dixehqide oexkif,zeaxz `xity dhip`l dxweda mikxer odk ixe` Û ofg xi`n il`xyi oexkife zeaxz:ipy jxk aia`îlz zhiqxaipe` milyexi,icedid mrd zeclez xwgl xfy onlf fkxn
mipiiprd okez il`xyi oexkife zeaxz:ipy jxk zil`xyiîziaeyii dixehqid 383 421 447 471 497 523 549 milcen ipy:iginr dcedie xdfi.q zexivia agxnpnf zncwend zil`xyid zextqa miiaihipbew miig xetiq,oexkif zepenz g"yzxeclyzextqacg`ewlr:dixehqiddyaknzgz j"pzd ly enewna deeyn oeir:qezinke dixehqidk j"pzd xaea oihxn ikcxn lye oeixebîoa cec ly zipeivd mzebda izexiizd giya xard oexkife leihd:j"pzd l` dxfgd l`xyia eziilr:'dcinxitd zkitd'l'zeilhpn ly ung xeria'n zil`xyid dxaga il`ehwlhpi`îihp`d qez`d ly ezkirce il`xyid oexkifd giya i"`tn ly iwieeylead ienicd szeynd oexkifa itehe` mfil`x:zernce gahn ly mfipint 563 diipyd diilrd zelret ly 585 609 641 655 oedd ly divnihiblde dngln,mineldi:'xfnnd zxykd' zixehcpnd l`xyi ux`a ihxtd znglnazebibgemibg:h"yzgqtcrg"yzgqtn ze`nvrd zaxg' zeawra,dny`d zeawra,dnglnd zeawra 'drfg dgkye oexkif lr ycg han:mihiltd zl`y oexin oc xplin qixi` onvled xpa` iavx mely laaexf lri ob oel` il`xa ia` ipxeb sqei xteb zlibe qixtdccec Îodk zixep iwqaepiel uxb zixep ipenxg lbe qxii`n ozp cec
671 685 747 ipihqltîiaxrd herind zl`y:'minrd ipyl zepicn izy' l`xyia ly qez`de zixletet zeaxz:'zipbxead zeivelgd' 1967-1956,xny inrp ixiy-'icqnnd miipiad cnrn' zipeivd ditxbeixehqidae dixehqida diblhqepd xqq xy` oiieeheb ipc yinlg daia` 767 779 mineqxt zniyx- `xity dhip` mitzzynd zniyx oexkif zpenz:oey`x jxk 11 13 27 `ean htyn,oexkif,my dcez ixac odkixe`eofgxi`n odk ilip zillk dixehqid 53 71 93 121 135 161 dwizy ly zizxagd dipadd qeieeil ly ezyxen:dixehqidl qezin oia ly mixnegde oexkif,zeipxcen:dx`n ly dihan`d dixehqidd 'drx' zeine`ll'daeh' zeine`l oia oenlh awri xacna ezngln zgvpde mdbpip`w ol` xq:lxpbd zwizy 1941Îa iaxrnd oexkifd lr wa`nde zxeywz zeibelepkh:oexkifd oeikx` xhpie ii'b il`n iqei onln ilia oeqlcpn `xfr ipleb ihen ity dnrp 181 zicedi dixehqid zipxcend dixehqida `avde dnglnd,micedid xlqpt ozpei wxc
207 225 237 251 275 313 337 351 -mlerilecblenlvxd:'a`fzvweoinipazvw' ine`l oexkifl zihilet dixehqid oia zeinyihp` mixvn icedi ly ixehqidd oexkifd oeraiwe zixehqid dwinpic:dipnxb icedi ly xetiqd itxbeixehqid oia,dipnxb icedi ly mzhilwe mziilr:dzre f` zixehqid drcezl dixehqid icli lr qenletd:ditxbeixehqide oexkif,dixehqid o`xdh mlerd zngln jldna oekizd gxfna ziv`pd dlenrzd zeikynde oexkif,dvtd:d`eyde diipyd ycegn oeir:d`eyde xyrîmipyd qeit ze`ivn e` qezin:l`xyi zpicn ly dznwde d`eyd zxet dpic xiny oerny aewlee zinley iwqal zibg odkd dxeac sxd ixt'b xcplcixt le`y iakek'i dix`
dgkye oexkif lr ycg han:mihiltd zl`y qxii`n ozp cec meiq ixg` aia` lzl iz`a 1982 xanhtqa.dhip`l xeywd iyi` oexkifa gzt` zhiqxaipe`a ipy x`ezl micenild z` ligzdl ick zixad zevx`a 'blewa icenil,lxa lr dazky ditxbeiad on il xken did `xity dhip` ly dny.aia` lz.zepeivd ly ixehqidd xwgnd inya dler akekk dze` dxizkde dny z` dnqxty.dly xpinql myxidl izhlgd okle zihqil`iveqd zepeivd zecleza izpiiprzd zl`y dziid dpey`x.f` cr izxkdy itkn ce`n dpey zil`ehwlhpi` daiaq iz`vn dldahrnklyavnamyizayi:caladtevdaxdcinaiziidxpinqeze`a.dtyd.mixidnd mixacd iteligl sxhvdl lbeqn `le ily zixara ghea `l oiicr,dxenb.ce`nipnnmipeyeidmihpcehqd.izxkdydnlhrnkdnc`ldzikdakxd,zipy dzikaeid.mixed,oicikxer,mi`lwg-xiyrmiigoeiqipilraexzeimixbeaneidmd ipir,ipiraznii`ndxiee`wtq`llefdziid.cizrlxye,mvramitel`,miliigmb mze`ay dxirv dvxn yibxdl dieyr dn xryl wx izlekie,ybxpe xirv ipwixn`.incw`d mlera mqxtzdl dlgd mini,elld mipzrcde miiaihxq`d mihpcehqd zveawa dnx cia dhly `xity dhip` d`xw `id.avna d`ln dhily zpbtd jez oeicl mze` dxxere zel`y mdl dbivd ziyi` xikdl miic mixbean eid mdn dnk;dicinlz ly zelaewnd zeqitzd lr xbiz z`zegtlixd,oiwpahelxaz``lm`-epcnlydixehqidazeifkxndzeiencdz` dpwa gxkda miler mpi` miiyi`d mdizepexkif ik yibcdl dvl`p minrtl.oeixebîoa df rixkn rbxa aeyg gwl ize` dcnil jk jezae,zeixehqidd zei`xd mr cg`.oexkifd ly ezeyinb:xwegk izeyabzd jildza,dpey`xd oepal zngln ly ce`n dperhde dpey`xd dpya miiwzd xpinqd ixcgl mb dxcgy zihilet dqiqz dcnr xiee`ayk,dlizye dxaq irexi` zeawra sweza eywia mde zelida eyg mihpcehqdn dnk.aia` lz zhiqxaipe`a cenild zpicn dcnr mdiptay miaeygd miihiletd miwa`nl ixehqidd xwgnd z` mezxl z`okqndfkxacy,jkl cebipa,eprhy eid ;diigazihixw dtewz dze`al`xyi.cinzne f`n oda xcdzn ixehqidd xwgnd megzy zenxepd z`xikfpm`ic-zeniregznlyzxrqpzeaxznwlgeidelldzercdiwelig 655
