,l`b`y wx`nl'zendad xken' :xbpifîqiaya wgvil'owf' deeyn oeir

zexec zex,l`b`y wx`nl'zendad xken' :xbpifîqiaya wgvil'owf' deeyn oeir `ean.i l`b`y wx`n xiivde(1991-1904) xbpifîqiaya wgvi xteqd oia szeynd dn?(1985-1887) 2 'zendad xken' xeivd oial xbpifîqiaya wgvil 1 'owf'-xvwdxetiqdoiadn?l`b`y wx`nl?dyx`eel wqahie oia dn -zenc:mixveidipyzxiviaifkxnotzebviind,zexiviizyyibtidfxn`n mbe dnecd z` hilai oeicd.itexi`îgxfnd 'lhrhy'a il`tihikx`d icedid.dl`zexiviizyoiadpeydz` miigd l` mixeyw mdipy.onfe mewn zpigan dnec rwxn mi`a mipn`d ipy mizaa elcb mdipy.'lhrhy'a zitexi`îgxfnd zicedid dxiee`d l`e miicedid.miiqkecezxe` miicedi dwihqind mlerl aexw dide oiick yniyy,ax ly epa did xbpifîqiaya mze` el` mipeeik ipy.zwdaen zihqil`peivx dziid,eia`l cebipa,eni`.ceqde 3."mifee`d ewrv recn" xvwd xetiqa dti mix`ezn ezeclia xbpifîqiaya btq `ay xac,ilhpcpvqpxhde dlawd,ceqd mlerl aexw did envr xbpifîqiaya 4.ixetiqd enlern wlg od zeilaw zeizyz;ezxivia iehia icil dyx`eel ezgtyn mr xar jk xg`e oiletay oini'fc`x dxiira clep `ed.ezecli ly dpl`nkexw aegx l` xwira,ezxivia qgiizdl `ed daxn dil`y cnl qi`el oxwe xiac z`ved,oeqtil.n - mebxz,iixeba ohyd,xbpifîqiaya wgvi ef dqxbn zegewl df xn`na ze`aend lk.1953,aia`îlz,zici`e zixara epzextql,(dyx`e) Globus,"wip`xk õ :owf õ" :yiciia dpey`xl mqxet xetiqd.xetiqd ly Gimpel the Fool& Other Stories, jxka driten xetiqd ly zilbp` dqxb.1932 xaehwe` Noonday Press, N.Y., 1957. - mewin.n"q 200X96 - zecin,ca lr ony - dwipkh,1912 - 'zendad xken' Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kunstmuseum, Basel..1979,aia`Îlz,milret zixtq,cx`.v- mebxz,`a` ly oicd zia,xbpifîqiaya wgvi wgvie sqei xa ryedi zexivia zeilaw zeizyz - dlbpa xzqpd,oiihypiaex ddla.1994,aia`îlz,cge`nd ueaiwd,xbpifîqiaya 1 2 3 4 173

,migiln xken,mei dyw yi` did eia`,iqkecezxe` icedi ziaa clep l`b`y dqqazdda,diqexaywqahiexiraclep`ed.ziadlyjeezdcenrdziideni`e zeciqgd.aeh my lrad dcqi zr,dxyr dpenyd d`nd seqn xak zeciqgd daygnde cenild zhiyl cebip deedn jkae ceqd zxezne dwihqindn zrtyen miiaihi`ehpi` mixyw zccern zeciqgd.zicenlzd zil`ehwlhpi`d dyibd ly,cewixde dgnyd zxiee` z` btq l`b`y.zil`qxaipe` dad`e mler `xea mr z`f `hiae miciqgd zeail z` e`liny,zeadlzdd hdle dfhqw`d z` zeiepncfda ilelin iehia jkl ozp s`e owihqin mb envr d`x l`b`y.ezxivia 5.zepey z` mix`zn mdipy.mzxivia iehia icil `a mipn`d ipy ly dnecd rwxd hanamixacdz`ex`izmdaexitlr.mdamiicedidmiigdeehbd,'lhrhy'd :miiblhqep e` mikkexn,xzei migketnl mirexi`d z` jtedy xac,iaihwtqexhx.l`b`yl cgeina zipiite` diblhqepd weqird lr sqep.axrnd zeaxzl xywd `ed miipyd miybtp ea sqep uexr mb xbpifîqiayae l`b`y ertyed,iiebd cva mb minrte,'lhrhy'a icedid ieeda ly miipxcend zepepbqde mfipxcend.ezepn`ne iaxrnd mlerd zeaxzn.iyi`d mnler jeza mildnp dtewzd.`id mb mdipia zxyew mixveid ipyl daeyge zizedn dziidy yiciid zty lretk,l`b`y lv` xy`n xzei wenr xacd did xbpifîqiaya lv`y xexa eazk mdipy.yiciiae dxiy azk l`b`y mby s`,dpeyd mweqirn xiyi.yiciid zeaiyg zybcen mye 6,dit`xbeiaehe` oeincl ze`ivn oia xeaigd `id xzeia,ile`,driztnd mdipia oeincd zcewp ly iqiqad avna.zihqil`ix `ven zcewp,aexl,zniiw l`b`y lv`.difhptle,cere micedi zeienc,xtkd,weyd l` dkildd,zayd:x`zn `ed eze` `yepd ly dxetd epeinc sqezin df lkl mle`.ze`ivn ly oirxb miiw dl` lka xzei cer,xbpifîqiaya.xarne lrnd l`e difhptd l` liaend,l`b`y,zenewn zenya awep `ed eizexivia,ynn ly ze`ivn x`zn,l`b`yn z` migweld d`vnde oeinc siqen `ed dl`l.'cke zeixehqid zecaer,mikix`z jkl i`.l`b`yl dneca oeincde difhptd mler l`e xarne lrnd l` dxivid 'lhrhy'a icedid mlerd cner mfkxna xy` dpenzl xetiq oia df xn`n yibti df mler.mixyrd d`nd zligze dxyr ryzd d`nd seq ly itexi`îgxfnd izextq"izeidlriaetfpoklmcewyitkweica,iptaefdlinegihdminrtdnk!ihqin" zeihqindxcrid?zeihqinila,aeygcg`xeivele,xvepdidm`d."zeihqinxqgj` Charles Sorlier(ed), Chagall by Chagall, Harry."ztxvz`qxdhrnky,xacdweica`ed Abrams, N.Y., 1979, p. 12. mr,cx`.v - mebxz,ditxbeiaehe` iwxt :wxeiîeip cr dyx`een,xbpifîqiaya wgvi Marc Chagall, Ma Vie, Paris, 1931, translated into English: My Life,.1991,aia`Îlz,caer Orion Press, N.Y., 1960. 5 6 174

