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okezd mixtqd oex`l zexe`pd iazk zqpkda wxt :m"anxd znilba eqex : hiay xdf dlkydd ztewza ycgd icedid zeciqg lr dzrtyde xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn :'epipia `xeh dab' : xaiixy dptc mixyrd d`nd zligza oilet,hcpnd zlynn gewita zizngln mipend zepkxv :'zlrez' zipkz : xyit qcd 1946±1942 135 175 201 oexkif ixac (2014±1921) l"f lib dyn 'text ly exkfl mixac : xcx` mxei 231 zxewia ixace mixtq mixeciqd igqep :legd zeni ly dcinrd zlitz,jilx` ixe` : xevil` zinley mdizecleze mdiyxey ± zixidwd dfipba Edward Fram(ed.), A Window to Their World: The Court Diaries : hil othq of Rabbi Hayyim Gundersheim, Frankfurt am Main, 1773 1794 dziy`xe ic`ln onlf xe`ipy iax :`ipzd lra,qwh` l`epnr dixtni`a zicedid dxaga miyexibe mi`eyip,fixt 'i oxiy ziciqg zwelgn ly dinehp` :rbtpe uivd,sq` cec : lhpal ilztp c"ag zeciqg ly : qwh` l`epnr ziqexd : oilebxn oex Mirjam Zadoff, Next Year in Marienbad: The Lost Worlds : xi`n l`kin of Jewish Spa Culture drepzd ly dqgi :oalîlegk lbca mec` akek,oexin d`l : secf mrep dpicnd mew mre aeyiid ztewza ipeivd lrtnle zepeivl ux`a zihqipenewd xwgnd zextqn zkxrna elawzpy mixtq zilbp`a mixivwz 235 246 249 257 263 270 274 279 282 XIII
oexkif ixac (2014±1921) l"f lib dyn 'text ly exkfl mixac xcx` mxei z`n ezeidlyaoepiliblyeny.libdyn'textenlerljld(23.1.2014)c"ryzhayaa"k'dmeia m`lq`d oehly zgz eigy micedid zeclez z` xwg `ed.zixhpnewecd dfipbd ly mixwegd iaeygn,oekizd gxfnd iagxa dl` mifkxnl zetetkd zelidwa oke laaae l`xyi ux`a mipe`bd ztewza xgqnd xwga,zipaxd zecdid ler z` ewxty mi`xwa oc `ed ok enk.dfipbd zecerz itl` xe`l zecleza wqr ok enk.zrd dze`a diliviq icedia s`e mipe`bd ztewza micedid ly dlklkde ziy`xae cngn `iapd zrted iptl axr i`d ivg zecleza,cenlzde dpynd ztewza l`xyi ux` mxz jka.axr i`d ivg icedil minlqend oia oey`xd ybtnae m`lq`d zrtedl rwxa,m`lq`d zpyl l`xyi qxta dkf 'l`xyi ux` rci'a eixwgn lr.mecwd m`lq`d xwgl daeyg dnexz.1998 xe`l zelrtzd mixxern lirl mixkfpd minegza eixwgne dfipbd xwga lib ly lecbd elrtn mpa,lib dyn.mipy ynge mirax` oa `edyk,1965 zpya wx dincw`d ixrya qpkpy dcaerd zeaiyia cinlz did eia`.1921 zpya oiletay wehqil`iaa clep,xlhib xi`n sqeie lciixt ly ilklk xayn lya.lihqwha dgnzde zcd z` afr j`,zepaxl jnqed s`e oi'felee weyiyii` cnl,dipnexa okn xg`le,oileta xak.dipnexay e`wa xirl ezgtyn mr xar oileta df megza dxyr rax` liba.zeiqlwd zetyd z` cnl ipnexd oekiza.ihxt dxen mr eziaa zixar lib xardxyrdpenyliba.miaxminegzaeiwte`z`aigxd,eixacl,myexirvdxneyllibsxhvd zpya.diilr ipiipra wqre,dipnexa xirvd xneyd zrepz ly zivx`d dbdpda alzyd,hyxweal.drepzd ly ziy`xd dbdpdd xikfn did xvrpyk.zipeivd ezelirt lya zepehlyd edexq` 1942 ze`lnaeceakljxrpyaxra.ivgemiizpyxearkxxgeyj`xq`nzepyyngemixyrlhtyp`ed.qp xcba `ed cxyy dtewzd oa itexi` gxfn icedi lky,xn` dpy mipeny el cr ig eae,o`y zia wnray mityx ueaiwd iniwnn did,l`xyi ux`l lib dlr 1945 zpya lka,llkk.jk lr dxwedl dkfe