qxii`n ozp cec `ay,l`xyia ine`ld qefpqpewd ik oerhl miax dpaxcy- l"f biieevpixb lin` gvx dtewz dze`a,ok`e.xxetzne jled,i`av zenir ly zetewza iehia icil cinz 1982 zpyy dprhd la`,zepey mikxca mil`xyid axwa zwelgnd dvxtzd zxreq f`n eniiwzd miwenr mirqyy dcaerd z` epz`n gikydl dlelr ihnxc rxw zbviin zepexkifa,zeibele`ci`a zenxev zexizq.miil`xyide miipeivd miaihxpa cinzne.dycgd l`xyi zpicn l` mb eylbe dini xgyn zipeivd drepzd z` eeil miqezinae.'dne` ly dzxivia ipeig mxeb `id',o`px hqpx` zegkyp xidad,dgkyd la` mbe,szeyna miax mixac yi mihxtd lkly `id',jiynn `ed,'dne` ly dzedn' 1.'miax mixac egky mdy crexwixletjxcdyhipjixcixtn,miaehemiaxeplexikfdyitk,dgkydok`e zexrpzd wx dppi` jkitle,oexkif ly ezexveeida opekn crv `id,inlyexi miig sqei xzeia miaeygd dixn`nn cg`a xkip xacde,ahid z`f dpian `xity dhip`.oexkifn dagxda zgzpn `id df xn`na.'dgkye oexkif :drfg zaxg',2000 zpya mqxety ritedy,'drfg zaxg',xdfi.q ly zwelgna iepyde iqlwd xetiqd zelawzd z` zepp`yde miyrnd'drfg zaxg'a epgap day zgketnd jxcd lr driavne,1949îa zpiivn `xity.mipihqlt miaxr yexiba etzzydy mil`xyid miliigd ly drizxnd,dnbecl.mipey mirbxa zil`xyid zixeaivd drceza dlre sv xdfi ly exetiq ik zireplew dqxbl dkfe 1964În lgd jepigd cxyn ly micenild zipkzn wlg did `ed `ed `xity ly dzepxwq z` mixxernd mixacd cg`.1978îa difieelha dpxwedy `l j`',dyibcd,'mircei epgp` mizr'.epa rzrzn oexkifd day dxfend jxcd il`xyid xeaiva elawzd mday mrfde dndczd l` day `id df xywda.'mixkef qixen ipa ly cgeinae,mipenyd zepy idlya miycgd mipeixehqidd ly mdizecear zpicn ly oencwd `hgd z` dliby ink envr z` bivd',`xity ixacl,xy` 2 ea zynzyn `id 'drfg zaxg' xetiqd ly ezelawzd zeclez gezipa.'l`xyi 3.'iaihwlewd oexkifd zexveeid z` mieelnd,dgkyde oexkifd ilelrzl ogea dxwn'k ogaiz.df lrtnl miiley zxrdn xzei `l zeax zepigan `ed igkepd xn`nd jldna mipihqltd ly mzxiwr zl`ya gkyp dne reci did dn dl`yd ycgn ea miaxrd ipirae xexgyk micedid ipira zqtzpd dpy,jk xg` xvw onfe 1948 zpy jezn hhv` oeicl `eank.'dakp',wiixef oihphqpew icia rahpy gpena,e`-oaxegk Ernest Renan, What is a Nation?, Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny (eds.), BecomingNational:AReader,NewYorkandOxford1996,p.45 aia` lz,mdipiay dne mipeiv,micedi,l"pd,'dgkye oexkf :drfg zaxg',`xity dhip`.14'nr,g"qyz.my 1 2 3 656
mihiltd zl`y lr,'xwxei eip'd ly miwte`d agxe wixand ekxer,wipnx cieeic z`n zxewia xn`n xn`na.1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War qixen ipa ly extq ixtq lk mivn`n dpy mirax` hrnk df' :wipnx azk,2008 i`na 5Îa mqxety xzeiy oeirxd z`,llkd on mi`vei dnk hrnl,l`xyia cenild ixtqe dixehqidd eyr 1950Îl 1947 mipyd oia mihiltk l`xyi ux` z` eafry miaxrd 700,000În mdivn`nz`qplrdlrd`edjynda.'mdibidpnze`ixwlrdaebzae`mpevxnz`f dznwd z`' izxewia hana epgay mipey`xd eid eixacly,miycgd mipeixehqidd ly 4.'dn idie,dpicnd ly dzegztzde `l.mipihqltdlrel`xyilrdpeazaazekddcgdii`xlrai`pezir`edwipnx eid miycgd mipeixehqidd ditl,zgeexd dqitzd z` uni` recn oiadl dyw jk xg`e miicedi zegek icia mipihqlt ly yexibl ald zneyz z` eptdy mipey`xd rcin epicil eribd qixen enk mixweg ly mzaizk zekfa wxy xnel oekp.miil`xyi eplyrcidikqxebxlqptwxcy,jkickcr.dfdyexibdlyetwidlrmiaxmihxte ycg qefpqpew eli`e.mixwegd axwa'zlaewnd dnkgd' `ed miaxrd yexib lr meik zraelldmirexi`dlrrecididdn:o`koeirdfkxnacenrzydl`ydz`ccgndf 5?okn xg`l xvw onf e`,mzeygxzd od,miwdaenmiicedizelewlyoeebnlcrdid1948znglnixg`oey`xdxeyrd.miycgd mipeixehqidd z` ewiqrd xy` mi`yepd z` ehhxyy,dl uegn ode l`xyia zepya eazkpy mixeaig,mzrtyde 1948 irexi` lr mixwgn ipya dligz oec`,dtewzdze`niyilyxwgncvlmzbvd.f`negkypj`,clepdz`e`xyemiyingd dxizqa elrty zencwend zeixehqidd zenbnd zpadl riiqz,onhky sqei ly mdil` qgile mipihqltd zqepnl xy`a cgeina,gztznd il`xyid ine`ld aihxpl zelew zil`xyid zepezira ddf`e onfa zipxeg` hrn xefg` o`kn.l`xyi zpicna iehia epzpe mipihqltd yexib z` yxetna exikfd xy`,dnglnd ixg` cin ernypy xetiqd gezip zeawra,seygl `id ef dxiwq ly dzxhn.mihiltd zxfgdl driazl dgkyde oexkifd inxeb oia akxend wa`nd z`,`xity dhip` ici lr 'drfg zaxg'.l`xyi zpicn ly dneiwl zepey`xd mipya `idy itk oexkifd zepzyda il yiy cgeind oiiprd ikyibc`ixaczligzaxak oerny xwegd lr xtq zaizk jldna ia xxerzd,mihiltd zl`ya ztwzyn David Remnick, Blood and Sand: A Revisionist Israeli Historian Revisits his Country s Origins, The New Yorker, 5.5.2008, p. 74 Derek J. Penslar, Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective, e`x LondonandNewYork2007,pp.44 45 4 5 657
