Paired and unpaired image translation with GANs

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1 Paired and unpaired image translation with GANs Phillip Isola, MIT 6/16/19 [Cartoon: The Computer as a Communication Device, Licklider & Taylor 1968]

2 Image-to-Image Translation Apple 苹果 Apfel Pomme

3 Image-to-Image Translation Object labeling Edge Detection [Xie et al. 2015] [Long et al. 2015] Season change Artistic style transfer [Laffont et al. 2014] [Gatys et al. 2016]

4 Paired Image-to-Image Translation Input x Output y Training data n x y o F, n o n,, o argmin F E x,y[l(f(x),y)] Objective function (loss) Neural Network [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016]

5 Paired Image-to-Image Translation Input x Output y F argmin F E x,y[l(f(x),y)] What should I do How should I do it?

6 Designing loss functions Input Output Ground truth

7

8 Designing loss functions Input Zhang et al Ground truth Color distribution cross-entropy loss with colorfulness enhancing term. [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016]

9

10 Designing loss functions Be careful what you wish for!

11 Designing loss functions Image colorization L2 regression Super-resolution [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016] L2 regression [Johnson, Alahi, Li, ECCV 2016]

12 Designing loss functions Image colorization Cross entropy objective, with colorfulness term Super-resolution [Zhang, Isola, Efros, ECCV 2016] Deep feature covariance matching objective [Johnson, Alahi, Li, ECCV 2016]

13 ) Universal loss?

14 ) Generated images Generative Adversarial Network (GANs) Generated vs Real (classifier) Real photos [Goodfellow, Pouget-Abadie, Mirza, Xu, Warde-Farley, Ozair, Courville, Bengio 2014]

15 x G G(x) Generator

16 x G G(x) D real or fake? Generator Discriminator G tries to synthesize fake images that fool D D tries to identify the fakes

17 x G G(x) D fake (0.9) y D real (0.1) argmax D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

18 x G G(x) D real or fake? G tries to synthesize fake images that fool D: arg min G E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

19 x G G(x) D real or fake? G tries to synthesize fake images that fool the best D: argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

20 x G G(x) Loss Function D G s perspective: D is a loss function. Rather than being hand-designed, it is learned.

21 x G G(x) D real or fake? argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

22 x G G(x) D real! ( Aquarius ) argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

23 x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y [ logd(g(x)) + log(1 D(y)) ]

24 x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

25 x G G(x) D fake pair argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

26 x G G(x) D real pair argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

27 x G G(x) D real or fake pair? argmin max G D E x,y[ logd(x,g(x))+log(1 D(x,y)) ]

28 Conditional GAN Training Details: Loss function

29 Training Details: Loss function Conditional GAN x y G G(x) - Stable training + fast convergence [c.f. Pathak et al. CVPR 2016]

30 BW Color Input Output Input Output Input Output Data from [Russakovsky et al. 2015]

31 Input Output Groundtruth Data from [maps.google.com]

32 Input Output Groundtruth Data from [maps.google.com]

33 Training data n x y o x G G(x), n o, x G(x) n o G, [HED, Xie & Tu, 2015]

34 #edges2cats [Chris Hesse]

