UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

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1 tic-f-]-t\wþ{]mno-\-þ-a[yime ticfw COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR BA MALAYALAM II SEMESTER (2011 ADMISSION) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA

2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BA MALAYALAM II SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE tic-f-]-t\w {]mno\ a[y-ime ticfw Prepared by: Dr. K.M. PRIYADARSANLAL Swathi Malapparamba Kozhikode Layout by: Computer Section, SDE (c) Reserved Page: 2

3 D -S w samuyqƒ 1 kwkv mcw \n -N-\-߃ Page 5 samuqƒ 2 ticfw `qan-imkv{xw Page 10 samuyqƒ 3 kwl-imew kwl-ime kmln-xy-ir-xn-iƒ Page 15 samuypƒ 4 Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{amPyw Page 22 Page: 3

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5 samuyqƒ 1 kwkv mcw \n -N-\-߃ {]Ir-Xn-bn kztx-bp- Xv {]mir-xw. AXns\ t`z-s -SpØn IqSp-X BI j-ihpw ^e{]z-hp-w D]-tbm-K-{]-Zhpam- p- Xv kwkvir-xw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp Icn-ºn X v {]Ir-Xnbn \n v t\sc FSp- p- -Xm-Wv. AXv B n \ocm- n, Icn-ºm- n, i -c-bm- n, ] -km-c-bm- n, qt m-km n am mw. Cu Hmtcm {]{In-bbpw kwkv -cn- -em-wv. Icn-ºn X v IØn v Nmc-am- p- Xpw Hcp-Xcw kwkv m-c-am-wv. GsX- nepw \ m n snøp- Xv DØ-a-kw-kv m-cw. tami-am- n-øo p Xv A[-a-kw-kv m-cw. ^esø B{i-bn- mwv kwkv m-c-øns ta Xmgva-Iƒ \n -bn- p- -Xv. Iƒ (Culture) F Cw ojv hm v IƒSpc (cultura)f eøo hm ns cq]m- -c-am-wv. `mhm -Øn CXpw krjvsn, ]p\x-krjvsn F n-ß-s\-bp Bibw Xcp- p. A{Kn-Iƒ (Irjn), tlmƒ n Iƒ (D-Zym\ \n Ωm-Ww), skdn-iƒ (] p-\q pgp hf Ø ) F n-ßs\ hnhn[ ]Z-߃ B Bi-b-Øns ]cn-[n-bn hcp- -Xm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-sIm v a\p-jy P p- -fm-wv. ssihn-c-ep-i-fpss {]tbm-k-em-l-hhpw c p-imep-i-fn \nh p \S- m-\p Ignhpw Xe-t m-dns hnim-khpw Cu P p-h sø a p P p- -fn \n v hyxy-kvx-am- p- p. Blm-cw, \n{z-, {]m-w-`-bw, ssayp\w F o Imcy-ß-fn a p P p- fpw a\p-jycpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. P p- ƒ txm p-tºmƒøs AsXms ]pd-øp-im- pw. a\p-jy Ahsb \nb-{ n- pw. C{X-am-{X-amWv hyxym-kw. Zo L-Imew sim p- mb imco-cni ]cn-wm-ahpw am\kni ]cn-wm-a-hp-am-wv a\p-jyxzw F {]txy-im-h-ÿbv p Imc- Ww. m\hpw hnth-i-hp-amwv a\p-jy-øz-øn-\-sn-ÿm-\-sa- mwv `mc-xob-a-xw. tim]w, sshcm- Kyw, ]I Ch-sbms ark-߃ pw a\p-jy pw {]IrXn \ In-bn- p- v. Chsb hnthiw sim v \nb-{ n- pibpw, kxyw, [ Ωw, im n, t{]aw, Alnwk Chsb hf Øn-sb-Sp- p- Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ arko-bx am\-hn-i-x-bmbpw AXv {ItaW sszhn-i-x-bmbpw cq]-s -Spw. kaql-øns kpÿn-c-x-bv pw, im n pw A`n-hr- n pw Cu at\m-`mhw IqSntb Xocq. F\n p Pohn- -Ww, a p- -h pw Pohn- Ww F t_m[w am\-hn-i-x-bm-wv. Ah-\-h BflkpJ- Øn-\m-N-cn- p- h A]-c p kpj-øn-\mbv htcww F p Nn n- m sszhn-i-x-bm-bn. CXmWv kwkv m-c-øns AXyp- m-h-ÿ. Xm \ m-ip-ibpw thww A\y \in- p-ibpw thww F Nn m-ssh-ir-x-amwv Bkp-co-b-X. Xm \in- mepw A\ysc \in- n- -W-sa Nn bpw AXp \ Ip BÀm-Z-hp-amWv cm -ko-b-x. CXmWv kwk-im-c-øns \onm-h-ÿ. BkpcokºØns [ Ω-t_m[w sim v \n{k-ln- p-ibpw sszho-k-º-øns\ Ncm-Nc t{]aw-sim v t]mjn- n- p-ibpw thww. CXmWv DØ-a-kw-kv m-cw. {]Ir-Xy-XoX i n-bn hniz-kn- psim- m-bmepw AXns\ \ntj-[n- p-sim v {]Ir-Xn-i- n-bn hniz-kn- p-sim- m-bmepw [ Ωm- [n-jvtn-x-ambn Pohn- m DØ-a-kw-kv m-c-am-bn. `mc-xob kwkv m-cw, ssn\okv kwkv m-cw, CuPn-]vjy kwkv m-cw, {Ko v kwkv mcw, sak-s -mt -an-b kwkv m-cw, ab kwkv m-cw, C kwkv m-cw, BkvsSIv kwkv mcw Page: 5

6 F n-ßs\ F{Xtbm kwkv m-c-߃ `qap-j-øp- m-bn- p- v. hn Upd v cnn Z tãmdn Hm^v knhn-en-tk-j Ah-sb- p-dn-s ms hnkvxn-cn- p-]-d-bp- p- v. an Xpw Ncn-{X-Øns IpsØm-gp- n Hen- p-t]m-bn. `mc-xob kwkv m-chpw ssn\okv kwkv m-chpw Bbn-c-Øm- p-i-fpss ]cn-wm-a-øn-eqss \ne-\n p- p. B -cni Zu _-eyhpw A[n-\n-th-i-Øns {Iqc- X-bp-amWv kwkv m-c-ßsf \in- n- p- -Xv. kzbw hna i-\hpw ip o-i-c-whpw ]p\ \-ho-i-c- W-hp-amWv kwkv m-c-ßsf \ne-\n Øp- -Xv. Cu Nn -bn \mw kwkv m-c-øn-\p-th Ahiy-L-S-I-߃ I p-i-gn- p. H p `qan-bm-wv. ASp-ØXv Ime-hpw. Chsb LSn- n- m kwkv mc-øns \n -N\w Ffp ambn. `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-amb Hcp GI-I-Øn Zoc-L-Imew A[n-h-kn- p Hcp P\-X-bpsS _mlyhpw B -c-hp-amb ki-e-{in-b-i-fp-ssbpw BsI-Øp-I-bpsS t]cmwv kwkv m-cw. kwkv mcw BXy- n-i-ambn Hmtcm hy n-bn-ep-am-wp- -Xv. AØ-c-Øn-ep hy n-iƒ HØp-tN-cp-tºmƒ kaq-lhpw kaq-l-øns kwkv m-c-hp-ap- m-ip- p. hnhn[ kaql-߃ Hcp-an v tn v Hcp `q{]-tz-iøv A[n-h-kn- p-tºmƒ tzihpw tzio-b-kw-kv m-c-hp-ap- m-ip- p. hy nbpw kaq-lhpw tzihpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-i-ßfpw t{]c-i-ß-fp-am-ip- p. AXn- \m kwkv mcsø \n Æ-bn- epw aqey-\n Æbw snøepw k o Æ-am-Wv. C\n \ap v kwkv m-c-\n -N-\sØ Iptd- qsn hn]p-e-am- mw. Btcm-Ky-I-c-ß-fmb AwKo-Ir-X-aq-ey-ßsf AwKo-I-cn- m\pw B Pn- m-\p-ap hy n-bp-ssbpw kaq-l-øn-s bpw Ign-hns\ kwkv m-csa pw hnfn- mw. _p nbpw `mh-\bpw kaq-ly-t_m-[-hp-amwv kwkv m-csø \n Æ-bn- m- \p am\-z-fi-߃. DSp- nepw \S- n-ep-ap {i bpw s]men-abpw Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS kar- nbpw ]cn-jv mcw (kn-hn-en-tk-j ) BWv. B -cn-i-amb ]cn-jv m-c-amwv kwkv mcw (Iƒ ). ]cn-jv mcw sim v kwkv m-csø hn[n- m-\m-hn-. ]cn-jvir-x B Imc-W-Øm am{xw kwkv m-c-k-º- -cm-i-w-sa- n-. A]-cn-jvIr-X kwkv m-c-c-ln-x-cm-hp-i-bp-an-. `mc-xo-b-kw-kv mcw F v ]d-bp- -sx-s - m-tem-nn- m ho pw Nne {]txy-i-x-iƒ ImWmw. `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-amb {]txy-i-x-ifpw Ah-bv -\p-k-cn hkv{xm-lm-c-co-xn-ifpw `mj-ifp-ap sshhn-[y-]q Æ-amb Hcp P\-X-bpsS H m-si-bp kwkv m-c-am-wn-xv. Imjvaocpw ] m_pw \mkm-em Upw _wkmfpw B{ bpw Xan-gv\mSpw tic-fhpw a -t\iw {]tz-i-ßfpw Ah-bpsS X\n-a-{]-I-S-am- p- p- v. Ch Hmtcm pw kwkv m-c-ß-fm-wv. axw, PmXn, `mj, D]- `mj F n-ß-s\-bp LS-I-߃ Cu kwkv m-c-ß-fn-tem-tcm- nepw hyxy-kvx-x-bp- m- p- p- v. `mc-xob kwkv m-c-øn\v `uxn-iambpw `mh-\m-]-c-ambpw I\-Ø kw`m-h\ \ Ip D]-kw-kv m-c-amwv tic-f-kw-kv m-cw. CXp-Xs Imem-\p-krXw am -Øn\v hnt[-b-am-ip- p- v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\pw sim n pw ae-_m-dn\pw sht sd kwkv m-c-ap-s v ]pd-øp-\n-s -Øp- h a\- n-em- n-bm-ep-an-s - nepw ae-bmfn a\- n-em- p- p. `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-ambn AI- p-in-s- p e -Zzo-]v ae-bm-fn-bpss kwkv m-c-øn\pw Nne X\n-a-I-fp- v. ate-jy-bnepw Ata-cn- bnepw Bkvt{X-en-b-bnepw a pw sn p-tn v Ahn-S-Øp-Im-cm-bn-Øo ae-bm-fn-iƒ pw Ahcp-tS-Xmb tic-fob kwkv m-c-ap- v. ae-_m-dn Øs timc- p-g-bpss sx pw hs pw {]txyi kmwkv m-cni taj-e-i-fp- m-bn-cp- p-sh v C m-tem-nn- p-tºmƒ A pxw txm mw. Cßs\ t\m p-tºmƒ At\Iw kq va-kw-kv m-c-߃ (ssa-t{im-iƒ ) tn v Hcp D]-kw-kv mcw Page: 6