qxii`n ozp cec,zenkqen xaeye oycg ine`l icedi dbed did uiaeciax 6.(1957-1897) uiaeciax zervn`a (Diasporists) dlebd iaiignl mipeivd oia miipia liay `evnl ywiay zxg`de dleba zg`d,zeizeaxz zexia izy zlra zg` zilaelb dne` zxivi oeirx uiaeciax.'milyexie laa' elld zexiad izy z`,dl`yda,dpik `ed.zea`d ux`a eiig zepyae,dwixn`a od dtexi`a od mixeyr dyely jldna dfd oefgd meciwl lrt did xtqd.(1957)'milyexie laa' mikxkd ipy oa extqa oeirxd z` givpd zepexg`d.xe`ze`xldkf`lywxteallkpzixewndezqxbae,eivixrnlyohwbeglxken z` dwiqrdy oineid zwizr zicedid dl`ydy,dpadd zcner df wxt ly efkxna dkixv cvik dl`yd,xnelk.ziaxrd dl`yl 1948 ixg` dktd,eiig lk uiaeciax dl`y-daxwaigdwdaenizceizxag,izeaxzherinl`qgiizdlzipeaixdpicn ditlrdktdzd-ine`lherinkmneiwzepymiitl`jxe`lmicedidiptadcnry migwld z` myiil zepncfd dzr elaiw zepeaixa ekfy micedid.dpicnd znwd xg`l.dleba jex`d mrqna ecnly miixehqidd l` qgiizdl mewna.xrva uiaeciax azk,zeccern opi` zeipey`xd ze`vezd micedid,mdil` eqgiiziy mivex mnvr md eidy itk maxwa igd ine`ld herind miwegdn dnk.zicilid ziaxrd diiqelke`d z` drxl miltn l`xyi zpicna rivdy,(1950) zeayd weg `weec e`l.eze` ecixhd zqpka ewwgpy mipey`xd deezdy,(1952) zegxf`d weg `l`,dpicnl xbdl zekfd z` mlerd iagx lkn micedil mb biizqd uiaeciax.zegxf` zlawl xzei dywe dpey jxc ux`d icili miaxrd xear riwtdl dpicnl xyi`y,(1953) (miievite zelert xeyi`) oirwxwn zyikx wegn e` zeayiizdl miipeig gezit ikxevl',dilra zeyxa z`vnp dpi`y dnc` dikxvl e` zeielbd ueaiw lrtnl mivegp mpi`,uiaeciax yibcd,dl`k miweg.'oeghial dpicnd zaegn ef diihq xizdl mgeka oi`- meaiig eli`e':siqede,dpicnd oeghial ikxvl zynyn `idyk mb - diiltd `id diiltd.dizeleabay axrîherin itlk 7.'dpicnd oegha zeaiegn yi l`xyi zpicnl ik orh,miyingd zepy ziy`xa z`f azky,uiaeciax edf ike,miaxrd miayezd zeiekfa mirbetd dwiwg icrvn lecgl zihilete zixqen dagx dprhl dncwd `l` dziid `l ef dyixc.micedil igxkd ixehqid gwl iweg.uiaeciax ly icegiid egeqipa,'mihiltd zxifb' z` xeztl:xzei ziaihweaexte David N. Myers, Between Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz, e`x Hanover 2008 'nr,my,qxii`n:jeza,('axrl xar oia') Simon Rawidowicz, Between Jew and Arab.140 6 7 658
mihiltd zl`y,zg`daxdiiltditlkolekodmeydztilwk'oklmcewzxewiagznmdilryzqpkd egxa e` - l`xyi ux` z` eafry miaxrd lr xfbpy ziaîzaiy xeqi` `ide :jkl awep iehia uiaeciax ozp,qhqe'vqn,m`dhleea ezay mewnn 8.'dpnn,miaxritl`ze`n:`idyzenkefdcaer`l`-elekmlerdel`xyiiptle-iptloi` ayilmdilde`laeylmdldxiznl`xyizpicnoi`e,ux`dz`e`vi,shedyi`eyi` dze`a aeyg iziaxd jli`e g"yzn.mdizea` zea`e mdizea` znc`,mznc` lr meya,dnr milydl il did xyt`îi`e - il ozipy dnk cr,diccv lkne,dcaer 9.mipt zycwen mzivgny,'ziaxrd dl`y'a xdxdn `ed mday micenrd 33 jxe`l l`xyi zpicnn hilt idi l`' :zexwl xen` ezrcl dn uiaeciax xidad,mihiltl ez`ixw.'l`xyi,dxedh dpicn dziide - mdizelgpl axr ihilt eaeyi.mlera zilklkde zihiletd zlrezd aeyig lr dwlga dqqazd mipihqltd mihiltd zaydl zixqend ezlrn z` oibtdl iekiqd did ez`ixwa rixknd mxebd la`.`iai xacdy dnely z` mb',xivtd,'l`xyi zpicne l`xyi ceak z` elivd'.icedid mrd ly 10.'xry egzte- e`eai zexeca dizepae dipa melye,1953-1951 mipyd oia xwira dazkpy,zicedi zixqen dpbtdl ef zwdaen d`ixw `l seqal.xe`l d`vedd jildz ly oexg`d iptld alyd,zedbdd aly cr dribd ezrca jlnp uiaeciaxy okzii.'milyexie laa' ly zqtcend dqxba wxtd llkp hilgd l"endy okziie,dfk 'utp xneg' extqa lelkl didi dpeazd on `ly hilgde.eixg`le`1957ileiauiaeciaxlyezeniptljklr enlrzd`lmicedimixwegemibedikcnlnextqaqtcp`lyhqwhd,jke`jk oexkifd did 1948 ixg`y mipya.mihiltd ly,jkn xzeie,l`xyi iiaxr ly mlxebn ly meqxt.dywzd mxhy xneg oink,zeyabzd ialya oiicr oezp l`xyid ixeaivd mcw'ziaxrd dl`yd' dpik uiaeciaxy dn lr zwelgna ce`n zeiepye zepeebn zerc miycgd mipeixehqiddy oexkif eze`- yaebn il`xyi ixeaiv oexkif ly ezexveeidl,z`f zncwen dtewz ly xywda.okn xg`l dpy miyely xbiz eilr `exwl elgd mdi`vnny mixweg ipy ly mzcear dgnv,xzei dax zegizt zxkip da `weecy ick jeze,miycgd mipeixehqidd ly zeicizrd zeifkxnd zepwqndn dnk lr exyia.miaxre micedi ly micbepnd miaihxpd oia oxnzl eywia jk.xewna dybcdd.144'nr,my.145'nr,my.xewna dybcdd.178'nr,my 8 9 10 659