35

36 Ivy Vitaly

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ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t l< ta xe ti s ah _1 ab es 46 "= Vs kb sj c/ h+ lj Pw mg Px /0 om Xy vm =k >" AA BA n8 ci Vb NB 8S AN JE U3 1r /q hq 96 BL Bb 0U El G0 RP 8i Kc g9 SP DU bb bt 0t wk 72 6E EW g/ vw hh xt q6 x/ r5 x9 +2 ga Qr G8 uh N/ DM vm KT wu L6 fr mt tl Wf zn 7q dx d2 dn z2 o+ hh 16 cj 0o y4 m2 Np dl Bk uo cr bj FK yd qb 5o Uj JP +O 4H ud 3Z rh 2k iq PU EO 5l NE hn ii BL FK Jr 27 xk CH VH jw 13 zq 3W s7 B5 ov Xl Bk Uo Pa ra 7X B2 ly Mn 2E SS ug 7N ob Bp jt KU vj 0m s0 Ms yt bk y0 3H UL o1 Ez Q2 0z e+ jk ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t l< ta xe ti s ah _1 ab es 46 "= Vs kb sj c/ h+ lj Pw mg Px /0 om Xy vm =k >" AA BA n8 ci Vb NB 8S AN JE U3 1r /q hq 96 BL Bb 0U El G0 RP 8i Kc g9 SP DU bb bt 0t wk 72 6E EW g/ vw hh xt q6 x/ r5 x9 +2 ga Qr G8 uh N/ DM vm KT wu L6 fr mt tl Wf zn 7q dx d2 dn z2 o+ hh 16 cj 0o y4 m2 Np dl Bk uo cr bj FK yd qb 5o Uj JP +O 4H ud 3Z rh 2k iq PU EO 5l NE hn ii BL FK Jr 27 xk CH VH jw 13 zq 3W s7 B5 ov Xl Bk Uo Pa ra 7X B2 ly Mn 2E SS ug 7N ob Bp jt KU vj 0m s0 Ms yt bk y0 3H UL o1 Ez Q2 0z e+ jk ro ED ki Kt E0 Vy 9z ZP TH J2 Jh NH Or Om IL HL zs T8 P/ zz 6C nd RK Bp yn Ch W0 ZR kk Mq sj zf QI jm UO 0E os 80 el ts Ii sa Qr lp xs XI Lj 6L S+ k9 dx +c ev W/ tw Vc EP YU TY IO zv O8 KA ng HA WT Bg wa PX A8 vp jd vo rz zv Ws tg co MX fm By /8 Dk rw Ru Qj == /< al et ix >t Objective <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c57ighlvti0mxc7t5zugmsmgad8=">aaab8xicbva9twjbfhyhx4hfqkxnrmjire5otcta2imjgbeuzg95byt7e5fdprjy4v/ywgimrf/gzn/jalcoomkmk5n3sm8msatxxnw/ncla+sbmvng7tlo7t39qpjxq6thvdjssfrf6ckhgwsu2dtcchxkfnaoetopr9cxvj1fphst7m0nqj+ha8pazaqz0wlonnpazpszeuejw3tnikvfyuoecjv75q9upwrqhnexqrtuemxg/o8pwjnba6qyae8pgdiadsywnupvz/oipobnkn4sxsk8amld/b2q00nosbxyyomaol72z+j/xsu146wdcjqlbyryfhakgjiaz+ktplc0rjpzqpri9lbahvzqzw1ljluatr14lrvrvc6vexa1sv8rrkmijnmi5ehabdbibbjsbgyrneiu3rzsvzrvzsrgtopnomfyb8/kdekeqgq==</latexit> Optimizer <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/q7rn/qnvhogsntyh75vuniu5ba=">aaab8xicbva9swnbej2lx/h8ilrahabbktyl0tjoy2ce84hjefy2e8ms3b1jd06iif/cxkirw/+nnf/gtxkfjj4yelw3w8y8kbxcoo9/o4w19y3nrek2u7o7t39qojxqmittldvoihldjohhgivwqi6ctvpniiwea0wj65nfemta8etd4zhlosqdxwnocvrpwb1nkuv+xhsvvpyr/hzekglyuoyc9v7pq9tpacazqiqimz3atzgcei2ccjz1u5lhkaejmmadsxwrzist+cvt78wqfs9otc2f3lz9pteh0pixjgynjdg0y95m/m/rzbhfhhou0gyzootfcsy8tlzz+16fa0zrjc0hvhn7q0ehrboknitxhhasv7xkmtvk4fecu2q5dpxhuyqtoivzcoacanaddwgabqxp8apvjnfenhfny9facpkzy/gd5/mhthgqqq==</latexit> Hypothesis space <latexit sha1_base64="eatzax9lxw9aiubbm3h5hpcs6sa=">aaab+xicbvbns8naen34wetx1koxxsj4kkkveix66bgc/ya2lm122i7dbmlupbbc/4kxd4p49z9489+4bxpq1gcdj/dmdmdemehh0po+na3tnd29/djb+fdo+otupttvmzjvhfo8lrhuhsyafapakfbcn9haolbcj5w+lpzodlqrsxrcliegymmlroiztnladrtzeumejddujizdwk14vw8jukn8glrigeba/eopy55gojblzkzp9ximcqzrcanzcj81yb+esjh0lfusahpky83n9noqqzqkts2fdkn+nshzzewwhbyzyjgx695c/m/rpti6c3khkhrb8dvho1rsjokibjougjjkzblgtbc7uj5hmng0yzvtcp76yzukxav6xtv/rfxq90ucjxjjrsgn8cktqzmgaziw4wrgnskrexny58v5dz5wrvtomxnb/sd5/agmpjol</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eatzax9lxw9aiubbm3h5hpcs6sa=">aaab+xicbvbns8naen34wetx1koxxsj4kkkveix66bgc/ya2lm122i7dbmlupbbc/4kxd4p49z9489+4bxpq1gcdj/dmdmdemehh0po+na3tnd29/djb+fdo+otupttvmzjvhfo8lrhuhsyafapakfbcn9haolbcj5w+lpzodlqrsxrcliegymmlroiztnladrtzeumejddujizdwk14vw8jukn8glrigeba/eopy55gojblzkzp9ximcqzrcanzcj81yb+esjh0lfusahpky83n9noqqzqkts2fdkn+nshzzewwhbyzyjgx695c