aaeqd lke,zexividn zg` lka zeifkxnd zeiencd zervn`a deeyeie x`ezi.dl` zeienc l`b`y wx`n-"zendad xken".ii `ean.` miipeligd meiîmeid iiga,'lhrhy'd xe`iza d`ln l`b`y ly ezxivi zegztzdl dliawn `yepd l` l`b`y ly ezeqgiizd.zicedid dxiira miizcde - dxwira zihqil`ix `yepd l` ezyib ekxc zligza.iyi`dîizepn`d epepbq jted ekxc jynda.zxewia lca mr minrtl,zcrzn e` zx`zn llk jxca mfipxcend zrtyda z`f,il`tihikx`e iaiqxtqk`,ileaniq xzeil `yepd eqgi jted - dxiixwd seql cr - xzei zexge`nd mipyae.qix`ta btqy.wtxznle rbrbznl,iblhqepl l`b`y x`zn (5.qn dpenz d`x) 1914,'wqahie' ly y`ebe eicd meyixa wqahie ly mitetvde minwernd,mikenpd diza z` ce`n ihqil`ix ote`a.diiqpkd igixv mivavan yhyehnde wegxd rwxayk,zicedid.mipey micedi zxcq xiivn `ed,1910îa,qix`tl dpey`xd ezriqp xg`l xak,zipgex zedcfd jezn x`zn `ed mze`y,mipax e` micedi ly mipey miqetih ;(4.qndpenz)1910În'a`d'`eddl`ncg`.zxewiaas`exenedambminrt zeyibxal`b`yxiivndfdicedidz`.l`b`ylyihxtdeia`s``edyokzii iigedywdze`ivndoncg`cvnrtyeneze`x`zn`ed.ribteixixay,dax biyn`edz`f.ipgexdl`ddinkeoeinc,melgmripycvne,mikxtndmeiîmeid zervn`a cgeinae dlek dpenza iaiqxtqk`d iperavd zeeird zervn`a.eipir aiaq iaiqxtqk`d iperavd zeeird icedid z` bviin (3.qn dpenz) 1924-1923,'wah sipqnd icedid' ycew oia ievn `ed.epwfe eize`t,eyeala,'lhrhy'd ly iqetihd iqkecezxe`d ynzynl`b`y.eiptlycewxtqe`xeciqoialrwxazkextoirnoia,ycewl edyn mbe;xened,fekix,zepivx ly dwfg dradl ribne,dxevae rava zeeira.wahd ztpqd l` icedid ly ezeqgiizd ote` lr zxewiadn z` zx`zn `ide,zercepd zexivid zg` `id(2.qn dpenz) 1933,'zecica' eabdptneayeiicedid.cg`kbviineiyi``edxe`izd.ezxiirrwxlricedid ihxtd enler jeza xebq `ed.eilrne,dilrn 'miielz' midk mippry,dxiirl etebl aexw dxezd xtq wxe,eizeaygna qetz,dpald ezilh jeza,xvde o`k.xepikd mr daxiw dle,zernynae rava,mewina el dliawn dxtd.eaille wx `le,zepey zeaiq jezn zecicaa zeigl xgeak icedid z` l`b`y x`zn zepeyd zeiexyt`le dwiqenl,dxtl,j`lnl eab dptn `ed.ze`ivndn gxeak.dl` lka zepenhd 175

icedid z` l`b`y x`zn (1.qn dpenz) 1914,'wqahie lrn' rcepd xeiva diiqpkd oeeikl cebipa xwirae,wqahie iza lrn,'yhprn h el'd z`,ccepd icedid mb zra da mle`,ccead icedid edf.wqahie ly miinyxd dizae.micecpde zeyilzd,icedide iyi`d laqd z` lnqnd icedid.il`tihikx`d ievn zipgex dpigan mle`,ezaiaqn xkepnae 'xiee` iwqr'n ig ziqit dpigan miixixee`d minya eaex aexyk,zxkepnde dgecd ze`ivnd lrn deabe wgxd ze`ivnd lrn zelrzdle xabzdl icedid gilvn df segix zekfa.miiheitde icedid xe`iza ipexwre izivnz,ifkxn edyn ef dxivi ztwyn jka.zixnegd.'lhrhy'd mr eixywe o`k.(6.qn dpenz) 1958,'minec` zebb' xeivd `id jkl zwdaen dnbec yxeydyk,zg` dperae zra mze` xagne mipeyd eizenler oia l`b`y cixtn dagx drevxa driten wqahie.wqahie ezxiir `ed mlek z` cg`nde mlekl ly ipyd enler `idy,qix`t - cg`d dcivnyk,dpenzd rvn`a dnec`e dyelya envr z` x`zn l`b`y.blya wqahie - ipyd cvd one,l`b`y icedik,epnn wlg `idy,ezlka ade`nd xirv xegak :mipey ze`pweic - gpef epi` dze`y,dxezd eciae,zexvd e` zerxtdn gxead iqkecezxe`,eiyxey,exewn,ezedn lk.dad`e ceak dl welgl,ezclenl xfegd on`îxiivke,setvd 'lhrhy'dn,wqahie ezxiirn mignev mlek - eaile eytp,ei`yep,dad`d,zeipgexde dpen`d,zcd.xzeia iaiqxtqk` ote`a xiievnd,mwernd xfeg dil`y,dxiira mxewn mlek - zepn`d xewne mixerpd geke zeiyep`d o`kmle`,eixg`miaxceraenkdfxeiva.dciwdlcewlmqxetnxiivkl`b`y ote`a bex`l gilvn `ed.mekgzl zehytd oia l`b`y alyn,cgein ote`a.dpenza mipeyd mixeyind oia ipenxde ixewn dpkn yi l`b`y ly dtprd ezxivia zexg` zeaxle dl` zepivqle zeiencl eipnnq lr icedid mlerd e`,i`texi`îgxfnd icedid'lhrhy'd- agx szeyn eixeiv i`yep crpne ine`lîoia on` l`b`y zeid zexnl.miicedid eipeit`e fkxna micner mipeyd mdihaid lr 7 miicedid miigd,icedid `yepd,xiyr eqgiae df mler zex`znd zeaxd zexivia iehia icil d`a ef zeaiyg.ezxivi,eizeienc z` exe`iz ote`a iehia icil `a df qgi.eil` l`b`y ly iyi`d z`l`b`yx`znmrtlka.dfmlernwlgkenvrz`exe`izote`ambminrte ote`a llka miigde zcd,dxiirl icedid qgi z`,dxiira ze`ivnd z`,icedid.ezxivi z` oiit`n ax oeeib.xg`e dpey,oeincd cvl ze`ivnd `id l`b`y ly eixeivn miaxa `vend zcewp lydagxdyibjeznwlgeze`edf.on`dlyezxivilelknnwlgoddl`ze`nbec mle`,zccead dxivid z` wecal aeyg zepn`a mbe zextqa.icedid `yepl on`d lldz`fd`exyitk,on`dzxivilelknlyagxdxywddz`ze`xl,zegt`laeyg,oli`îxa zhiqxaipe` z`ved,lfxa lld,dycgd zepyxta mikxc :extqa lfxa.14'nr,1990,obîznx 7 176

,ileaniqd haidd mb ievn dl` mr cgi.xenedde zeiheitd,d`vndd 8.ihqind e` il`tihikx`d xken 9."zendad xken" dpenzd `id ef dxcbd lr zeperd ze`nbecd zg` gxea `ny e`?dhgeyl ile` e` - dndad z` xeknl weyl rqepd zendad zileaniq zenc mb `id zra dae zize`ivn zenc ef?dywd avndn xkend.jynda d`xpy itk'lhrhy'dn zil`tihikx` :micax ipya dpenza zeppeazd rivdl ipevxa,z`f xe`l.weydl`rqepdzendadxken-ihqil`ixdcaexd.`,gxead icedid z` bviind zendad xken- il`tihikx`îileaniqd caexd.a.cexyl deewzd mr mb,ile`e,rbrbzn,cget mfil`ix.a iigl ipiite` `yep edf 10.zihqil`ix `id `yepd zpigan `vend zcewp z` gweld icedi e` zenda xgeq - dtewz dze`a icedid 'lhrhy'a micedid xken - dhigy ly zexyt`d mb okziz `yep eze` zgz.dxiknl ziad znda.dndadz`hegylickweydl`rqepzendad dyi`,frde zendad xken,dqeqe dlbrn zakxend,dxiiy x`zn xeivd cgta,db`ca zipxeg` milkzqne dnicw mirp mlek,dx`eev aiaq lbr z`yepd.mdixeg`n ce`n ddkd rwxd gkepl zwfgzn dqepnd zyegz.dqepna mi`xpe raekd- l`b`y zxivia zeicedi `ld zeiencl dnec,dpenzd zizgza befd mb zxxernd dnwxde deabd oex`eevd mr dnec`d dvlegd,xegad ly lr dradd.dqepnd zxiee`l mitiqen md mb,ziqex dwyaexl zeiv`iveq` ixeg`n oa` xikfnd utg dcia dwifgn dyi`de,zipenxdqice znii`n mdipt.xabd ly ey`x wlg mieedne ze`ivnd on migewl mipey mihxt z`f zexnle,zppbeqn dpenzd zyegz z` zpzepd,zx`eznd jxcd,dndad,dlbrd:envr `yepdn cxtp izla dqeqd ixeg`n rwxa urd.rwxw zqit wx x`zn l`b`yy zexnl,dkildd ccepdicedid...zexevlya"`lybeq,milnqlydxcqizbxcdote`agzitl`b`y" Aleksander Kamensky, Chagall The Russian Years 1907-1922, ".eitzk lr ewy mr Thames and Hudson, London, 1989, p. 64.,mipey milcba,zepey ze`qxb xtqn yi,l`b`y ly mixg` miaxl enk df xeivl Sturm dixlba 1914Îa dpenzd z` bivd l`b`y.mipey mikix`za s`e zepey zewipkha,xeivd z` egaiy mipnxb mihqipeiqxtqk`.diqexl dxfg qix`tn rqpy onfa,oilxaa.miig ilra md mb exiivy,marcîemackecgeina,l`b`ylyzexrpdzepexkfz`xydaxvepdfxeivyorehl`b`ylrextqasweeny James Johnson Sweeney, Marc Chagall, The.zendazepwl,ezlbragpececmrrqpzr Ÿ MuseumofModernArt,N.Y.,1969,p.26. 177 8 9 10