qxii`n ozp cec * 600zaxehweczceardap'fa1959zpyaazk,w`xirciliicedixirv,i`abipex zcewpelyiiki`aboiivdxvw`eanzxrda.mipihqltdmihiltdzl`ylrmicenr zegt `l dcixhn dz`xp einiay) micedil miaxr oia miqgid ziira lr zicegii han ahidxikd`ed,1950zpyal`xyildlryc`cbacilik.(meikzi`xp`idyitkn 11.zenlerd ipya hilt yg z`f mre,icedid mlerd z` ode iaxrd mlerd z` od odd`pwzxxerndyibeldxyt``idyiptn,zepexzimbeidz`fdzicegiiddieegl ly zpbed dpenz xiivl' oevx ea drhpe,miixar zexewnl ode miiaxr zexewnl lkk zeipt zxqg dxeva zexzeqd hand zecewp z` xiaqdle zeihiletd zeiegztzdd 12.'xyt`d ;dxe`kl zilxhip daizk zty xegal dziid zeipt zxqg dyib yabl mikxcd zg` cebipa.zilbp`a exwgn z` azky jka miycgd mipeixehqidl i`ab mcw ef dpigan,il`xyi ipeikx` xneg ly agx oeebn lr qqazd `l exwgn,miycgd mipeixehqidl mipezirlydtiwndxiwqlrjnzqdi`ab.einiamipinfeid`ldl`kmixnegixdy.ziaxrd dtyae zixard dtya zepei`x lre miielb dlynn iknqn lr,zr iazke z`e minxebd' z` gzple,1948 iptl mipihqltd ly mavn z` x`zl dzid ezxhn.1948îa mzqepnl'mi`xg`d dti`yd.1948iptlmicedidemiaxrdiqgixe`izacvs`nehayz`jqg`li`ab 'zixar dcear' enk mibyena zpbernd,dycg zicedi zine`l dxag miwdl zipeivd d`vezk.mitzeyn miihilet e` miilklk miigl iekiq lk dvtip,'zixar zxvez'e z` okql e`ay miylet wcva micedia dz`x ziaxrd dlidwd',i`ab orh,jkn z` epaxc miaxrd axwa zeiniptd zewelgnd,liawna 13.'mvx` z` lefble mcnrn lilk drpnp jke,mipeivd cbp dwihwhd z`e dwixehxd z` milqdl mivpd miccvd daxd elired `l,jeqkql iyilyd cvd,mihixad.zeaxwzdl e` qeitl zexyt`d izyoiaxrtdz`,ewinrds`ile`e,egivpdei`pzehcpndxhyn':avndxetiyl 14.'dnipt qpkzdl oziihp z` enivrde zelidwd ccbaa dligz,oznver `elna ilr elrt' mcewd xeyrd ly zeketdzd ik oiivn i`ab ipex Rony.'icedi hilt m` mb,hiltk,(1956-1950 mipya) l`xyia jk xg`e(1950-1948 mipya) E. Gabbay, A Political Study of the Arab-Jewish Conflict: The Arab Refugee Problem(ACaseStudy),GenevaandParis1959,p.vi.v'nr,my Gershon Shafir, Land, e`x'zixarddcear'dlydize`vezlrbepaoerihdlr.30'nr,my Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882 1914, Cambridge 1989.25'nr,(11dxrd,lirl)i`ab 11 12 13 14 660
mihiltd zl`y o`kmbe,mipihqltdmihiltdziiral`e1948irexi`l`xewxfdz`dptdi`ab mipihqltd zqepna mialy dyely deezd `ed.dnec zpfe`n dyib un`l dqip ywiae,(i`na15ixg`e,1948i`na15crlixt`n,1948qxncr1947xanvcn),miccvd ipya mxewny miax miizaiq minxeb ly xvezk zeiegztzdd z` xiaqdl lr 'dztkp l`xyi ux`a dnglnd',i`ab raw,xac ly eteqa.iaxrde icedid 15.icedidcvdnxzeirnyennizlaemil`cvkmiaxrdz`x`zldhp`ed.micedid,(jynda oecp mincwend eizexewnn cg`ay) yabzne jledd aihxpd z` dgc liawna,dl`k miyp`y zexyt`d'.mdibidpn zcewta mvx`n ehlnp mipihqltd eit lry mdibidpn ixacn erpkzyi,mdixtkle mdizal,mznc`l mipy ze`n micenv eidy ifkxn mxeb.'zrcd lr zlawzn dpi`',azk,'exikdy dcigid daiaqd z` aefrl dni`a',mdibidpn zeawra ehlnpy mipihqltd ly gexd jeld did ef zipend d`ivia qgii i`ab 16.'zeixfk`e dreef iyrn lr miipeinc e` miizn` mixetiq gkepl,dldaae zeprh mr'zibelekiqt dngela micedi eyry axd yeniyd' ly aeliyl z`f dxiee` 17.micedid ly zeixfk` iyrn lr miaxrd cvn zefxten.miicedi zegek icia mipihqltd yexib :sqep izernyn mxeb did d`eeyna la` eyxibmdayxzeiamihrnmixwneid(1948i`n-lixt`)ipydalyaikorhi`ab 18 mixwna':oiiv,df oeit`l dxizqa,z`f lkae.zipihqltd diiqelke`d z` micedid mixtk miicedi zegek eyak,milyexil jxcd zvixtl axwd jldna enk,miax ick,mnvraayiilevx`lmze`yzenewndz`evvetemdiayezz`eyxib,miiaxr dwihwhd 19.'mcbp zecnrk mda ynzydle,mda ayiizdle xefgl elkei `l mdiaie`y,milyexil jxcd lr wa`nd ly mipey`xd mialya d`xpd lkk dgztzdy,dycgd z` dxrxr liawnae - micedid zaehl avnd iepiyl driiq,1948 i`ne lixt`a dnzlrtdambaeygciwtzd`lin`id 20.'l`xyi ux`a zihqind ziaxrd dfig`d' 14Îa l`xyi zpicn ly ze`nvrd zfxkd ixg` zeipicna'ilwicx iepiy' dpik i`aby iehia ozp oeixebîoa.zepkyd axr zepicn ly dizeawra d`ay dtwzdde - i`na,dnglnd z`enfimicedid `l.1948 ipeia 16Îadlynnd zaiyiaefdycgdyibl.98'nr,my.96'nr,my.110'nr,my eyry dreef iyrn ly micigid mixwnd ipy' ik (91 'nr) o`k orh i`ab.97,91 'nr,my miaxr wlql `l' dyxcy zinyxd zicedid zeipicnd z` exzq,'oiq`i xicae oenhwa,micedid.'oihqltn.93-92'nr,my.77'nr,my 15 16 17 18 19 20 661
