ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz :xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab ze`ivnd zpadl zifkxn dycrk aihxpa dxkdl `iady,iaihxpd dptnd zihhqd dzqitz z` xind `ed."zedf" byena zihnxc dxenz lleg,ziyep`d,xcben xywd jeza xveiny oiinecn dpan da d`exd dqitza zedfd ly dcig`nde xetiqdy driawd,z`f mr.epnvr lr mixtqn ep`y mipeebnd mixetiqd zervn`a zepyxta mixweg zpeekn mizrle ziaihxpd zextqa zgkep dpcer zedfd z` `han,zeipxcenîhqet zegpda zeipxcen zegpd zxnday zeaiygd zx`d jezn.mdi`vnn zizyzk zeixetiq zeiedf ly zihqilxeltd dqitzd z` aivdl `xew xn`nd zkxrn zrven,df jildzl dnexzk.iaihxpd xwgna dneyii z` ui`dle zihxe`z mibivne milcap mixywda miwtend,miaihxp ly miqetih oia dpigand mibyen miig xetiq ly ihxt dxwnk zrven"ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz".mipey zedf ihaid ipiit`n mipecp.ixeaiv ote`a mibivn ep`y ibevii oweic oirn Ð"mlerl" creind Ð xwgn ly mixywdl miipiite` zetekzy Ð df iaihxp qetih mipinfnd xywdd iepiy :zeil`ec ly micnv dyely lr zzyend epweic ly ipey`x litext rvene mipeicd.(agency and communion) zekiiye zecxtp,zeicegiie zeaxz,zeaiwre mipivw lr iaihxp xwgn jezn xwira,zeixitn` ze`nbeca mialeyn miihxe`zd.(2008,lfxnîxehwtq) g"yz xecn mixika xked ezxbqnay,"iaihxpd dptnd" dxagd ircna ygxzd mixyrd d`nd ly 80Îd zepya dptn llegy zeifkxnd zexenzd zg`.ziyep`d ze`ivnd zpadl zifkxn dycrk 1 aihxpd zepekz ly uawn,zihhq zeyik zedfd zqitz mewna 2."zedf" byenl rbepa dziid df dxagd ircna mle`,(smith & Sparkes, 2009 lynl) "xetiq"l "aihxp" oia mipigand mixweg yi zexcbd.df xn`na mb jke,(riessman, 2008, p. 7) zernynd dze`a aexl miynyn migpend ipy.jynda dp`aez aihxp ly "invr" gpend cvl zetekz ynyn (identity) "zedf" gpend cg`k ziaihxpde zibelekiqtd zextqa hxtd ly zeilhehl qgiiznd agx byenk aexl xcben invrd.midf mibyen dl` oi` mle`.(self) Hattie,) zeiptebe zeiytp,zeipiite` zepekze,mircen izlade mircend,ely ytpd iig lk z` siwne ly zexcbdd ziaxn.invra minieqn miwlgl wx zqgiizn zedf eli`e,(1992; VandenBos, 2006 dwlgnde,xitq zincw`d dllknd,zil`iveq dcearl xtqd zia,lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab x"c.ray x`a,abpa oeixebîoa zhiqxaipe`,dibelehpexbe ze`ixad ly dibeleiveql gabrielasm@013.net :ipexhwl` x`ec 1 2 * 250±227,(2) gn,2012,zenbn
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 228 cnr `ed;ycg did `l xetiql zedf oia xeyiwd.gztzn xetiqk dpiadl rved,mipiit`ne ycig iaihxpd dptnd mle`.mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa ekxrpy miibelekiqt mixwgn zizyza swynk xetiqd zqitzznerl.drahxacadpaddz`dpiyeefdwifaincw`doiiprdz` dyibcne miipxcenîhqet zepeirx lr zpryp zieeykrd dpadd,y`xn zniiwe ziynn zedf dgpdlcebipa,jklxeywe.zedfzyegzmipanmdðweicxzile`,zedfmipanmixetiqy zeiedf ly ieaixd ybcen meid,dnlye dcig` zedf `hand lekîwaege cigi xetiq ly Bamberg, De Fina, & Schiffrin, ) mixcben mixywda oxetiq jldna zeppeknd zeixetiq.(2007; Holstein & Gubrium, 2000; Mishler, 2004 swynd xetiqd ly oeirxd,xywde mfilxelt yibcn aihxpe zedf lr ieeykrd giydy s` migipnd miihxe`z mipeica `hazn `ed.jynda mibc`y itk,ea gkep oiicr zedfd z` ly zeccenzdd oepbq e` zedfd,zeiyi`d oial epia xiyi xyw migzene cigi miig xetiq mi`hank mixwegl mixteqnd mixetiqd zpada dxewny xziîzepyxta mb mizrle,xtqnd,jka dpenhd zeiziirad z` xi`dl ywa` df xn`na.mitzzynd ly zenlyd zeiedfd z` xywdîzeielz zeiaihxp zeiedf ieaix xaca oeirxd z` jetdl jxevd z` riv` dizeawrae zeyrl mikxcd zg`.miixetiq mi`vnn ly zepyxta ode divfihxe`za od dgpn oexwirl ibyendxeyinazipeigefkdpgad.zedfixetiqlymibeqoiadpgadaun`nfkxl`idz`f lymiqetihzece`lrxzeiogaengiyxyt`z`id"ziaihxpzedf"illkdgpendcvlð zepeirxdyn,dzr:ixitn`de ihxe`zd xeyina xwira dvegp `id,jkn dxzi.zedf ixetiq oeicd,df xywda,e`x) ziaihxp zedf ly dixe`za icnl eqqazd miipxcenîhqetd `ed mixweg ipta micnerd mixbz`d cg`,(spector-mersel, 2010,ziaihxpd dnbicxta zedf ihaid eli`e zedf ixetiq ly miipiite` miqetih oinfdl mihep mixywd eli` oegal.mda mippekne mi`hazn zegztzdl rwxd z` dxvwa x`z` ziy`x:dl` mipeeika mexzl ywa` igkepd xn`na zeaiygd z` biv`,zixitn` dnbcd zxfra,jynda.xetiql zedf oiay xywd lr daiygd riv` okn xg`l.ziaihxp zedf lr xwgnae dixe`za zihqilxelte zixywd dcnr ueni`ay zeiedf lr ogaen giy ccerl `id df ietin ly ezxhn.zedf ixetiq ly miqetih ietin mixwegl dpnfdk `l`,dfk giy meiwl daehd e` dcigid jxck rven epi` `ede,zeiaihxp mibeq,zixitn`e zihxe`z,oegal xwirae,zeitelg zepgad rivdl,mixetiq ibeq siqedl mieqn qetiha zipey`x zeppeazd riv`,dpgadd xbz`n wlgk.zedf ixetiq ly miitivtq dxwnk rvez "ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz" :zedf ly xcben haid opekne bviind xetiq ly.xaecdlyzibevizedfzqxbxqene miipiite` xywdi`pza xvepdmiig xetiq lyihxt.zeaxze dxag ly minxebn zrtyend,zipevig dqitze (invr zyegz) zinipt dqitz zealyn zedf zenecd z`hxtd zqitzlrzradazzzyenziyi`d zedfd,oeqwix`ly ziqlwd dxcbdd itl,jk zenecd z` midfn mixg`y dcaerd z` ezqitz lre onf jxe`l ely zeikyndde zeaxzle dxagl ely.(erikson, 1980) ely zeikyndde
229 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd xetiql zedf oia ziy`xa,dibelekiqta mipey`xd miitxbeiad mixwgnd qiqaa dcnr xetiql zedf oia dwifd,d`nd rvn` z`xwl dgpfed j`,(polkinghorne, 1988 lv` dxiwq e`x) mixyrd d`nd zeax,80îd zepya yceg da incw`d weqird.dxagd ircna hly mfiaihifetdy dry Erikson,) oeqwix` ly izegztzdd lcend z` aliyy (McAdams, 1985) qnc`wn zekfa zpadl miig xetiq ly lcen rivde,dibelekiqtl xecgl lgdy iaihxpd oeirxd mr (1980 hwiiaeqk invrd oia,(james, 1892) qnii'b ly ziqlwd dpgadl jynda.zedfd zegztzd df did eli`k hwiiae`d lr xtqn hwiiaeqd"y qnc`wn qxb,(me) hwiiae`k invrl (I) dtwydd.(mcadams, 1996, p. 135) "aeh xetiq `id zedf,xg` xac lkn xzei.xetiq zihhqe zniiw zeyik zedf ly zihqiaihifet(îhqet)d dqitzd z` xindl dywia ziaihxpd od `idy dyib mewna.gztzn xetiqk dzii`xl mipiit`ne zepekz ly sqe`n zakxend Ð zipexkpiq ode,iaiqt mc` dyibcne dpekn ly dxethn lr zzzyend Ð zihqipkn mc`d z` d`xnd Ð ziaiqwltx dpad ziaihxpd dtwydd drivd,cg` onf cnna zcwnznd.eznixf z`e onfd icnn lk z` oeayga zgweld Ð zipexk`ice,ipyxte iaihw` okeqk Gergen) dliaq zeyi mewna zgztzne dlirt zeyik mc`d ly dqitz dyibcd `id,xnelk ly zeizxeqnd zexcbda dreahd zinehekicd dii`xd znerl,ok enk.(& Gergen, 1988 Josselson, 1995;) zedfa zexizqae micebipa dxikne zibel`ic `id ziaihxpd dpadd,zedf.(raggatt, 2006 ezervn`ay ixwird jildzd `id iyi`d xard lr miaihxp ziipady dgpdd qiqa lr Brockmeier & Carbaugh, 2001; Hammack, 2008; Holstein &) 3 zedfde invrd migztzn miqxebds`yiðdtprzextqmixyrdd`ndlyoexg`dxeyrdndgnv,(gubrium, 2000 narrative)"ziaihxp zedf" gpend dfkxnay Ð(Singer, 2004) dibelekiqta dpiltivqicîzz md in xicbdl liaya mnvr lr mixtqne mipan miyp`y mixetiql" qgiiznd,(identity dycig ef zextq.(mcadams, Josselson, & Lieblich, 2006, p. 4)"mixg` xeare mnvr xear dyibdznerl:efdwiflydpaddz`dzpiymbj`,zedflaihxpoiaydwifaweqirdz` zedf ly "meliv" `ed xetiqd ditle,mipey`xd miitxbeiad mixwgnd ly "zizcaer"d,zizxag dipad ly xvez zedfa d`ex zieeykrd dyibd,ziynne zniiw zeyik xtqnd epnvr lr mixtqn ep`y mixetiqd zervn`a zbyend zedfd zyegz z` dyibcne zedf[zyegz] mipan mb md,zedf mitwyn wx mpi` mixetiq,xnelk.(alasuutari, 1997) zedf zprehd zinvr dbvd ly dxevk oaen aihxpd.(pasupathi, McLean, & Weeks, 2009),lfxnÎxehwtq) xywd ilbrn jeza mlerl Ð divwpet zzxyne (Mishler, 1986) zxcben oreh aihxp lk m`.(riessman, 2008; Zilber, Tuval-Mashiach, & Lieblich, 2008 ;2010.epnvrlrmixetiqipinlkm`ik,lekÎsiwn,cg`xetiqeploi`yixd,xywdditlzedf.lirl 2 dxrd e`x 3
