ezxibql `iadl dqipy cigid did `l aeh`te`.1847 zpya jpgpy,'ycwd zxdh' dlery itk,ilikynd iaihwlewd oexkifa ehxgpy od ezelirte ezenc `weec j`,zqpkd zia :mirexi`d zeygxzd xg`l dpy mixyrk eazkpy mixacn miax f`.l"f `wv`lw `cedi 'n gepnd cia...g"xz zpya `plieea cqep 'ycewd zxdh' z`.aexl sqk exftie dfd ziad z` qexdl exn`ie (aeh`te` lcei=) `"i my`xae eilr enw dpw wifgdl ecia gk xy`e,xq`na eaiyed ea milltzndn miaxe `avl epzp mixxeynd uin` gexa mcbp eavizie dkxrndn eqp `l milikynd mb j`.`avl eglyl evxg daex mixxeynd z` etilgd ik mikeygd sxera dzid mixe`pd cie mitcxpl ektdp mditcex ik cr 92.`ype oekp meid cner dltzd ziae mixg`a minxeba uerp milikynle dlkydl aeh`te` ly eqgia lgy iahewd iepiydy dnec xrta z`f milez,miizextqd xwira,miilikynd zexewnd.cgi mb miihilete miizeaxz z`f x`zny itk,mil`ehwlhpi`d milikynd ly iniptd lbrnd oial epia xxyy izeaxzd :oltw mdxa`,wixe xea eze` mze`xa md j`,milikynd zxag l` xagzdl li`ed ezlecb ini ziy`xa gtzqdn edewigxie mdipia ekldn likdl elki `le ecia aezkl rci `l eny z` mb ik lk ezai` mdl xehpl et`a rayie,edenilkd ik dfd xacd lr ee`h`t`l xgie.mzceb`a xpfielw ;253 'nr,(12 dxrd,lirl) iwqpifel :mb e`xe.2 wiz,567 sqe`,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l` Îqbpexibrx ic oe` ht`ylrfrb xrc oet bpeiv`a ic',iwqp`ieerxrc c"i ;331 'nr,`,(9 dxrd,lirl).16 'nr,(1936) 10,xrhrlA `"eeii,'ley xrpia`x xrc ev orfiixw :jezn mebxzd.ziqexa xewnd ;».»ÕÒÐÝÔÐ ÂØßë Ø áøûãíâë', ²ÞáåÞÔì, I (1881), p 'nr,(7 dxrd,lirl) hgey ililyd eqgi lr.(1867 x`epia 31) f"kxz haya d"k,uilnd,'`plieea ycwd zxdh',iwqee`pil a"i.clw±`lw 'nr,(13 dxrd,lirl) zrca axernd,b"li :e`x dlkydd zextql

20 [20] 60 mrd z` cinz xv ik,dyr oke.lcgi `le eci `vnz xy` zr lka mdl rxi rxde minid 93.c`n c`n mwivie mx`ev lr mtcxie mdilr zpya,ziqexd dixtni`a 'ldw'd cqen lehia mr.miihilet minxebn mb rap iepiyd mle`e df jildzn wlgk.dplieea zizlidwd zebidpnd ly ihiletd akxda miiepiy elg,1844 lrae aeygd sebd ± 'mih`hetc'd mr,miinewnd milikynd on micg` enk,aeh`te` dpnp 94 milikyna sixg wa`nl aeh`te` `vi df alya `weec dpde.dlidwa xzeia daxd dnvrd gekd icwen lk lr hlgen ote`a hlzydl oeiqip lr cirn xacd.mdly jepigd zkxrnae zexnl.ecnrn lr xrxrl ecia did lekiaky mxeb lk wegcl oeiqip jez,dlidwa miixwird dlkydd ibegn zegtyn mr miiwqr mixyw miiwl dl` mipya mb aeh`te` jiynd z`f 95 yxcnd zia ly eneiwl dfrd zecbpzddy oiadyne,obeaplpvw zgtyn znbec,dplieea ceive mitqk mxz s`e exer z` jtd zipehlyd zkxrnd mr eixywa rebtl dlelr mipaxl 96 idlya ezenl cre miyingd zepya mb dkynp ef zihqipehxete` dnbn.df cqenl s` 97.miyiyd zepy miilklkd mdibyid ab` ekfy' ink u"k awri x`izy zizxagd dveawd mr dpnp aeh`te` dcrd iig l` mtwez ly il`iveqd lwynd z` miptne,drtydle swezl icediî`ld mlera zilrd mle`e 98.'d'fihqxte dkxrd ly,dbdpd ly mewn qetzl eywia o`k.dnipt zicedid,dizexeya inihibl xagk mlern eze` dlaiw `l dyrnle,epnn dbiizqd zinewnd zicedid ick da did `l ef dlaw i`.zilklkd eznvre oehlyd ibeg mr mitreqnd eixyw zexnl xzei dziid `ide,dplie zlidwa lreta ygxznd lr ezrtyd zcinae ihiletd egeka rebtl.iyi` oealr zpigaa df leykn sewrl hilgd,dl` mibega zixeaiv dxkda zekfl eizepeiqip dti elr `lyn ibeg mr epnpy dl`n miax eyry itk,oendd axwa dxiyi zitexzplit zelirtl dpte zekxrna mzeaxernle mzkinzl liawna.dtexi` gxfna zeicedid zelidwa zinewnd zilrd `l,xenb ux`d mre heyt mc` did hiigd licei' :mb e`xe ;dxrda,17 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) oltw zepeyld lkn ;ixvn xeaca `le ixar oeyla `le ixey` azka `l aezke `exw rci `l.epilr idie...xyad zxikg z` ± zexiwgd lkn,lcxga zlk`pd oeyld z` wx rci ux`a zekldznd oia gznd lr.`lw 'nr,my,b"li ;'zilkz lkl mixwegd al ixwgae xtq ircei minkga airln.210 'nr,(7 dxrd,lirl) lia :e`x dycgd zepbxead oial ziqexd divpbilhpi`d.172±171 'nr,(7 dxrd,lirl) hgey fenza h"k,21 wiz,(12 dxrd,lirl) bxeafpib sqe`,oeqlpvw awri epzgl obeaplpvw iav azkn.(1849 ileia 19) h"xz zenye wiecnd dtwid,ef dnexz lr.wic n"` azkn,251 dcerz,21 wiz,my,bxeafpib sqe`.6139 wiz,567 sqe`,(12 dxrd,lirl) l"l` :e`x dpnn epdpy mixrpd.61±60 'nr,(11 dxrd,lirl) edil`n azkn,'ux`d mr iy`x' oecxeb l"i ly exiya e`x dl` zepeiqipl cd.289 'nr,(62 dxrd,lirl) u"k.(1866 hqebe`a 22) e"kxz lel`a `"i,lnxkd