lklrmewnlmewnnmixaerd,jxcamirpdmiyp`lyineiwd-iqiqadavnde.illkd avnd rwx lr ccepd icedid,jkn rnzynd tihikx`e lnq.b mippeazny lkk mle`.zihqil`ix `ven zcewpn raep xeivd `yepy epi`x miil`tihikx`,miileaniq mihpnl` da yiy milbn,dxivia xzeie xzei 11,dqeqd ohaa xaerd enk,zihqil`ixd dtya miliaw mpi`y miihqil`ixeqe miig lrae lbxa zkledd dyi`d mb,drepzd oeeikl cebipa ey`x dptny amxd.dlbrdlrzayeidndadceradx`eevlrjexk daiqyijklyoaenedeabnxzeiagx`ed.zipalndxevayextddpanxeivl zendad xken ly exetiqe jxcd,dkildd :xeivd `yepa zexeywd zeaiyge ote`a mbe eheytk jkn rnzynd lk lr dxiknl weyd l` frd z` gweld.ileaniq wgxnd enk,mixetq zenewna wx ritene hren ea wnerd,eaexa gehy xeivd.jyndadyxtpy,zeaiygyijkl;eiciizye`,akxde`,dyi`dilbxizyoia.zelawde micebip lr diepa dpenzd- ziperavde zipxevd divifetnewd zpigan,ditzk lre dy`x aiaq lbrde dyi`d - micnvn zakxen divifetnewd oefi`k,ofe`na xiee`a heyd mr dlbrd lr akxd mlen.jpe`na minwennd oeeikl dketd `idyk dlbrd lr zayeid frd - mlene,dxki`d ly jpe`nl.dnicw dxiiyd z` dliaend,zxaernd dqeql dlawdke ofe`na `ide- driqpd milebird ipye dlbrd ilblb ipy:zepey zeiv`ixeea dpenza xfeg micnvd aihen izy,dlrn itlk zeptend xaerd ilbx izy,dyi`de akxd ilbx izy,mfkxna dpenzd zwlegn ziperav dpigan mb.cere dipxw izye dlbrd lr frd ilbx mdipfb lr cexee lebqa,oala mireav dilry lbrde daexa dyi`d;dnec ote`a opi`dilrpizy.aedvelegk,wexiadzgthneoalhrnmrmidkdipt,mipeyd dlegk(dtevl xzei daexwd) zipevigd eli`e xzei dwexi ziniptd,ixnbl zedf,oal hrn mr cexee lebqe mec` epxehwn.miphw milcada akxd mb jk.xzei.dwexi xzei zipevigde,dlegk xzei ziniptd- eilrp.xida hrn mr midk eiqpkn.edvwawcaedvqtmrwexihwqwraekey`xle,ddkdiipy,dxidazg`deci dqeqdmb.frdiptedyi`diptenklitextaminwenne,oalhrnmrmidkeipt zcgeind zernyna wqer cea`d icedid mlerde l`b`y wx`n lr extqa ayxd oinipa miigd ilra z` xvi l`b`y" :l`b`y wx`n ly enlerae ezxivia miig ilral yiy izeaxzd mewidn wlgk - ize`ivnd mcewtze mxywdl uegn llk jxca - ely elkil`b`yxearmiigilra...elyipeinceihxtmbzrdze`aj`elyitihe`ixhqde ly zxaqen izlad ziybxd drtydd z` lnqle ig xevii ly zeningd z` bviil mr wecd xywa miigd mc` ipa ly l`ici`d z` mibcdl e`,zilelin izla zxeywz ".rahd Benjamin Harshav, Marc Chagall and the Lost Jewish World, Rizzoli, N.Y., 2007, p.63. 11 178

zg` zixeg` lbx ly wlg,zeincwd dilbx izy,dipt,daexa dlebq dcexe,wexi lyzetqezokenk.mipalhrnk-dabedy`xlyoeilrdwlgdxwirae y`xd ieqikl,akxd raekl miliawnd mirav,dly lerd lr mec`e xegy,aedv mbe,mipeyd eipeeb lr legka daexa frd.dnvr frle frd ipxwl,dxki`d ly mbeipxevcebipke`,dhladk.dizgznedphalrcexeelebqs`e,wexi,oalhrn mr (mlyen lebir `l m` mb) milebrd dlbrd ilblb ipy miriten,iperav deednd dlbrd ly qtd mr cgi,wdea xida aedva fkxna miiniptd milebird,miipeqkl`,mwlg,mieew dyely lr miievn el` lk.dnvr dlbrd seb z` zxievnrwxwd.driqpdoeeikz`e,rwxwxikfnydnlyleabdewz`mipnqnd ravdyk,dlrnl micnvl miliawnd mirava,ihqiaewe hyten oepbqa mipeeb mr oale,dlrnly lebq cexeed z` silgnd lebq mec` `ed ihppinecd.xet`e wexi,aedv ly itlkxy`,dyi`exab-bef,sqepcnvievn,rwxwdrwxlr,dpenzdzizgza cebipk,dfcilrdfjpe`naminwennmd.mlekoianiynndbefkmi`xpmdueg dcba,mipeylegkipfbadzgthn-daexaddkdyi`d;rwxwdlyofe`ndewl rvn`a enke,edyn mizeern xabd oeeikl litexta dipt.xegy hrnk ddk - cid mr,xabl dqgie dirav.zipenxdqice dnil` dzrade gezt dit,xeaic,(lebq cexeel cebipa) mec`a `ed.oa` xikfnd utg dae ey`x ixeg`ne,sexb`k.dipenxdqice oevx zeriayîi` zerian eipt mb,akxd iqpkn ravk eraek,izelbd icedid ieedl miipiite`d eiweqirn cg`ae icedia zwqerd ef dpenz melgk,oexkifk,xeg`l hana l`b`y ly zexg` zeax zepenz enk dxiev xeivdy dxen - 1912 - jix`zd.wqahieea eixeg`n xi`ydy mlerl rebrbke edyn elit`e,zipeinc zinelg zeki` efi` zniiw mpn`e.qix`ta xvep mi`xpd dlbrd ilblb xeiv ote`a iehia icil d`a ef dcaer.dpenza zeizeclidn,dpenzd ly zegihyd mb jke,zenly ixqge edyn miizecli,ci zceark.xwire llk izecli epi` xeivd ly epkez mle`.izeclie iai`p oeeb dtiqend `yepl wiprd l`b`y mle`,'lhrhy'a micedid ly mei meid iign gewl `yepd,dnicw `ed driqpd oeeik.zeileaniqe zewenr zeiernyn inei meid ihqil`ixd ipt mle`.dnicw driavne xiee`a zincwd dlbxyk dqeqd dpet eil` oeeik eze` dyibcnefdcaer.xeg`ldyi`diptmbedzaiyioeeikefrdxarlxeg`lakxd?recn.mi`amdepnnmewndl`zipxeg`mipetmlekj`,dnicwdriqpdoeeiky z` xeknl weyd l` mikled dyi`de akxd.mdiyrna migeha md oi` d`xpk dxeg` milkzqn md jk lya ile`?mhgeyl mb ile` la`,lbrd z`e frd okle,ze`ceîi`lr,lxeblro`kxaecn,xnelk.e`aepnnmewndl`mirebrba ile`.dbxra mb ile`e,cgta xard l` zipxeg` mihian dyi`de akxd mb j`,zipxeg` dldaa mihian okle zepkqde miywd miigdn,xard on md migxea?...ziad,miigd,dixehqidd- xeg`n exi`ydy dn l` mirebrba mb xeyw - zipxeg`,onfa xeywy `yep df ixd,dxeg`e dnicw lr epxaic m`e miwqerjkm`.cizrd`iddnicwdkildd,deeddz`rbxkx`znxeivdexara 179