/m/rpti6c3khkhrb8dvho1rsjokibjougjjkzblgtbc7uj5hmng0yzvtcp76yzukxav6xtv/rfxq90ucjxjjrsgn8cktqzmgaziw4wrgnskrexny58v5dz5wrvtomxnb/sd5/agmpjol</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eatzax9lxw9aiubbm3h5hpcs6sa=">aaab+xicbvbns8naen34wetx1koxxsj4kkkveix66bgc/ya2lm122i7dbmlupbbc/4kxd4p49z9489+4bxpq1gcdj/dmdmdemehh0po+na3tnd29/djb+fdo+otupttvmzjvhfo8lrhuhsyafapakfbcn9haolbcj5w+lpzodlqrsxrcliegymmlroiztnladrtzeumejddujizdwk14vw8jukn8glrigeba/eopy55gojblzkzp9ximcqzrcanzcj81yb+esjh0lfusahpky83n9noqqzqkts2fdkn+nshzzewwhbyzyjgx695c/m/rpti6c3khkhrb8dvho1rsjokibjougjjkzblgtbc7uj5hmng0yzvtcp76yzukxav6xtv/rfxq90ucjxjjrsgn8cktqzmgaziw4wrgnskrexny58v5dz5wrvtomxnb/sd5/agmpjol</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="eatzax9lxw9aiubbm3h5hpcs6sa=">aaab+xicbvbns8naen34wetx1koxxsj4kkkveix66bgc/ya2lm122i7dbmlupbbc/4kxd4p49z9489+4bxpq1gcdj/dmdmdemehh0po+na3tnd29/djb+fdo+otupttvmzjvhfo8lrhuhsyafapakfbcn9haolbcj5w+lpzodlqrsxrcliegymmlroiztnladrtzeumejddujizdwk14vw8jukn8glrigeba/eopy55gojblzkzp9ximcqzrcanzcj81yb+esjh0lfusahpky83n9noqqzqkts2fdkn+nshzzewwhbyzyjgx695c/m/rpti6c3khkhrb8dvho1rsjokibjougjjkzblgtbc7uj5hmng0yzvtcp76yzukxav6xtv/rfxq90ucjxjjrsgn8cktqzmgaziw4wrgnskrexny58v5dz5wrvtomxnb/sd5/agmpjol</latexit> Learner <latexit sha1_base64="ehtz7c4fqz2wfvyeftn6zaclm4k=">aaab7nicbva9swnbej2lxzf+nvralabbktyl0tjoy2erwxxacos9zvyyzg/v2n0twpefywohik2/x85/4ya5qhmfddzem2fmxpgkro3nftuljc2t7z3ybmvv/+dwyd0+aeskuwxblbgj6ozuo+asw4ybgd1uiy1dgz1wcjv3o0+one/ko5mmgmr0jhnegtvw6twjvrlvwk16nw8bsk78glshqhpgfvwhcctiliyjqnxp91it5fqzzgtokv1my0rzhi6wz6mkmeogx5w7ixdwgzioubakiqv190roy62ncwg7y2rgetwbi/95vcxe10hozzozlgy5kmoemqmz/06gxcezymojzyrbwwkbu0wzsqlvbaj+6svrpf2v+v7nf6hxgzdfhgu4g3o4bb+uoaf30iqwmjjam7zcm5m6l86787fsltnfzcn8gfp5a036j4c=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ehtz7c4fqz2wfvyeftn6zaclm4k=">aaab7nicbva9swnbej2lxzf+nvralabbktyl0tjoy2erwxxacos9zvyyzg/v2n0twpefywohik2/x85/4ya5qhmfddzem2fmxpgkro3nftuljc2t7z3ybmvv/+dwyd0+aeskuwxblbgj6ozuo+asw4ybgd1uiy1dgz1wcjv3o0+one/ko5mmgmr0jhnegtvw6twjvrlvwk16nw8bsk78glshqhpgfvwhcctiliyjqnxp91it5fqzzgtokv1my0rzhi6wz6mkmeogx5w7ixdwgzioubakiqv190roy62ncwg7y2rgetwbi/95vcxe10hozzozlgy5kmoemqmz/06gxcezymojzyrbwwkbu0wzsqlvbaj+6svrpf2v+v7nf6hxgzdfhgu4g3o4bb+uoaf30iqwmjjam7zcm5m6l86787fsltnfzcn8gfp5a036j4c=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ehtz7c4fqz2wfvyeftn6zaclm4k=">aaab7nicbva9swnbej2lxzf+nvralabbktyl0tjoy2erwxxacos9zvyyzg/v2n0twpefywohik2/x85/4ya5qhmfddzem2fmxpgkro3nftuljc2t7z3ybmvv/+dwyd0+aeskuwxblbgj6ozuo+asw4ybgd1uiy1dgz1wcjv3o0+one/ko5mmgmr0jhnegtvw6twjvrlvwk16nw8bsk78glshqhpgfvwhcctiliyjqnxp91it5fqzzgtokv1my0rzhi6wz6mkmeogx5w7ixdwgzioubakiqv190roy62ncwg7y2rgetwbi/95vcxe10hozzozlgy5kmoemqmz/06gxcezymojzyrbwwkbu0wzsqlvbaj+6svrpf2v+v7nf6hxgzdfhgu4g3o4bb+uoaf30iqwmjjam7zcm5m6l86787fsltnfzcn8gfp5a036j4c=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ehtz7c4fqz2wfvyeftn6zaclm4k=">aaab7nicbva9swnbej2lxzf+nvralabbktyl0tjoy2erwxxacos9zvyyzg/v2n0twpefywohik2/x85/4ya5qhmfddzem2fmxpgkro3nftuljc2t7z3ybmvv/+dwyd0+aeskuwxblbgj6ozuo+asw4ybgd1uiy1dgz1wcjv3o0+one/ko5mmgmr0jhnegtvw6twjvrlvwk16nw8bsk78glshqhpgfvwhcctiliyjqnxp91it5fqzzgtokv1my0rzhi6wz6mkmeogx5w7ixdwgzioubakiqv190roy62ncwg7y2rgetwbi/95vcxe10hozzozlgy5kmoemqmz/06gxcezymojzyrbwwkbu0wzsqlvbaj+6svrpf2v+v7nf6hxgzdfhgu4g3o4bb+uoaf30iqwmjjam7zcm5m6l86787fsltnfzcn8gfp5a036j4c=</latexit> f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit 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39 [Slide credit: Andrew Ng]