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 230 drepza xefy,dze` opeknk ezpad l` zedf swynk aihxpd ly ezii`xn xarnd,ok`e Bamberg et) miaexn zedf ixetiq zybcd l` zg` zedf `hand cg` xetiq ly dqitzdn.(al., 2007; Holstein & Gubrium, 2000 Gergen,) "lvetn invr" ly oeirxd odae,zeipxcenîhqet zegpd ly ozrtyd sxg zedf zivnz z` `hand,llek xetiq ly oeirxd,ziaihxp zedf ly dixe`zd lr,(1991 :miifkxnd miiaihxpd mixwegdn,xlyin ddfny itk,da gkep epcer,xtqnd e` zixwir zg` zedf yiy oeirxd lr oryidl mihep ep` zedf zegztzd ly zeixe`za miwiqn eply zeipilwd zexecvextde xwgndy xg`n.cigi xetiqîewa zbveind zcg`n lrmc`lygeeicdz`witpm`ydcigizedflydgpddnxfbp,zedfdl`xetiqdndxeg` Mishler, 2004,) ezedf z` oiit`l qiqad epl didi,eiiga zeaeyg zeieeg lr e` zecefit`.(pp. 102-103 xetiqdz`xikdljilr,ize`xikdldvexdz`m`"ðqnc`wnlymqxetndhtynd,ok`e xikp:epeylkmizrlgwlp,(mcadams, 1993, p. 11)"ip`inxicbnilyxetiqdik,ily,zeywand zehiya `hazn zedfd ly xetiqd xg` yetigd.ip`d z` xikp,xetiqd z` dxidad dyegzd z`...epl wiprnd" aihxp zepal/seygl,zel`yîax oei`ix zervn`a,ely( lived experience) ziigpd dieegd zece` lr mc` ly ziaihwiiaeqd dpadd ly xzeia,xetiqd l` ribdl zlekid xqeg,zxg` zieefn.(atkinson, 2007, p. 233)"zenlyk eiig lr "miigd xetiq ly zg` dnbec wx `ed...oei`ixa xteqnd miig xetiq"y dcaerd,xnelk zibelecezn dirak mizrl ddefn,(lieblich,, Tuval-Mashich, & Zilber, 1998, p. 8).(Raggatt, 2006).miitivtq miihxe`z mipeica mb dlbzn lekîwaege cigi xetiq ly eneiwa dpen`d dlilr`evnlowfdlryzqxebmipwfmiyp`ly"aehxetiq"xacazgeexddqitzd,lynl Polkinghorne, ) ye`ii deegi Ð `le,eiiga ellegzdy miiepiyl mi`zzy,exetiql dycg xetiq eze` edn mle`.(kenyon, 1996) dpwf ly miililyd mitihe`xhqd z` miptie(1991 mipwfe`haimdixetiqnmicg`ayokzii`lm`d?zepzydlrazpyðcigioeylaoecpdð cebipdn?zxnyn zedf lr gxkda cirn"xnyn" xetiq m`de?xeniy e`hai mixg`ae oekcr,"f`" ly zixavd gztnd zlilrl mipn`pd,g"yz ipivw ly "mipyi"d miaihxpd oiay `ly dler,(2008,lfxnîxehwtq) mdiiga mihwep mdy zepkcrnd zeibhxhq`d oial.gxkda dgpdd,(mishler, 2004, pp. 102-103,lirlhehive`x) xlyinlyeixacndleryitk zccern`idoky,ixwgnddyrndlrdritynzllekdzedfdz``handcigixetiqly,dnbecl jk.mitzzynd zeiedfl ixwgn oei`ixa mixteqnd mixetiq oia xiyi ew zgizn mixetiqd lr dqqazd,dingel iiga "yrx" dxized `l mixetikd mei znglny dpwqnd dnglnd z` daliyy "zikynd zepyxt" e`hiay mixetiq,zxwegl extiq mingeldy mixtqn mingeldy,mixg` mixetiqay xyt`,z`f mr.(1998,xctîiwqnel) mdiig jldna dieeg dlerðmdizeiedfnwlg mdmbe Ðzibelekiqtle` dgtynipal,miaexw mixagl
231 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd miirevwn lbxeck ipwgy ly ziaihxp zedf lr xwgnl zqgiizn ztqep dnbec.zixayn x`zn xwegd,xetiqd iepiya dkexk zepwcfdl zelbzqdy zgeexd dgpdd jnq lr.xaryl raewnd owgyl eli`e,"lbxeckîhqet zedf" `hand aihxp[el] extiqy mipwgy iaeig xe`a izla zelbzqd qgiin `ed,"envr ely aihxpd...jeza cekl"e lbxeck owgy ly zedfa eiigl zelbzqd oibti owgy eze`y xyt`,mle`e.(gearing, 1999, p. 53) dyixtl zglven.mixg` mixywda xtqi `edy mixg` mixetiqa mipzynd xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd dpenh,mdizeiedf lr mixwegl mixtqn xwgnd itzzyny mixetiqdn dxiyi dywda mirayd zepya g"yz xecn mixika mipivw axwa izkxry xwgna dhla `ide,zeiziira lr izctwd,(rosenthal, 1993) oei`ixd zhiyl m`zda.(2008,lfxnîxehwtq) mdiigl xtq" dgeztd dl`yl daebzk lawzdy xetiq eze`,ixwird aihxpd oia zhlgen dcxtd zece` lr izl`y eay,zel`yd wxt oial,izaxrzd `l ekldnaye "jiig xetiq z` il xetiqzryamipii`exnlrecidid`lðdpwfdðipiiprcwen.mipeymiigiwxtemi`yep ziy`xa.oei`ixd ly ipyd ewlga zel`yd lr epry drya wx `l`,ixwird aihxpd.mixika mixav mipivw ly mdiig jldna wqerk,miillk mieewa xwgnd z` izbvd ybtnd iciîlr e` mixg` mipivw iciîlr iziiptd) mdil` izrbd ote` ly zi`avd divhepewd gkep lr wx `l,jiig jldn lk lr renyl zpiipern ip`" :izybcd,(xiee`dîlig icici zzenr 4."i`avd wxtd zpeekn`ledgeztdpnfdldaebzoey`xdðoei`ixdiwlgipylydpeydmiite`awr mle`,oei`ixd iwlg ipy oia milcad eidiy izitiv Ð zecwenn zel`yl zeaeyz ipyde elrymi`yepmibcieaigxizel`ydwxt:hexitdzcinlrxwiraeafqiidl`ikizxriy `id zwdaend dnbecd.mihlea mixrt elbzp oei`ixd iwlg ipy oiay `l`.ixwird aihxpa xyt` e` Ð mdiiga dzegkep s`îlr,migeztd mixetiqa oihelgl dwzyedy,dpwfd wx e`hea Ð reci `l cizr,mixag ly zeen,ziaihipbewe zifit zexcxcid.dllbay,miixwird miaihxpa ixrfn bevii dlaiwy,dgtynd `id ztqep dnbec.iizel`yl daebza ecbp zel`yd wxta elry mipkzdn dnk.dax zeaiyg dl dqgei zel`yd wxtay s` zeixabd lcena mipivwd ewac miixwird miaihxpa,lynl.mixetiqa mixqnd z` zeyxetn hrnk ihqi`e'vnd aikxnd 75 liba".ecbp mzvwn e`vi zel`yd wxta eli`e,zizxeqnd ip`".qiihîxabk envr lr xtiqy xg`l zewc,(miieca zenyd lk) ozpedixn`,"mlrpy.zizxeqnd zeixabd ipiit`n lk lr dpr ixwird exetiqy,ipa raw,"rayen hqipint Ð etyg,zelbd zlily lr zzzyend zizilepen zixav zedf mdixetiqa epibtdy mipivw.xeaicd oeh znxd iciîlr dybcd lnqn hehiva hlaen oteb 4