mdilry miretiyde milblbd oeeik cgeinae dlbrd.mzernynae onfa,llga ep` liawndgztd,dileexyagztd,dpha-dtebadyi`d.dnicwmixen-mirpmd ly miixeg`d elit`e dilrp izye,ihqiaew oepbqa mixievnd,dkxa zncwa ici mb jk.dnicw mixen el` lk - dlbrd lry frd ipxwe ditzk lry lbrd ohaay xaerd ly zeincwd miilbxd,eilbx,eciay heyd ly lwnde akxd dnicw.dnicw driqpd oeeik lr miriavn el` lk,dilbxe dnvr dqeqd,dqeqd.deewzdl`ile`ercepizladcizrdl`-weydl`,zipxeg` miriavnd,miipnf ea elit` minrt,mipey mihpnl` yi zra da j` jke,xeg`ldy`xzaaeqndyi`d:e`viepnnmewndl`,ziadl`,xardl` :mdipyiptamihxtdlk,cglitextamdiptz`l`b`yxiivicka`l.akxdmb frd,zipxeg` miriavn dl` lk,miipird elit`,mdizevwa y`xd iieqik,mdir` dilbx mb jke zipxeg` driavnd zincwd dkxa mr driqpd oeekl jetd zayeid :dhnl befd elit`e zeixeg`d qeqd ilbx,heyd,dyi`d ly dixeg`,zeixeg`d,ezqeq mr dnicw dpetd,xaerd mb.zipxeg` - xabd ipt oeeikl dpet dyi`d.xeg`l zeixeg`d eilbxa riavn oia xyewd iynn edyn oi`e,dnvr ipta daihg `ed epiivy dl`n cnv lk aiaq aiaq dze` siwn lbrd - zipxev zecg` yi lbrl dyi`d oia.micnvd dil` miaexw wx,dlbrl mixaegn mpi` md mle`.dax daxiwa ziybxe zipteb riztnd.ynn xeaig`l mle`,abazekinqzniiw frlakxd oia.dil` mipete dnicw dqeqa dvi`nd elbx,akxl zekyen oi`,ziyteg dqeqdy `ed lekn,heyd ly lwnd oeeik,eici,diipyd elbx mb jke,dlbrle dqeql epia zxagn,dxaerl zxaegn dqeqd.mipeyd mihpnl`d oia xeywl dxfen jxc ef mle`.dpnn wlgk dkeza `ede li`ed mitzzyndn cg` lkl cig` qgie xyw oi`y jk lr zeriavn el` zecaer oi`y meyn,xeg`l mipet frde lbrd.cizrd l` s` ile`e,xard l` dxiiya,ile`,md,cgta dxeg` milkzqn dyi`de akxd,irahd mnewna mi`vnp md zkll oevx yi.dixehqidd - mi`a md epnn mewnd l`e xard l` mirbrbzn elekrwxdlyddkdravdmb,miigaydywdngexal,ycgscgeztl,dnicw eamle`.zilil`iddpivqd-miigayoixezqndeib`xhdlr,iyewdlrcirn lkmivexmdoi`,okenk.mdlydixehqidlemewnl,xarlmirebrbmbyionfa myk,lbrd mr d`ln dipenxda z`vnp dyi`d.ziad zeign cxtidl jk epiacixtnx`zndieewlyddkecgqty,akxd.dxaermrdipenxdadqeqdy ly dzrad -iybxxywelitextamipt,iperavxyw:`edmb dil` xeyw,frl zayei frdy dcaerd mb dpeyn.hrnk miiyep` - dlecbd dpir cgeinae,frd wx.zencwzdd z`,ile`,zakrn ef dkild.lbxa zkled dyi`de,dlbrd lr,deewzd l` dnicw mipet leka,hrnk,md,xeg`l mihian mpi` dxaere dqeqd iekiqmi`handl`lk,xaerdedyecwexdeh`handoaldravd-cizrdl`,cexe lebqd ravd- o`k mb miiyw miietvy meyn,dxidf zeinihte`l,deewzl xqeg :xiee`a hrnk mlek - dqeqd ly miilbxde xaerd aiaq,zeyecb zepna 180