miixeaiv miciwtza mb `yp j` oztx did ueaiwa.1985 zpyl dipnexa xirvd xneyd zbdpda m`,xeaivd ornl lretd mc`k hlazd `ed lib lrt eay mewn :miipey miciwtz envr lr lehiln rpnp `l,incw`d ezia,aia` lz zhiqxaipe`a mb.eveaiwa m`e.gexd ircnl dhlewtd owic s`e zecdid ircnl xtqd zia y`x did `ed xiyrdl dywia ivx`d ueaiwd zbdpd.ziveaiw zegily zxbqna lib ribd aia` lz zhiqxaipe`l cgein micenil lelqn miiwl dze`p aia` lz zhiqxaipe`e,miikepigd dizecqena mivxnd xb`n z` yely jez lib miiq ipyd x`ezle oey`xd x`ezl eicenil z`.dil` eribdy mixbeand micinlzl dnly 'text mfi,aia` lz zhiqxaipe`a dfipbd megza xwgnde d`xedd z` wfgl ick.mipy,oiihieb ac dnly 'text dfipbd ixweg lecb lv` hxehwec icenill lib ly ezgily z` oeqpeniq [(c"ryz)hrdpy,l`xyizeclezxwgloerax±oeiv]
[2] xcx` mxei 232 ely hxehwecd zcear.xehwec x`ez lib laiw miizpy jez.dipaliqpt zhiqxaipe`a f` cnily,df extq 1.xtqk xe`l `vi ef dcear ly ceair.xidw zfipb zecerz xe`l icedid ycwda dwqr jezn dixehqidd cenil :`eal cizrl eixwgn z` oiit`n,dfipbd megza oey`xd exeaig didy odilr iphxt oeic mr cgi zecerz `iad `ed eixtqa,ok`e.oiihieb exenn cnly dyib,zecerzd gzipyxg`lmipe`bdztewzaicedidycwddcqenz`libogaycwddlrextqa.siwn`eancvl wqr eixwgn jxe` lkl.icedid ycwdd cqen lr ezrtyd z`e inlqend ycwdd cqen z` ahid zicedid dixehqidd icenil aeliyl `xwe,dzeaxze zaaeqd dxagd xe`l zicedid dixehqida lib.zillkd dixehqidd icenila zinlqend dtewza l`xyi ux`':milecbd eixtq ipya oldl fkxz` dfipbd megza eixwgn zxbqna dyely eay,oey`xd xtqa gztp 3.'mipe`bd ztewza l`rnyi zeklna'e 2,'(1099±634) dpey`xd ux`a icedid aeyiid zeclez lr xac hrnk eprci `l zixidwd dfipbd ly dielibl cr.mikxk daiyid z`e ux`a icedid aeyiid z` xikdl cnli lib ly extqa oiirnd.mipe`bd ztewza l`xyi dl` zecerzn micnel ep`,dleba zeax zelidwl fkxn dyniy daiyide li`ed.zil`xyi ux`d,`zicanete`xeq,laazeaiyilyozaeglsewflyi.l`xyiux`luegnyzelidwdlrmbhrn`l dfipbd zecerz,ok`e.dfipbd ielibl cr dixehqidd zna lrn l`xyi ux` zaiyi ly dzenlrid z` ipeivd giyd.mipe`bd ztewza elld miicedid mifkxnd ipy oa dkeaq miqgi zkxrn lr zecnln ztewzay zrcl cnli lib ly extqa oiirnd.dleb zepy miitl` xg`l epvx`l epayy epcnln lr s` `l` dleba zeax zelidwl fkxn yniy l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiidy wx `l mipe`bd zeayiizdl milyexi ixry egztp inlqend yeaikd mr.miax aeyii zenewna ezqixt lre eznver dfipb zecerz 619 `xewd `vni xtqd ly b±a mikxka.zexcrid ly mipy ze`n xg`l zicedi.envr lib icia dpey`xl etygp odn hrn `le zixarl zicediîziaxrn zenbxezn zecerzd.zex`en `vni,mixwgnd jxk `ed,` jxka.l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiid zeclez xe`iza wtzqd `l lib azkpyxzeiasiwndxwgnd`eddfxtq.daeayiyminlqendemixvepdzeclezas`oeic`xewd lib ywazp xy`k ik,oiivp epkxc ab`.dpey`xd zinlqend dtewza ux`d zeclez lr dzr cr `vn `l `ed icedid mrl l`xyi ux` oiay xywd lr mixrxrnd cpf dnly ly eixtql yxcidl zeixehqid zecerz e`xw `l mdixagny mixeaigl qgiizdl axiq jxcd jxe` lkl 4.z`f zeyrl oekpl.zexewn lr miqqean mpi`y,`nlra mixac