qxii`n ozp cec eti':wqt`ed.'xefgidfxacyxeq`.aia`lzadnglndzyry`ideti'`l`,xn` 21.'zicedi xir didz meiwîeca mpevx lr miicedid mibidpnd efixkd aly eze`l cr,i`ab ly ezqxb itl diiptle`,"ipeibdrepky"lmewncerdid`l'jli`eo`knj`;miaxrdmripenxd z` eccer wx `l micedid 22.'ux`d aehn zepdile x`yidl miaxrd mig`d l`,zexidfa i`ab jixrd,minrtl `l`,mdiza z` aefrl mze` elciye mipihqltd 23.'ziaxr ux`l hlnidl mze` evli`' zqepnl izaiqîax xaqd bivdl epeiqipn wlg od yexibl i`ab ly eizeieqgiizd `ed exwgn,z`f mr.zgpîi` ly dyegz ea zxkipe izivnz `ed egeqip.miaxrd.1948îa l`xyi ux` ly dghy lr airdy dibelezind opr z` wlql aeyg oeiqip dribd `ly hrnke xzei zeax zeaebz dzrya dxxer `l ezceary `et` riztn xnegdy dnec 24.meid cre f`n,incw`d giyl `l s`,il`xyid xeaivd zercenl ze`ad mipyd xyr jldna yabzd icedid mlerae l`xyia 1948 ly oexkifd ly inlebd.miaxrd zqepn ly laewnd xe`izdn diihq lk ekeza rinhdl gilvd `ly aihxp aipde mihiltd zxfgd `id extq ly iyingd wxta i`ab z` ewiqrdy zel`yd zg` dcbpzd l`xyi zpicne hdla jka evx axr zepicny zipeibdd dgpdd zexnl.mdizal la`,znieqn dcina `yepa oc mpn` i`ab.xzei zakxen zizn`d dpenzd,sweza yibdy xehwecd zceara hexit xzia dze` wca,uxt oc,sqep icedi xweg Israel and the Palestine xtqa xe` dz`xy) 1955Îa dianelew zhiqxaipe`l.(1958 zpya,arabs zngln ixg` cin milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a cnl,zixad zevx` cili,uxt,qpb`n aiil dcedi,cqend ly e`iype ecqiin mr cciizd mini mze`ae,diipyd mlerd oiaaxwllertldaxdyhqitivtdid,recik,qpb`n.xtqdz`yicwdmb`edely uxt ygxy ceakd.l`xyi ux`a zine`lîec dpicn znwdl `xwe micedil miaxr oc `edyk,i`ab gqepa,zpfe`n daihwtqxt ytgl el mxb eizepeirxle qpb`nl zl`y z` ex`za.mdl uegn ode l`xyi zeleab jeza od mipihqltd ly mcnrna.109-108'nr,my.108'nr,my.109-108'nr,my eavipycerizdzelabnlrmpn`eriavdy,qixenipaemiilyia`mdmihleallkdonmi`vei.dn`zda'miyxn byid'e'ivelg' eze` epike extq zeaiyga exikd j`,miyingd zepya i`ab ipta Avi Shlaim, The Debate about 1948, The International Journal of Middle,e`x Eastern Studies 27(1993), p. 289; Benny Morris, The New Historiography: Israel and its Past, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians, Oxford 1990, pp. 16 17 21 22 23 24 662
mihiltd zl`y eccer' mibidpndy,micedid zprh o`kn- miccvd ipy zecnr z` xikfd `ed mihiltd ewleqmihiltd'ik,miaxrdzprhcbpne,'mdizaz`aefrlmdlexede`miaxrdz`.'mil`xyid `avd zegek elirtdy xexhd lya mdizan exxery,dreefiyrn'iksiqede,'mixaqddipyazn`lydcinyi'ikdceduxt la` 25.'dngeld iyrnn wlgk miccvd ipy ici lr ervea,zecbpzde miwenr micgt mi`xg`d z` e` mihiltd ziira ly dxewn z` reawl' dziid `l zifkxnd ezxhn zepicn,m"e`d zeaebza zecwnzd jez,mixewrd ly mzwevna weqrl `l` 26,'dl xfrp `edyk,mihiltd ly daiyd zl`yl micg` miwxt yicwd uxt.l`xyie axr dtyae zixard dtya zepezird z` `exwl ezlekiae iaxrd mlerae l`xyia eixywa o`fel zcireea l`xyi dzlrdy minid zxvw drvdd z` gzip xzid oia.zilbp`d did xac ly ezn`l) miaxr 100,000Îk ly mzxfgd lwyiz ditl,1949 aia`a dcrepy 'dfr zipkz' z`,dtewz dze`n,oke - (ytp 65,000Îl xzei aexw xtqnd 27 uxt.l`xyi zpicnl dfrn (miayez 70,000Îk cere) mihilt 200,000Îk xifgdl mb`l`,elldzervddz`lawlmiaxrdcvnzepekpdxcridz`wx`lhexitaoga lymieqnxtqnlawll`xyilrmipwixn`delirtdyugldoiaoilnebdwgynz`.zepiiprn zertez dnk xi`n exwgn.l`xyia icbpd ihiletd ugll mihilt zaiy iptn yygd on wxe j` drap `l 100,000Îd zrvdl l`xyia zecbpzdd ezyib ly dxtd jez,'miine`l miipeviw' dpik uxty minxeb mze`.mihiltd ly mingeld zbltne oiba mgpn zey`xa zexg zbltn,xnelk- zxdvend zilxhipd `edla`.mzaydz`yexclzekfmeyoi`mihiltlikeqxb-xaryli"gliyp` zipexwr eknzy,i"wnae m"tna,dtnd ly il`nyd cva zecbpzdd z` mb oiiv `l la`,dfrn mihiltd 200,000 ly cgeinae 'mely ixgey' mihilt ly mzayda x`izeuxtxaro`kn 28.'ipwixn`d mfil`ixtni`'l dzripk lr miiepib l`xyin ekqg oepaln eayy miaxr 72 lynl enk,mihilt exfged mday mixetqd mixwnd z` dilry zegtyn cegi`l zipkzd zxbqna exfgedy mihilt itl`e,1949 xanvca 29 zgpen dziid mihiltd ly mzxfgd ik,d`xd `ed df ote`a.1950 lixt`a fxked ipeica ielba dpecpe l`xyia zihnelticde zihiletd dhil`d ly dnei xcq lr daxwzd `l xzeia zkld zwigxn zil`xyid drvdd ik m` - zepezirae dlynnd.axr zepicn ly zeilnipind odizeyixcl llk Don Peretz, Israel and the Palestine Arabs, Washington 1958, p. 6.4'nr,my.41'nr,my.45-44'nr,my.54'nr,my 25 26 27 28 29 663