7 (k v Iƒ ), At\Iw D]-kw-kv m-c-߃ tn v Hcp tziob kwkv mcw (\m-j-\ Iƒ ), At\Iw tziob kwkv m-c-߃ tn v am\-h-kw-kv mcw (lyq-a Iƒ ) F t{iwo-_- sø Is -Ømw. A[o-im-[n-Im-c-߃ D -h-cpss kwkv mcw DXvIr-jvSw, C m-ø-h-cp-tsxv A]-IrjvSw F mwv s]mxp-k- -ev]w. a -c-ß-fn hnp-bn- p- -h icn, ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- -h sx v F pw Cu at\m-`m-hsø ]d-bmw. Zo L-Imew ]cm-pn-x-cm-bn-cp- -h am\-kn-i-ambn hnp-bn-isf AwKo- I-cn- p-ibpw Ah-cmWv amxr-i-sb p [cn- p-ibpw snøm-dp- v. ]e kwkv m-c-ß-fp-ssbpw ]X\w B hgn p kw`-hn- p- p. imiz-x-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep hnizmkw sim p am{xta hnp-b-]- cm-p-b-ßtfm D -\o-n-xz-ßtfm C mø ka-xz-kp-µ-c-k-aq-lsø krjvsn- p-i-bp- p. ]søm ]Xmw \q m- ns Ah-km-\hpw Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns BZy-]-Ip-Xnbpw temi-amsi Bfl-t_m-[-ap-W Ime-am-Wv. km{am-pzøz i n-iƒ bn- p-ibpw ASn-a-cm-Py-߃ kzmx{ yw {]Jym-]n- p-ibpw snøp- -Xns Ncn{Xw C m-e-øp- m-bn. `mc-x-ønepw tic-f- Ønepw CXns Ae-Iƒ i -ß-fm-bn-cp- p. kzmx-{ y-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[hpw DW p. kzmx-{ ym-\- cw {]mtz-in-ihpw PmXo-bhpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb kwkv m-c-߃ i n-{]m-]n- p- Ibpw hntzz-j-hn-t{zm-l-i- n-iƒ Xe-s]m- p-ibpw snbvxp-xp-s-ßn-bn- p- v. IqSp-X IqSp-X PmXn-a-X-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ D m-hp-ibpw PmXn-aX cmjv{so-b-i- n-iƒ cq]-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp-h-cp- p. D]-kw-kv m-c-߃ v kzøz-t_m[w F{X-h-sc-bm mw F{X Bbn- qsm F Nn -bp- m-ti Ime-am-bn- p- v. B{^n- -bnepw bqtdm- nepw ax-]-chpw tkm{x-]-chpw {]mtz-in-i-hpamb kzøz-ß-fpss ]Ibpw c -s m-cn- nepw \S- p- p- v. `uxn-i-h-f -bpss IpXn- p-nm- - Øn-t\m-sSm w Xs am\-kni hf bpw D m-bm am{xta am\-h-kw-kv mcw kpc- n-x-ambn-cn- p-i-bp- p. Ncn{Xw \n -N-\w, km y-x-iƒ, ]cn-an-xn-iƒ Imew AJ-fihpw Ahn- - -hp-am-sw- nepw A\p-`-hw-sIm v aq m-bn-øo-cp p. `qxw, h Ø-am-\w, `mhn. `qxsø A]-{K-Yn v h Ø-am-\sØ {Ia-s -SpØn `mhnsb kpj-i-c-am- p-ibmwv hnti-j _p n-bp- -h-cpss IS-a. B t_m[-ap- m- m-\p ]T-\-amWv Ncn-{Xw. Ncn- {XsØ {]iw-kn pw A]lkn pw [mcmfw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp- m-bn- p- v. GsX- nepw hn[-øn Ncn-{XsØ B{i-bn- msx Pohn-X-an-. AhcpsS IpSpw_w \ -Xm-Wv, Ip n-bpss kz`m-h-tø- p-dn pw \ A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv, C\n as m pw t\m m-\n F p]d-bp Imc-W-h Ncn-{X-Im-c- \m-wv. ] v Km npn Cu ssaxm-\øv h v {]kw-kn- n- p v Fs m-cmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ncn-{Xam-bn. A-kpJw XpS-ßn v F{X \mfmbn? ho n B s - nepw CXpt m? F v tumivs tnmzn- p-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-am-bn. Cu Imdphmßn- n v F{X Ime-am-bn, Fs - nepw Iwsπ-bn pt m F v sa m-\n v tnmzn- p- Xpw Ncn{Xw Xs. Npcp- -Øn GXv A\p-`-h-hn-h-c-Whpw hkvxp- Xmti-J-c-Whpw Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Hcn- epw amdmø `qx-im-e-tø- p-dn- p {]kvxm-h-amwv Ncn-{X-sa v Acn-tÃm- n ]d- -XmWv {]mno-\-x-a-amb \n -N-\-sa v Icp-X-s -Sp- p. Hcp kw`hw H p am{xw. AsXm-cn- Page: 7

8 epw Bh Øn- p-i-bn-. AXn\p kam-\-amb kw`-h-߃ D m-sb n-cn- p-ibpw snøpw. tkmzm-l-c-w-ap XØz-Nn m ]T\w F mwv Utbm-\o-jy-kns \n -N-\w. kaq-l-øn ]q kw`-h-߃ DZm-l-cn v KpW-]mTw \ Im-\p tkmt±iy ] -Xn-bm-bn- mwv At±lw Ncn- {XsØ I -Xv. a\p-jy-nn- -bpss {]mno-\-x-a-amb cq]-amwv Ncn-{X-sa p F m imkv{x-ß-fpssbpw aqe-im-cww Ncn-{X-t_m-[-am-sW pw txma-kvim sse ]d- p. Ncn{Xw Ign- -Xntebv pw hcm-\n-cn- p- -Xn-te-bv p-ap ]cy-th-j-w-sa pw Ch tbmpn-bv p-tºmtg F n\pw A -ap- m-hp-i-bp- p-sh pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s - p. A p-hsc sx p-iq-smsx FÆm Adn-bmØ P\-X-bv p-t]mepw Ncn-{X-a-dn-bm-sa pw At±lw hniz-kn- p- p. Ncn-{X-sa- m al-øp- -fpss Poh-N-cn-{X-am-sW phsc At±lw hniz-kn- p. alm-flm- ƒ Ncn-{XsØ krjvsn- -h-cm-sw v ]d-bp-tºmƒøs B alm-flm- sf krjvsn- Xv Ncn-{X-am-sW ]mc-kv]cyw At±lw ad- -Xm-bn-tØm- p- p. Ime-tN-X-\-bpsS (zeigeist) Dev]- -ß-fmWv al-øp- -sf v slk ]d-bp- -Xnepw Imcy-ap- v. kaq-l-a-\ v (social psyche) F mwv Imƒ emw-s] Nv v CXns\ hnfn- p- -Xv. a\p-jy-kzm-x-{ y-øns A\m-h-c-W-amWv Ncn-{X-sa v temuv B {]kvxm-hn- p-tºmƒ kzx-{ -amb ico-c-øn \n pw _p n-bn \n pw am{xta k m-fl-i-bp- m-hp-ibp q F m-w w. Fs - nepw Fhn-sS-sb- nepw kw`-hn- -sx mw Ncn-{X-amWv sl -dntpm k \n -Nn- p. tcj-s -Sp-Øn-b-htbm A m-ø-htbm Bb kw`-h-ß-f Ncn-{X-sa pw Ah-bpsS ]p\x-kr-jvsn-bmwv Ncn-{X-sa pw CXn\v FXn hmzw D -bn- mw. FtUz Uv l Im hkvxpxifpw Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw XΩn-ep \nc- -c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Ncn-{X-sa pw AXv `qx-h Ø-am\ Ime-߃ XΩn-ep Hcn- epw Ah-km-\n- mø kw`m-j-w-am-sw v hni-zo-icn- p- p. `qx-im-e-tøm-sp \ΩpsS kao-]\w \nc- cw amdn-s m- n-cn- pw. Ime-Øn \ap- p ÿm\hpw kaq-l-øn \ap- p ÿm\hpw tn mwv ho -W-ßsf am n-a-dn- p- - Xv. Ncn-{X-hym-Jym-\-ßsf \ΩpsS Imew t_m[-]q -ambpw At_m-[-]q -ambpw kzm[o-\n-s - p-h-cmw. AXn-\m BXy- n-i-amb Ncn-{X-kXyw Fs m- n-s v A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- -h-cp- v. Ncn-{X-Ø-n\v kxy-k- y-xbpw hnizm-ky-xbpw Ipd-bp-sa v Im ]d-bp- -Xmbn hymjym-\n- m CS-bm-bn- p- v. temiøv A\p-\n-anjw FÆn-bm Øo-cm-Ø{X kw`-h-߃ \S- p- p- v. Bcp-sS-sb- nepw {i -bn s -Sp- Xv Ah-bn F{Xtbm Ipd-hp-am-{Xw. Aßs\ {i -bn s - -h-bn F{Xtbm Ipd- p-am-{xta ]q Æ-ambn a\- n-em-hp- p- q. a\- n-em-b-h-bn Ipd- p-am-{xta tcjs -Sp-Ø-s -Sp- p- p. Aßs\ tcj-s -Sp-Øs -h-bn \n v Ipd- p-am-{x-amwv ]Tn- - -s -Sp- Xpw A]-{K-Yn- -s -Sp- -Xpw. Cßs\ t\m p-tºmƒ Ncn{Xw Atß-b w ]cn-an-xn-i-fp- -Xmbn mwmw. ÿe-im-e-ßfpss A]m-c-Xbpw Ahsb a\- n-em- m-\p a\p-jy-_p- n- -bpss ]cn-an-xn-i-fp-amwv Ncn-{X-Øns apjy-km-[y-x. kz-]- sø t\ -ßsf h msx Db Øp-I, ]c-]- sø t\ -ßsf tim -ß-fmbn hymjym- \n- p-i, kz]- sø ]cm-p-b-ßsf t\ -ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn- n- pi ]c-]- sø tim -ßsf ] - Xo-I-cn- pi CsX mw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-am-wv. AsX mw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bn-ep-ap- m-imw. C y kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-sø- p-dn v hnhn[ Xc- m-sc-gp-xnb ]pkvx-i-߃ adn- p-t\m- n-bm Øs CXp Page: 8

9 a\- n-em-ipw. hkvxp-x-iƒ pw hymjym-\-߃ p-an-s-bn Ncn{Xw \jvs-am-sb- p-h-cmw. acn- h-cpss t]cp-sh v \S-Øp I - -fn-bmwv Ncn-{X- sa v thmƒ b ]cn-l-kn- n- p- v. kxytømsv G -hp-a-spøp \nev p Hc-`n-{]m-bsØ sxc-s -Sp- p- -XmWv Ncn-{X- sa v dqt mbpw ]d- p. thmƒ -bdpw dqt mbpw alm- m-cmb Nne Ncn{X {kjvsm- -fm-bn-cp- p-sh- -XmWv kxyw. {it -b-ß-fmb Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-sf-gp-Xnb {^U-dnIv Z s{kbn v Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw sim phcq F p ]d-bp- -Xn-\p-]-Icw B \pw-]-d- n Im-cs\ sim p-hcq F mwv ]d- n-cp- -Xv. a\p-jysc {]_p- -cm- p- -Xn\pw i -amb kaqlw krjvsn- p- -Xn\p Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ]T\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW pw thmƒ -b as mcp kµ `-Øn ]d- Xpw Cu Bt -]-ßfpw tn Øphm-bn- m Ncn-{X-Øns ]cn-an-xn-i-tf- p-dn pw i n-tb- p-dn- p-ap Nn{Xw sxfn- p-h-cpw. CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-up-iƒ p-ap-ºn \n p-sim v s\t m-fn-b Xs `S- msc A`n-kw-t_m- [\ snbvxxv hoctbm- m- tf, Ncn-{X-Øns \mev]xp \q m- p-iƒ \nßsf D p-t\m- p- p- sh- m-wv. Ncn{Xw F{X A]q Æ-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW- nepw F{X hf-s m-sn- -tem-sp-iq-sn-b- Xm-sW- nepw AXn\v A -cm-flm-hns\ DW Øm-\p Ign-hp-s - -XmWv Cu hnj-b-øns ]T-\-Øn-\m-[m-cw. Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv m-chpw kw`-h-ß-fpss Ime-K-W-\-bv -\p-k-cn hn\ym-k-amwv Ncn-{X-sa p [cn- -cp-xv. AXv Ncn-{X-Øns Hcp-`mKw am{xw. Hmtcm Ime-L- -Øn-ep-ap kmaq-ly-po-hn-x-øns t\ m-gvn, kw`-h-ßfpw alm-flm- -fpss {]`m-h-ßfpw kaq-lsø Fßs\ kzm[o-\n- p- p-sh p ]T-\w, kaq-l-tn-x\ Fßs\ {]txyi kw`-h-߃ v Imc-W-am-sb At\z-jWw Ch-sb- mw-kmwkv m-cni Ncn-{X-Øns afi-e-øn s Sp- p. BNm-c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, Pohn-X-co-Xn- Iƒ, enwk-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-Iƒ, kmº-øni ÿnxn-i-fpss A -c-߃ F n-ßs\ kaq-lsø _m[n- p F n-t\- p-dn- p ]T-\hpw kmwkv m-cni Ncn-{X-am-Wv. CXn \mb-i-ÿm-\øv s]mxp-k-aqlw \n p- p. tpm an, spbnwkv lmcn-mvs, txmakv tlm_vkv, ^ Kqk, BUw-kvan-Øv, txmakv tdm_ v am Øq-kv, Kn XpS-ßnb alm- m-cmb kmaq-ly-ncn-{x-im-c- m kmaq-ly-im-kv{x- -cp-am-bn-cp- p. si.-f. \oe-i-wvt-im-kv{xn-iƒ, k Zm si.- Fw. ]Wn-, tum. Sn.-sF. ]pc-µ, si.-hn. IrjvW-ø, Cfw-Ipfw Ip ]n-, tum: Fw.-Pn.- F- v. \mcm-b-w, tum. F. Fw. \ºq-Xn-cn, tum: Fw. B. cml-h-hm-cy XpSßn F{Xtbm t]cp-iƒ Z n-tw- y-bp-ssbpw tic-f-øn-s bpw kmwkv m-cn-i-n-cn-{x-øns `mk-ambn hcp- p- v. tic-f-n-cn-{xw, tic-f-kw-kv mcw F o {KŸßƒ cnn F. {io[-c-ta-t\m Ncn-{X-hn- Zym n-i-fpss apjy-k-lm-bn-bm-wv. kmaq-ly-]-cn-wmaw k o Æ-amb {]{In-b-bm-Wv. Ncn{Xw EPp-tc-J-t]m-se-bm-sW pw H pw Hcn- epw Bh Øn- n-s pw Hcp kn m- -ap- v. sl _ v kvs] k, tlm_vlu-kv, Imd am Ivkv XpS-ßn-b-h Cu Nn m-k-xn- m-cm-wv. Hmkv-hmƒUv kvs] -, B twmƒuv tsmb _n XpS-ßn-b-h Ncn{Xw Nm{In-I-am-sW pw Htc-Xcw kw`-h-߃ IqsS- qss Bh Øn- p-sim- n-cn- p-sa pw kn m- n- p- p. kmaq-ly-l-s-\-bv p- n Ø-s -bp At\Iw Page: 9