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 232,miaihxpa epibtdy dhilyl cebipa.zelbd mr mze` zedfnd zecaer Ð zel`yd wxta wx,mixetiqa ehilady zeizilkzle zeiyrnl cebipa ;mipe` xqeg lr extiq zel`yd wxta zizind zixetiqd zedfd znerl ;dxhn xcrde yrn xqeg ex`izy eid zel`yd wxta mze` znwnnd"oiicrd ztewz"k deedd z` ebivd zel`yd wxta,onfd znixf z` zrawnd.zexcxcid znewr lr jiig xetiq z` zniiq recn".zexiyi zeieqgiizdn mb dzlr ixwird aihxpd zeiwlg daebza,a`fe.dpr,"jiil` ily xetiqd xnbp o`k".l`xyi z` izl`y,"?l"dvn xexgya :aiyd,eiig "sxb"z` xiivndidcvik izl`yl xacn ip` m`...xczqn `l dfy,zexba ly mxeb dt yi.zccen z` migpen dfi`a ielz zpigan df.zzgyn cwtn iziidyk df wetiq `ln ikd iziidy dtewzd,zexiixw lr licadl rcei dz`.libd mr dler `iyd ipyd sxba.diiyre wetiq zpigan.dxiixw `l`...xzei zgeexd e` xzei ziyry e` xzei jl yiy `l df aeygde.ltzl aeyg oia lkn aeyg xzei,jly iniptd oefi`de ziniptd zkxrnd.jnvr lr lkzqn dz` ji`.xac z` Ð epnn wlg wx swyn rbx iptl xtiqy xetiqd m`.ize` dkiad a`f ly ezaeyz ixwgnd xetiqdy dyegzd z`?ezedf lr epnn xefb` cvik Ð eipira aeyg zegtd wlgd ote`ndvexndidxwgndgecz``xwxy`k.onflywgxnnl`kinriadlekdxtiq`l yibxnip`ejlizxtiqymixacdz``xeweayip`":zgpîi`ygz`flkae,eze`izbvd."f` jlizxtiq `lymixacdaxdjk lkyi.xqge iwlg jk lkdfy haid mibivn mipivwd il extiqy miixwird miaihxpd:eil`n oaend lr mixen dl` lk oei`ixd iwlg ipya e`hia mipivwdy zedfd ihaid oia mixrtd.mdizeiedfa iaihwlqe iwlg zeibeq lr zel`y mrte gezt miig xetiql dpnfd mrt :zepeyd iizel`yl mixeyw mixetiq elawzp,mixg` mixywda,mixg` mipii`exn mr,mixg` mixwgna mle`.zecwenn zx`zn(2010) i`lifxa.xywda mixg` milcad lya d`xpk,zenec zel`yl daebza mipey onfed zepei`xd ipya.dl`ya mixfeg lr dxwgna mitzzynd cg`,dnly mr zepei`x ipy mze` zqgiin i`lifxae,oihelgl mipey mixetiq elawzp z`f lkae,miig xetiq xtql dnly hxqd `id ztqep dnbec.zipeligk ipyae zizc dyi`k oey`xd oei`ixa :dzefga lcadl dpi`y Ð zihpze` dyi`) iha dbivn eay (Brandon, 1972) "dxetiq z` zxtqn iha" Mishler,) zeccea zery ly yxtda,dzeegy rexi` zece` lr zepey ze`qxb (zipwgy mitxbehhxqymitzzynaxwambxkipdfcvldfmilcapzedfibeviilymeiwd.(2004 inegznmpevxzeriayznerlmdiignzillkdmpevxzeriayz`bviilickdfndfmipey.(gergen & Gergen, 1988) minieqn miig (jynda dxcbd e`x) invr aihxp lkl qgiizdl jxevd z` zeccgn dl` ze`nbec ly miixwird miaihxpd oia xiyi ew zgzen iziid el.zedf ly ixywde iwlg iehiak dcirn mixetiqa dpwfd zwzyd ditle,xziîzepyxta z`heg iziid,mdizeiedfl mipivwd rpnzel`ydwxt,lfnddaxnl.g"yzixablqgiazgeexddqitzðzedfadzygkdlr
233 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd mdiiga ellegzdy miiepiya dxkd ea e`hia mitzzynd oky,efk zirhen dwqd ipnn El zxfeb iziid zepwqn eli`.miycgd mikxvd mr zizniyne dxiyi zeccenzd ex`ize (2010) i`lifxa dziid cvike?zel`yd wxt lr zxzeene ixwir aihxpa zwtzqn iziid dze` dvli`y oey`xd oei`ixa dhlwdd xiykna dlwzd `lel dnly ly ezedf z` dpian `l "dxetiq z` zxtqn iha" hxqd zi`na m` dne?ztqep mrt eiig xetiq z` renyl `weec?sqepd xetiqd z` dxtiq dizeawray dxrd,oey`xd xetiqd lr ihal dxirn dziid xkip,xziîzepyxt iptn mixwegd lr "mixney"d micbepn mi`vnn oi` mday mixwna zepyxta dgpn oexwirl ziaihxp zedf ly zipxcenîhqetd dpadd z` jetdl jxevd.mixetiqd zedf ixetiq ly miqetih jaql" xlyin `xew,cg` xetiqa dzenlya zbveind zedf ly dqitza zeiziirad awr zeieyry,zeiwlg,zeaexn zeiedf ly zepeirx lelkl ick,eply zeixe`zd z`(complicate) xak dl` zepeirx,izpiivy itk.(mishler, 2004, p. 103)"zepey zeaiqpa zebvein zeidl zedf lr zeixe`zd z` "jaql" ick `et` yexc cer dn.zieeykrd zextqa mi`hean ly divfilpeivxte`a `l` `cixb ihxe`z qenleta ievn epi` xbz`dy xyt`?ziaihxp dpgadd cecigl izpeek.zeixywde zeiwlg zeiedf ieaix xaca miipxcenîhqetd zepeirxd drvedy dpgadd cvl.miaihxp ly miqetih oia Ð zixitn`de zihxe`zd Ð zibyend,iyi`d xard lr miite`a miitxbeiaehe` mixetiq,"milecb mixetiq" oia dpexg`l Georgakopoulou,) zineiîmei divw`xhpi`a mixteqnd mixvw mixetiq,"miphw mixetiq"l miwten mday mixywdd lr zezzyend,xzei zewc,zetqep zepgad izrcl zevegp,(2007 oia zexfd zcin,(letih,xwgn) xetiqd xteqn dkezay zinewnd zxbqnd :zedf ixetiq dgpdl zcbepn efk dibeletihy eprhiy yi.cere,xetiql dpnfdd beq,eldwl xtqnd.inrtîcg xywd ly xvez,zirbxe zinewn `id zixetiq zedf lk ditly zipxcenîhqetd gwelepi`,sxd`lldpzyndzedfly,dpnndlerdziwifdienic.efdcnrldtzeyippi` McAdams,) zeiaihxp zeiedfa zeihpxdewd zeaiyg xaca zeaeygd zeprhd z` oeayga ly xvez ody,eply zeiaihxpd zeiedfd oia milcadd cvl.(1993; Polkinghorne, 1991 minieqn mixywd:xywda `ed mb obern zilqwecxty Ð reaw aikx yi,mipzyn mixywd.izedf xetiq ly ipiite` beq bivdl epze` ecceri,dxwira zihxe`z `id ef dpgad.zedf ixetiq ly mibeq oia zillk dpgad riv` oldl mirven ziaihxpd zextqa.xidp incw` giy ly ziqiqad dnxa mb mexzl dieyr j`.zelcap zepeeka mizrl ynyn cg` byen Ð jtdle ddf zernyna mipey mibyen e`x) gpend ly agxd zexcbdd geeh."aihxp" gpena xak dligzn zibyend zexidadîi` lelr `ed j`,iaihxpd xwgnd ly inegzîoiad erah xe`l ywazn (Riessman, 2008 mi`vnnd geeic lr drityn,dibeleceznl zlglgn zipeyld zexidadîi` :miiyw xxerl
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 234 zeqgiizd,g"yz ipivw ly dnbeca 5.mixviin ep`y rcid lr mb jkitle,mzepyxte xyt`,zel`yd wxtl ixwird aihxpd oia oigadl ilan,"miig xetiq" `hank elek oei`ixl zel`y zel`yp eid El.mipivwd zeiedf zece` lr zepey zepwqnl dliaen dziidy eidy xyt`,zecg` oei`ix zehiya bedpy itk,ixwird aihxpd xetiq ick jez zeiaihw`.mixg` miixetiq mi`vnnl zeliaen zeixg`d xweg lk lr zlhen,gztn igpen ly zernynl xy`a mirc zeninz xcrda `ed miaihxp ibeq oia dpgadl micwn crv,jkitl.eze` miynynd migpend z` xicbdl hqwh edf,ziy`x.gpend z` izpad qiqaa zeievn zegpd yely.iipira aihxp edn xidadl qezin"l,"miigdxetiq"liwlgiehia`ediaihxpdhqwhdm`oia.aezke`xeacðielb m` oiae,(lieblich et al., 1998; McAdams, 1993) ueg itlk e`elna sygp epi`y"iyi`d milekiep`,zxg`oiaejkoia.(shotter & Gergen, 1989)zedflymihqwh`edyiydnlk sivx hqwh l`k aihxpdl`zqgiiznip`,zipy.mi`xewe` mirneyep`yz` wx oegal jxc (zihxe`zd dyibd itl) sygp e` dpapd xvez ea ze`exd zeqitz znerl,xtqn ly aihxpa d`ex ip`,ziyily.(atkinson, 2007,lynl) iaihw` oii`xn ly zeaebze zel`y Rosenthal,) divhpnebx`e xe`iz oebk mixg` hqwh ibeqn dpeyd,icegii hqwh ly beq xqn zllek aexly zakxen dbeq"k ezxcbda midefn aihxpd ly miicegiid eipiit`n.(1993 wtql ick, agxne onf ly svxa millfbnd mirexi` zxyewd dlilr cvl zeience (point).(smith & Sparkes, 2009, p. 2 :xewna zeybcdd) "millek d`vez e` xaqd Ð ipevig hwiiae` lr miaihxp oia oigadl liri 6,mixtqn ep`y miaihxpd oeebn jeza xtqnd `ed mdly oeeknde xiyid hwiiae`dy dl`l Ð dpicn,zipz` dveaw,dcear mewn ep`y xetiq lk.(self-narrative) invr aihxpa xaecn oexg`d dxwna.(1 xei` e`x) envr.xzei siwne xiyi izedf rcin millek miinvr miaihxp j`,epzedf lr edyn syeg mixtqn mirexi`de zecaerd Ð xtqnd ly miigd ziixehqidl miqgiizn miinvrd miaihxpd lk aihxpa.bviilmiywanmdy"gzp"drahamilcapmdmle`ðeiigjldnz`miaikxnd xiv:eiig ziixehqida xcben haid xtql xaecd ywan( defined self-narrative) megz invr mipiit`n oegal ywiay xwgna znbcen illk rci zxifbl xy`a ibyend mfilxelta dpenhd zeiziirad ly dibelecezn" mipkn mixwegdy dnl m`zda.libe xcbn ly mipzyn mr dalvda miig ixetiq ly jnq lr.mdiiga miizernyn mirexi` zedfl eywazp lib zeveaw yelyn mitzzyn,"miig xetiq lib zeveawl miipiite`d miig ixetiq zece` lr zepiiprn zepwqn mixwegd exfb e`vnpy milcadd Ð xwgnd ipezp ditle,mixwegd ly ceqid zgpd,mle`e.(de Vries & Watt, 1996) zepey xcbne oi`,efn dxzi.xetiq ly zexcbdd ziaxn mr cg` dpwa dler dpi`,mixetiq md Ð miig irexi` zepwqny o`kn.iyteg miig xetiq xtql eywazp mixwgpd el midf mi`vnn milawzn eidy daexr mixetiq ly mieqn beql `l`,mirivn mdy itk,llka miig ixetiql zeihpeelx gxkda opi` mixwegd.mixetiqa cg` wlgl s` e` oebk aihwlew iciîlr mixteqnd miaihxpn mipeyd,cigid iciîlr mixteqnd miaihxpl qgiiz` oldl.mr e` oebx`,dveaw 5 6