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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> What s the object class of the center pixel? f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bush f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bush f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bench f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Bench Fully-factored loss: ψ(ŷ,y)= X i φ i (ŷ i,y i )

41 <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">aaacchicfvhbahrbeo0db3g8jnexwqdhf0gcldmi6gnqh3wre8huattdqomtmw3sl6g7jnez5hd81v/zn/if6dlsidcsadh96lr3naqivtjtmv4brhfu3rv/yo1h/ojxk6frg5vpjt42tubywgxdqqeeltq4jkkkd2qhoauf+8xr1z6/f4zos2v2affjrqeyspqcqke4hl+hg8n0lc4juqmyfriyvewcbg4mfgzfo9gquod9netryltwjixcluanxxreevq4ddcarp+3y2a75g1gzklpxtigkiv7uaif7f1cf0gpgeb+eq4nb8tngyo/5600dunoxplhzamssknvpjljh4luigaqtozeezehb4lcfokyf8ngxugp8pdpgh2qdvstb1efgxxbxmxf9+h/qmkuhahf3ocjsfqdmbxcwke7aza3xgfjxe3q0tdjtlzz4q6/dxhyrhz97jfb5mmos0fz7sfh9pfvttbys/agvwmz+8s22xe2w8zmsdn7zf6wv4pt6ex0knp9lo0gq5rn7epew2cvzb9u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">aaacchicfvhbahrbeo0db3g8jnexwqdhf0gcldmi6gnqh3wre8huattdqomtmw3sl6g7jnez5hd81v/zn/if6dlsidcsadh96lr3naqivtjtmv4brhfu3rv/yo1h/ojxk6frg5vpjt42tubywgxdqqeeltq4jkkkd2qhoauf+8xr1z6/f4zos2v2affjrqeyspqcqke4hl+hg8n0lc4juqmyfriyvewcbg4mfgzfo9gquod9netryltwjixcluanxxreevq4ddcarp+3y2a75g1gzklpxtigkiv7uaif7f1cf0gpgeb+eq4nb8tngyo/5600dunoxplhzamssknvpjljh4luigaqtozeezehb4lcfokyf8ngxugp8pdpgh2qdvstb1efgxxbxmxf9+h/qmkuhahf3ocjsfqdmbxcwke7aza3xgfjxe3q0tdjtlzz4q6/dxhyrhz97jfb5mmos0fz7sfh9pfvttbys/agvwmz+8s22xe2w8zmsdn7zf6wv4pt6ex0knp9lo0gq5rn7epew2cvzb9u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="waqmlf7r74jdrxv+ixm710visia=">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</latexit> Input Independent prediction per-pixel Find a configuration of compatible labels Y 1 Y max p(y i x) max p(y i,y j x) i Z i,j [ Efficient Inference in Fully Connected CRFs with Gaussian Edge Potentials, Krahenbuhl and Koltun, NeurIPS 2011]