qxii`n ozp cec zepya mqxty,iyily icedi xweg bivdl oiiprn uxte i`ab ly mdixwgn cvl sqei,iqex `venn ipwixn`d xwegd - mihiltd zl`y lr zilbp`a xtq miyingd,iwqpihea'f a`f lr zcde` ditxbeia azky ink l`xyia rcep onhky.onhky iteligl dgnenk mbe,(zihqipeifieexd drepzd zeclez z` azky) rayen hqipeifieexk European,mirax`d zepy ly diipyd zivgna enqxety eixtq.xtqpxhle oiqelke` zieef ewtiq,population Transfers in AsiaÎe Population Transfers, 1939 1945 oia aeliyd.mixyrd d`na mc` ipa ipeilin ly dietkd mzrepz lr dagx ziz`eeyd aezkl onhky z` ripd ihqipeifieexîipeivd ehdl oial ely irevwnd zeignend megz d`eeyd.the Arab Refugee Problem mya 1952Îa mqxtzdy,mipihqltd lr xtq mdipy,ziy`x.mdipiariztnoeincdlbni`ablyxzeixge`ndxe`izldfxtqoia exikfd md,zipy.mihiltd ziira zexveeid jildza zenec zetewz yely lr eriavd i`abe onhky,ziyily.mipihqltd zqepnl'mi`xg` minxebe zeaiq' ly agx oeebn 30.dqepnl ifkxnd mxebk'cgtd zfekiqt' z` edif(uxt mb ef dpigane) 'mi`xg`d minxebde zeaiqd' oia llk i`ab ik epi`x.oeincd miizqn o`ky `l` icia miaxr yexib ly mixwn elit`e,zibelekiqtd dngeld z` zipendd d`ivil cvd lr zlhen zeixg`d :cigie cg` aihena wac,z`f znerl,onhky.micedi.ote`edxevmeyaicedidcvdlyidylkzeixg`lfnxelv`oi`.calaeilre,iaxrd ux`n ehlnp miaxrd ik dprhl ixwird i`xg`d `ed onhky ik oreh icil'g cil`e jxcd z` lelql ick) hlnidl mdl exedy mdibidpn ixeciy lr daebza l`xyi xexa,e`l m`e ef dprh ly ixwird gqpnd onhky did ok` m` 31.(axr ze`avl z` rivdl oken mb dide miaxrd ly zicrlad mzeixg` oeirx z` mcwl ywiay zpkda aeyg ciwtz `lin onhky ik dgiked qiie zrti.l`xyi zlynnl eizexiy,cere z`f 32.1949 hqebe`a l`xyi zlynn dzpiny xtqpxhd zcreel ihxe`zd rwxd,mil`xyi miihneltic mibivp mr onhky ly eixyw lr micnln miipeikx` zexewn Joseph B. Schechtman, The Arab Refugee Problem, New York 1952, pp. 1 13 azk 1949 zpya ik icil'g oiiv,(1959în xn`n ly zagxen dqxb `edy) 2005În xn`na mixcynaxribidpnikorhodae,wxeieipail`xyidrcindfkxnxearzexaegizyonhky mihlea mipwixn` 19 m"e`l eyibdy drvdl qiqa eixacl dyniy s`y dprh- iepit zecewt The Arab Refugee Problem: How It Can be Solved, proposals,e`x.1951 xanvca xezql ywia icil'g.submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations, 1951 evx zepkyd axr zepicn od oeilrd iaxrd creed od ik micnlnd miknqn zxfra ef dprh Walid Khalidi, Why Did the,e`x.l`xyi ux`a x`yiz zinewnd diiqelke`dy Palestinians Leave, Revisited? Journal of Palestine Studies 34, 2(2005), pp. 43 44.f"qyz milyexi,cwtpde gkepd:ail`q ic`e,qiie zrti 30 31 32 664
mihiltd zl`y eizexiy z` rivd mdly - zli` edil`e oa` `a` oke,zxy dyn uegd xy zeaxl 33.zeiqelke` aeyiil ywean dgnenk,1951-1948 mipya,miaxrl micedi oia ceqi zepgad ly dxey z`vnp mihiltd zl`ya ezqitz fkxna axwabedpddngeldoepbqy',onhkyorh,'xekflyi'.rxlaehoia,gxfnlaxrnoia ea llek onhkyydpgn,axrndcera.'axrnaxkend dfnoihelgldpey axrinr dngeld',migxf` iigl db`c jezn,zcaekn dxeva dnglnl `vei,micedid z`,drivta,dpgad xqg bxda cinz dpiit`zd[...] l`xyi ux`a micedid cbp ziaxrd cg`k z`fd zibelehpe`d dpgadd z` dzdif uxb zixep 34.'ceyae dfiaa,qpe`a axrnd z` bviin l`xyid xeaibd eitl,1948 lr il`xyid aihxpd ly jeezd icenrn 35.'xfk`e iaihinixt,iz`iq` gxfn len' cnerd zexyr cer il`xyid ine`ld aihxpa obx`n oexwir zeidl dkiynd ef dcg dpgad ik xbci awri oiiv aihxpd ly zixehqidd ezegztzd lr aeygd exwgna.mipy iaxrd otwezd aihen xfg,1967 zngln ly dnevira,xzei xge`n dpy mixyr aihxpa uevl jiynd df aihen.l`xyia xeaivd ly ald zneyz fkxnl i`xtd xy`k lynl,xbci d`xdy itk,`weec dketd dxeva minrtl,il`xyid ine`ld Îiaxrd qetih a`d ly "xteyn mbc" oirn'k eqtzp eikneze oiax wgvi ly egvex 36.'iplag lr onhky ly zencwend eizetwydly dnec,ef geeh zkex` han zcewpn ;zil`xyid zixehqidd zercena miwenr miyxey yi iaxrd ite`d lre mihiltd mr.opnfz`enicwdy,uxtei`ably,xzeizexge`ndhandzecewpns`miwenr ekxrpe,mihiltd ziira lr zexzeq zetwyd eid 1948 zngln xg`l xak,z`f xywda xekfl i`ck.mzayd iiekiq lre mihiltd yexib lr migezt mipeic l`xyia.xdfi.qly'drfgzaxg'xetiqd,epgzteay`xitydhip`lydxn`n`yepz`df xxereagxxeaivlribd,l"dvrviayyexibiyrnwxyelgk`llsygy,xetiqd ote` meya did `l df ipeica xe`iz la`.eneqxt ixg` xvw onf adleyn qenlet.dl`k miyibx mi`yep mr zeccenzdl cigid xewnd x"cl izcez.p227-10/2,iwqpihea'f oekn oeikx`a z`vnp miyi` mze`l onhky oia zaezkzd.dl` mixneg xezi`a dzxfr lr iwqlaew qiee`xb dxite`.5'nr,(30dxrd,lirl)onhky hhevn,38'nr,1995 aia` lz,zil`xyid zeaxza miqezin:dnelga dieay,uxb zixep,e`x.49'nr,c"qyz dtig,zil`xyid zepezira ine`ld aihxpd:eply xetiqd,xbci awri lv` zxeywza ex`ez,jetd jildza,cvik (106-105 'nr) d`xn mb xbci.166,49 'nr,my dcina,diipyd oepal znglnn miaxr mihilte cg` cvn l`xyi ly miaxrd digxf` zil`xyid.millne` miizelb micedi mixikfnd miyp`k,dcd` ly znieqn 33 34 35 36 665