geha epi` lekd,elek avnd lye mlek lv` zeaivi xqeg,zeixixay,oeghia `id mby dyi`d iabl dl`yd mb,ile`,enk.dl`y oniqa `id mb deewzde,heyiwxeivdoi`ikdler.llkellkdfkepi`eaevirj`,ihqil`ix`yepd.dxd xiivdy s`,zileaniq `id dpenzd.dwenr zernyn `ll xelwlet wx epi`e e`dlebaxelwletdz`zx`znddpenzdpi`ef.ienqote`awxjklrriavn zil`tihikx` dpenz ef,dleba icedid ly eavn z` x`znd xeiv edf.'lhrhy'a "lblbzn",mei meid iiga wa`pd icedid z` lnqn akxd.elxebe icedid ly ote`a!?cvikd,il`tihikx` icedi.xzei aeh cizrl dnke xarl rbrbzn,deeda mr oal reaix oirn,akxd ly epxehwn zifga l`b`y xiivn xzeia opbeqn ly zivivd,ohw zilh mb j`,cbaa miltw e`,wiz zeidl lekiy,'mialy' mi`xpy,cva'milzlz'oirnmrdy`xlr'y`xieqik'oirnyidqeql.icedid milkzqnykhxta,zilhdz`xikfnddablroaloalnoirne,milicbenkmb hrnkoirdqeql.zilhdiqtz`mixikfnd,dlyoflnqdlroalxegydiqtlr,xnelk.ziyep` drad dl dtiqend,zxte`n enke cgeina dlecb ziyep` x`yd oia l`b`y dl ozp okle,il`tihikx` - ibevii ote`a zlnqn dpenzd lr dleba miib`xhd eiige icedid mrd z` x`zn `ed.zppbeqne dgehy zeki`,rwxa fnexnd lebird mb xeyw onfl.onfde lxebd zeketdze eicecp,eileblb dfl.lxebde mc`d,onfd zeixefgn,dixehqidd lblb,onfd lblb:akxd ixeg`n deedd,xeg`n xard,ok m`.miwqet mpi`e miaaezqnd dlbrd ilblb mitxhvn dlbrd ilblba zeikyndd - seq oi`de,dnicw deewza cizrd,dkilda rav - inihte`e xida rav - aedva md okly okzii.wqtd `la miaaezqnd.dlild zedkl cebipa ynyd.icedidlymicecpdelaqdz`rwxayddkdmec`dravdlnqnaedvdlen.ze`ivnle dnc`l ipbxe` xyw oi`,raw oi`,xiee`a mdilbx - mleky d`xp z`fmrcgij`,xzeiaehcizrmiytgnemikled,xardonmigxea,miywmiigd ib`xhde dywd jezae.cizrd on mb miyyege,xkend l`,xard l` mirbrbzn lnqny dpha ixt lr,zidni`d,ziyep`d,dpald dqeqd- deewz l`b`y rxef ur rfbl mixaegnd,hrnk,mifnexn,miiperav migxt dilrne,zeikynde deewz dwiwc,zfnexn rwxw zqit lr ygxzn df lk.dhnl cr dqeqd y`x ixeg`n befde.dlrnly el`n miiheit zegt,mifnexn hrnk,migxt dilry,dhrne befd.zenil`elit`eoevxzeriayxqeglyzixih`qdradmr,ivx`-dhnl mlxeb.ze`ivna rewyd,mdilrn dyrpa oiiprzn epi`y,il`tihikx`d iiebd l`,xardl`dxeywd,deewzmazppwnllkjxcamiiywdsxgy,micedidly dgbyddn da yiy,zeipgex da yiy deewz,zxeqnde dpen`d l`,zcd iqtlrzlneqnddpen`lxywa,dqeqdlyoalaiehiaicilmi`ael`.dpeilrd ef,ipy cvn ihqil`ix epi`y eaevire,cg` cvn,`yepd ly mfil`ixd.zilhd Î`hnae ifita xeyw `ed,xeivd ly zeil`tihikx`d l` epze` d`iand dcaer mixeywdl`lk-miigdilraemc`dipa,dkild,dxiiyd,`yepd.cg`kifit,yeniy dyer `ed mda miravd,l`b`y mavrn ea ote`d,mle`.ifitd mlera 181

e`.zeipgex,deewz-daedv-diipy,ze`ivn-dwexizg`:dnbeclfrdipxw eni` ohaa xaerd e`.minyd z` gzet eli`ky,xeg`n legkd lebird md el`.zg` dtitka ifitî`hnde ifitd miybtp mda minegz el` lk.'dtewy'd jenqa.il`ixl zecinva l`b`y qipkn mze`,zifitî`hnd dxitqd ly zeceqid,xeg`l hand zexnl.zeiencd iyrna oeibide dxhnl zecinv zniiw irahîlrl cgeind aevird.dnicw z`f lka `ed dpeeik dxiiyd,miqeqidd zexnl ynzyn `edy dcaerde,l`b`yl miipiite`d,micgeind miravd,opbeqnde mfil`ixn dpenzd z` miriwtn - miihqil`ixeq mihpnl`ae ihqiaewd oepbqa zexivia mb riteny hwqwd mr akxd 12 :zeplnqd megzl epze` mi`iane,heyt ote`a zavernd - ohw zilhd oke,'wqahie lrn'a enk,l`b`y ly zexg` zxitq :lrîzxitqa lnqd xewnyk,zilnq zencl akxd z` mikted,opbeqn.dyecwde zcd z`vez `id ef drtezn wlg.jkl ztxhvnd zilnq zernyn miravl mb l`b`y ly ezxivi z` ogead 13.mipy oze`a l`b`y lr zihqiaetd drtydd zileaniqde ziybxd zernyndn mlrzdl leki epi` ezxivi zepy jxe`le wnerl zernynl ztxhvn ef zernyn.eixeiva l`b`y ly micgeind miravl yiy zernyna ifkxne aeyg jacp mieedn miravd.dxeve okez ly zileaniqd zwica xg`l xnel xyt`.llka l`b`y ly eizexivia `evnl xyt`y zilnqd,el zipiite`e zixewn jxca mirava ynzyn `edy l`b`y lyn zexivi zexyr zervn`a znieqn zernyn wiprn e` dxiee` xvei,zepeirx,zeybx rian `ed riand oald oia,lynl,lcad yi.mirav x`ye aedvd,mec`d,legkd,oald zeaiyge zernyn yiy wtq oi`.ziyep` dyecw riany aedvl,ziniiny dyecw,(1911)'xtkde ip`' xeiva dxtd ly zepald miptde,"ip`"d ly zewexid miptl.(1917) 'legkd ziad' xeiva wx `l` ze`ivna jk did `ly legkd ziad e` ze`xl xyt` milyexia'dqcd' milegd zia ly zqpkd ziaa l`b`y zepelga deedn df yeniy oi`e zcgein zileaniq zernyn yi mirava yeniyly,xexiaa milegka reavd oae`x oelg,lynl.zihqil`ix divwpet `lnn e` heyiw wx,cbpn.mlerd z`ixae zeipey`x,min,zeiziy`xae zeileid mixcynd,mipey.dnglne oii,rty,oehly,zeizekln xcynd dcedi ly ipnbx`- mec`d oelgd xyt` l`b`y ly ezxivi lelknn.zetqep zeax siqedl xyt` dl` ze`nbecl zeileaniq zeiernyn zwprde mirava otec `veie cgein yeniy lr cenll zeaxa milaewn miihqil`ix `l miixewn mirava ynzyn l`b`y.mzervn`a.dxivid ly dwenrd zernynl xywznd ote`a eizexivin xken' " :ef dxivia zeileaniq zeiernynl `ed s` extiqa oreh daeyz lra awri `l`,d`nd zligza diqexa xtk iig ly dig dpenz wx dpi`,l`b`y ly 'zendad Jacob Baal-Teshuva, Marc Chagall, Taschen, Köln,."miax micaxa zileaniq dpenz mb 2000,p.60. Paris 1910-1914 Chagall s Fauvist Phase ; Franz Meyer, Marc Chagall Life and Work, HarryN.AbramsINC.N.Y.,1968,p.95. 12 13 182