10 LS-I-ß-fmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-h Ø-Øn\v Imc-W-sa v sumtdm-in Icp-Xp- p. ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw _m-ly-k-ω -ß-fp-amWv kaq-lsø am n-a-dn- p- -sx kn m w {]_-e-am-wv. tic-f-øn-se- Ønb A[n-\n-th-i-i- n-iƒ ChnsS snep-ønb kzm[o-\hpw am -ßfpw \ap- -dn-bm-a-t m. axw, cmjv{so-bw, Ie, kmln-xyw, kº-øv, ]cn-ÿnxn F n-ßs\ kaq-lsø _m[n- p-ibpw kwkv mcni ap{z-iƒ krjvsn- p-ibpw snøp ]e LS-I-ß-fp- v. hnhn[ Ncn{X cn\m coxn-iƒ cmjv{sobncn-{xw, kmln-xy-n-cn-{xw, kmaq-ly-n-cn-{xw, kmº-øni Ncn{Xw F n-ßs\ Ncn- {X-Øn\pw hnhn[ imj-i-fp- v. ]pcm-h-kvxp- -tfm, enjnx {]am-w-ßtfm C msx hcp- n-søv sfxn-ly-ßsf kzoi-cn-t - n-h-cpw. hmsam-gn- -cn-{x-øn `mh-\mwiw IqSn-sb- p-h-cpw. `mc- Xob ]pcm-w-ß-fnse hwiw, hwim-\p-n-cn-{xw, a\z- cw Ch DZm-l-cn- mw. Ncn{X hkvxp-xifpss IWn-I-I-fn ]Sp-Øp-b Ønb `mh-\m-{]-]- -am-bn-cn pw hmmva-b-n-cn-{xw. Hcp P\X Fßs\ Nn n- n-cn- mw, F m-i-w-sa v B{K-ln- p p XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ ]Tn- m Cu imj klm-bn- p- p. kmwkv m-cni Ncn-{X-Øn-\mhpw CXv IqSp-X {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-I. Hcp {]txyi Ime-tØ- p-dn- p-am{xw ]Tn- p-i, At\-I-Im-e-ß-fn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-hp-i, Hcp hy nbpss A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-hp-i, CsXms Ncn-{X-]-T-\-am-Wv. \ Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ t]mepw Ncn-{X-am-bn-am-dmw. samuqƒ 2 ticfw `qan-imkv{xw DØ-c-A- mwiw \pw ]q -tc-jmwiw \pw CS-bv p `q`m-k-amwv tic-fw. tic-f-kw-ÿm-\-øns hnkvxo Æw NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao- -dm-wv. Ing p ae-\n-c-iƒ, ]Sn- mdv IS-temcw Ch-bv p-at y CS-\mSv F v aq p hn`m-k-߃ `qan-bpss kz`mh-a-\p-k-cn v ImWmw. CS-\mSv Im jn-i-ta-j-e-bm-wv. ` y-hn-f-iƒ \mwy-hn-f-iƒ v hgn-am-dp ImgvN hy amwv. aq m-bncw apx FÆm-bncw ASn-hsc Db-c-ap ae-\n-c-i-fn \n v ]pd-s - Sp \mev]-øn-\mep \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS AkwJyw t]mj-i-\-zn-ifpw [mcmfw Pem-i-b-ßfpw sim v Pe-k-ar- -am-b-xn-\m hnhn[ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n p- p. Ime-h jhpw Xpemh jhpw sim v [mcmfw ag e`n- p- -Xn-\m kky-k-ar- -am-wv. Ccp-]-Xp-ssa hoxn-bp ]me- m-s Npcw DØ-c-tI-c-fsØ Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _ n- n- p- p. sx Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Bcp-hmbv samgn- pcw Ct mƒ Xan-gv\mSv kwÿm-\-øn-em-sw- nepw Z n-w-ti-c-f-øns kmaqly-cm-jv{sob kz`m-h-øn\v cq]w \ Ip- -Xn {][m\ ] p-h-ln- - n- p- v. ap q- -dp-]-xp-ssa \ofw hcp IS-temcw `mc-x-n-cn-{xsø Xncp-Øn- p-dn- -Xm-Wv. Ncn- {Xm-Xo-X-Imew apx hntz-i-cm-py-ß-fp-ambn hmwn-py-_ w ]pe Øm Ign- p. HSp-hn I -h-s- -º-\n-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn srcn- -a-cp-ibpw snbvxp. tic-f-øn\p ]Sn- mdv Icbn \n v Ccp-\qdv Intem-ao- -dn\pw ap q- -ºXv Intem-ao- -dn\pw CS-bn InS- p e -Zzo-cp- Page: 10

11 Iƒ kmwkv m-cni tic-f-øns `mk-am-wv. awk-em-]p-c-øn\pw Xncp-h-\- -]p-c-øn\pw ]Sn- mdv GI-tZiw \m\qdv Intem-ao- Zqc-Øn-\p- n hs- p-sx- m-bn- mwv Ch-bpsS InS- v. ]søm ]Xp Zzo]p-Ifpw ]Xn-s\ p aw Øn pw tn -XmWv Cu Zzo]p-k-aq-lw. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew ] -X-{]-tZ-i-߃ AXn-{]m-No-\-Imew apx P\-hm-k-ap- -h-bm-bn-cp- p. `mc-x- p-g-bpss D -h-ÿm-\-øn-\-spøpw sim w Pn -bpss Ing- {]tz-i-ß-fnepw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s -Sp inem-bp-km-h-in-jvs-ß-fn \n v CXp a\- n-em- mw. F m CS-\m- n \nt m IS-tem-c-Øp- \nt m C{Xbpw ]gb N-cn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ In n-bn- n-. AXn-\m kly] -X-Øns ]Sn- m-dp-`m-k-øp-\n v IS h-sc-bp `qan ]n m-eøv IS ]n hm-ßn-bp- m-b-xm-sw pw Icp-X-s -Sp- p. ]cip-cm-a-iy Cu `qan-imkv{x kcy-øns `mh-\m-]q Æ-amb Bhn-jv m-cambn ImWmw. alm-in-em-bp-k-øns _m n-]-{x-ß-fmbn simspw-i- -d-ifpw hoc- - p-ifpw IpS- - p-ifpw ImWm- p- v. sn - n simøn-sb-spø ap\n-b-d-ifpw Fgp-Ø-d-Ifpw ae-tbm-c-ßfn [mcm-f-ap- v. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse IS-tem-csØ sn p- p-i-fnepw ap\n-b-d-i-fp- v. inembp-ksø tim -a-xn-ep-i-fmb XS-ß-gn-Iƒ A]q -am-bnt ImWp- p- q. {_m n-en-]n-iƒ, Nn{X߃ Ch simønb FS-bv Kpl-bpw sxmhcn Kpl-bpw ad-bq Kpl-bpw ]t -bp P\-hmk-Øns sxfn-hp-i-fm-wv. B[p-\nI inem-bpkw hsc hoc- - p-iƒ, amk-xn- - p-iƒ Ch \m p NS-ßp- m-bn-cp- p-sh v kwl-im-e-km-lnxyw sxfn-hp-x-cp- p. BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ ae-i-fn Xma-kn- p h\-hmkn hn`m-k- m-cmwv tic-f-ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. ]Wnb, D m-s, apxp-hm- m Ch-scms s\{knt m hwi- m-cm-sw v Icp-X-s -Sp- p. temi-øn Ah-ti-jn- p Kplm-a-\p-jy-cn Hcp Iq -cmb tnme-\m-bv - m \ne-ºq ImSp-I-fn-emWp - Xv. Npcp apsnbpw IdpØ sxmenbpw h -ap-jhpw ]c aq pw s\{knt m h - m-cpss \c-hwi-im-kv{x-]-c-amb {]txy-i-x-i-fm-wv. as mcp hn`m-k-amwv t{]mt m Bkv{X-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ. \ofap inc pw Ccp \nd-ap sxmenbpw Cu h - m-cn s Sp- -h-cm-wv. Ccp-f, Icn-ºm-e, ae-b-c, ae-th-s XpS-ßn-b-h. saun-t -dn-b hn`m-k- m-cn \n v ]cn-w-an- p- mb {Zmhn-Uh - m-cn s - -h-cmwv P\-kw-Jy-bn A[n-I-ap- -Xv. HSp-hn-embn DØtc ybn \n v BZyhn-`m-K- m hs - mwv Icp-X-s -Sp- -Xpw. F m Bcy-{Zm-hnU hnth-n\w A[n-\n-th-i-i nifn-ep- m nb anyym-[m-c-w-bm-sw A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v kzoim-cyx IqSnh-cp- p- v. F m DØc-`m-c-X-Ønse apjy-`m-j-iƒ C tum bqtdm-]y tkm{x-øn s -Sp- -hbpw Z n-w-`m-c-x-`m-j- Iƒ {Zmhn-U-tKm-{X-Øn s -Sp- -h-bp-am-sw Imcyw \nkvx -am-wv. `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-ambn aetbmcw AXn-{]m-No-\hpw CS-\m-Sp-I-S-tem-chpw A{]m-No-\-ßfpw BsW- -Xn-\m CX-c-tZ-i-ßfn \n v hym]-i-ambn IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cmWv C sø tic-fo-b-cpss ]q o-i F p-]-d-bmw. tkm{x-h - m, ]nt m- -hn-`m-k- m, a p ]nt m- -hn-`m-k- m, apt m- -hn-`m-k- m F v tic-fo-b hn`-pn- -s - n-cn- p- p-sh- -XmWv C sø hkvxp-x. \c-h -ß-fpsS ImgvN-_w- mhv F hnti-jww tic-fob kaq-l-øn\v tbmpn- pw. HuØ-cml a\- n-t\msv A{X-sbm pw Page: 11