235 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd miaihxp ly miqetih :1 xei` haid e` dpekz,(dyixt,dxibd,zecli) rexi` e` dtewz Ð wxt,(dgtyn,dxiixw) ywan eae,(life story) miig xetiq `ed invr aihxp ly xg` beq.("aicp ip`") izeiyi` lk z` lelkl leki epi` miig xetiqy xexa.lelknk eiig ziixehqid z` bviil xaecd dxxa ly xvez `ed,miig xetiq mb,xetiq lk ;miigd ziixehqida zecaerde mirexi`d oia oigand oeixhixwd.(rosenthal, 1993) miigd ziixehqida oenhd zetelg oeebn jezn ywan `ed m`d :itivtqd xywda xtqnd zepeekzd `ed miig xetiql megz invr aihxp,ddf ixetiq xvez lawzdl ieyr lreta.lelknk eiig lr e` eiiga xcben haid lr xtql rcena df xiva cwnzd xtqnd megz invr aihxp ly dxwna j`.izweqrzaihxp lynl ly dxwnae,(dcear oei`ixa lynl) el mipif`nd zeitiv z` yxit jk ik ile`,oeeknae zedfdzbvdaehiladl,rcena`lye`rcena,dvxyiptnxtqndeacwnzdmiigxetiq gqepz eay ote`d,ixwgn oei`ixa.(zil`ivphet bef za miyxdl ick,lynl) zitivtqd xy`k xteqi megz invr aihxp.lawziy aihxpd beq z` aexl rawi xetiql dpnfdd jzegztzd lr/jzecli lr il xtq") dze` oiiprnd miig haid y`xn xicbz zpii`xnd xetiq z` il xtq" dgeztd dpnfdl daebza lawzi miig xetiqe,("diilrd lr/zirevwnd dpeekdd xqeg oky,icegii rcin llek miig xetiq,zedf xwgl uexrk aihxpl xy`."jiig xi`yne ziqgi zeiytega(mishler, 1986)"zedf oerhl" xtqnl xizn zpii`xnd cvn xiyid
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 236 e`x,ziaihxp zedf zpirha dxxa ipepbpnlre miaihxp ibeq lrcer) dxxal agxp xk el.(spector-mersel, 2011 ;2010,lfxnÎxehwtq,dnbecl jk.cinz zctwen dpi` miig xetiql megz invr aihxp oia zextqa dpgadd mixvw mixetiq:"epiig ly diixtqd" z` lcpxe oeipw mihxtn"miig ixetiq" zxzekd zgz.(kenyon & Randall, 1997) cere miillke miitivtq mixetiq,cizre xar ixetiq,mikex`e miywanmdoi`eli`edmle`.xtqndiiglrmixtqnmdydfoaenamiigixetiqmddl`lk mzedfl drivn ip`,mixcben dtewzl e` rexi`l y`xn mipeekn `l`,lelknk eiig z` xtql raepy xyt` miig xetiql megz invr aihxp oia geexd yehyhd.minegz miinvr miaihxpk migpenae,(linde, 1987) envr ea miwqerd xtqn mc`y mixetiqd lk jqk oexg`d zxcbdn ep` oky,zihzetid dxcbd idef mle`.ely minegzd miinvrd miaihxpd lk jq Ð ily oeipw miyibcny itk.mipey mipif`n iptae mipey mipnfa minegz miinvr miaihxp mixtqn,il mikiiy elld mixetiqd lky s`e,onfa ea mixteqnd mixetiq daxd ep`",mnvr lcpxe :xewna dybcdd) "iig ly xetiqd ly ziaihxbhpi`e iedifîza dqxbl micb`zn mpi` md.(kenyon & Randall, 1997, p. 22 miaihxpl wx `l zihpeelx `id df cvl df mixetiq daxd `ed eply aihxpdy dprhd dxiknd,ziyily dpgad drivn ip`,jkitl.miig ixetiql mb `l` minegz miinvr lr giyd xeby day,zextqa zgeex dpi` ef dpgad.miig ixetiq ly mipey miqetiha,zeipiva hbx xidan,dfgiy.(kenyon & Randall, 1997, p. 3) "ilymiigd lyxetiqd" zexceqnd jiig lr zecaerd lk mr,ihpxdewe iaihxbhpi`,ix`pil `edy aihxp" gipn.(raggatt, 2006, p. 15)"adfen hega cgi zexeywe zihxe`z zxbqn:ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz ziaihxpdzedfdzcerzz`zedfldrivnip`,mipeymiigixetiqlymneiwadxkdjezn mixqen ep` ekxcye,miipiite` mixywda wtend miig xetiq ly mieqn beqk,(p"fz oldl) lyeixaclxefgp,dfxetiqbeqlyerahaoeirldgiztzcewpk.epnvrlyzibeviidqxb "mitxb"ipyla`fwwfpeiigz`oiit`lick.("xetiqdlkepi`xetiqd"sirqlirle`x)a`f izy.ziybx zexba lr zxg`de,diiyre dxiixw lr daeqp zg`d :zeiedf izy minlbnd ribdoey`xdsxbd:efmref"zexczqn"opi`mbod,zepeywxopi`,yibcda`f,zeiedfd bivdixwirdexetiqaydlerdl`mixacn.libdmrdleripydeli`e,dpy40iptle`iyl "miie`xmiig"lyizeaxzdmyxnlm`zend,ibeviiixeaivinvrðmipivwdx`ykða`f miihxt zedf ihaid dgiyl epnif zel`yd wxta iizeieqgiizd,cbpn.xabî`av yi`îxavl ji`"l mixeywd mihaid Ð a`f ly migpenae,dpwf,zeizelb,zeybx,dgtyn Ð xzei."jnvr lr lkzqn dz` Baumeister,) zedfe invr lr dixe`za dpecip ihxt invrl ixeaiv invr oia dpgadd ihxt cnndmpn`.ziaihxpzedflxy`a jxevdicdpael`lj`,(1986; Goffman, 1959
237 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd Cornwell, 1984; Kenyon & Randall, lynl) ziaihxpd zextqdn cwtp epi` ixeaiv znerl dnexz.zedflaihxpoiaixwirjeeznmxebkelie`xdybcdz`lawnepi``edj`,(1997 miinvr ipy zx`znd,(de Medeiros, 2005) qexiicnîdc drivd df xywda daeyg "zipevig bvend invrd" :eldwe xtqnd cvn ozne `ynl mipezpe df cva df miniiwznd bviin "milynd invrd"e,zizeaxz dpigan il`ci` invr xevil xtqnd oeiqip z` `han,zeaygn llek `ed.ziaihxpd dbvda ziwlg mi`hean e` miwzyeny invra miwlg mpi` okle,zeizxagd zenxepd mr hwiltpewa zeidl miieyry zeti`ye zenelg,zeybx invrd eli`e,zipevig bvend invrd z` `han aihxpd,qexiicnîdc itl.aihxpa mibvein de Medeiros, 2005,)"zeiaihxpd zexevd ziaxn ly xywda...gqepn izla x`yp" milynd bvendinvrd)cg`invrbviindcg`aihxplyoeirxdlrdnecnkzprypefdpwqn.(p. 9,milynd invrd ly Ð iaihxp Ð iehia mipinfny mixywd oeayga zgwel dpi`e,(zipevig,ixeaivl ihxtd oiay geehd lr mnewina milcap mixywdy xg`n.ibelekiqt letih oebk ly xzei miixeaiv e` xzei miihxt mihaid xetiqa bivdl,m`zda,epze` miccern md invrd z` xzei mibivnd miig ixetiq ecceri ziqgi inihpi` ite` ilra mixywd :epnvr invrd z` xzei mi`hand miig ixetiq mipinfn ziqgi miixeaiv mixywd eli`e,milynd zipevig bvend invrd.dl`n dl` milcap miixeaiv mixywd mle`.zipevig bvend oia wx `l oigadl `et` aeyg.itxbeiaehe` xtqa bivpy dfl dnec epi` dcear oei`ixa mewna.(cornwell, 1984) onvr oial zeixeaiv zeiedf oia mb `l` zeixeaivl zeihxt zeiedf mieqn beq `id p"fzd.zipevig mibvenmiinvr zedfl ie`xd ony dnec zipevig bveninvr.mieqn ixeaiv xywda zipevig bvend invr orehd,miig xetiq ly i`pzk mi`xp ldwl xtqnd oia zexf iqgi?p"fz oinfdl mihepd mixywd oiit`n dn itk.milynd invrd z` `weec dpinfn zexf mday miavn lr aeygl lkep mle`.ixwir drici jezn zakxa xfl xzeia miiceqd epixetiq z` xtqp mizrl,lcpxe oeipw mipiivny mixetiqy dcaerl xeyw sqep xywd oiit`n.(kenyon & Randall, 1997) eybtl aeyp `ly xetiqn eizexhn iciîlre ldwd zeitivl xtqnd ozepy zepyxtd iciîlr mizrl miazken z`e zxyn miigd xetiqy divwpetd z` zeraew zexhnde zepyxtd.df ldwl xetiqd gipne,xtqnd ywan p"fz ginvnd xywda.(alasuutari, 1997) oerhl ywan `edy dprhd cri`ed"mlerd".agxdmlerlzcreindenvrlyzibeviidqxbbivdl,ldwddtvnjky,zeiepga utend itxbeiaehe` xtqa oebk,xetiqd ly xiyid ldwd edf mizrl Ð hyten Ð ia e`xy g"yz ipivw ly dxwna oebk,mieqn mc` iciîlr jeezn `ed zetekze.zil`xyid dxagl mdixetiq zxiqnl xtey Ð zpii`xnîzxwegd,ziy`x.miig xetiql dgezt dpnfd `ed,p"fz oinfnd xywda,iyily,xg` oiit`n epinfi zecwenn zel`y eli`e,miig xetiq zwtdl zigxkd `id xetiql diept dnay meyn dnecnkdhepldwdcvnzeaxrzdxcrd,zipye.iaihxpepi`yhqwhe`megzinvraihxp z` oinfdl zeieyr zeyxetn zeieqgiizd eli`e,zipevig bvend invrd ly iehia ccerl ipy z` xlyinly gezipae g"yz ipivw mr zepei`xa zknzp ef dpwqn.milynd invrd