qxii`n ozp cec qixen ipa.l`xyia miihilet minxeb axwa yexibd zl`ya oeic gztzd 1948 uiwa dgiy xikfd `ed ik m`,i"`tn zexeya dibeql dgipfd zeqgiizdd xg` awr z` il`pai `hia day,ileia 24Îa il`pai l`enyl wvpixty sqei oia dniiwzdy,lmildz)'jelniikcar'dzreyrp,zeticxzepyitl`ixg`,micedidikyygd miaxrl micedi oia miqgia miwqerd mincwen miipeiv miazka ritedy,df iehia.(22 ly mzxfgd z` rivdl il`pai z` ripd,(oiihyt` wgvie mrd cg` lv` lynl) 37.dnigla etzzyd `ly miaxrd dnk.m"tn ly zihiletd dcreed ipeica ernyp,qixen oiiv,df beqn ze`ixw wenr yyg eriad,ipwixn`d mfil`ixtni`d cbp uveg e`vi `lyk,dbltnd ixagn okid,m`el`ymd.miinewndmiaxrdlenycgdil`xyid`avdlyezlertiptn xfril` itn rnyp ef dyegzl xzeia mitixgd miiehiad cg`.yexib ygxzd recne epixag iaeh oia' ik xidvdy,'xnynd lr',m"tn ly dpe`hia jxer,(ixt) i`xt l`xyi ux`a epifekx z` miybdl zihilet dpigan mb xyt` `ny daygnd dapbzp mixac 'xnynd lr'a ileia 30Îa enqxet miizpia 38.'ziv`pd zihqixlhidd dhiya qeib iptl ecnry ivx`d ueaiwd ixag ly qepika,ixri xi`n,dbltnd bidpn xn`y ly dpeyn dbifn zniiw xirvd xneya mixag axway jk lr rixzd `ed.l"dvl dze`.dcixhn ziprfb d`py ly oiteligle,miie`x miihqil`ixtni`îihp` zeybx.mze`epyxbep``l'ik,zxkipdrizxaoiivyitk,oerhlmdndnkldnxbd`py mdy xg`n mze` yxip `l ike.ikd e`la minvnevn epizeleab.mpevxn egxa md izlad zepncfdd z` sehgp `le ghyd z` dwpp `l dnl?mdici ena mnvr elyip gexd ly dl`k '`xt ilecib'l xign lka cbpzdl yi ik,xn`e mkiq ixri?'dievn oc `ly,bxt xcpqkl` ly xn`n 'xnynd lr' mqxt jk xg` miinei 39.daygnde dlertetziy`lmiixtkdlyrixkndmaex'ikyibcdj`,yexibdzl`yazexiyi 40.'zeiekf ieey migxf`k epzpicna lawl epilr elld mixtkd iayei z`e miyletd mr il`xyid ixeaivd giya zeiaihnxepd hand zecewp eid dl`y xnel didi oekp `l mihiltd ziira ly dzcil,l"pd,'1948îa ziaxrd dirade m"tn,i"`tn',qixen ipa.458-428'nr,`"pyz aia` lz,1949-1947,mipihqltd.443'nr,my mixaclydpeyhrndqxb`iadqixen.30.7.1948,xnyndlr,'dnglnle`vzik',ixrixi`n.444'nr,(37dxrd,lirl)qixen.dl`,ixn`n z` mb e`x.1.8.1948,xnynd lr,'iaxrd xtkde l`xyi zpicn',bxt xcpqkl` Simon Rawidowicz on the Arab Question: A Prescient Gaze into the New History, Lauren B. Strauss and Michael Brenner (eds.), Mediating Modernity: Challenges and Trends in the Jewish Encounter with the Modern World, Essays in Honor of Michael A. Meyer, Detroit 2008, pp. 143 167 37 38 39 40 666
mihiltd zl`y `l dl` zerc ik oerhl wiecn df oi` mb la`.il`nyd 'xnynd lr'a elit` e` mixe`iza,miizlynne miizbltn mipeica,zqpkd ipeica erited od.llk ernyed yxetnd oeicd,lynl - zei`pezir zeazka oke,xdfi ly exetiq znbec miizextq cvd',1950îa mqxety extqa miaxrl dnglnd onfa enxbpy zeleera ixpa` ixe` ly zxfgd lre yexibd lr gekieed,'xnynd lr'a lirl epi`xy itke 41.'rahnd ly ipyd mipezira mixe`izd aex mpn`.zil`xyid zepezirl mb ekxc z` `vn mihiltd daiydoeirxz`egce,yexiblymixwnnenlrzde`yexibdz`eyigkdmiil`xyi elit`e ihqipenewd'mrd lew','xnynd lr' enk mipezira la`,onhky deezdy gexa.mibixg mixe`iz dnkn xzei `evnl xyt`'ux`d' epe`hia,'xp' - ef dpigan cgeina xiyre oiiprn xewna dxvwa cwnzdl ipevxa zceb` ly dkxc zkiynnk eizinrn dnke qpb`n 1942Îa eniwdy dceb`,cegi` ly miaxr oia qeit ornl mely zixa ini f`n elrty mipey mipebx` lye mely zixa ryedi) oinipa'x i`pezirde wizeed ipeivd zeaxzd lirt ly ezkixra,'xp'.micedil ldwl dkf `l,('inlzd ryedi' myd zgz mb mixn`n 'xp'a mqxty,onclt xlcx ritedllgd`ed.calazexetqze`ndideiiepnxtqnikxrylxyt`.agxmi`xew mipezir jezn mirhw,1948 ixg` zepeivd avn lr miixewn mixn`n llke 1950Îa miazeke ixpa`,xdfi ly mhr ixt mixn`n xgane,l`nyne oinin miil`xyi yexib ly mixwn yxetna exikfdy mixn`n enqxet'xp'a,eppiiprl.mixg` miizxewia,zexvw zeazk ea erited cala dpey`xd dpya.micedid zegek icia mdixtkn miaxr ea`ae diq`ara,mrxaa eygxzdy miyexib lr,mixg` mipe`hian egwlp odn dnky 42.yeb ze`xdl did df beqn zecefit` xkf`l 'xp' ly ezepekpl miifkxnd miripnd cg` minxezd.dkxcn dxeng diihq zetwyn mvrae,zepeivd znybdl zeriiqn opi` ody ozp,oeniq hqpx`,xaea oihxn,oinipa'x enk,'xp'a xe` e`xy mixn`nl mihlead dipzdd z` mda rhp micedid ly ixehqidd oeiqipd ik epin`d,xpqlt xi`ne iyteg md,jkn xzei.zepibd xqega mdil` qgiizdl `le,mixewrd miaxrd mr zedcfdl lld rawy rcepd oexwira `haznd zlefd z` cakl icedid ixqend ieeiva epin`d z`fd dxeagd z` ripdy frd ixqend sgcd.'jenk jrxl zad`e',(reyie) owfd.1950aia`lz,rahndlyipydcvd,ixpa`ixe`,(3.3.1950)2,1my,'diqaxzyxtl';8'nr,(3.1950)1,1xp,'zihipexnddcrdonlew','"miireayoia"',iytg'p;5'nr,(17.3.1950)3,1my,'diqa'rzyxtl',mgpn'w;8'nr exn`na,'ux`d'oezirjezndhhivmbe`xmrxalr.7-5'nr,(28.7.1950)13-12,1my izcez.17-15 'nr,(3-4.1954) 7-6,5 xp,'mrxa xtk dnebrd dyxtd',l`ia` awri ly.mixg` miil`xyi zr iazke'xp' oe`hiad zwixqa ixwgnd ereiq lr li` lld x"cl 41 42 667