12 p-s - Xv hkvxp-x-bm-wv. c p-timsn Ccp-]-Øn-c- p-e- - aax Im mø Hcp Zm n-wmxy a\- amwv Ct m-gsø P\-kw-Jy. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bv p D]m-Zm-\-߃ inemxm{a-tc-j-iƒ, \mw-b-߃, {KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ, k m-c- p-dn- p-iƒ, kmln-xy-ir-xn-iƒ, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃ kvamc-i-߃ Ch-sb mw ]T-\-k-lm-bn-I-fm-Wv. enjn-x-n-cn-{x-an- møt mƒ, sfxn-ly-߃, {]mtz-ini hnizm-k- -߃ F n-h-tbbpw B{i-bn-t - n-h-cpw. tic-f-n-cn-{x-ønse Ccp-f-S GSp-I-fn-te v tic-tfm-ev]-øn, tic-f-am-lmflyw {_ -fi-]p-cm-w-ønse `{Z-Zo] {]XnjvT, DZ-b-h Ω NcnXw XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ß-fnse {]kvxm-h-\-iƒ sh p-sim v IS- p-sn- m {ian- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. imk-\-߃ Xr»n-\m- - n p kao-]-ap Ac-\m- m ae-bnse Kpl-bn \n v sn h- SpwtImhmgnbm-X, s]cpw-tn-c Ccp-sºm-ssd, Cfw-tN-c Ccp-sºmssd F n-h-cpss t]cp-i-fp enjnxw I p-in- n-bn- p- v. {_m n-en-]n-bn-ep Cu tcj ]Xn- p- -Ønse hkvxp-x-isf icn-sh- p- p. Ien-h jhpw sim -h jhpw ]pxp-shbv p h jhpw tcj-s -Sp-Ønb imk-\-߃ e`y-am-wv. atlm-z-b-]p-c-ønse cmp-tc-j-c-h Ω-bpsS 9 mw ixiw BZy-Øn-ep imk-\-amwv ae-bmf `mjbn tcj-s -Sp-Ø-s - n- p BZy-tc-J. hmg- n imk\w F m-wn-xns t]cv. tkmzchnbpss tnm q imk-\-øn-emwv tzh-zm-kn-am-sc- p-dn- p BZy-]-cm-a iw. `mkv c chn a\p- Ip-em-Zn-Xys imk-\-߃ ]p q sims-h-ew, Xncp-s\- n, Xr m- -c, Xrs m-sn-øm\w, s]cp XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn \n v In n-bn- p- v. ÿmwp-c-hn-bpss Xcn-km- n imk\w (F-Un. 849) tic-f-ønse {InkvXp-aX Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _ -s - -Xm-Wv. F.-Un m-am- sø PqX-im-k\w `mkv c chn CX-c-a-X-߃ v \ Inb t{]m m-l-\-sø- p-dn- p- p. Bbv cmpm-hmb Icp-\- -S- s lpq tnt Sv (F-Un. 896) {]mno\ tic-f-ønse hnzym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-sf- p-dn v Adn-hp-X-cp- p. hn{i-am-znxy hc-kp-ws ]menbw tnt -Sn {ioaq-e-hmkw F _p -hn-lm-csø- p-dn v ]cm-a i-ap- v. thwm- nse {ioh- -` timx-bpss amº- n- - bw sim -h jw 149 texm-wv. thwm- nse kw{km-a-[oc chn-h Ω-bpsS Im o-]p-cw, Xncp-h-Xn, {iocw-kw, ]p\-a n imk-\-߃ At±lw tnmg-]m-fiy-hw-i-߃ p-ta hnpbw t\sn-b-xmbn sxfn-hp-x-cp- p. s]cpw- ]-S- nse hoc-cm-lh N{I-h Øn-bpsS kndn-b {InkvXy Xm-{a-im-k\w (1225) tic-f-cm-pm- - m-cpss ax-k-ln-jvwp-xbv p as mcp sxfn-hm-wv. ]pxp-shbv v h jw 322 ao\w 14\v sim nbpw U p-imcpw XΩn G s DS-º-Sn-sb- p-dn- p tcj ]men-b-øp-\n pw I p-in- n-bn- p- v. IS-a w Hm Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n n-bn \n pw tim bw Xmg-Ø-ßmSn henb ] nbn \n pw DZ-bw-t]-cq, I -\m-sv, timx-aw-k-ew, A -am-en, ]d-hq, hmgm- pg -]- n-i-fn \n pw e`n- p tcj-iƒ {InkvXp-aX Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _ -s -Sp- p. lnpd 580 (F.-Un. 1124) Fgp-Xnb amsm-bn-tcj tic-f-ønse C mw-a-x-n-cn-{x-hp-ambn _ -s -Sp- p. a m-t -cn-bnse sh -Pq-X- m-cpss kn\-tkm-kn \n mwv `mkv c chn-h Ω-bpsS imk\w e`n- -Xv. F.-Un. Page: 12

13 1269se lo{_p-tcj tn -aw-kew kn\-tkm-kn-ep- v. Cßs\ \qdp-i-w- n\n tcj-iƒ tic-f-n-cn- {X-]-T\ klm-bn-i-fm-bp- v. {io]-fl-\m` kzman-t -{X-Ønse t {X-h-cn-Iƒ, Xncp-h m t {X- Ønse snt -Sp-Iƒ, ISØ\mSv temi-\m Imhv {KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-xncn timhn-e-isø tcj- Iƒ, XpSßn [mcmfw tcj-iƒ ]Tn- m-\p- v. AtimIN{I-h Øn-bpsS (_n.-kn ) Kn Wm imk-\-øn At±-l-Øns A[n- Im-c-]-cn-[n- p-]p-d-øp ticf]p{x -t\- p-dn v (tn-c-cm-pm-hv) ]cm-a i-ap- v. AUq inh-t - {X-Øn \n v kwkvir-x-øn-ep- Xpw I -U-en-]n-bn Fgp-X-s - -Xp-amb tcj In n-b-xn ]Sn- mtd Nmeq-Iy-hw-i-Øn s Io Øn-h Ω c m-a-t\- pdn v ]cm-a i-ap- v. I\ym-Ip-am-cn, Xncp-\-µn- -c, ipno{µw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn \n mwv tnmf enjn-x-߃ In p- -Xpw. cmtp-{µtnm-fs Xncp-hm-e-ßm p imk-\-øn hngn w B{I-a-W-sØ- p-dn p ]cm-a i-ap- v. \mwb-߃ tdam-n-{i-h Øn-am-cpsS Zo\m-cn-bkv F kz Æ \mwbw tic-f-øn hf-sc- mcw {]Ncn- n-cp- p. AK-Ã-kv, HIvtS-hn-b-kv, \otdm, HIvtS-hn-bkv F n-h-cpss \mw-b-߃ I p-in- n-bn- p- v. Xriq Pn -bnse Føm, simsp-ß- q-cnse ] Ww F n-hn-s-ß-fn \n mwv IqSp-X \mw-b-߃ In n-bn- p- Xv cmp-ti-j-cs hmg- n imk-\-øn Xo\mcw ImWmw. HΩmbØv Jeo-^-am-cpsS ( F.-Un.) \mw-b-߃ timx-aw-k-e-øp-\n v In n-bn- p- v. kntem- Wnse Cug- mipw sh\o-knse Up pw kvs]bn-\nse dnbmepw t]m p-kokv U v \mw-bßfpw e`n- n- p- v. Xr»n-\m- - n-bnse Icp- q-cn \n p hn pw B\bpw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Ønb tnc-\m-w-b߃ In n-bn- p- v. amtimssx F tnc-cm-pm-hns apjw simønb snºp-\m-w-b-ßfpw Chbn-ep- v. kwl-im-esø tim -º-eØp Xp nb amtimssx Bbn-cn mw Cu tnc. Xriq, tim -bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn -Ifn \n v {io_p- s ImesØ ap{znx \mw-b-߃ In n-bn- p- v. tnmg- m-cpss B\-b- v, a[pc kp Øm- m-cpss Xpep- - miv Ch-bmWv tic-f-øn\v ]pd-øp `mc-xob `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fp-ts-xmbn I p-in- nb \mw-b-߃. tic-fob \mw-b-ß-fn cmin-bmwv {]mno-\-x-aw. Ien-bp-K-cm-b ]Ww, s]m v, A v, ]Ww, Imiv, Ag-I- v, Xnc-aw, Xmcw XpS-ßn-b-hbv pw ]g- -ap- v. time-øp-\mspw timgn-t mspw ]Ww Cd- n-bn-cp- p. A\- -cm-b ]Ww, A\- -h-cm-l, N{Iw Ch-bmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq cmpyøv {]N-cn- -h. sim n-bnse \mwbw ]pø Bbn-cp- p. knz-\q \mbv - m-cpssbpw ssakq cmpm- - m-cp-ssbpw kp Øm- m-cp-ssbpw \mw-b-߃ ]e-im-e-ß-fn-embn {]N-cn- n- p- v. Cw o-jp-im Xe-t»-cn-bn \n v 1799 epw 1805epw Cd- nb sh n-\m-w-b-߃ ]e-imew \ne-\n- n-cp- p. {^ p-im amln-]ww F sh n-\m-wbw Cd- n-bn- p- v. C y kzx-{ -bm- Ip-tºmƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p am{x-amwv kz w \mw-b-߃ D m-bn-cp- p-xv G{]n apx Ahbv v aqey-an- m-xm-bn. Page: 13

14 sim m-c-ßfpw tim -Ifpw I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn -bn-ep ]fl-\m-`-]pcw sim mcw tic-fob hmkvxp-in-ev]-øns DØ-aam-Xr-I-bm-Wv \n Ωn a m-t -cn-bnse U p-sim- mcw `mc-x-øn bqtdm-]y-cp- m- nb ]gb si n-s-ß-fn H m-wv. CXv Nph Nn-{X-ß-fm kº- -am-wv. tic-f-ønse G hpw henb Nph Nn{Xw Imbw-Ip-fsØ IrjvW-]pcw sim m-c-øn-emwp Xv. KtP-{µ-tam -amwv {]ta-bw. time-øp-\m- nse hf-]- Ww tim -bpss Ah-in-jvS-߃ ImWmw \in- n- -s sim m-c-øns AS-bm-f-߃ am{x-ap- v. 16- mw \q m- n t]m p-ko-kp-im si n-b-xmwv IÆq-cnse sk v B P-tem-t m-. Xe-t»-cn-t m 18- mw \q m- n Cw ojv CuÃv C ym- -º\n si n-bxmwv t]m p-ko-kp-im ] n- p-dsø Bb-t m si n. 17- mw \q m- n knz- q-cnse inh- - \mbv v si n-b-xmwv t_ t m. Im -ßm pw Ipº-f-bnepw N{µ-Kn-cn-bnepw tim -si- nbxv \mbv - m-cm-wv. [ Ω-cm-Pmhv ( ) si nb s\spw-tim Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns hst AXn Øn Im m th n-bm-bn-cp- p. Nmen-bw, hs-i-c, Gd\mSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnepw tim - I-fp- v. aø-gn-bn {^ p-im si nb NqSn-t m- -bpss Nne `mk-߃ am{xw Ah-ti-jn- p- p. k m- -c- p-dn- p-iƒ {Ko v A_m-k-U-dm-bn-cp sak-kvx-\okv (_n.-kn. 4 mw \q m- v) At±-l-Øns Ipdn- p- I-fn tnc-cm-py-sø- p-dn v Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. F.-Un. H mw \q m- n h - πn-\nbpw A m-e- Øp-Xs s]cn-πkv Hm^v Fdn-{Xn-b ko F {KŸ-sa-gp-Xnb A m-x\pw tic-f-sø- p-dn- p- ]-d-bp {Ko p-im-cm-wv. c mw \q m- n tsmf-anbpw h p. timkqkv C Un-t m-πq-kvxkv Fgp-Xnb (6- mw ix-iw) tsmt m-{km-^nb C Un {InkvXym-\n-bn tic-f-ønse {InkvXp-a-Xkm- n yw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. ssn\okv k m-cn-bmb lypbm kmmv 7 mw ix-i-øn tic-f-øn-se-øn. 1330\pw 1349\pw CS-bv p-h hmmvx-ø-hm XmthmC Nnen-bn Ggn-a-e-bp-sSbpw Imbw-Ip-f-Øn-s bpw timgnt m-sn-s bpw ZrIvkm n hnh-cww \ Ip- p. ]Xn-\ mw \q m- n h ssn\okv ap oamwv alzm. F.-Un. 857 h kpsse-am-t\ -Øp-S v [mcmfw Ad-_nIƒ ticfw kµ in- p-ibpw Ipdn- p-iƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw snbvxn- p- v. A _n-dq\n ( ), C{µokn (1154) djo-zp-±o ( ) F n-h-cmwv a v {]apj Ad-_n-k- m-cn-iƒ. C_n _-ØqØ ( ) timgn-t m-sn-s\ - p-dn pw sim -sø- p-dn pw hfsc hnkvx-cn-s -gp-xn-bn- p- v. tic-f-sø- p-dn v ka-{k-amb hnhcw e`n- p- Xv sh\o-jy hym]m-cn-bmb am t m-t]mtfm-bn \n m-wv. s{^bm tpm Um\Uv 1324 sim -Øp-h {InkvXy anj-w-dn-bm-wv. Ct±lw andm-kn-enbm Unkv{In-]v vjy F {KŸw Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. acp-a- -Øm-b-sØ- p-dn p e`n- p BZy-]-cm-a iw Cu {KŸ-Øn-em-Wv. C -en-b-\mb \nt m-tfm-tim n ( ), djy- m-c-\mb AØ-t\-jykv \nin-xn (1498), t]m p-ko-kp-im-c-\mb s]t{sm UntIm-hn l (15- mw \q m- v) XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXc bqtdm-]y k m-cn-iƒ. ae-_m-dnse t]m p-kokv Page: 14