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 238 dxtiq ihay xetiq,drted" xlyin d`ex oey`xd xetiqa.(mishler, 2004) iha ly dixetiq xetiqdy,zi`nad zxrd zeawra.(p. 19,my) "zxzek dl dziid exeary,okl mcew dyibxdeayote`a"ztqepmrtrexi`dz`xtqlihadpnfed,icnfilrdlrnypoey`xd rexi`d lr zycegn daiygl iha z` dxxer zi`nad mr dgiydy xiaqn xlyin."eze`.ziphpetqd dqxba wzyedy iybxd cnnd z`,diipyd dqxba,hiladl dze` dpeeike haid ztwyn `id m`d?miinvr miaihxp ly mixg` miqetih znerl p"fzd cnrn dn :zg`adlhaneihalrbepadnecdl`ydlrnxlyin?invrdly,zegte`,xzei"izn`",dly ze`qxb izy mibviink mze`xl epilr",xzei izn` dixetiq ipyn dfi` le`yl mewna dqitzmewna.(mishler, 2004, p. 116)"zxg`dndpekpzegte`xzeidpi`odnzg`lky eze` lr zeax zeaihwtqxt mc` lkl"y xikdl yi,izn` invr znerl siefn invr ly xnelk,zepeekae,mildwa,mixywda (zeiv`ixeea) mipeebda dielz zbvend efe,rexi` p"fz,jkl dneca.(p. 118) "zeaiqp ly dpezp dxcqa envr z` mwnn mc` eay ote`a mivexrami`heandmiptn(zegte`)xzeioekpe`izn`epi`y,zedflyxcbenotdbivn.miiaihxp mpi`ye miiaihxp,mixg` zedf ihaid dbivn p"fzd m`d."zezn`"d zl`yl daexw p"fzd ly zeaiygd zl`y :oekpd `ed jtdd,a`f itl?da mi`hean mpi`y dl`l d`eeyda xtqnl xzei miizernyn drya,xidvn `ed,"xac lkn [mi]aeyg xzei,jly iniptd oefi`de ziniptd zkxrnd" seqa,elizicedydryawetiqriadoklile`.diiyredxiixwlrcinrdelyp"fzdz`y cran ze`xl izglvdy dcaerd.jeiga l`y,"?oigadl zglvd".zegiztd lr,oei`ixd zedf ihaidgxkda znlbndpi` p"fzdydpwqnd.zgp el daqdðp"fzlxarn,xetiql mdixetiqa ewiprd mipivwdy ileyd lwyndn mb dler,miaeygk xtqnd iciîlr miqtzpy izernyn ikd hpnl`d"k dgtynd z` ex`iz zel`yd wxtay drya,miclile befd zal."mc` oal yiy izn`d qkpd"e"iiga ipey`x oweic:ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz ywa`,mixcben xywd i`pza orhpd miig xetiq ly icegii beqk p"fzd z` izidifyn,zeicegiie zeaxz,zeaiwre iepiy:zeil`ec icnv dyely lr zzyenk dpweic z` zeezdl oldly mixaca ze`xl yi,`vnpa hrnk opi` zeliawn zepigay meyn.zekiiye zecxtp zepeirxd ik oiivl aeyg.zixitn` dpigae cecig,oeaill zwwfpd zipey`x daiyg cgeina aeyg jkitl,ziaxrnd zeaxzl miqgiizn `ia`y zeixwgnd ze`nbecde miihxe`zd.zeiaxrnî`l zeieaxza miyp` ly zeiaihxp zedf zecerzl mdly zeihpeelxd z` oegal zeaiwre iepiy z` "miazek" ep`ye,(polkinghorne, 1988, 1991) deedd jezn xteqn aihxp lky oeirxd mipzyn miaihxpy cnln,(freeman, 1993) epnvr lr mixtqn ep`y mrt lka ycgn epnvr
239 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd.milcap mipte`ae zenvera mipzyn miaihxp ly mipey miqetih mle`.onf jxe`l zelbzdl miieyry yi,wegxd xarl miqgiiznd dl` xwira,minegzd miinvrd miaihxpdn "mihtyn cenll izhlgd cvik"e "ibef oa z` izxkd ji`" lr mixetiqd.icnl mireawk dcin zeidl dieyr,z`f znerl,miig ixetiqa.geeic lk mr xkip gxe`a mipzyn mpi` oeayga zgwl miyxcp md,lelknk miigd ziixehqidl mqgiizda.iepiy ly xzei dax swyn df iepiy.iepiy zllekd p"fz,miig xetiq ly beqk dil` mitqeeznd miycg mirexi`,mixbazn ep` :eply miigd ziixehqida Ð ziynnd zedfd zcerza elgy zexenz ewlga,zeiybx,zeinipt zexenzl cd `ed,xg`d ewlga.miaql mikted,micli miclei,mi`yip zelilra zellegznd zexenz `ed p"fza iepiyl iyily xewn.zeizrceze zeibele`ci`,mfiaihwlew lr eqqazdy,g"yz ipivw ly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerz.zeaxzd ly gztnd gexd ikldl zeibeviid zeiedfd z` okcrl jxck,mfil`eciaicpi` ly "dribp" mb ellk izeaxz xywda Ð dpy miying iptl ik gipdl yi ;zil`xyid dxaga miil`ehw`d.zclenl zexiyd zxdh lr exteq mdly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerz Ð dpey ibele`ci`e dpzyn mdly p"fzdy miyp`.reaw ixetiq cly lr zzzyen p"fzd,iepiyd aikx cvl.llkd lr micirnd llkd on mi`vei md,daeyza dxfga e` zc zxnda oebk,zeipeviwa xeyw p"fza reawd aikxd.miigd jldna ihnxc gxe`a dpzyn dpi` p"fzd epaex lv` ibelekiqtd jxevle (Gergen & Gergen, 1988) aivi aihxpa dpenhd zizxagd zlrezl `ed ihpxdew xetiqy dyibcn ziaihxpd zextqd.(kohut, 1971) zckelne daiwr dieega Îhqetd ocira hxta,(alasuutari, 1997; Polkinghorne, 1991) ziytpd ze`ixal ipeig diiehia oia oigan epi` zixetiqd zeihpxdewa dxetd oeicd mle`.(mcadams, 1996) ipxcen.zedf ixetiq ly milcap miqetiha mipeyd zpiit`n zeaivi ly dcin Ð dly miipxevd miaikxa `hean p"fzd ly reawd clyd Gergen) dlilrd zxev,zexethn,milin xve`,(xp`'f) dbeq,zenc oebk miipxev mihaid.icnldaividnecnk`idp"fzdlyzifkxnddlilrd.okezdaikxaeð(& Gergen, 1988 miyibcn miyp ixetiq eli`e,dxiixw lr mdiig ixetiq z` miqqan mixaby,lynl,`vnp onfd mr epzyi zelilrd izy ly miicegiid mipkzd.(gergen & Gergen, 1993) dgtyn dyi`deli`e,ldpnlyciwtzlxhefciwtlyciwtznmcwzdlieyrxabdymeyneleð oiit`n ze`vnid `id jkl dkinze,reaw x`yii ixetiqd xivd mle` Ð `zaql jetdl dieyr zeriawd.(coleman, 1986 ;2008,lfxnÎxehwtq) mipwf ly miig ixetiqa df ixcbn :"dnizg ixetiq" mipkn lcpxe oeipwy dna ile` znlebn p"fzd ly zipkezd...dl` mixetiq aiaq obxe`n did eply aihxpd,zilnxet ditxbeiaehe` miazek epiid el z`vl mipken ep` onry zehecwp`,xtql migeha ziqgi mdy epnvr lr migeeic dl` mivexep`s`ile`,ercimiyp`yeplztk``lyepnvrlrmixacmixqen...md.xeaivl.(kenyon & Randall, 1997, p. 47) erci miyp`y."mlerl" epiig z` xtqpy mrt lka eriteie exfgi"dnizgd ixetiq"n micg`
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 240 zeicegiie zeaxz miyp`y miaihxpd oia zeeydl yxecd,p"fza aivid aikxde dpzynd aikxd iedifk `ly dheyt zixitn` dpigal mipzip mixg`d zeil`ecd icnv ipy,mdiiga mipey mipnfa mixtqn xpexay zeil`ecl qgiizn"zeicegiie zeaxz" cnvd.dpezp p"fz lka milbzn md oky,xzei gikedl mit`ey ep`:p"fza cgeina zhlea `idy dnec j`,miig ixetiql zihpxdpi`k ddfn mikxrlyzkxrnjezamiicegiiep`yzradae,"mlekenk"ep`yepiigxetiqzervn`a.(bruner, 1994) mitzeyn ixetiq" xe`l miavern epzedf ixetiqy ixd,mlek enk ep`y gikedl dti`yl xy` qtzpy dn z` zenlbnd gztnd zelilr,(kenyon & Randall, 1997, p. 88) "zeaxzd.(gergen & Gergen, 1988; McAdams, 1993) miie`x e` miaeh miigk znieqn dxaga milbeqn eppi`y iptn mb,zeiaihxp zeiedf oepik ala ievn zeaxzd ixetiq mr bel`icd zeaxz ipa ep`y,mixg`le epnvrl,gikedl midnk ep` ik mb j`,zeaxzl cran ze`xl z` miwvei ep` aexly,o`kn.epzxaga "oekp"d hixqzd itîlr mildpzn epiigy,miie`x oia wgxnd z` mvnvl mit`eye zizeaxzd dlilrd ly zipazd jezl epiig ziixehqid oebk,zlaewnd zizeaxzd dlilrl cebipa miavern mixetiq zexicp mizrl wx.miizyd zcnln dpexg`d dnbecd.dxiixwe ze`nvr,gek yibcnd zizxeqn dxaga dyi` ly dxetiq oebk miizxag minewinl zen`zend gztn zelilr dnk ef cvl ef zeniiwzn zeaxz lkay `idy dl`l midf mpi` miypl zcriin dxagdy miie`xd miigd.libe izxag cnrn,xcbn zeqgiizd zcigi dginvn libe zeaxz oia dalvdd.zizeaxz dveaw dze`a mixabl zcriin,dnbecl jk.zelcap gztn zelilra miwifgn dxag dze`a mipey zexec :xec Ð ztqep zihqiaihwlewe zixav dlilr lr ezzyed g"yz xecn mil`xyi ly miig ixetiq lcena ewac mdiigl miyelyd zepya mil`xyi ly mixetiq eli`e,(2008,lfxnîxehwtq).