lrmiaxwenddlebamicedidz`,oaxewdz`zlnqndlbrdlrfrdyokzii xywda,deewzd,zeikyndd,zedni`d z` zlnqn dqeqd.minexbetd gafn,zeiypd z` zlnqn,oeixida wtq,lbrd mr dweagd dyi`d.icediîizc ipgex ilral mc`d oia zecg`d z` mb enk,ziyep`d zidni`d zecg`de db`cd.eaiaqy miigd,cgeind aevird lya.miipeica zeceqie mipey miwenr micax zlra dxivi ef ze`ivna ep` miyg,miil`tihikx`îmiiplnqd zeceqide ihqiaewd oepbqd zqpkd ila dqeq mr dlbr - miipeicad zeceqid lya.dixg` xezl yiy,zxzqp dyegz yi,cere 'dtewy' oha mr dqeq,dy`xl aiaq lbr mr dyi`,zekyen oi` wenrd caexa,epi`xy itk,ok`e.eze` `evnl yiy xzqpewenrcaex yiy zrbepd zil`tihikx` dpenz idef.zihqil`ix e` zihqixelwlet dpenz ef,micgein e` mixfen - mii`lt mihpnl`a yeniy ici lr.icedid lxebd yxeya zipap,ilbx zkledd dyi`de,dlbrd lr frd,dqeqd ly'dtewyd oha'd:enk lk xg`l mb dxi`ynd,dxivid ly zil`tihikx`îzileaniqd zipazd zyegz mr geprtd lk zexnl x`yp dtevd.dtevd lv` zeizcig zexiwgd izlae melr edyn x`yp geprtd lk zexnly yibxn `ed.`lte drztd,dnbip` zihxt ziyi` zeplnql zxken zicedi zeplnq oia xaig l`b`y.seqd cr xezt 14.cgeina zpiiprne zixewn d`vez mixvei mihaidd ipy.elyn ea mipey miizepn` zepepbq dyelya exiievy,mipey miig ilra dyely xeiva oepbqd xeivd zncwa dqeqd lv`,ihqiaewd oepbqd hlea fkxna frd lv`:zipnf cg` lk.ihqipeiqxtqk`d oepbqd dyi`d aiaq lbrd lv`e ihqil`ixeqd ienqd caexa diievnd,zileaniqd zernynl sqepe dpey jacp siqen zepepbqdn.xeivd ly xbpifîqiaya wgvi-'owf'.iii `ean.` dieedde miigd z` ely mipnexdne eixetiqn miaxa x`zn xbpifîqiaya mb `ed.dwixn`a micedid mixbdnd zlidwae itexi`îgxfnd icedid 'lhrhy'a miqkecezxe` micedi,mixab,miyp:zepeebne zepey zeiencn akxend mler dpea.mipvawe mixiyr,mixgeq,mipax,micitwn zegt mbe zeevn ixney zeheyt,zeiqiqr,zepiiprn zeienca xiyr xbpifîqiaya ly izextqd enler xiivdy,milnqa dlecb zetitva zeqlke`n l`b`y ly eizexivi ik,ze`xl xyt`".zeixewnd zeiernynd z`,mizirl micbepd,elyn mipkz mdl wiprne eikxvl mcarn zixvepd - zitexi`d zeaxzd one zicedid zeaxzd on milnq jted `ed ef jxca,oli`îxa zhiqxaipe` z`ved,lnq cre dxet`hnn,e`cpl ac."elyn miihxt milnql.202'nr,1979,obîznx 183 14

,brlpd,cbapd,dnexnd 15 mz ltnib `id ef zeienc ziixlbn zg`.zeakxene,ile`,recid exetiq xeaib,mz ltnib.cgi mb 'oin`n izt'de owtqd,laeqd,ela leq,rcepd i`wixn`îicedid xteqd llq ezervn`a xy`,xteqd ly mlekn oiiprne akxen xeaib `ed,zine`l oia dxiixwl xbpifîqiaya ipta jxcd z`.dxiirdlydheyde`mzdz`bviind 16 oilaeln ze`ltpd dyer onexd xeaib,xefn dy`i ly ezenc ik,wtq oi` izxz wc lag lr dkelidae dzeixewna,dzefrepa,dzeakxena epze` zwzxn.rnyn.iiebd mlerd len icedid z` ezenca `han 17 card o`nexd xeaib,awri mb d`nd ly oileta xtka xwirae xira miigd z` xbpifîqiaya x`zn df dxwna o`ilcarkxknpeiayagwlpj`,iwviplngzerxtz`cxeyawri.dxyrrayd dxyîdcp`eea ad`zn j`,xnyn lkn ezecdi z` xnyl dqpn `ed my,wi'fa.ixyt` izlae dyw lxeba jazqne,diixkepd.xbpifîqiaya wgvi ly ezxivi lelknn zenqxetn ze`nbec xtqn wx od dl` dpkn yi xbpifîqiaya wgvi ly ezxivia zetqep zeax cerle dl` zeiencl ze`vnp e` zexywzn,zeig,ze`ad,zeicedi zeienc olek- wvene agx szeyn 'lhrhy'd- itexi`îgxfn icedi mler eze` edf minrt.icedid mlerd mr rbna minrte,xzei wegx xar ly zicedid dlidwd ef minrt,icedid"ehb"d e`,icedid zeax cere zexkfend zeiencd lk.dwixn`a zicedid dlidwd e` dpekyd ef,ozglvd,ozecxyid - jkn dxzie,icedid mlerd mr wecd rbna zeig zexg` wecdxywmeiwamiverpel`lk,miiglzizin`dzernynde`dad`dz`ivn icedid haidd mr xnel s` xyt`e dizeevn meiw,dzyxen :zecdid mr ipivxe,xbpifîqiaya mb.cere milidz zxin`,cenlz,zeipyn,dxez cenil :ipgex -.mipey micedi iqetihe mipey miavn xe`iza xiyre oeebn,l`b`yl dneca mipdn mixetiq lrk xbpifîqiaya ly eixetiq lr,wcvae,aeygl bedp,mle` 18."ryryl jixv aeh xetiq" ik orh envr xbpifîqiaya.mixcane,ileaniq haid mb jk lr sqep miiw mixg`d eixetiqn miaxae izxkfdy mixetiqa.xg` e` ihqin,il`tihikx` - mebxz,mixg` mixetiqe minid xakyn dyrn :iixeba ohyd,xbpifîqiaya wgvi 15,h"lyz,aia`Îlz,yiciie zixara epzextql cnl qi`el oxwe xiac z`ved,oeqtil 'n.1979,milret zixtq z`ved,`exw'a- mebxz,oilaeln ze`ltpd dyer,xbpifîqiaya wgvi 16.1970,l"yz,aia`Îlz.1968,g"kyz,aia`Îlz,caermrz`ved,blt'g-mebxz,card,xbpifÎqiaya wgvi 17 Îqiaya xn`,xteqd mr jxry zepei`ixd xtqa oibxea cx`'vix ly ezl`yl daeyza 18 I don t believe in forced reading, where students are forced by professors or they :xbpif compel themselves to read. Since I believe that literature is basically entertaining... I.B.S& Richard Burgin, Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer, Farrar Strauss& Giroux, N.Y., 1986,p.30. 184

lkcbpkcxeydowficedi,xadyn'x`edefdriawlrmiperdmixeaibdcg` ly ezxivia ef dqitz mibviind cg` `ed df xetiq.'owf' xetiqa miiekiqd j`,zihxt zenc `ed dyx`eeay dpl`nkexw aegxn xa dyn 'x.xbpifîqiaya icedid z` zbviind,'lhrhy'dn zil`tihikx` zicedi zenc mb zra da.icedid'lhrhy'dn :dfxetiqamicaxipyad`ixwrivdlipevxa,jkli`.cxeyemglpd,zihxtdzencdxadyn'x-ihqil`ixdcaexd.` miiyw xaerd il`tihikx`d icedid owfd- 19 il`tihikx`îileaniqd caexd.a.cxeye mfil`ix.a,mingx xqge wiecn xe`iz xteql xyt`nd,ihqil`ixd oepbqa aezk xetiqd d`a,zexyte`oecirlkzlehp,efdcgzihqil`ixdyib.migzpndlnf`kcg,owfd ly ipevigd exe`iza xacd hlea cgeina.xetiqd ly ekxe` lkl iehia icil zelglgk eipir":mewn lka mixxeyd miiywd.xeqgnde iperd,eizelgn xe`iza,zenewr,zenezk,zepezgze zepeilr miipiy dnk eita...`neq ipir oirn,zexekr.(256'nr,my)"cg` cv lr ezniwe ezaikye,micelg mixnqn zpiga z` egex ipira ze`xl leki `xewd.zixeiv `id xbpifîqiaya ly ezaizk,eicecp,eizelgn mb.izxewiae xn xened xefy mda,micgde miwiecnd eixe`iz xiizyp eiykr" :ihqil`ixe cg ote`a mix`ezn owfd ly eize`lze eizelaq z`wiqdlick,minqiwexiipdty`ahwlndidenvra.dxicaicigixadyn'x mfil`ix.(257 'nr,my) "...`ian `edy miaewx miqealea unxa dlev,dxikd `iane cg,ixih`q,izxewia `ed,xbpifîqiaya ly epepbql ipiite` `edy,df.miipeviw miil`peivxîi` miavn xe`izl `lne rpkyn,ixeiv,ce`n iygen ote`a x`ezn owfd ly epa xkyîmiig mb ezhetw okîitîlrîs`,ecil ser `a `l miyceg dnk xkyîmiig":zeiqiqre xened,dagxd eztwxwa,lecbd eraek,zveepn,xer dyrn zpiga,dywepd,dagxd Îziae mc ipniq,mihagdîidw,micakd eitbnae,aaexn,dxev lra ly raek.(255'nr my)"zgy zpiga,wxwxiîmezk,jinq epwf.miigahn diilina,zwiecn dtewza,xken mewna eixeaibe eixetiq z` obrl bdep xteqd llgd,onfdce`nmixexadfxetiqamb.zepin`biyn`edjk.ize`ivnexken eid ok`y zexyt`ae ozezin`a zerpkyn oze` ze`vend.zelretd zeytpde ipy" :xne`e 'miphwd mipexlcpqd' xetiqle df xetiql qgiizn extqa L. Friedman 19 fkxna.qp jxca mixerpl dxfgd `yepa zewdaen zeixebil` zeiyrn mpid mixetiqd zeikyndd zghad mr micdcdn mziigze mrqn xy` miicedi zea` mi`vnp mixetiqd Lawrence S. Friedman, Understanding I.B. Singer, University of South Carolina".zicedid Press, 1988, p. 195. 185