el e`xp mdixacy e`,oxewna eixn`n sqe`.cenlzde dpynd ztewza l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiid xwga,xen`k,wqr mb lib zngn mvx` z` eafr micedid aex,lib itl 5.'ux`a f` i`nexde' :zxzekd zgz xe`l `vi `yepa Moshe Gil, Documents of the Jewish Pious Foundations From the Cairo Geniza, Leiden 1976 rited ` jxk.b"nyz aia` lz,(1099±634) dpey`xd zinlqend dtewza l`xyi ux`,lib dyn Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine 643 1099, Cambridge 1992 :zilbp`a :zilbp`a rited ` jxk.f"pyz milyexi±aia` lz,mipe`bd ztewza l`rnyi zeklna,lib dyn Moshe Gil, Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages, Leiden 2004.14±5'nr,(r"yz)dr,oeiv,'exiibzd`lmixf'gd':mixfekdzcigxwgllibyxcpmbefdipqk`a aia`îlz,l`xyi ux` ly dixehqida miwxt xyr cg` :ux`a f` i`nexde,lib dyn :e`x 1 2 3 4 5
233 l"flibdyn'textlyexkflmixac [3] melyip mi`nexd.inexd oehlyd zcewta `le,zi`lwg dxag lk zqqean odilry,zerwxwd zwevn.zerwxwd levitl enxb md oky icedid xki`d zwevnl enxz miicedid dyexid iweg mbe mdizerwxwn minlqend eylt xy`k.zexecd jxe`l l`xyi ux`a icedid aeyiid zetivx lr epcnln lib,z`f mr itxbencd xaynd.diite` lr enzeg z` riahd `ede ux`a lecb icedi aeyii did oiicr ux`l.ux`d on egxa miaxe ebxdp micedid zvwn :alvd irqn zeawra lib zrcl lg lecbd zecerz 846Îe micenr 3,630,mikxk drax` dfipbd megza lib ly ipyd ilhpnepend xtqa zeaxz ly dnevrd drtydd.mipe`bd ztewza laa icedi zeclezl ycwen ix`d ewlg.dfipb miqgiizn laewnd giya ef dibeqa miwqer xy`k.zenqxetnd on `id miipiad ini zecdi lr m`lq`d zg`d ze`na,qlcp`l` ª `id,zinlqend cxtq icedi ly miizeaxzd mdilrtnl llk jxca `a dxyer j`,xzeia dniyxn ok` `id zinlqend cxtqa zicedid dxivid.dxyr mizyd±dxyr df ybtn.xeaiva reci zegt `ede,laaa ygxzdy m`lq`l zecdid oia dxetd ybtnd zekfa dl miizextqd eizelrtn.942±928 mipyd oia `xeq zaiyi y`x,oe`b dicrq ly ezeiyi`a dvnzn md ecirdy itk,ekxc ikiynn md zeax zepigane,cxtq inkg ly mdilbxl xp eyniy miipeylde cenlzdlyecnrnqqazdzrddze`aymeynmbzeaiygzax`idlaaamipe`bdztewz.mnvr laa ly inlqend yeaikd ziy`x onl laaa icedid aeyiid zeclez z` lib yxet extqa.ilaad ecnil,zrd dze`a dlebd y`x,i`pzqa lr eixwgn.zip`q`qd ziqxtd dklnnd icin qxte zeclezl daeyg dnexz mxez lib.oehlyd itelig z` dkxaa laiw `l laaa icedid aeyiidy zaiyi ly dneiw z` milrdy wx `l oe`b `xixy oky,dfipbd zecerz xe`l laaa dlebd iy`x eid m` wx dlebd iy`x zeny z` epl xeqnl oekpl `vny `l` znqxetnd ezxbi`a l`xyi ux` eidy laal uegn zeicedid zelidwd zxkdl mxez mb df xtq.zeaiyid zeclezl zexiyi mixeyw laa.zilaadhandzcewpnl`xyiux`zaiyilydcnrneaoecpmbmixacdrahn.dlzetetk zeclez.drepzd ziy`x lr ipycge winrn xwgn bivn xtqde,zi`xwd drepzd yxr od qxte zetil'gdly dteqe1258zpya c`cba ly ilebpendyeaikdmrminzgpdfxtqa icedidaeyiid wcwecn oeir xe`l xtqd lk jxe`l zecnlp qxte laa zecdi zecleza zeiegztzdd.ziq`ard zeclez z` mb zexwi xe`a zexi`n dfipbd zecerz,mixacd rahn.ziq`ard zetil'gd zecleza.zrd dze`a minlqend ly eall miaexw eidy mitqep mi`yep xtqa `xewd `vnilaa