(2000,giynîlaez) ziaxrnd zeaxza xbea mc` ly mixetiq zavrnk zeaxzd lr giyd mb,ziaihxpd zeihpxdewa incw`d oeicl dneca cgeina zxkip zeaxzd zrtyd,iipira.zedf ixetiq ly mibeq oia aexl oigan epi` miiyi` dxi`ny itk.ddeab zizeaxz zeyibxa oiite`n df aihxp beq,dvegd dpetd aihxpk.p"fza bviil mihep s`e zixeaiv dpigan miie`x zeidl mihep miixeaiv migeeic,leepxew zenxepd z` xezql ieyry,milynd invrd znerl.(cornwell, 1984) mitihe`xhq.(de Medeiros, 2005) oxy`l dhep zipevig bvend invrd z` `hand aihxpd,zeizeaxzd eli`e,zixecd dlilrd z` enlib miixwird miaihxpd :g"yz ipivw lv` dlbzd df qgi dl zecbepn s`e (iybx mler,dgtyn) dl zeihpeelx opi`y zenz e`hea zel`yd wxta driawd z` cgeina mlbn df xetiq beq,p"fzd ly zizeaxzd zeyibxd gkep.(zelbe dpwf).(ruth & Kenyon, 1996) zeaxz xwga ifkxn uexr `ed mixetiq gezipy zeitihe`xhq ly dcina zpiite`n p"fzd,zeizeaxzd gztnd zelilr itîlr zppeknk dpiit` zitihe`xhq dbvd.zizeaxzd dlilrd ly x`znd ieew z` dyibcn `id ;dllkde miyelyd zepya mil`xyi miype mixab ly dl` z`e g"yz ipivw ly miigd ixetiq z`
241 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd dxiaqn `id."xewia iqihxk ixetiq" elld mixetiqd z` dpkn(2005) giynîlaez.mdiigl xf mr oey`xd ybtna laewn dn zexicbnd zeizxagd zenkqena zitihe`xhqd dbvdd z` Goffman,) onteb ly ezprh z` dxikfne,(p"fz oinfnd xywda oey`xd oiit`nd,xen`k) dler itihe`xhq oiit`n ly eneiw mvrn.df ybtna mitihe`xhqd zehlea xaca (1959 zihxfdfw e` zixcbn,zizeaxz dveaw dze`l mikiizynd ly zeiaihxp zedf zecerzy miixwird miaihxpa hla dfk oeinc.xzei miihxt miig ixetiq znerl,efl ef zenec dpiidz.cg` lewa exaic maexy,mipivwd ly,ogaen xetiq beqk p"fzd iedifa ceqi `idy,ixeaivl ihxt oia dpgaddy yibcdl aeyg oia levitd z` mled mipivwd ixetiq ly ixeaivd mrah.zizeaxz dipadl dnvra dpezp,jk.zeixabe zeixav,zei`av:ig"yzd hixqzd zerlvn zg` lk oiit`nd ixeaivl ihxtd gipf did g"yz ipivw ly p"fza dbevii,zixecd dlilrdn wlg dpi` dgtyndy xg`n,xzei mixirv zexecl dpetd iaxrnd gztnd xetiqa,z`f znerl.(2008,lfxnîxehwtq) mil`xyi mixabe miyp ly mixetiqa swzydy itk,p"fzdn cxtp izla wlg `id dgtynd miigd ixetiq.xcbna mb ielz ixeaivîihxt cnnd.(2000,giynîlaez) dxirvd zexbaa ipy oia leabd z` yhyhl mihep zeiaxrn miypl mirvend (Kenyon & Randall, 1997) Gergen & Gergen,) ixeaivd megzl minvnhvn mixab ly miigd ixetiq eli`e,minegzd miqtzpd mipkz.miyp lye mixab ly p"fzd ite`a lcadd z` ccgn df lcad.(1993 wlgk miyp ipira ze`xidl miieyr,mdly p"fzdn wlg mpi` okle,mixab iciîlr miihxtk miig ixetiq ik mi`xn mixwgn ok`e.p"fza llkidle odly zibeviid zedfdn cxtp izla Gergen & Gergen,) mixab ly dl`l d`eeyda xzei miinihpi` mipkz millek miyp ly.(1993; Josselson, 1998 zelilrl epiig ixetiqa zencidl,xnelk Ð "mlek enk" ep`y ze`xdl epzti`y cvl itl.(bruner, 1994) zeicegii mzervn`a gikedl miywan ep` Ð zeizeaxzd gztnd,odikxr z` minlbnd mihxt wagl zehep zexag ok`e.zilqxaipe` zeil`ec idef,xpexa zealyn"dxeabzekxrn",xwarivnyitk.sqenjxrodlmirivnydl`z`zexkanj`,zeieaxz dveg ef zeil`ecy s`.(becker, 1973) dxagl zicegii dnexz mr izeaxz l`ci` zeieaxza.miitivtq mikxrl setk Ð zeicegiie zeaxz Ð diaikx ipy ly iqgid mlwyn d`eeyda xzei zihppinec ghal `id zeicegiil dxizgd,mfil`eciaicpi` lr zezzyend.zeihqiaihwlew zeieaxzl zxkip `id,p"fzl xy`.miigd ixetiq ziaxn z` dtiwn zeicegii gikedl dti`yd odixagny Ð p"fz zenlbn okle "mlerl" zepten orahny Ð zeitxbeiaehe`a cgeina Langness & Frank,) micgein miyp`l mze` ektdy otec ze`vei zeieeg lr akrzdl mihep mixirv mil`xyi ly "xewiad qihxk ixetiq"a mb dhla zeicegiid zpbtd.(1981 azkyl" ehp mdiig xetiq z` aezkl eywazpy mipwf eay xwgna oke(2005,giynîlaez).(polkinghorne, 1991, p. 149)"mcegii z` xi`dl ick mdizepexkif z` iaeig xe`a epnvr z` bivdl ziyep`d ddinka zaleyn p"fza z`heand zeicegiid,aexl
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 242 zinvr dlcbd,invr cewin Ð zeifkxnd zeiaihipbewd zeihdd yely.(goffman, 1959) cera,jk.df iaihxp beqa,dnecnk,zebfnzn Ð (Greenwald, 1980) zinvr dwcvde dgiya,oaxw ly zenc Ð zilily zeicegii `hal miieyr ep` xzei miihxt miig ixetiqay ziaxna,ywap ibeviid epxetiqa Ð xnekd mr dgiya,`heg ly e`,zibelekiqtd mr `l`"mlekenk"eppi`ygikedlic`ljkmyl.epnvrlyzglvendqxbxeqnl,mixwnd ie`x aygpy dnl setk ziaeig zeicegii ly itivtqd okezd.ziaeig zeicegii bivdl yi qihxk ixetiq"y myk.zeaxzl zeicegii oia ztqep dwyd zcewp ixde Ð epzxaga glvene,giynîlaez) zeafk`e zepelyik,zeylegl dhren zeqgiizda epiite` mil`xyi ly"xewia zeglvd ly cecig zervn`a ziaeig zeicegii mdly p"fza epibtd g"yz ipivw,(2005 miiepiye miibelepkh migezit,zepegvip ehxit md.zepelyik ly dghyd e` dwzyde eidy zepelyik lr,uxnp xeviwa wx extiq e`,egeeic `l j`,ebidpdy miglven miipan miiziira miavn mr mzeccenzd xe`iza mb dprhp ziaeig zeicegii.mdiign wlg i`ceea zelig epa cvik,aie`d oexzi zexnl Ð zeaxwa egvip cvik extiq md.mdilr zexabzdde zeigxf`d zexaga zeira exzt cvike,sqkae rcia,mc` geka xeqgnd sxg Ð zx`tzl.eldipy (agency and communion) zekiiye zecxtp qgiin o`w`ay zeiqiqad zeiepte`d izy z` zalyn p"fza zhleay ziyily zeil`ec,"l`eciaicpi`k mfipbxe`d meiw"l zqgiizn Ð (agency) "zecxtp" :iaxrnd meiwl epnn lecbd mfipbxe`a l`eciaicpi`d zetzzyd" drnyn Ð (communion) "zekiiy"e odzg`dperaezralqetnp"fzdxeaib,jk.(bakan, 1966, p. 14-15)"epnnwlgezeide ipeyd mle`,dzncewl dwlga dnec ef zeil`ec.aihwlew jeza xefyk ode zcxtp zeyik zwqer "zeicegiie zeaxz" zeil`ecd :zcxtp zeyxcid wicvn odn zg` lk ly cwena miig zehhxynd,zeaxza zeihppinecd gztnd zelilr mr p"fzd zniiwny bel`ica oia gzn iciîlr azken df bel`ic ik `id izrvd.xcben onfae dpezp dxaga "miie`x" ef zeil`ec,zil`ehqwh dpigan.cegii bivdl ddinkl gztnd zlilrl zencidl ddink mledxtqndlyeiigjldncvikzx`znefðp"fzdlydlilrd xeyina xwira z`hazn,zekiiyîzecxtp zeil`ecd.cgein df jldn dna mb z`f mr cgi j`,zizeaxzd dlilrd z` dperae zra enlbl zywane,(envr xtqnd edf aexl) xetiqdxeaibl zqgiizn,z`f znerl,dlidw,dgtyn oebk Ð aihwlew jeza dxefyd zeyike zinepehe`e zcxtp zeyik zg`."epgp`"n wlgke cxtp"ip`"k zg` dperae zra ;me`l zeaxzl zqgein odn zg` lke zeiahew zeiepte` izyk aexl zex`ezn zekiiye zecxtp,(i)"ip`" zedfa zepiite`n,oeilr jxev invr yenina ze`exd,zeiaxrn zeieaxz:zxg` "epgp`" zedfa zepiite`n,zizveaw dxcbd lr zezzyend,zeihqiaihwlew zeieaxz eli`e,miil`ci` miqetih dnecnk zx`zn ef zinehekic dqitz.(hofstede, 1997) (We) enk.ilaelbd xtkd ocira cegiia,wtqa zlhen "zeizn`" zexagl dly zeihpeelxde