xetiqd ly divifetqw`a xak.el` zenewna dl`k zeienc zeidl zeleki hlgda mipzip aeh xvw xetiqa enke.dl` zeceqi ly mipey`xd mirxfd mirxfp mlerd zngln mexh `ed onfd :divifetqw`a miixwird miaeygd zeceqid - owfd `ed xetiqd xeaib.dyx`eea dpl`nkexw aegx `ed mewnd,dpey`xd.edyn enr dyrpyk e` ezeliaq z` oiivn xtqndyk llk jxca jk dpeknd my edf.xa dyn 'x llk jxca dpekn `ed un`zn e`,mglp,lirt `ed xy`k.jynda d`xpy itk,il`tihikx`îileaniq :ahid ieyr izivnz xvw xetiql znlyen dnbec deedn xetiqd.dlilrd zligze zelretd zeytpd,mewnd,onfd zbvd- divifetqw`.` `ede exhtp owfd ly ezia ipa lk ik,mircein ep` - xkyîmiig,oad zen.a.miryzn dlrnl oa `ede ixixr x`yp.eteqribdik,ayegezeendj`lnz`owfdd`exeamelgd-xetiqai`iy.b.aetfeil ribdl zepeiqpd.c.ze`lzde jxcd xe`iz.d.wgvi oad zclede oi`eyipd,dlvdd:xetiqd seq-ii`iy.e Îix`ipil ote`a zgztzn dlilrd,xetiqd dpan zyixtn mb ze`xl ozipy itk,xkyîmiig,epa z` ca`nd,xa dyn 'x,owfd ly exe`iza ligzn `ed.ipeibd mlerd zngln mexh,miyw minid.lek xqge ixixr xzep,eizepae eipa x`y,ezy` jxc lka cexyl dqpn owfd.ipere arx,xeqgn mixxey 'ueg'a,dpey`xd,ltep `ed.owfd z` micwet,xbpifîqiaya x`zn,miixfk`e miyw miig.zixyt` elld micgd miihqil`ixd mixe`izd jeza.ezxfrl `ad mc` oi`e laeq,lagp izy" :xac dzyr `ly dyx`eea zicedid dxagd lr zxewia mb xteqd xfey,my)"dz`xp`lzg`ytp`l`,dkaemc`ipal`xw`ed,owfdgp`zpzenni.(259'nr iptebd eavnn d`vezk `ad,zedla melgk eyxtl ozipy,melg mleg `ed,h"t wxt,milidz xtqn weqta xkfp `ed f`e,eteq ribdy yibxn `ed.dywd zeen d`xi `le digi xab in" :lvpii if`e dnec j`lnl exne`l yiy 49 weqt."dlqle`ycineytphlni hilgn `ed.dyw xzep eavn j`,milegd zian xxgzyn `ed gqt xg`l dyw did xirv mc`l mby,dyw rqn ligzn o`k.aetfei - eixerp xirl aeyl dhlgda mixetikd meil ribde okzqd,mw,lyk,dlg.ea cenrle eze` xearl.e`elnamixetikdmeimevz`mvj`,xtqnminrtslrzd`ed.mevl,cin eze` midfn md.wqixh iciqg l` aetfeil ribn `ed miiekiqd lk cbpk.liaepxyhn wicvd z` xikd `ed,xira aeyg mc` exara dide li`ed zyxig,zixtk dleza el e`iyd,dxeza weqrl el exn`,edelirpd,edeyiald oald":envrad`zynxadyn'x.oaeldclimigxidryzxg`l.mirax`za,lenipd jxd" - cg`k gezte xebq meiq mr miizqn xetiqd?"clei dpy d`n.(265'nr,my)"...wgvi-l`xyiaeny`xwp,dica`edx`ezndxetiqdm`mbik,`idihqil`ixxetiqlyzexcbddzg` 186

lk.ef dxcbd lr ahid dper df xetiq.ze`ivna ygxzdl did leki ixd mi`xpd owfd ly eizepegvp,laqd,zeend,zelgnd,iperd,dnglnd :x`eznd minxeb el` lk,seqa epa zclede ei`eyip elit`,miigl ezxfge miixyt` izla ipeibd ote`a iepae aezk lekd.zeidl did leki lekd mle`,ze`zydl `xewl.ze`ivna rpkyne tihikx`e lnq.b lr xney xteqde,zeieygxzd ly ipeibd svx lr xney xetiqd ik epi`x otd z` zepead,zecaer izy,xeaibd iyrna zeizilkze dxhnl zecinv ly ezxivia `iwad df cgeina,oneind `xewd mle`.xetiqd ly ihqil`ixd ly wenrd caexa ik,elek xetiqd z`ixw jxe`l 'cyeg' xbpifîqiaya wgvi.ifitî`hnd ievn ifitd cvl ;zil`tihikx`îzileaniq zernyn dieag xetiqd.xetiqadxenbdipenxdjezndfcvldfmiievnil`ix`leil`ix `id jkl zegkedd zg`.dpina zcgein zenck zavern xeaibd ly ezenc.xetiqa wlg lkl yicwn `edy xe`izae onfa xteqd ly oeeknd oefi`d xqeg,zeaxe zekex` mipy mle`.mipy xyrk ly dtewz lr rxzyn elek xetiqd xtqna wx zex`ezn,oey`xd beeifa ezgtyn mr owfd ly exarl zekiiyd dyx`eenrqnlxadyn'x`veidadpyivgkzadtewzlz`fznerl.zexey okid.elek xetiqd icenr xyr cg` jezn micenr dyelyk xteqd yicwd aetfeil dyry iytpde ifitd rqnd lr,jxcd lr oeekn ybc my xteqd?divxetextd icedid `ed xa dyn 'xy o`kn.dleba icedid ipiit`nn `edy,owfd zexnl gvpne cxey,laeqd df.dleba ccepd icedid z` lnqnd il`tihkx`d,zeny 20,miihqil`ixÎ`hn mirexi` zxify mr zwfgzn ef zeil`tihikx`.lekd.miileaniq mixac e` miyrn `ed xetiqa xzeia hlead,xarne lrna xeywd,ihqil`ixî`hnd rexi`d il`ixî`hnde il`ixd,epxn`y itk.owfd ly enelg- xetiqd ly ei`iyn cg` zextqa ef dyib ipiit`na wqer,zihqil`ixî`hn zixar zxetiq,extqa lfxa lld 20 zextqa ef dyibl zewdaend ze`nbecd z` mieedn in`we `wtwyk,mixyrd d`nd,wdaende lecbd ihqil`ixî`hnd xteqd,oepbr `ed zixard zextqa recid.mlerd mipey mipeeb yiy,oaen.zixard zextqa eixg` mi`ad lr mb dlecb ezrtydyk mfil`ixî`hn gpend.dpnn zrtyend zextqle mfil`ixî`hnl zepey zeiv`ixee eiiga xenede zeizc,`wtw upxt :yhlee qkilt ly extiqa iehia it lr lawzd ly ezelkzqd z` yibcne,"mfil`ixî`hn - `hn" iehiaa ynzyn yhlee.ezxiviae dxivid ;ifitî`hnae ifita wqer df extqa lfxa lld mle`.xnegd mlera `wtw weqir.ipyd cva cg`d ifitd mlerae ifitî`hnd mlera zppeazn zihqil`ixî`hnd - xarne lrna weqir mb,df weqir ly ecivae,ivx`a - ineiîmeiae ze`ivna Î`hn zixar zxetiq,lfxa lld.zg` dperae zra,dxivi dze`a,ifitî`hna.1974,obîznx,dcqn z`ved cil,l`xyia miixard mixteqd zceb`,zihqil`ix 187