15 DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp Uzm tø _ t_mk ( ) timgn-t m v Pohn- p-ibpw hne-s hnh-c-߃ tcj-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxn- p- v. Im ]n-j-dpss ( ) Ipdn- p-iƒ sim n-cm-py- N-cn-{X-c-N-\bv v klm-b-i-am-wv. 18- mw \q m- n h Cw o-jp-im-c-\mwv lman. Xe-t»- cn-t m- -bnse tcj-ifpw _p -\ms ( ) hnh-c-ßfpw tic-f-n-cn-{x-]-t-\-øn\v hfsc klmb-i-c-am-wv. samuyqƒ 3 kwl-imew kwl-ime kmln-xy-ir-xn-iƒ Ct mƒ e`n- p- -h-bn sh v {]mno-\-x-a-ß-fmb Xangv kmln-xy-ir-xn-isf kwlw IrXn- Iƒ F pw hnfn- p- p. At\-I-Im-esØ Xangv IrXn-I-fn \n v DØ-a-Ir-Xn-Iƒ sxc-s -Sp- p-ibpw hnj-b-kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn v t{imuo-i-cn- p-ibpw snbvxxv ]mfiy-cm-pm- - m-cpss D ml-øm-em-bn-cp- p-h-t{x. Xan-g aq v kwl-ß-fp- m-bn-cp- p-sh v Icp-Xp- p. I\ym-Ip-am-cn p sx p-`m-køv ] p-fn-a-ebpw ] pfn \Znbpw D m-bn-cp- p-sh pw B \Zo-ap-JsØ Ihm-S-]p-c-ambn-cp p ]mfiy- -cpss BZy Xe-ÿm-\-sa pw hnizm-k-ap- v. BZy-sØ kwl-amb apx w Ahn-sS-sh- m-bn-cp- p. B `q`mkw IS-se-Sp-Øp-t]m-bn. {`an-um-[n-]\ kxy-{hxs ImeØv alm-{]-f-b-ap- mbn F p ]pcm-w-i-y Cu kw`-h-øns Hm Ω- p-dn- m-imw. XpS v ]mfiy sshkm-xo-c-øp a[p-c-bn-tebv p Xe-ÿm\w am n. apx - -Ønse IrXn-Iƒ In m-\n-. a[pc-bn h tij-ap CssS - -Ønse sxm Im]yw am{xw Ah-ti-jn- p- p. F.-Un. aq mw \q m- p-h-sc-bp IssS- - -Ønse IrXn-I-fmWv C p e`n- p- -Xv. a[pc ao\m n t {X- Ønse kwl- -ei hnizm-k-ß-tfbpw bmym y-ß-tfbpw Iq n-t p- p. hnhn[ ImeØv ]e Ihn-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-Iƒ kz`mhw t\m n kam-l-cn- -XmWv sxmssi-iƒ AYhm kam-lm-c-߃. Ch Fs -Æ-ap- -Xn-\m F p-sømssi F p s]mxphmbn d-bp- p. ]Xn- p- -Øv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Ipdp-s mssi, \ nssw Ch-bn \n v {]mno\ tic-f-n-cn{x \n Ωn-Xn m-hm-iy-amb kma-{kn-iƒ In p- p. H -sbm- - -hn-i-fpss Zo L- Ir-Xn-I-fmWv ]m p-iƒ. Ch ]Øpw-tN v ]Øp- m v F -dn-b-s -Sp- p. Xncp-ap-cp-Im- p- -sss, s]cpw-]m-wm- p- -sss, Nndp- m-wm- p- -sss, axp-ssc- m n F o ]m p-iƒ tic-f-n-cn{x ]T-\-Øn\v hfsc {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp- p. Chbv p ]pdta ]Xn-s\ Iogv -W- p-i-sf kmtcm-]-tz-i-ir-xn- I-fp-ap- v. tnc-hw-i-ønse bph-cm-pm-hmb Cfw-tIm-h-Sn-Iƒ cnn Nne- -Xn-Im-chpw a[pssc NmØ-\m \n Ωn awn-ta-j-ebpw kwl-im-e-ir-xn-i-fmbn Icp-X-s -Sp- p-s - nepw Ah ]n me IrXn-I-fm-sW pw sxfn p Ign- p. ap Ime kw`-h-߃ ]n m-e-sø-gp-x-s - -Xm-Im-\mWp km[y-x. Cu IrXn-I-fn \n p In p Ncn-{XsØ kwl-ime Ncn{Xw F p-hnfn- p- p. tnc- m Ah-cpsS kma- -sc p ]d-bm-hp Ggn-ae hwi- m, Bb- m F n-hsc- p-dn- p hnh-c-߃ kw{k-ln- mw. Page: 15

16 BZn-tN-c- m h n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn `cn BZn-tN-c- m-cmwv ticfw `cn BZy-cm-Pm- - m. s]cn-bmdns Xoc-Øp C sø simsp-ß- q-cmwv h n-am-\-kcw F Xe-ÿm-\-sa v kao-]-im-ewhsc Icp-X-s - n-cp- p. ]pcm-h-kvxp-k-th-jww Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ Xncp-Øn-bn- p- v. Xrin-\m- - n p kao-]-ap ]pi-gp-cnem-bn-cp p h n-sb v an -hmdpw Xocp-am-\n p Ign- p. Ahn-sS- \n v [mcmfw Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ e`n- n- p- v. tnc- m-cpss \mw- -b-ßfpw e`n- p-i-gn- p. hn v simøn-sh- Xpw amtimssx F cmpm-hns t]cpw cq]hpw simøn-sh- -Xp-amb \mw-b-߃ e`n- p- p. tim -º-eØp Xp nb amtimssx F pw kwl-ir-xn-i-fn-ep tnc-cm-pmhv Ct±l-am-bn-cn- -Ww. ]Øp-tN-c-cm-Pm- - m-tc- p-dn v ]Øp-I-hn-Iƒ ]Øp-]m- p-iƒ hoxw FgpXn kam-l-cn- -XmWv ]Øp- m- v. H Hme-{KŸw am{xta In n-bn- p- p. AXns BZy-sØbpw A y- Øn-sebpw ]Øp-Iƒ \jvs-s - n- p- v. F nepw Cu {KŸw-sh- p-sim v BZn-tNccpsS Ncn{Xw ]p\x-kr-jvsn- mw. 1. s]cpw-tnm- -pzn-b tnc-em-x ]Xn- p-]-ønse BZy-]-Ønse \mb-i Ct±-l-am-bn-cp- n-cn- mw. Cfw-\o-c-\m (\m- nssw 113), amap-e-\m (A-I-\m-\qdv 65), apc- n-bq apsn-\m-i-cm-b (]p-d-\m-\q 2) F o Ihn-Iƒ Ct±l-sØ- p-dns gp-xn-bn p v. A -Zm\w \S-Øp- -Xn Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp- -Xp-sIm- mwv s]cpwtnm v F hnti-jww D m-b-xv. h\-h-c-º F m-bn-cp p as mcp hnti-j-ww. Ct±-l- Øns Xe-ÿm\w Ip -\m- nse Ipgp-aq Bbn-cp- p-sh p ImWp- p. sh n-bp- -Øn Icn-Ime-tNm-gs th ]pd-tø- -Xns A]-am\w am m hs- n-cn- NS-ßn-eqsS Bfl-XymKw snbvxp. hm\-h-c-º F hnti-j-w-øn\v BImiw AXn Øn-bm-b-h F pw hm\-h v {]nb-s - h F pw A -ap- v. c m-asø A -a-\p-k-cn v Atim-I-N-{I-h Øn-bpsS tzhm-\mw- {]nb F _ncpzøns Xan-gv-cq-]-amWv DZn-b kzoi-cn- -sx- p-txm- pw. alm-`m-c-x-bp- -Øn ]mfi-h-iu-c-h-tk-\-iƒ m-h-iy-amb ` Ww \ In-bXv DZn-b tnc-em-x-\m-sw pw hnizkn- p- -h-cp- v. 2. s\spw-tn-c-em-x IÆ-\m F Ihn c mw-]-øn Ct±-l-tØ- p-dn v ]msn-bn-cn- p- p. Cº-b-h-c-º F mwv _ncp-zw. lnam-ebw AXn Øn-bm-bn- p- -h F pw tzh- m v {]nb-s - -h F pw Cu ]Z-Øn\v A -ap- v. DZn-b tn-cemxs ai-\mb Ct±lw bph-cm-pm-hm-bn-cns Ggn-a-ebnse \ txmev]n- p. ]mcn, Hmcn, \, Imcn, F n, Bhn, Bbv F o cmpm- - msc txmev]n- p-ibpw Ah-cpsS Inco-S-߃ ame-bm n amdn-e-wn v Fgp-ap-Sn-am h F v Adn-bs -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. IS s m- - m-cmb {Ko p-im-cpss ssi ]n n s n Xe-bn s\sømgn v shbn-eøp \n Øn in n- p. amss Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp p Bÿm-\w. tnmg cmpm-hp-ambn G p-ap- n-b-t mƒ Ccp-hcpw acn- p. bph-cm-pm-hmbpw cmpm-hmbpw 58 h jw `cn- p. Page: 16

17 3. ] bmss\ sn si-gp-ip- p-h s\spwtnc-em-xs A\p-P-\m-Wn-t±-lw. ]msse IuXp-a-\m BWv ]msp Ihn. ]qgn-b tim F mwp _ncp-zw. A n-cs simßp-\m-sp-]n-sn-s -Sp-sØ v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep- v. h n-bmbn-cp p Bÿm-\w. At\Iw B\-I-fpsS _e-ap- -h F mwv hnti-j-w-øns A w. `oa-tk-\\pw [rx-cm-jv{s pw D -Xmb alm-`m-c-x-øn-ep hnti-jww Xs -bm-wn-xv. Bÿm- \-I-hn-bmb IuXp-a-\m (Ku-X-a ) [mcmfw bmk-߃ \S-Øp-I-bp- m-bn. 25 h jw bph-cm-pmhm-bn-cp p sn si-gp-ip- p-h. 4. Ifw-Im-bv Æn \m ap-sn-t -c s\spw-tn-c-em-xs ai-\mb C-t±lw 25 h jw bph-cm-pm-hm-bn- -cp- p. A`n-tjI ka-bøv ]\-\m-cp-sim- p- - m n Cu Wm sim v `wkn-s -Sp-Ønb IncoSw [cn- -Xn-\m Ifw-Im-bv Æn F p hnti-jn- n- -s -s v Im n-bm- p- m- n-b-\m ]msp- p. ]pgn-b tim F pw hnfn- p- p. hmssi-s]-cpw-xp-d-bn sh v Ggn-a-e-bnse \ s\ h[n- -XmWv At±-l-Øns t\ w. 5. th simgp-ip- p-h s\spw-tn-c-em-xs ai-\mb Ct±lw ]nxm-hn-t\-øp-s v `c-wm-[n-im-cn-bm-bn. IS ]ndtim- nb sn p- p-h F v ]c-w {]iw-kn- p- p. Nne- -Xn-Im-c-Ønse tnc snw-ip- p-h Ct±-l-am-sW v Icp-X-s -Sp- p. simsp-ß- q-cnse IÆIn {]XnjvTm ka-bøv e -bnse cmpmhv KP-_mlp k n-ln-x-\m-bn-cp- p-sh ]cm-a i-ap- v. KP-_m-lp-hns Imew (F.-Un ) Adn-bmw. ]g-b F cmpm-hns Imh a-c-amb th v apdn v Xs Xe-ÿm-\-tØ pw sim ph snwip- p-h \ - -\mhni-tk-\sb k o-i-cn- p-ibpw IS hym]mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. 6. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tnc-em-x s\spw-tn-c-em-xs ai-\mb Ct±lw 38 h jw bph-cm-pm-hm-bn-cp- p-sh v Imss - m-sn- \n-b \s -ss -bm ]msp- p. tkm{k-lww \S-Øn-b-Xp-sImt m BSm\pw ]msm\pw sim m\pw kma y-ap- m-bn-cp- -Xp-sImt m Bhmw Cu t]cp- m-b-xv. Ip -\m- nse Hcp {Kmaw {_m - W p \ In. tnc sn p- p-hs GI ]p{x k\ymkw kzoi-cn- p. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tncem-x\v B Ip- n-iƒ C m-bn-cp- p-xm-\pw. AXn-\m s]cpw-tnm- p-zn-bs ]c-º-c-bn \n v tnc-hw-i-øns as mcp imj-bmb Ccp-sºm-ssd-am-hn-te v A[n-Imcw amdn. 7. sn h- Spw timhm-gn-bm-x A p-h tnc-ens ai\pw s\spw-tn-c-em-xs `mcy-bpss A\p-P-Øn-bpsS ` Øm-hpamb sn h- -Spw-tIm- sxm n ti{µ-ambn 25 h jw `cn- p. tnmg-]m-wy- m-cpss kwbp- -tk- \sb txmev]n- p. ]pxnb {Kma-߃ \n Ωn- p-ibpw bmkw \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvx-xmbn I]n-e ]msn-bn-cn- p- p. Page: 17