42 <latexit sha1_base64="p0egfxojmxaw98knwkszo/iyseq=">aaab7hicbvbns8naej3urxq/qh69lbbbu0l60wnrdx4rmlbqhrlzbtqlm03ynqil9dd48aciv3+qn/+n2zyhbx0w8hhvhpl5usafqc/7dkobm1vbo+vdd2//4pcocnzsmmmugq9yklpdiajhuigeoedjo5nmnikkb0fj27nffulaifq94itjyukhssscubrs4n5rpp1k1at5c5b14hekcgwa/cpxb5cypoekmatgdh0vw3bknqom+czt5yznli3pkhctvtthjpwujp2rc6smsjxqwwrjqv09mawjmzmksp0jxzfz9ebif143x/g6naqv5cgvwy6kc0kwjfppyubozlbolkfmc3srysoqkuobj2td8fdfxietes33av5dvdq4keiowxmcwyx4caunuicmbmbawdo8wpujnbfn3flytpacyuyu/sd5/aervi4u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="p0egfxojmxaw98knwkszo/iyseq=">aaab7hicbvbns8naej3urxq/qh69lbbbu0l60wnrdx4rmlbqhrlzbtqlm03ynqil9dd48aciv3+qn/+n2zyhbx0w8hhvhpl5usafqc/7dkobm1vbo+vdd2//4pcocnzsmmmugq9yklpdiajhuigeoedjo5nmnikkb0fj27nffulaifq94itjyukhssscubrs4n5rpp1k1at5c5b14hekcgwa/cpxb5cypoekmatgdh0vw3bknqom+czt5yznli3pkhctvtthjpwujp2rc6smsjxqwwrjqv09mawjmzmksp0jxzfz9ebif143x/g6naqv5cgvwy6kc0kwjfppyubozlbolkfmc3srysoqkuobj2td8fdfxietes33av5dvdq4keiowxmcwyx4caunuicmbmbawdo8wpujnbfn3flytpacyuyu/sd5/aervi4u</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="p0egfxojmxaw98knwkszo/iyseq=">aaab7hicbvbns8naej3urxq/qh69lbbbu0l60wnrdx4rmlbqhrlzbtqlm03ynqil9dd48aciv3+qn/+n2zyhbx0w8hhvhpl5usafqc/7dkobm1vbo+vdd2//4pcocnzsmmmugq9yklpdiajhuigeoedjo5nmnikkb0fj27nffulaifq94itjyukhssscubrs4n5rpp1k1at5c5b14hekcgwa/cpxb5cypoekmatgdh0vw3bknqom+czt5yznli3pkhctvtthjpwujp2rc6smsjxqwwrjqv09mawjmzmksp0jxzfz9ebif143x/g6naqv5cgvwy6kc0kwjfppyubozlbolkfmc3srysoqkuobj2td8fdfxietes33av5dvdq4keiowxmcwyx4caunuicmbmbawdo8wpujnbfn3flytpacyuyu/sd5/aervi4u</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Structured prediction Use an objective that can model structure! (e.g., a graphical model, a GAN, etc) Learner Objective Data Hypothesis space f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Optimizer

43 Why structured objectives (cartoon) Structured objective (e.g., GANs) Performance Unstructured (e.g., least-squares regression) Amount of data