qxii`n ozp cec zine`lîec dpicna jenzl dze` oaxc,zipgexd zepeiva miverp miwdaend eiyxeyye dpicndjezamiaxrlwcvzyixcadvxnz`dveawddcwin1948ixg`.1948iptl.dizeleabl uegny mihiltle- dycgd (zxfeg dqtcdae miixewn) miax mixn`n zepey`xd eizepya'xp'a erited ef gexa oe'b,odk diaeh,odk x"n,mdxa` 'a icia eazkpy,mihiltd ly daiyd zl`ya zayda eknz mlek `l.envr oinipa 'xe iwqplinq dyn,iwqayxy oerny,ignw gzt oinipa'x.oeicdcwenadl`ydz`daivdydxifyniyzrdazkla`,mihiltd zprypmihiltdzaydlydtegcddniyndik,dxdvda'xp'lyipydoeilibdz` zad`e',zipy.dlek zeyep`d ly zilqxaipe`d deeg`d,ziy`x:zepexwr drax` lr.ziny dgtyn dze`n wlg md miaxrde micedidy oeirxd,ziyily.'jenk jrxl zaifr zeawra dlha dpi` eznc` lr mr ly zycewnd ezekfy dpen`d,ziriax 250,000 zxfgdl oinipa'x `xw miyingd zepy jxe`l 43.oevxn m`e qpe`n m`,ux`d l`xyi zpicnl ewipri mihiltdy oeirxd z` zxkend zixqend ezprhl sxive,mihilt yi`,oeniq hqpx` `aiwr seqelitd 44.(i`lwgd megza cgeina) zilklk dtepz drvdd yecigl 1954Îa `xw,wize mely lirte milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d - mihilt 100,000 xifgdl 1949Îa o`fela zxy dyn dlrdy minid zxvw zil`xyid 45 axwa.dpy dze`a'xp'a qe`xhy jixpiid x"c mqxty mely zrvda llkpy `yep -l`xyiazgeexdzeaxzdz`dgcyoetvnlyxelcbn'xp'didmvnevndei`xewldw zrdazk.miaxrdlymzwevnlzeyibxxqeglyemfixhilinly,cgtlyzeaxz oirwxwn zyikx wegl mly oeilib yicwde mihiltd zl`yl envr z` liabd `l,'miniy`n ep`' zxzekd zgz l`xyia miaxr ly yekx znxgdle zqpkd ly(1953) xg`l dpy 46.(dpen`ealune`lztenk'xp'amrt`lxkfpy)`leflin`lxexacd `edydnlya,'eplyux`d'miclidoereaylrdtixgzxewiaxpqltxi`nmqxtokn mei lbxl (miaxrl enxbpy zeleerd gkep) zixehqid difpn`e zixqen zeriav dpik 47.1954Îa iyiyd ze`nvrd zebdpzdd lr zawep zxewia,icedi ixqen mfil`ci` rty likd 'xp' zrd azk ux` ly xaryl miaxrd diayez ly myexib lr mixvw migeeice l`xyia zihiletd.4-3'nr,(27.10.1950) 2-1,2 xp,'miaxrd mihiltl epqgi zl`yl',a"x dprh rinyd uiaeciax oerny.12'nr,(1.12.1950) 4-3,2 xp,'miaxrd mihiltd ziiral'.126'nr,(6 dxrd,lirl) qxii`n e`x.mihiltd zaydl ez`ixwa dnec,qe`xhyzrvdz`mbe`x.5-2'nr,(3-4.1954)7-6,5xp,'o`ll`xyi',oeniqr"`e`x.5-2'nr,(12.1954-1.1955) 4-3,6 xp.4.1953,8-7,4xp.9-7'nr,(6.1954)9,5xp,'"eplyux`d"jxerlielbazkn',xpqlt'n 43 44 45 46 47 668
mihiltd zl`y zrazklymixn`ndiazekz`leflfaxehtllw.mzwevnlzeyic`dlrel`xyi.dxirvd dpicnd dig eay ixehqidd rbxd z` oiadl dlikyd `ly,ziley dveawk df dxwnlka.zepeivdlyel`xyilyixqendotvnkqplrmzelrdlxyt`,oitelgl,miyrnle zeieygxzdl mircen eid `l 'xp' ly ei`xewe eiazeky xnel xyt`îi`,xzei daxd zxge`n mixweg zveaw ly zicrla zilbzk miax ipira eqtzp minily.miycgd mipeixehqidd oeicd z` gzet wx uxt oce i`ab ly zincw`d mzaizkae 'xp'a df ipey`x oeic?gkypdn?dpicndznwdleelpymiywdlrrecididdn.miiqlilrdaydcewpa dcaerk laewn didy dn' ik zpiivn,'drfg zaxg' lr dxn`na,`xity dhip`?izne itl`,oaenk,el eidy,"dpicn ceq"l hrnk did,miyingd zepy ziy`xa dielb 48,zil`xyid zepezird ly ipctw ietin cgeinae,sqep xwgn uegp.'"ceq itzey".diiypdmedzl`dxexadxkdnefdyilbxg`aewrlick l`xyizpicn,ziy`x.dfjildzlyerwxaecnryminxebdnkxikf`meiqz`xwl mixbz`,miwgec mii`av minei` len dxevp zepey`xd dizepya dnvr z` d`vn micedid ly mzecxyida zecwnzd dziid mz`vezy,zipend dxibde miilklk itk,diilrd zl`yl drcep zcgein zeaiyg.miaxrd ly mzwevna `le,mzgeexae ly dixehqidd lr daxd erci `l miycgd milerd.ipfe`a `xity dhip` dyibcdy lrzepexkifxnylmdnzetvldiddywjkitle,mdiigz`ewizrddil`yzclend iveaiwd oexkifd zeyabzd lr miayeg ep`yk,cere z`f.mxyan eeg `ly edyn dxiwrd aihxp ly enewn z` m` mb le`yl xyt`,df mcwen alya il`xyid zligzn qtz,dnglnd ixg` zepey`xd mipya zwelgna iepyde rhewnd,zipihqltd lym`ea.d`eydxetiq,xzeicerlecblaqlyxetiqorvn`cremiyingdzepy lk lr,mnr ly oaxegd zenedz mr micedid z` znir l`xyil d`eyd ilevip eywzd mil`xyidy gipdl xiaq.zclenl dlebd oia zakxend zibelekiqtd dwinpicd.mdil` diztn` zelbl e` miaxrd mihiltd ly mlxeb mr zedcfdl,`xity dhip`.dne` ly dzeyabzda opekn mxeb dgkya d`x,xekfk,o`px hqpx` dcnrn gkepl) drztdd mxebae daizk zepneina,il`ehwlhpi` xyeia zcievn drceza dgkyl oexkif oia oilnebd zelirt z` gzpl d`vi,(itxbeixehqidd cqnna miag ep`.xdfi ly'drfg zaxg' z` dagxda gzpnd dxn`na,zil`xyid zixehqidd miiwdnxzeiaehoiadlickoky.dizeawrajlpm`dyrpaehe,jklrzeaxdl micwtpd z`lrdly jkfndj`dywdcrva jxevyi,dne`ly iveaiwddpexkifa.ghydiptl`.36'nr,(2dxrd,lirl)`xity 48 669