18 8. s]cpw-tn-c Ccp-sºmssd sn h- -Spw-tIm-bpsS ai-\mb Ct±-l-sØ- p-dn v Acn-Nn Ingm ]m-sp- p. AXn-Iam {]`p-hmb Fgn-\nsb txmev]n- -Xn-\m XI-Sq Fdn Ccpsºmssd F pw _ncp-z-ap- v. ]qgn-\mspw sim n-a-ebpw ]pimdpw Iog-S- n. [mcmfw bmk-߃ \S-Øn-bn- p- v. 9. Cfw-tN-c Ccp-sºmssd s]cpw-tn-c-ens ai-\m-wn-t±-lw. tnm-g-]m-fiy- msc txmev]n- p. h n-bm-bn-cp p Xeÿm-\w. simß tim-ssh, Ip p-h-tc-ssc, ]pgn-b timssh Fs ms _ncp-z-ß-fp- v. ]mw- m v klmbw \ In. Ihn s]cpw-ip- q Ingm v 9 e w ImWw kωm\w \ In. 10. bmss\-i-svtnbv am cw tnc az-bm-\-tb-s mse Du -kz-e-\m-bn-cp Ct±-l-am-bn-cn mw \jvs-s - p-t]mb HSp-hn-esØ ]Ønse cmpm-hv. hnf-ßn F ÿe-øp-sh v tnmgs\ txmev]n- p. amss -\-Kcw i{xp- fn \n v Xncn- p-]n-sn- p. sxm n-bm-bn-cp p Xe-ÿm\w. Ct±-l-Øns B -b-\p-k-cn v IqS- q Ingm kam-l-cn- -XmWv sf p-dp-\q-dv. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse 25, 125 ]m p-iƒ Ct±-l-sØ- p-dn- m-wv. s\spw-tn-gn-b F ]mfiy-cm-pmhv Ct±-lsØ txmev]n v XS-hp-Im-c\m- n-sb- nepw c -s v ho pw knwlm-k-\-øn-se-øn. Ct±-l-Øns ac-w-øn\v Ggp-Zn-hkw apºv sim nao ]Xn- Xv P\-ßsf ]cn-{`m- -cm- n. ]Xn- p- -Ønse tnc ]c-ºc 201 h jw `cn- p. AXn 58 h jw Ccp-sºmssd imj-bmbn-cp- p. ]n m-eøv IssW- m Ccp-sºmssd F tncs\ sn -Wm F tnmg-cm-pmhv txmev]n- p- p- v. Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw kvt\ln-x-\mb s]mbvi-bm F Ihn CS-s] v tncs\ tamnn- n- p. timssx-am ] F tncs\ In n-h-f-h F tnmg txmev]n- p-sh v If-hgn-\m -Xn-ep- v. ]msse-]m-snb s]cpw-i-spwtim F Ihn-bmb tnc-cm-pm-hn-t\- p-dn v \ nssw, Ipdpw-sXmssI, AI-\m-\q-dv, Ien-sØmssI F o IrXn-I-fn-ep- v. tim -º-eØp Xp nb amt mssx F tnc AI-\m-\q-dnepw (168) ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw (245) ImW-s -Sp- p. Ch-tc- pdn v ]q Æ-amb Adn-hp-I-fn-. A\- -c-imew Cu Ime-am-b-t m-tgbv pw I Æm-S-I- m-cmb I - am Xan-g-IsØ B{I-an- p-xp-s-ßn. A p-x-hn- - F cmpmhv dpth- sc XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nsn-s v \mh-e NcnssX F Xangv IrXn-bn \n -dn-bmw. If-{`sc, Nmeq-Iy txmev]n- p. ]pen-tiin H m-a, awk-te-i, Io Ønh Ω H m-a XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS imk-\-ß-fn \n v C m-cy-a-dn-bmw. XpS v ] -h- m B[n-]Xyw ]pe Øn. \c-knw-l-h Ω H m-a ( ) tncs\ txmev]n- p. CsX mw ticf-n-cn-{x-ønse Ccp-f-S GSp-I-fn \n v In p hkvxp-x-i-fm-wv. Page: 18

19 cmjv{sob kmaq-ly-po-hnxw P\-ßsf ]q Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn- p-sim- p cmp-`-c-w-amwv A p-\-s- -Xv. tnc- m bp -Ønepw tnmg- m Ie-bnepw ]mfiy- m hn m-\-ønepw {i -sn-ep-øn-sb- mwv ]n me Ncn{Xw sxfn-bn- p- -Xv. h n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn tnc- mcpw Imthcn]q] Ww Xeÿm-\-am n tnmg- mcpw a[pc Xe-ÿm-\-ambn ]mfiy- mcpw `cn- n-cp- p. apth- F dnbs - n-cp Ch-tc- q-smsx kma- - m-cmb Ipdp-\ne a - mcpw thƒ F -dn-b-s - n-cp CS-{]-`p- - mcpw D m-bn-cp- p. ÿnc-amb ssk\yw D m-bn-cp- n-. Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn v {]P-Iƒ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs -Sp- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ]cm-pnx i{xp- -tfmsv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp- -h B{in-X-tcmSv Aan-X-hm- eyw Im p-ibpw snbvxp. a -Ømb hgn-bmwv ]n Xp-S n-cp- -Xv. cmp-]xv\n s]cpw-txhn F _lp-am\y ÿm\w Ae- -cn- n-cp- p. _lp-`m-cymxzw D -Xmbn txm p- p. ]t _lp-` XrXzw Xosc-bn- m-bn-cp- p. hn[-h-iƒ kxn A\p-jvTn- n-cp- -Xmbn txm p- p. Bbv A n-c acn- -t mƒ `mcy-am A\p-a-cWw snbvxp. kxn-amsc ]pe- n- v AYhm amk-xn- v \m n Bcm-[n- n-cp- p. NmtÃm sabva-ssd, ]qgn-b sabvassd XpS-ßnb hnti-j-w-߃ cmpm- - m P\-ß-fpsS kwc- -I-cm-bn-cp- p-sh v sxfn-bn- p- p. cm{xn-bn Imh-em-fp-Iƒ F kpc- -m-hn-`mkw Np n-\-s v {Ia-k-am-[m\w Dd- p-h-cp-øn. bp -Øn ]pd-øp-ap-dn-th- m hs- n-cp v acn v A`n-am\w hos -Sp-Øn-cp- p. bp - f-øn kz]- sø t{]m m-ln n- m Ihn-Ifpw Kmb-Icpw h n-cp- p. Ah v Bcpw D]- {Z-h-ap- m- n-bn-. bp - -f-øn apdn-th p hogp tbm m- sf ip{iq- -jn- m `mcy-amsc A\p-h-Zn- n-cp- p. sxmsm- m F mwv Cu BNm-c-Øn\p ]d- n-cp- -Xv. B hpw ]m pw sim pw hnp-b-ap-lq Ø-ß-fn ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. ]cm-pnx i{xp- -fpss Imh acw apdn- p-i, ] p-iƒ ]ngp-sx-spøv tim -bn Xd-bv pi XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. ]t ]Sbn acn- -hsc hoc- - p-iƒ \m n BZ-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. a -߃ F P\-Iob k`-iƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ pw P\-߃ pw klm-b-i-am-bn. tzisø ssaxm-\øv hr - p-h- n HØp-Iq-Sp P\-Io-b-k-`-bmWv a w. Hmtcm tzi-øn\pw Hmtcm Imh acw D m-bn-cn- pw. tnc\v ]\, ]mfiy\v th v, tnmg\v thß, Ggn-a-ebv v hmi, Bb v B F n-ß-s\-bmwv Imh a-c-߃. Imh a-c-ß-fnse apc-ip-iƒ (s]-cp-º-d-iƒ) apg- n-bmwv Bfp-I-sf- q- n-bn-cp- -Xv. Im jni hrøn-bm-bn-cp p apjyw. s\ pw Xn\bpw ` y-h-kvxp- -fn {][m-\-am-bn-cp- p. Cd- n-tn Ø Du tnmdv hnin-jvs-hn-`-h-am-bn-cp- p. apf-b-cn v {]txyi ÿm\-ap- m-bn-cp- p. ]\-Ifpw Icn-ºp-\ocpw tx\pw tn Ø ap o Fs mcp ]m\obw {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-Øn-ep- mbn-cp- p. ]cpøn hkv{x-ß-fmwv [cn- n-cp- -Xv. hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn Xg-bp-S-Iƒ [cn- -Xmbn h Æ-\-I-fp- v. iip-\-ß-fn hniz-kn- n-cp- p. `qkz-øp- fpw kz Æ-\m-W-b-ßfpw \ In Iem-{]-h Ø-I-tcbpw ]fin-x- m-tcbpw BZ-cn- pi ]Xn-hmbncp- p. Ipc-ssh, Aa-sse, XpWss F -dn-b-s -Sp aq p-xcw \rø-߃ \S- n-cp- p. Page: 19

20 XnW-Iƒ `qan-bpss kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn v A p hn`m-k-߃ Iev]n- p-ibpw Ahbv v _mlyw (]p-dw), B cw (A-Iw) F v kt -X-߃ Xo p-ibpw snbvxxp as mcp tzi-øns kmwkv mcni Ncn-{X-Ønepw ImWm-\n-. {XnW k -ev]-tø- p-dn v sxm Im]yw hni-zo-i-cww \ Ip- p. kky-ß-fpss t]cmwv XnW-Iƒ v. 1. Ipdn n h a-e-i-fmwv Ipdn n {]tz-iw. Chn-sS-bp P\-ß-fpsS {][m\ D]-Po-h-\-am w th bm-s-em-wv. apf-b-cnbpw tx\pw a p h\-hn-`-h-ßfpw tij-cn- p-ibpw snøpw. Ipd-h F mwv Chn-SpsØ P\-ß-fpsS t]cv. apcp-i-\mwv Cu XnW-bpsS {]txyi tzh. apcp-is `mcy h n- Ip-d-Øn-bm-Wv. AIw {]Y-am-\p-cm-K-am-Wv. 2. ]msse acp-`q-antbm hc p-w-ßnb {]tz-i-ßtfm ]msse-øn-w-bm-wv. bp hpw sim -b-snbpw sxmgn-em- nb Cu XnW- m ad-h F -dn-b-s - n-cp- p. sim ssh F `{Z-Im-fn-bmWv apjytz-h-x. Imfn v `cwn \mfn _en \ Ip ]Xn-hp- m-bn-cp- p. Ip`-`-c-Wnbpw ao\-`-c-wn-bpamwv C pw tzhn p {][m-\w. ]q hn{]-ew-`-amwv AIw. 3. apss Ip p-ifpw Xmgv -h-c-i-fp-a-s-ßp {]tz-i-ß-fmb ChnsS ]ip-]m-e-\-amwv apjy-hr-øn. amb AYhm alm-hn-jvwp-hmwv {][m\ tzh-x. Bb- m F mwv P\-Xsb hnfn- p- -Xv. kam-[m- \-]q Æ-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-amWv AIw. 4. acpxw s\ h-b-ep-iƒ \nd `qan-bmwv acp-xw. \o a-cp-xp-iƒ \nd Cu ÿesø P\- ßsf Dg-h F p-hn-fn- p- p. th (C-{µ ) BWv apjy-tz-h. C n-c-hngm F D hw \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. Zmº-Xy-Ønse tn - p-d-hp-i-fmwv AIw. 5. ss\x s\øm-º \nd IS-tem-c-am-Wn-Xv. a y-_- \w \S-Øp- -hsc ]c-h-b, ao\-h Fs mw hnfn- p- p. DØ-c-hn-{]-ew-`-amWv AI-Øn-W. IS-tem (h-cp-w ) BWv tzh. Hcmƒ Hcp Xn\-bn Xma-kn- p-tºmƒ B XnW- m-c-\m-bn. as mcp XnW-bn-se-Øn-bm B XnW- m-c-\mbn amdpw. Cßs\ hmk-ÿ-e-øns bpw sxmgn-en-s bpw t]cn-ep hn`-p- \ta D m-bn-cp- p- q. Ch-bn ]expw ]n m-eøv P -Pm-Xn-bmbn amdn-sb p txm p- p. hnhn[ sxmgn-ep-i-fn G s - n-cp- -h AXp-sIm- p-am{xw B PmXn- m-cmbn Adn-b- -s - p. F m kwl-imew Ign-bm-dm-Ip-tºm-tgbv pw A -\-Ω-am-cpsS tpmen a ƒ ]n Xp-S-cp {]hwx Page: 20