44 Input Unstructured prediction (L1)

45 Input Structured Prediction (cgan)

46 Unstructured prediction Input image Output image G Loss

47 Structured prediction Input image Output image G Loss

48 GANs Input image Output image G D

49 Energy-based models, Graphical models Input E Output

50 Conditional GANs Input Input E G Output

51 Patch Discriminator D 1/0 N pixels Rather than penalizing if output image looks fake, penalize if each N pixels overlapping patch in output looks fake y [Li & Wand 2016] [Shrivastava et al. 2017] [Isola et al. 2017]

52 Labels Facades Input 1x1 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

53 Labels Facades Input 16x16 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

54 Labels Facades Input 70x70 Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

55 Labels Facades Input Full image Discriminator Data from [Tylecek, 2013]

56 Patch Discriminator D 1/0 Rather than penalizing if output image N pixels looks fake, penalize if each overlapping patch in output looks fake N pixels Faster, fewer parameters More supervised observations y Applies to arbitrarily large images

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sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> A structured objective is all you need Learner Marr, Poggio Objective Data Hypothesis space f<latexit sha1_base64="b4hlebhr7tetaehbb4ygfyyuiv8=">aaab6hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0leqmeif48t2a9oq9lsj+3azsbsboqs+gu8efdeqz/jm//gbzudtj4yelw3w8y8ibfcg9f9dgobm1vbo8xd0t7+wefr+fikrenumwyxwmsqg1cngktsgw4edhofnaoedolj3dzvpkhspjypzpqgh9gr5cfn1fipgq7kfbfqlkdwizetcurodmpf/whm0gilyyjq3fpcxpgzvyyzgbnsp9wyudahi+xzkmme2s8wh87ihvwgjiyvlwniqv09kdfi62ku2m6imrfe9ebif14vnegnn3gzpaylwy4ku0fmtozfkyfxyiyywkkz4vzwwszuuwzsniubgrf68jppx1u9t+o1ryv12zyoipzbovycbzwowz00oaumej7hfd6cr+ffexc+lq0fj585ht9wpn8ayvgm6g==</latexit> Optimizer All the other considerations data, compute, hypothesis space, optimizer can simply be scaled ;)

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sha1_base64="kzizzqmhcr2c0r+g5qqhcjpc1wc=">aaab8hicbvbns8naej3ur1q/qh69bivgqsqi6lhoxwmf+yftkjvtpl26uwm7eyge/govhhtx6s/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvtaq36hnftmltfwnzq7xd2dnd2z+ohh61tzxqylo0frhuhsqwwrvriufbuolmriacdclj7czvpdftekwemetyimli8yhtglz67i8j5tl0wafvmlf35nbxiv+qghrodqpf/wfmu8kuukgm6flegkfonhiq2ltstw1lcj2qeetzqohkjsjnb0/dm6sm3sjwths6c/x3re6kmzkmbackodbl3kz8z+ulgf0hovdjikzrxaiofs7g7ux7d8g1oygyswjv3n7q0jhrhklnqgjd8jdfxixti7rv1f37y1rjpoijdcdwcufgwxu04a6a0aikep7hfd4c7bw4787horxkfdph8afo5w8xvjcm</latexit> Paired translation Unpaired translation n Training data o Objective o Training data o o Objective n x i,, y i o X x i y i ŷ i ( Y regression error X, Y X ( x i ˆx i cycle-consistency error Y ŷ i Input Result Input Result x i ŷ i x i ŷ i [ pix2pix, Isola, Zhu, Zhou, Efros, 2017] [ CycleGAN, Zhu*, Park*, Isola, Efros, 2017]

59 Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks [Zhu et al. 2017], [Yi et al. 2017], [Kim et al. 2017]

60 Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks

61 Cycle Consistency Loss

62 Cycle Consistency Loss

63

64

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Space of images Source data Target data

66 Idea #1: transform the source domain to look like the target domain Data space source data target data (Or vice versa) This is called domain adaptation or calibration

67 CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptation Source domain Target domain,,? [Hoffman, Tzeng, Park, Zhu, Isola, Saenko, Darrell, Efros, arxiv 2017]

68 CycleGAN Training data,

69 CycleGAN Training data,

70 CycleGAN FCN Training data,

71 What would it look like if?

72 What would it look like if? MRI CT [Wolterink et al, 2017] Sim Real [Hoffman et al, 2018]