243 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd mfiaihwlewîmfil`eciaicpi`d cnna "zexedh" opi` mihxt ly zeiedf mb jk,zeieaxz.oday ÎitÎlrÎs`.zekiiyÎzecxtp zeil`ecd z` mi`han miig ixetiq,zedf oepikl ixwir uexrk opeknk aihxpd zybcd.(zecxtp) dpey`xd zepte`a xwira zwqer ziaihxpd zextqd,ok "agxen invr" oebk zepeirx giyd ileyl dhiqn (Alasuutari, 1997) zeil`eciaicpi` zextqd ly ef diihp.(gergen & Gergen, 1988)"mixefy miaihxp"e(polkinghorne, 1991) zeil`eciaicpi` lr zzzyend ziaxrnd dibelekiqtd zrtydl dqgiil xyt`y Ð ziaihxpd.miig ixetiqa zekiiy ly miiehia uingdl epl mexbl dlelr Ð(Sampson, 1989) zeicegiie dtwydd z` winrdl ieyr ziaihxpd zextqa ybcend izeaxzd mfilxeltd,zilqwecxt aldzneyzz`zeaqnirahote`ayzeieaxzoiaze`eeydlrzzyen`edoky,ziahewd edf ;okeza miniiwd migznd z` zeyhyhne (Luborsky, 1990,lynl) odipia milcadl e` zecxtp ly zgeexd dqitzd z` xindl drivn ip`.okeza `le zeieaxz oia mfilxelt jka oi`.miig ixetiqa efcvl ef oneiw z` xz`le,zekiiye zecxtp ly dtwyda zekiiy ite`a mbe zeiepte`d izy ly ziqgid zeihppineca zxkipd,zeaxzd zrtydn zigtdl ick.xeaibd jiizyn eil`y"epgp`"d beq,xnelk,ziaihwlewd zedfd,df xetiq beq ly ixeaivd erah gkep?p"fza zekiiyîzecxtp zeil`ecd ly dipt mdn.mlerl xeaibd oia miqgia xnelk,invrd ly miipevigd mihaida xwira ea obtez zecxtp `l ip`"y ze`xdl dti`yd:zeicegii zpbtda dxefy zecxtp zgked,zil`ehqwh dpigan zeicegii zbydl izx`izy zeibhxhq`d.cxtp ip`l zncwen dyixc zllek "mlek enk iaihxp beqy meyn.p"fza cgeina zxkip zekiiyd.l`eciaicpi` xeaib mb `et` zeppekn mfipbxe`"n wlg ep`y ze`xdl epzdink z` ccgn `ed,miizernynî`l mixg`l dpet df `hazdl ieyr (Polkinghorne, 1991) "agxen invr".(bakan, 1966, p. 15) "xzei lecb cre mixag zveaw e` zipirxb dgtyn,bef oan lgd,zekiizyd ilbrn ly geeha p"fza.df z` df mi`iven mpi` mipeyd miaihwlewd.zine`l e` zixcbn,zizc,zipz` dveawl mipey milbrn zalynd "epgp`" zedf ebivd g"yz ipivw ly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerz oebk xecd jeza zepgaen zeveaw,g"yz xec,zclend :dfa df mixefyd aihwlew ly.mixika mixav mipivw ly zxgapd dveawd seqale,g"nltd zeil`ehqwhd zeibhxhq`d lr mb zecnln g"yz ipivw ly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerz aihwlewl zekiiy dhilad oday zifkxnd.zekiiyl zecxtp oiay gznd aeyiil zeynynd zxynd icegii l`eciaicpi` ly xqn ziipad mr cgi,miiyep` miaihwlewn zecxtpeine`ld i`lihxr "epgp`" :miitxen` zekiizyd ilbrn lr dcitwd ztqep dibhxhq`.ezclen z` zeveaw mb siwd df oexwir.xetiqa dcigi zihxwpew zenck xeaibd z` xi`dy inipep`e liga miqcpdn ly ce`n znvnevn dveaw"l jiizynk envr z` ddif dyn.ce`n zephw wxlhazdzeinipep`doexwr.ddfnhxtlkmdilrxeqnlilan,"ynge`rax`...xiee` zekiizydn qegii ae`yl ick oky,mixika mixav mipivw ly iaihwlewd lbrnl xywda xeaibd zecxtp dxnyp dl` mixwna.oc ixack,"personalities"îd ly onya aewpl yi ef
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 244 mziipade xcben rexi`l mznigz,mixg` mipivw ly cecn xekf` oebk,zexg` mikxca,"daeh dxag"a l`eciaicpi`d xeaibd z` enwin dl` lk.(forster, 1954) zegehy zeienck.dkeza rlaiiy ilan iaihxp xwgne ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:mekiql zexrd zedf ly dixe`za igkepd alyd z` zpiit`nd zipxcenîhqetd dtwydd cvle s`îlr yxetnexiyiote`a`lm`mbðgkepepcerzedfdz``hanyxetiqdlyoeirxd,ziaihxp zx`d jezn.miixetiq mi`vnn ly zepyxt dgpn s` mizrle miihxe`z mipeica Ð zeiaihxp zeiedf xaca dtwydd z` aivdl jxevd lr izravd,ef dqitzay zeiziirad,df un`n mcwl ieyry crvk.zepyxtae ihxe`zd giya dgpn oexwirk zeixywde zeiwlg efk zillk dpgad hehxq xg`l.mipey mixywda miprhpd zedf ixetiq oia oigadl izrvd p"fzd oweic.miipiite` mixywda orhpd miig xetiq ly ogaen beqk p"fzd z` izpga hiladl zextqa mizrl dlbznd diihpd z` xbz`n zeil`ec icnv dyely lr zzyenk micebip lr aeqpk iyep`d rahd z` xi`n `ed ok enk.ezlef oeayg lr cg` oiit`n df miiqgi mde xg`d ila cg`d z` oiadl xyt`îi`,dfa df miielz,df z` df mipf`n"d zedfl xywda"ibel`icd invr"d oeirxa z`heand dtwyd Ð(157'nr,1998,od`w)"dfl.(Josselson, 1995; Raggatt, 2006) ziaihxpd zexf Ð izidify mi`pzd.p"fz ly xetiq miccernd xywdd i`pzl xefgl ywa`,meiql xetiql dpnfde "mlerl" envr ly zibevii dqxb bivdl xtqnd zti`y,ldwl xtqnd oia z` mipinfn mixweg xy`ky,o`kn.miiaihxpd mixwgndn micg`a miniiwzn Ð sivx miig,xetiqd jldna miaxrzn mpi`e mdiig lr zeiytega mdl xtql xwgnd itzzyn :p"fz lawzz zetekz Ð zibevii zedf xeqnl,rcena `l e` rcena,miywan mitzzynde dravdd.ie`x xetiq ly izeaxzd lcend z` mledy izedf ot dpanî`hand miig xetiq zwelgn ayiil dieyr,izedf xetiq ly df ogaen beq mipinfnd miitivtq xywd ipiit`n lr itl.xwgn ly mixywda ixeaivîihxt xivd ly eiehia xaca ziaihxpd zextqa zniiwd mdixetiqe miixeaiv mirexi` lr xtql mihep mitzzynd,xwegd mr ybtna,oeqhee Watson,)"miil`ci`d mipiit`nd zaehl ihxwpiqeici`de iaihwiiaeqd,iyi`d" z` mi`kcn mihep miiaihxp mixwgn ik drivda,efk dqitza zfge` qexiicnîdc mb.(1989, p. 318,cbpn.(de Medeiros, 2005)"milynd invr"d z` `le"zipevig bvend invr"d z` oinfdl iaihwiiaeqde ihxtd,iniptd mlerl xdev xwgna mixteqnd mixetiqa d`ex zgeexd dcnrd,zecbepn zeqitzd izy.(mcadams, 1993; Kenyon & Randall, 1997) mitzzynd ly mibivn micg` miiaihxp mixwgna,oky.ze`ivnd ogana zecner odizyy dnec z`f lkae,xzei miihxt zedf ihaid mitygp mixg`a eli`e xzei miixeaiv zedf ihaid mitzzynd zcin,lynl.mdipia zepeyd z` xiaqdl miieyr lirl epiievy xywdd i`pz zyelye gezt xetiql oii`exnd z` dpinfn `id m` Ð xetiqd jildza zpii`xnd ly zeaxernd
245 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd ilzi`xp Ð xetiqdxetiq ick jezdaibne zl`ey`id`ny e`,ekldna zaxrzndpi`e ixywd oiit`n,jkn dxzi.lawziy xetiqd ly ihxt/ixeaivd eite`l xy`a izernyn mxeb,oei`ix eze` lymipey miwlg oia milcad mb `l` zepei`x oia milcad wx `l xiaqn df xwgna iznbcdy itk,(rosenthal, 1993 lhpfex ly lcena enk) dpey oepbqa mildepnd.g"yz ipivw lr oei`ixy jk lr zeirnynîcg zeriaw reawl mewna,ogaen incw` giy meciwn wlgk z` zedfl zeqpl xzei liri ik dnec,zixeaiv zedf `ny e` zihxt zedf ccern iaihxp Ð zed f ixetiq ly miipiite` mibeq mipinfnd miixwgn mixywd jeza minieqnd mi`pzd zexcbddoeebn`eddfkogaengiylrdywndmxebyizprh.xzeimiixeaive`xzeimiihxt oei`ix"e ("miiaihxp mi`vnn",eizeawrae) "aihxp" my`xa,gztn igpenl zervend lawznd aihxp ixdy.d`eeydîzepa opi`y zertez zeeydl milelr ep` eihray,"iaihxp ezxcbd lr zzyend xwgna lawznd aihxpn dpey,gpend ly dxv dxcbd un`nd xwgna mraha mipey,zel`yd wlgl ixwird aihxpd oia cixtnd oei`ix ly mi`vnne,dagxd.zibel`ic dhiy hwepd oei`ix ly mi`vnnn miixwgnd migeeica mxicbdl ilan zetekz,miifkxn migpen ly zeqitzd ieaix lya,miaihxp ibeq oia oigadl ilan aihxpa oecl dnbnd xe`le,(riessman & Speedy, 2007) mb.miiaihxp mixwgna p"fzd zegiky zece` lr zexexa zepwqnl ribdl df alya dyw