21 ImWmw. acw-simƒx- s sndn-tbm Dfnbpw sim p-h-snbpw sim p inev]-ap- m- n- -fn- p Nn{Xw ImWmw. a ]m-{x-ap- m- p Iew-sN-ø-t m-h-bpss Ip n N{I-Øn asæ-dn p ]nsn- n p ]m{xw sa\- p-i-fn- p- Xpw ImWmw. s]m sim- -\m, sim -\m F n-h pw henb ÿm\-ap- m-bn-cp- p. ]mw Kmb-Icpw ]msn-\n-iƒ Kmbn-I-amcpw BWv. G -hp-a-[niw BZ-cn- -s - -h-cm-w-h. F m XnW-I-fnepw s] -hcpw F m sxmgn-ep-ifpw snøp- -hcpw Kmb- I-cm-bn- p- v. Ccp-]n-d- m-f (Zzn-P ) F mwv {_m -Wsc hnfn- n-cp- -Xv. CXpw P m-b-ø-a I Ωm-b-Ø-am-bn-cp- p. sim - -Wn- mcpw a ]-Wn- mcpw alm-{_m- -W-cmbn bmkw \S-Øn-bncp- p. ]pcp-j- m p Xpey-amb ÿm\w kv{xoiƒ pw D m-bn-cp- p. CjvS-s ]pcp-j-t\mssm w kzbw-t]m-ip Ifhv F hnhm-l-co-xnbpw c n-xm- ƒ Btem-Nn v \S-Øp I v F hnhm-l-co-xnbpw k -{Xn-I-am-bn-cp- p. GXp bphm-hn\pw GXp bph-xn-tbmspw {]W-bm- `y \ \S-Øm-am-bn-cp-s - nepw Ahƒ AXv \nc-kn- m D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvSn v acn-t - n-bn-cp- p. ]\-a-s sim v IpXn-csb D m n Imap-In-bpsS hosns apºnse s]cp-h-gn-bn sh v AXn-t Ccp v acn- p NS-ßn\v as-te-d F mwv t]cv. bph-xn-bpss a\- p-amdn kzoi-cn- m {hxw Ah-km-\n- n- mw. acn- m hoc- - p-\m n kaqlw BZ-cn- pambn-cp p. Ggp-Zn-h-ksØ {hx-øn-\p-tijw hc h[p-hns CS-Xp-Im-en Nn-e-ºp-sI- p- -XmWv hnhm-l- -S-ßv. CXv I ns `mk-am-wv. At mƒ A Xm simsp-øn-cp he-xp-im-ense Nneºv Agn- p-am- p- p. Nneºv Ign-t\m ]v F v Cu NSßv Adn-b-s -Sp- p. If-hm-sW- nepw bphmhv Nneºp Nm Øp-tºmƒ am{xta B _ w km[p-hm-ip-am-bn-cp- p- q. awk-e-awn F -dn-b-s -Sp Xmen kwl-im-e-øns HSp-hm-Ip-tºm-tgbv pw ImW-s -Sp- p- v. Nneºv Ignt\m ]v F NS-ßn \n mwv Nne- -Xn-Imcw F alm-im-hy-øns {]ta-b-ap- m-ip- -Xv. axw C sø lnµp-a-x-øns c m-bncw h jw apºp cq]-amwv A p- m-bn-cp- -Xv. {Zmhn- U-a-Xw, {]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ Fs ms bqtdm-]y CXns\ hnfn p ImWp- p. F m b kwkv m-chpw alm-`m-cx kzm[o-\hpw {]_-e-am-sw- -dn-bm Ign-bp- p. A sø tzh-x-iƒ Xs -bmwv C pw. C{µ\pw hcp-w-\p-apff Bcm-[\ C m-xm-bn-cn- p- p. A m-eøv t {X߃ [mcm-f-am-bn-cp- n-. ]c-ip-cm-a bmkw \S-Ønb sn q-cn-t\- p-dn v h Æn- p- p- v. CXv s]cpw-sn q AYhm Xfn- -dºv cmp-cm-tp-izc t {X-am-Wv. {io_p- s am w ]n Xp-S-cm Blzm\w snøp Hcp-]m v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep- v. kwl-]-z-øn _p -kw-l-øns kzm[o-\-ap- p-xm-\pw. ]n m-e-ir-xn-bmb awn-ta-j-e-bn alm-ho-cs Bcm-[-\bpw IS- p-h-cp- p. kº k-ar- -amb Hcp Ime-Øns hy -amb Nn{Xw kwlw-ir-xn-i-fn-ep- v. Ah v Bflob-amb A`n-hr- nbpw D m-bn-cp- p. Page: 21

22 samuypƒ 4 Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{amPyw F.-Un. aq mw-\q- m-t m-sp-iqsn ad- p-t]m-ip tic-f-n-cn{xw F mw \q m- ns a y-tømss hy -am-ip- p. Ct mƒ tic-f-x-e-ÿm\w s]cn-bm-dns Agn-ap-J-Øp atlm-z-b-]pcw (sim-spß- q ) BWv. inem-xm-{a-en-jn-x-ßfpw {KŸ-h-cn-Ifpw kmln-xy-ir-xn-ifpw sim v kº- -amb C mew hntz-i-k- m-cn-i-fpss Ipdn- p-iƒsim v Xncn- -dn-b-s -Sp- p. BZn-tN-c- m pw atlm- Z-b-]p-csØ c mw-tn-c-hw-i-øn-\p-an-s-bv p ImeØv ]c-tz-in-i-fmb hymg-h- -s -cp-am- - m ticfw `cn- n-cp- p-sh- mwv tic-tfm-ev]-øn-i-y. tnc-cm-py-øn\p ta ]mfiy-tnm-g- m t\snb hnp-bhpw XpS p B[n-]-Xyhpw BImw Cu IY-bv -Sn-ÿm-\w. C mcyw C\nbpw hy - a-. cmpy-øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn-embn NnX-dn- n-s- p inem-tc-j-isf hmbn- m\pw snt - Sp-Isf kwc- n- m\pw {Smh Iq B n-tbm-fpn Un m vsa v Bcw-`n- Xv apx-em-wv tic-f- N-cn-{X-]-T\w imkv{xo-b-am-ip- -Xv. {Smh Iq B n-tbm-f-pn- koco-kn-eqss h imk-\- ]m-t-߃ sh p-sim v tic-f-n-cn{xw ]p\x-kr-jvsn- m km[n- Xv s{]m^. Cfw-Ipfw Ip ]n- -bv m-wv. tnc-km-{ampyw H ]Xpw ]Øpw \q m- p-i-fn, P n k{º-zmbw tic-f-øn, Nne tic-f-n-cn{x {]iv\-߃, Ncn-{X-Øns ] m-ø-e-øn, tic-f-n-cn-{x-ønse Ccp-f-S FSp- Iƒ apx-emb {KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS Bhp- {X hkvxp-\n-jvthpw imkv{xo-b-hp-amb Ncn{Xw A\m-hcWw snø-s - p. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns A\p-{K-lm-in- p-i-tfmss s]cp-amƒkv Hm^v ticf F Kthj-W-{]-_ w Xøm-dm- nb tum: Fw.-Pn.-F- v. \mcm-b-w\v BNm-cys hgn-bn-eqss hf-sc-b- [niw apt dm\pw [mcmfw imk-\-߃ Is -Sp-Ø-Xns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn IqSp-X kq vax \ Im\pw Ign- p. Cfw-Ipfw Xøm-dm- nb cmp-]-c-º-cbpw AXn\v Fw.Pn.-F v hcp-ønb t`z- K-Xn-Ifpw t\m n-bm CXp-a-\- n-em-ipw. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns ] ni 1. Ipe-ti-J-c-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 2. cmp-ti-j-c-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 3. ÿmwp-c-hn-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 4. cma-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 5. tkmz-c-hn-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 6. Cµp-tKm-Z-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 7. `mkv -c-c-hn-h Ω H m-a ( F.-Un.) 8. `mkv -c-c-hn-h Ω c m-a ( F.-Un.) 9. hoc-ti-c-f ( F.-Un.) 10. cmp-knw-l ( F.-Un.) Page: 22

23 11. `mkv c chn aq m-a ( F.-Un.) 12. chn-cm-a-h Ω ( F.-Un.) 13. cma-h Ω Ipe-ti-J-c ( F.-Un.) `mkv -c-c-hn-h Ω-am aq p-t]-cp-s Imcy-Øn Cfw-Ipfw kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp- p. hymg- Øns \ne-t\m n Aß-s\-sbmcp \nk-a-\-øn FØn-sb- p-am{xw. F m `mkv c chnh Ω bph-cm-pm-hm-bn-cp ImeØp apx DØ-c-hp-Iƒ \S- m- n- -Øp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. C mcyw Xncp-h m snt -Sn-ep- v. a\p-ip-em-zn-xy-tz-h Cfw-tIm-Im-eØv Assa F mwv hmn-iw. ]p q sims-hew imk-\-øn tim m- c \nc-hn-bm-in\ a\p-ip-em-zn-xy F p- v. C mcyw Cfw-Ipfw a\- n-em- n-sb- nepw Xs ap \n-k-a-\-߃ Xncp-Øm Ah-k-c-ap- m-bn-. X mhq-cnse Xncp-h-e- pgn t {X-Øn \n pw In nb tcj-bn tnc-a- m Ccm-a s mcp Xpssº ame F p- v. cma-ip-e-ti-j-cs Bbp tzmjw ]cn-l-cn- m 1022 snbvx hgn-]m-sm-wn-xv. AXn-\m A mew hsc atlm-z-b-]pc tnc- m-cpss `cww D m-bn-cp- p-sh v kwi-bn- m-\n-. tim`-chn hnp-b-cm-k-tz-h tkmzc-hn-bpss aiƒ \oen-bpss ` Øm-hm-Wv. cma-h Ω-bpsS A`n-tjI \ma-amwv Ipe-ti-J-c. Ch-bmWv Cfw-Ip-f-Øns \nk-a-\-߃ p-tijw e`n {][m\ sxfn-hp-iƒ. CXns shfn- -Øn atlm-z-b-]p-csø Ipe-ti-J-c am F t]cn\pw A\u-Nn-Xy-ap- v. Fw.-Pn.-F- v. \mcm-b-ws ] ni 1. cma-cm-p-ti-j-c (kn ) 2. ÿmwp-chn Ipe-ti-J-c (kn ) 3. timx-chn hnp-b-cm-k-tz-h ( ) 4. timx-tim-x-ti-c-f-ti-kcn ( ) 5. Cµp-t mx ( ) 6. `mkv -c-chn a\p-ip-em-zn-xy ( ) 7. chn-timx cmp-knw-l 8. cmp-cm-p 9. chn-cma cmpm-zn-xy 10. BZn-Xy timx cwm-zn-xy 11. cma-ip-e-ti-j-c ( ) C\nbpw sxfn-hp-iƒ In p- -Xp-hsc Cu ] n-i-bmwv ]cn-k-wn-t - -Xv. c mw-tnc hwi- Øns hmgvn- m-e-ømwv tic-f-øn\p am{x-ap sim -h jw Bcw-`n- -Xv. Page: 23