icedizeclezcvl,lirl xen`k on oefip dl` mi`yepa wqerd.minlqend mr mybtn ziy`xe axr i`d ivg icedi enk,lib ziy`xl ixehqid xewnk dzepin` lr mixrxrn miax.miaxd ditprl zinlqend ditxbeixehqidd ly wcwecn cenily oin`d `ed.df megza exen z` l"f xhqiw awri xi`na d`x lib.m`lq`d xaq `ed.zerxe`nd ly ixehqid xe`iz xyt`n,xad on uend ietip jez,miinlqend zexewnd xacnlegxay,l`xyiux`nmicedimihiltnakxendidaxri`divgoetvazecdidlydpirxby miax,dixehqidd zna lr inlqend `iapd dlr xy`k.mi`nexa zecixnd oelyik zeawra iaxrd,dpey`xd zinlqend dlidwd dnwed day,dpicn xira.exiibzdy miaxr eid my `vny micedid on ezkxcdzgzlibdyrilklkdhaiddonl`xyiux`zeclezxwgmegzamipey`xmicrv.h"qyz.ely jnqend zceara l"f i`xtq l`eny 'text ly
[4] xcx` mxei 234 ceqid azk `idy,'dpicn zpn`' z` oga lib.zilklke zihilet drtyd zlra zicedi dlidw dlrt mziilbdl rwxd ecicl df.micedid z` lypl dziid dizexhnn zg` ezhiyle,zinlqend dlidwd ly.d'hixw hay ipa ly mzgivxl s`e `iapd lr axr i`d ivg icedi erityd dnk cr dl`yl yxcp m`lq`d ziy`xa wqery in lk drtydd,ezrcl.`iapd ly miixwird eixen z` micedia d`x `l lib `weec.mipey`xd eixage drepz zaygp ef drepz.ziyilyd d`na zi`kip`nd drepzd z` miwdy,ip`n ly dziid zixwird oey`xd raxa axr i`d ivga ip`n zxez ly dzvtda daeyg drtyd.zipeviw zihqil`ec zihqepb miwecd mixyw eid dxigl.w`xir mexcay dxig xird on lib ly ezrcl d`a ziyiyd d`nd ly zxeza exewn o`xewa '`vw`l` cbqn' gpend,lib ly ezrcl.`iapd ly ezcled mewn,dkn mr 6.ip`n dlrnd,zixvepd diiqpkd iazka dxnzypy zipevig zextqy jk lr eriavd mixwegd on miax xwgnazgeexddrcd.ip`nlrdrityd,(ck±bk,dziy`xa)jepglyzi`xwndezencz`qplr ziyilyd d`na lgd dazkpy,zicedi zizzik zextq `id jepg ly ezenc aiaq zextqdy `id ef zextq ly dzecdia xtk,dax dziid lib lr ezrtydy,l"f oext` ryedi'text.dxitqd iptl lib,mle`e.jepg zextq ly dzecdi z` llye oext` zeawra jld lib.zixvep zextq da d`xe mi`kip`n s` eid,ezrcl.jepg zextq z` exviy md,mi`kip`nîehext e`,mi`kip`n mibegy xaq `id.swid zax dziid ip`n zxez ly dzrtyd,ezhiyl.'mitipg' mepik l"fg iyxcne,micedi minlqend lre axr i`d ivg icedi lr,l`xyi ux`a micedi lr,o`xnew zelibn lr drityd 7.i`kip`n ite` lib zrcl e`yp dziy`xa zi`xwd drepza ehlwpy mibeg mb.ea epkyy mipey`xd ibidpn lecb my lr,dyn `ed lib ly ihxtd eny.zeax zeiernyn myle,'my yi yi` lkl' 'lib'.'xecd dyn':epizexewna dpek `ed,execa lecb bidpn micedid axwa gnv xy`k.icedid mrd.'xecd dyn' `ed lib dyn dfipbd xwgay miax exn` einia cer ok lre,'xec' eyexit ziaxra xwgna jxc zxen s` didz `l` exec z` wx `l ynyz lib ly zixwgnd ezyxeny deewn ip` cxtq ixxeyn lr 'ipenkgz' extqa ifixgl` dcedi ixac l"f lib 'texta eniiwzie,miax zexecl.'mzelidz eige,mnrl md etq`pe' :milecbd.109±108 mitirq,`,(2 dxrd,lirl) lib ± xecl xec,'jepg xtqa mipeir',lib dyn :e`x zecdide m`lq`d lr ip`n ly ztwnd ezrtyd lr oxd` zkixra,oext` ryedi ceakl mixn`n uaew :cenlzd znizg cre `xwnd ztewz idlyn Moshe Gil, The Creed of ;195±155 'nr,d"pyz aia`îlz±milyexi,xyk dix`e xniidpte` Abu å Amir, å Israel Oriental Studies, 12 (1992), pp. 9 57 6 7