zipey`x divfihxe`z md rvend epweice df xetiq beq mipinfnk izidify xywdd i`pz oegal dpnfd df xn`na e`xi mixg` mixwegy deewz ip`.zixitn` dpigale oeaill zwwfpd ccgl jkae,p"fzd litextl miper mdixwgna ernyy miigd ixetiq,zeaiqp eli`ae,m` lkazlawzndpi`p"fz,ziy`x:miybcipyoeaygagwizyaeygefkdpiga.dzpadz`,zipy.mccgle mxxal mewn cer yiy Ð mixcben xywd i`pz gkep `l` iaihxp oei`ix,zg` zeaxza zibeviid zedfdn wlgk miqtzpy mihaid.xcbnae zeaxza dielz p"fzd `le zxg` zeaxza milynd invrdn wlgk eqtzii,da mihxtd ly p"fza ellkii jkitle qtzidl miieyr zibeviid ozedfn wlgk zedfn miypy mihaid,ote` eze`a.p"fza ellkii dgtyn ly mipkz millekd miyp ixetiq mb,okl.zihxt zedfl mikiiyk mixab iciîlr zeybx miwizyne dgtyn migihynd mixab ixetiq mbe (Josselson, 1998 lynl) zeybxe beq ly ddeabd zizeaxzd zeyibxd xe`l.p"fz mlbl miieyr,(2008,lfxnîxehwtq) zeirevwnde zeixecd,zeizcd,zeipz`d,zeixcbnd gztnd zelilr len epgal yi,df xetiq.zexg`e zeiaxrn Ð zepey zeieaxza epgal oke zeihpeelxd dgnv dzbyndy dcaerd,miiaihxp mixwgna p"fzd zrted z` cen`l iyewd cvl ixetiqy okziid.dllkdd zleki xaca zeipexwr zeidz dlrn zicegii dveaw lr xwgnn xwgndzbvdile`e?zexkenzeiencmzeidlyxvezmdg"yzipivwlymiibeviidmiigd dpinfdy `id,dpwf lr xwgnk `le,g"yz xecn mixika mipivwa wqerd dfkk mdipta ixetiq lr (2006) uxeyîonhep ly dxwgn?zixecd gztnd zlilr z` minlbnd mixetiq mipivwd znerl.zel`yd izy lr xe` jtey,dyixt axr mil`xyi mixab ly miig
lfxnîxehwtq dl`ixab 246 mbcnd,g"yz xec jeza iewigl lcen zynynde dbidpnd dveawl mikiizynd,mixikad mipivwa wqerk ixwgn z` izbvd ip`,sqepa.dxeyd on mixav llk uxeyîonhep ly dceardn dyixt `yepa xwgnk dxwgn z` dbivd uxeyîonhep eli`e,mixika mixav dl`l ce`n enc il extiq mipivwdy miigd ixetiq,okîitîlrîs`.(537 'nr,2006) zeveaw izy,ily mibyena.cg`k dxevae okeza,uxeyîonhepl extiq mixavd mixabdy dfoeinc.owcfnepi`ydfðiaihnihle`dxavdlcenitlzlqetndp"fzex`izmixabd e` mitzzynl megzd ihxt dxwn opi` mipivwd ly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerz ik fnxn.(iriay wxt,2008,lfxnîxehwtq e`x ef dibeq hexitl) xwgnd zbvd ote`a obern xywdd i`pz mda eniiwzdy dnecy,oldl mdl yxc`y miiaihxpd mixwgnd mb izyxcp xn`nd jxe`l.zexken zeienc `le dxeyd on mil`xyi mipgea,p"fz mipinfnd miyp mr mipeeknîizla miiaihxp zepei`x lr qqazdy,(2000) giynîlaez ly xwgnl oial mixirvd mil`xyid oia miigd alya wgxnd s`îlr.mdiigl miyelyd zepya mixabe ly zeiaihxpd zedfd zecerzl enc mipey`xd ly "xewiad qihxk ixetiq",g"yz ipivw zitihe`xhq dbvd,zeaxzd mr bel`ic,ziaeig zinvr dbvd:miaeyg mipiit`na mipexg`d zeieqgiizda epiite` "xewiad iqihxk ixetiq",lynl.milcad mb eid.zeicegiil dti`ye ly miigd ixetiq eli`e,zenewnle mirexi`l zehrn zeieqgiizde eipiit`nle invrl zeax.zenewne mirexi` ly mixe`iza eaxde xeaibd ly xiyi oeit`a ehirnd g"yz ipivw z`hean df dxwnay,p"fzd ly zizeaxzd zeyibxd z` dnecnk mixi`n dl`k milcad iaxrnîihqibelekiqt giy lr daeqp dpey`xd :zeixec gztn zelilr izy oia lcada.(2008,lfxnîxehwtq lv` dagxda e`x) "q'lkzd zeaxz" lr diipyde mei zngln zrtyd z` dpgay,(1998) xctîiwqnel ly `ed xkfed xaky sqep xwgn zeawra.gezt miig xetiqa d`hazdy itk,dingel ly miigd jldn lr mixetikd mixetiqd z` avir zil`xyid zeaxza reahd i`exdd qez`d ik dyibcnd,xctîiwqnel xetiqd xe`l eppemy zeiaihxp zedf zecerzk elld mixetiqd z` dpian ip`,miiyi`d axwa zixayn dieeg xcrd lr zecirn opi`,izybcd,dl`.il`xyi mgel ly "ie`xd".zxwegldxteqyzibeviidzedflzkiiydpi`,zniiwok`m`a,efyjklr`l`mixtqnd lr mixend migeex mi`vnnl xctîiwqnel ly xwgnd i`vnn oia xrtdy xyt`,df oeeika zepinfnd zepey zeibeleceznn raep,(1998,xctîiwqnel lv` oeic e`x) dnglnd zeixayn zeibeql miyxcpd mipel`y lr mizzyen dnglnd ixwgn ziaxn.milcap zedf ihaid invrdn miwlg dnecnk mipinfn jkitle,miihne`xhîhqet mipinqz oebk,zecwenn ipta mnvr z` bivdl eywazp mingeld xy`k,z`f znerl.(de Medeiros, 2005) milynd invre`hiamd,dpeekd`laeiytegote`aðdnglnadngl`ly,dxf,dyi`ðzxwegd lk,ixwird aihxpa.g"yz ipivw mr iizepei`xa dlbzd dnec xrt.zipevig bvend micg` zel`yd wxta eli`e,zenglnd ly zixabîzi`exd dqitz ebivd cg` hrnl mipivwd.miihne`xhîhqet mipinqz lr geeic ick cr elit`,ixaynd orah z` etyg mdn d`ey zelevip ly zeqgiizd zpgead,(2011) xexc ly `ed yxc` eil`y oexg`d xwgnd
247 ziaihxpd zedfd zcerz:xetiqd lk epi` xetiqd zepii`exnd zeaeyg zepigan.odiig ixetiqa z`hazny itk zecxyid ly miipin mihaidl onfa zipin erbtpy xyt`y,d`ey zelevip,miyp :g"yz ipivwl dfzihp` od xexc ly `av ixeaib,mixav,mixab znerl Ð i`exdd ipeivd qez`l uegn zeievnd,xnelk Ð d`eyd dly zepii`exnd ipta dbivd xexcy xwgnd `yep mb.lekn xzei df qez` mibviind Ð `yepdn ce`n dpey Ð zecxyidd zexiya oine zipin zeribt Ð oei`ixd zligz mr xak xetiq :odly p"fzd z` dl extiq zelevipd,xexc itl,z`f lkae.mipivwd ipta izbvdy zilkx`ixhtd gztnd zlilr itle"dxeabe d`ey" ly ipepwd aihxpd itl Ð ie`x zecxyid.zekxren zenxep lr dxiny jez ecxyy aax `ll zelevipk oze` bivnd Ð zipenbdd Ð zecxyidd zexiya oinl dxeywd ziyi` dieeg lk eyigkd olekk oaex,p"fzdn wlgk.zxwegl aihxpa dxteq `l jkitle,milynd invrl zkiiy,dziid mpn` m`y dieeg zlilr mr zedefnd zeveaw,miype mixab mitiwnd Ð elld mixwgnd lkay dcaerd elawzp Ð mixirve mipwf,aeyiidn miyp`e zexken zeienc,dpnn zewegxd zexg`e gztn.g"yz ipivwl megz epi`y xetiq ly illk qetih edfy drivn,zeiaihxp zedf zecerz ceryi,xetiqlyogaenqetihkp"fzdlyzqqeanedtiwndpadlribdlick,mewnlkn znerl,df aihxp beql cgeind z` oegal zyxecd,zixitn`e zihxe`z jxc zxak epiptl dhep `ed mday miipiite`d xywdd i`pz z` od ccgle,zedf ixetiq ly mixg` mibeq.epweic z` ode orhidl zexewn jeza.iaihxpd oei`xa iaihw`xhpi`d ybtna mipekiqe miiekiq:"rbtpe uivd".(2010)'y,i`lifxa 'nr) zepyxte dxivi,dixe`iz :iaihxp xwgn.(zekxer) lfxnîxehwtq 'be giynîlaez 'x.z"ten oekne qpb`n:aia` lze milyexi.(152±131 zlaw myl xeaig.d`ey zelevip ly odixetiqa miipin mihaid?zcxyy dxw ji`.(2011)'`,xexc.dtig zhiqxaipe`,diteqelita xehwec x`ez mixab ly miig ixetiqa dnglnd zqitz :dngln dziid `l eli`k.(1998) 'r,xctîiwqnel.qpb`n:milyexi.mil`xyi mil`xyi mixab ly"miig ihixqz"e"miig ixetiq" Ð qezin ly eleblb.(2006) '`,uxeyîonhep.555±531,(3)cn,zenbn.dceardn dyixtd axr.g"yz xecn mixika mipivw ly miig ixetiq :mipwcfn `l mixav.(2008) 'b,lfxnîxehwtq.qpb`n:milyexi jeza.miaihxp zepyxtl lcen:zixetiq zedf ly dprha dxixa ipepbpn.(2010)'b,lfxnîxehwtq :rayîx`a.(96±63 'nr) miipzeki` mipezp gezipl zehiy,(zekxer) eapîxnexw 'ne oqw 'l.abpa oeixebîoa zhiqxaipe` z`ved micebip,(jxer) od`w 'c jeza.ziyep`d dieeda zenlye micebip lr mixedxd.(1998) 'c,od`w.lnxk:milyexi.(167±141'nr) ezecg`ae iyep`d meiwd icebipa inegzîoia oeir:zecg`e zcear.l`xyia mixabe miyp ly miig ixetiqa qehhqe xcbn,zedf.(2000) 'x,giynîlaez.milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d,xehwec