24 sim -h jw tem-i-ønse G hpw ]g- -ta-dnb h j-k-w\ Ien-h j-am-wv. Ien-bpKw Bcw-`n Znhkw apx p Cu h jk-w-\-bmwv imk-\-ß-fn D]-tbm-Kn- n- p- -Xv. tasw H n-\m-cw- `n- p Cu h j-øns cq]-t`-z-ß-fmwv ii-h jhpw Xan-gv-h j-hpw. F m tic-fo-b-cpss kz w Ime-K-W-\-bmb sim -h jw hyxy-kvxx ]pe Øp- p. {InkvXp-h jw 2012 P\p-hcn H v Ien-h jw 5113 ]ujw 11Dw sim -h jw 1187 [\p 16Dw BWv. tic-f-øn-ep-s-\o-fhpw sx X-angv\mSnepw {ioe- -bpss hs- `mk-ß-fnepw sim h jw \S- m-bn-cp- p. Nnßw H n-\mwv h jm-cw-`w. F m `mc-x- p-g-bpss hs v I n H mwv Bcw-`w. AhnsS Nnßw ]{ - m-asø amk-am-wv. AXn-\m t]m p-nnßw F v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. hs p h sx p h-cpss h jm-cw-`-amb NnßsØ ]p p-nnßw F pw hnfn- p-h- p. sx pw hs- p-ap hcpss PmX-I-߃ KWn- p-tºmƒ Hcp hb v IqSmt\m Ipd-bmt\m km y-x-bp- -Xn-\m sxs m-gn-hm- m-\p D]m-[n-bm-bn- mwv t]m p-nn-ßhpw ]p p- Nn-ßhpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp- -Xv. k m ] mw-k-øn 1970 P\p-hcn H p-hsc c p Ime-K-W-\- Ifpw tn Øn-cp- p. Ct mƒ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Nnßw H mwv h jmcw`w. ae-_m ] mwkw ]n Xp-S-cp t {X-ß-fn am{xw ]gb coxn XpS-cp- p. sim -h jw F.-Un. 825 Bcw-`n- p. thwm- nse {ioh- -` timx-bpss amº- n- - -b-ønemwv (149 sim.-h., 973 F.-Un.) BZyw ImWp- -Xv. hnhn[ kn m- -߃ sim -h jm-cw-`-tø- p-dn v bp n-bp- -amb Hc-`n-{]mbw Dcp-Øn-cn- n- n-. Xosc _meni-ß-fmb A`n-{]m-b-ßsf Hgn-hm- n-s m v Ig-ºp- -h-sb p txm n- n- p hsb am{xw {]Xn- ]m-zn- mw. 1. DZ-b-am Øm-fi IY thwm- nse DZb am Øm-fi-h Ω sim w \K-c-Øn sh v hnfn- p-iq- nb tpymxn-imkv{x-k-tω-f\w ]pxnb Ime-K-W\ \S- m- n. eoem-xn-e-i-ønse Hcp t«mihpw sxfn-hn\v D cn- p- p. atlm-z-b-]p-csø tnc- m-cpss {]m_-ey-im-eøp Hcp kma- ]pxnb h jw Bcw- `n- p-sh v Icp-Xm \ymb-an-. 2. temks ] w sx v sim w Nnßw H n\pw hs v time-øp-\msv I n H n\pw s]cp-amƒ hmgvn-bn \n v kzx-{ -am-b-xp-sim v ]pxnb h j-ap- m-bn. c v h jm-cw-`-ß-fp-ap- m-bn. A sø cmjv{sob kml-n-cy-øn\v CXp tbmpn- p- n-. 3. i -cm-nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw i cmnmcy 64 A\m-Nm-c-߃ G s -Sp-Øn-b-Xns kvamc-i-amwv sim -h j-sa v Page: 24

25 i -c-kvar-xnsb ap \n Øn Nne Icp-Xp- p. 820 kam-[n-bmb i -cm-nm-cy A p-h jw Ign v Fßs\ h j-k-w\ XpSßpw? AssZz-Xn-bmb BNm-cy Hcp p{z-]p-kvxiw Fgp-Xp- I-bn-. sfxn-ly-a-\p-k-cn- m-sw- n PmXym-Nmcw ]men- m-ø-xp-sim v kzp-\-߃ At±-l- Øn\v {`jvsv Iev]n- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. BNm-cys t]cn Btcm Fgp-Xn-sh ZpjvSIr-XnbmWv i -c-kvar-xn. 4. sim w txm n tic-f-øn Ipc-t -Wn-s m w (sx- sim- w) ] -em-b-\n-s m w (h-s- sim w) F v c p-sim- -ß-fp- v. c pw ]t Xpd-ap-J-ß-fp-am-Wv. {ioh- -` timx-bpss amº- n- - b-øn sim wtxm n F p- v. CXn\v sim -h jw Bcw- -`n- n v F pw sim w-xp-d-apjw Bwcw-`n- n v F pw A w ]d-bmw. tnmf- m-cpss ipno-{µw-tc-j-bn sim w A{K bmwv F pw ImWmw. sim w Xpd-apJw \in- n h jw F m-w w. CXp-c pw tn Øp-sh- psim v sim w Xpd-apJw ÿm]n- -Xns kvamc-i-amwv sim -h j-sa v kn m- n- p- p. F m F.-Un. Bdmw ix-i-øn sx sim Øv Xpd-ap-Jap v. hs- sim sø Xpd-apJw kwl- m-e-øp-xs {]kn- -am-bn-cp- p. Hcp \msp-hm-gn-bpss Iogn-ep Xpd-ap-J-Øns ÿm]\w Hcp henb `q{]-tziw apgp-h hym]n- m\pw hgn ImWp- n-. 5. tnc-am s]cp-amƒ IY Ah-km-\sØ s]cp-am-fmb tnc-am s]cp-amƒ a ƒ pw acp-a- ƒ p-ambn cmpyw ] n- p-sim-spøv a -Øp-t]mbn F IY h jm-cw-`-øn\p Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s -Sp- p. F.-Un. 825 kpi- -amb `c-w-amwv tic-f-øn-ep- -Xv. F.-Un. 851 tic-f-øn h Ad-_n-bmb kpsse-am ae-_m-dn C mw ax-an-s v ]d-bp-ibpw snøp- p. Hcp `c-wm-[n-imcn axw amdnsb- n kpsse-am Adn-bm-Xn-cn- n-. ]Xn-\mdmw \q m- n ssjiv ssk\p-±o Fgp-Xnb Xplv^Øv D appm-ln-zn F ]pkvx-i-øn-emwv Cu IY-bp- -Xv. {KŸ-Im-c Cu IYsb hnizm-k-øn-se-sp-øn- n-. 6. ]cn-jv -cn k]vx jn h jw _n.-kn. 76 Bcw-`n k]vx jn h jw \qds Bh Ø-\-ß-fm-bn- mwv ImesØ ImWp- -Xv. sxmæq-s m-ºxp Ign- m \qdv Fs -Æp- -Xn-\p-]-Icw BhrØn (iq-\yw) F mwv ]d-bp-i. 101s\ Hcm-hrØn H v F p-hn-fn- pw. 925 H ]Xv BhrØn Ign v ]Øm-asØ Bhr-Øn-bnse H m-wv. AXp sx mbn \qs m v F v FÆn-b-Xp-sIm- mwv sim -h jw D mb-x-t{x. BZy \qdp-h jw AXpw ]pxnb h j-k-w-\-bmbn [cn- n-cp- n-. A_ w a\- n-em-iptºm-tgbv pw Dd- p-t]m-hp-ibpw snbvxp. sim -h jw tcj-s -Sp-Ønb 149- m am p- m-b-xns hni-zo-i-c-whpw CXn-ep- v. s{]m^. Sn. kpµ-c-]n- -bpss Cu A`n-{]mbw bp n-bp- -am-sw p txm p- p. c v Bcw-`-ap- m-b-xns hni-zo-i-cww C\nbpw hy -a- -Xm-\pw. tpymxn-im-kv{x- ]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-amImw Imc-Ww. s{]m^. Sn. kpµ-cw-]n- -bpss Cu \nk-a\w bp nbp- -am-sw v si.-]n. ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m\pw Cfw-Ip-fhpw kω-xn- p- p. hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb Page: 25

26 IqSp-X \nk-a-\-߃ D m-ip- -Xp-hsc CXn-t\mSp tbmpn- p-itb \nhr-øn-bp- q. P n-k-{º-zmbw s{]m^. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns B\p-jw-Kn-I-amb Hcp ]cm-a isø Be- m-cn-i-ambn hni-kn- n-s -SpØv AXn-t -ep- m- nb kn m- -ß-fmWv tic-f-ønse P n-k-{º-zm-b-tøbpw PmXn-hyh-ÿ-tbbpw kzø-h-im-i-tøbpw kw_- n- p- m- n-bn- p- -Xv. `mkv c chn-h Ω H mas ImeØv (F.-Un. 999) cmp-cm-p-tn-fs tic-fm-{i-aww D mbn F pw CXv cma-h Ω IpetiJcs ImeØv (F.-Un. 1102) Ah-km-\n- p-sh pw Cfw-Ipfw Icp-Xn. thw-sa- n CXns\ Cw - nse \q m v bp -tømsv Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp-Øm-sa v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. XpS v Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b-h-sc mw ]n o-sp tic-fob kaqlw \q m- p-bp- -Øns ^e-ambn ]cn-h Ø\w snø-s - -Xm-sW v kn m- n p If- p. ]Ømw \q m- n tnc-tnm-g-bp- -ap- mbn F pw CXv tic-fsø Iptd-sbms _m[n- p-sh pw Adn-bm-sa- nepw F mw \q m- pbp- -Øn-sem-Xp- n-b-h bym Imc-W-ß-fn-tebv p {i snep-øm-xn-cp- -Xns XI-cm-dp- Iƒ ]T-\-ßsf _m[n- n- p- v. Xev mew Cfw-Ip-f-Øns \nk-a-\-ßsf t{imuo-i-cn- p-itb \nhr-øn-bp- q. Pao, Pao Zm F o ]Z-߃ v P w, P n F o ]Z-ß-tfmSv kmay-ap-s - nepw Ah XΩn-ep _ -tø- p-dn v hy -X-bn-. kmt -Xn-I-ambn `qan `c-wm-[n-im-cn-bp-ts-xm-wv. Bfp- Iƒ \nipxn simsp- p- -Xns _-e-øn A\p-`-hn- p- p-sh- p-am-{xw. kwl-ime cmpm- - m Ihn-Iƒ pw b m-nm-cy- m pw {Kma-߃ \ Ip- -Xmbn ImWmw. H ]Xmw \q mt m-sp-iqsn tic-f-øn [mcmfw t {X-߃ D m-ip- p- v. ap m h w F v imk-\-ßfn d-bp t {X-߃s mw cmpm- - mcpw {]`p- - mcpw am{x-a km[m-c-w- mcpw Zm\w simsp- p- p- v. inem-xm{a imk-\-ß-fn `qan-bn-s-]m-sns hnh-c-ß-fm-w-[n-i-hpw. s\ pw kz Æ \mw-b-ßfpw \nip-xn-bmbn t {X-`qan A\p-`-hn- p- -h simsp-øn-cp- p. aqgn- pfw t {X-Øn sh v cq]o-i-cn hyh-ÿ-iƒ tic-f-øn-ep-s-\ofw AwKo-I-cn- -s - -Xm-bn-tØm- p- p. aqgn- fw I -tø- p-dn v [mcmfw ]cm-a i-ß-fp- v. GsX- nepw Imc-W-h-im ssih-i- m-c\v ]m w Af m Ign-bmsX h m t {X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ Abmsf klm-bn- -W-sa pw Abm-fpsS `mcy pw a ƒ pw Zmcn-{Zy-ap- m-imsx kq n- -W-sa- p-ap hyhÿ s]cp imk-\-øn-ep- v. FXn-c Ihn-c\pw Ah s]æp-]n- bpw c n- - -S-hn-b s]mxp-hmfpw IW-Ømcpw F mwv imk-\-ønse hmn-iw. tim p-hm-bn-c-th-en- - w, ] m-gn-hm-e- -c-ww, Ifw-Im- p-i w XpS-ßnb hyh-ÿ-ifpw D m-bn-cp- p. t {X-߃ kº- -ß-fmbtXmSp-IqSn {_m -W Ah-bpsS ssiim-cy-i Øm- -fmbn, tzh-kzw, tzh-kz-am-\-{_- -kzw, {_ kzw F nßs\ {ItaW `qhpsa-ÿx amdn-amdn h p. CS- n cmpmhv F ÿm\-sø-ønb {_m -W- Ip-Spw_w Xr m- c t {X-Ønse im n- m-cm-bn-cp- p. Cß-s\-sbm- p-a-s - n t mepw t {Xkz-Øp- -fpss B[n-]Xyw Iptd {]_e \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_-ßsf P n-am-cm- n-sb hkvxpx AwKo-I-cnt Xocq. Aßs\ [\m-vy-cmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am kaq-l-øn D -X-ÿm\w ]pe Ønsb pw cmpm- - m-tc- qsn hcp-xn-bn \n Øn-sb pw Cfw-Ipfw kn m- n- p- p. cma-ip-e-ti- Page: 26