melg melgl did leki `ed owfd ly ifitd eavn z`tn.df cva df mipkey zpadl gztn deedne,zedla melg 'mzq'n xzei `ed melgd mle`,zedla drnzyp dlila".zicedid dpen`le zxeqnl,zcl owfd ly xywd- elek xetiqd dnidp drnzype dxfge drnzype milzkd lr qthn lezg zpiga,ztevxiw zcner dhindy,owfd lr,eilr dnec dkyga.dnc`d zgzn d`ak,dlelg,eilr dnec,axr izezirl,xgnl...migezt zepelgd lke xcgd ly ezirvn`a,jex`dey`x.eablrxegyoicqeoeqeqqpkpezlcddgztpy`xzaay,owfdlr,my)"...zeendj`lnedfy,ezrcnowfdoiadcinemiipir`ln,xengy`xoirn.(259'nr eze`weqtaxkfpeelyeziieelefyyibxnowfd.irahdjezllglgnirahlrd digi xab in" :49 weqt,h"t wxt,milidzn weqt edf.dnec j`lnl xnel eilr ik dpen`de ezxin`,weqtd zrici."dlq lf`w cin FWtphNni zen d`xi `le Ÿ.zelretok`,elivdldgekayi-efdxin` zligzaxak.elekxetiqdjxe`lipydhegkxaerzicedidzxeqnldfxyw iyrn,ivx`didy,xkyîmiig,epamr-owfd,exeaibz`xteqdznrnxetiqd - daxda xbean didy s`,eznerl,owfd.cxy `l jk lya ile`e oxbxb,ce`n 'nr,my)"zexdhzeipynqrel...zeyxcnizalkaqpkpe`vei"did`ed.cxy,`ed s` ileaniq my,aetfeil ribdl `ed ywan mevrd iyewd s` lr.(256 ick mixetikd meil ribdl lltzn `ed,dnlyd dkxad z` `hand,sqei oeyln,xnelk.dlirp xg`l cr ezzin edyi minyny lltzn `ed.xdhidle mevl owfd zeid zexnl,zxeqnde zcd mr rbnd,ipgexd mr xywd owfl,el aeyg.heyt icedi xtqnminrtslrzdys`.crikmyeze`crenaevtgfegnlribn`ed,ok`e `ed.eteq - xetiqd ly ipyd `iyde qpd ribn o`ke.ziprzd z` `ed milyd za dleza el mi`iyne ahid ea milthn - eze` mixkefy,wqixh iciqg,lvip.wgvi-myaoaelzcleimigxidryzlyzyxg,mirax` Îileaniq epid eny mby,xa dyn 'x ly ihxtd qpd - xetiqd meiq bidpnd,mi`iapd oec` z` bviind i`xwnd dyn my lr - dyn.il`tihikx` dnveregek:minxebipynakxenowfdlyeny.yiciiaac-xae.dricid`"da Ÿ xa dyn 'x,ok`e.ileaniqe il`ix :mixeyind ipya lret myd mb.zeipgex mr.iyi`d - il`ixd xeyina miiekiqd lk cbpk zcxeyd,dwfg zihxt zenc `ed wxfpd,"yhprn h el"d,ccepd,igvpd icedid z` lnqn `ed zra da mle`.deewz mre lvip,cxey seqae cgkp hrnk,zeprxetl zeprxetn,mewnl mewnn jezn dlvd,xt`d jezn dniw.icedid mrl il`tihikx` epid xetiqd ly eteq dpy d`n oald" :miizqn xetiqd.milecb dl`y ipniq ziieela j`,dtexhqhw `xwplenipdjxd","...midel-`ildyrwegv"-ezxevkweqtlrxfg-"?clei.(265'nr,my)"...wgvi-l`xyiaeny zik"pzd zizyzd.zedinze zel`y mr,ixyt` zihqil`ix dpigany,meiq ef `l.zihqil`ixd dxvd zernynl xarn `idy zernyn lr driavn dxexad 188

wgvi oad `ed deewzd lnq.deewz o`k yiy `l`,cxey xa dyn 'xy cala lk lr dne`d zea`n cg` z` bviind oad mbe eilr yicw xn`iy oad.clepy.jka jexkd d`xp?df wgvi ly ecizr `di dn.cgi mb dipexi`e deewz zrad efy oaenk dciwra ik"pzd wgvi ly ezligz.ik"pzd wgvi lxebl elxeb oia dlawd yiy.eipa ipy oia aixa ekynde mirax`zam`,d`noaa`:miywmixaciptacnerxadyn'xoawgvis` mvra zeinihte`,gezt cizrd z` xi`yn xteqd?elxeb didi dn.men zlra ly eteq z` deelny,dnbip`e zeidz,zeb`c,zeyw zel`y cva,zeikyndd 21.xetiqd,lecb xiyr xkyîmiig did mcew.icedid lxebd ly zeicxeqa`d dler xetiqa x`yp jkîxg`,zepae mipa el eid,dgtyn el dziid miptl.cexn ipr jkîxg` did dnglnd qexta" :dhnl mrte dlrnl mrt,mc`a rzrzn lxebd.ixixr k"ex sl` eqika.micin` oia cin` dyx`eeay dpl`nkexw aegxn xkyîmiig da `diy,dpnid dlecb dxicl ezxicn zepyl cnre eizepan za lkl dipecp,mixega - eipa ipy,dpwexzp ezxice mipy izy e`vi...mkg cinlz ozgl mewn ezy`.mdizenvr elblbzp okidl rcei mc` oi`e dnglnl e`vi - gekîixeaib xn`,rax`d ly odizehin ixg` jld xkyîmiig.qetiha ezn eizepa yelye ade``edy,eilrexn`,mi`peyeleyrpmila`.daizdiptlxareodixg`yicw.(255'nrmy)"daizdz` wgvi ly mlerd ztwydn wlg md miiga micgd mixarnde miqkecxtd `ed s` wfgn xetiqd ly ekxe` lkl xaerd lke`d aihen.xbpifîqiaya.xn xeneda deelnd ze`ivne micebip,miqkecxtn zakxend,ef mler ztwyd xeriya dnibl mbel `ed":lke`l xywda xkyîmiig x`ezn xetiqd zgizta xak meid lk aaeq `ed eiykr.zeyw miviaae miielv mipecaka gpwne mirax`n cg`.(255'nr my)"...zecrqnae mifilh`a,alk zpiga,gxgxn,weya xywznd,lke`deil`cenvaxkfenowfdlylaqpizladarxdxkfenykmb,zipepvdiglwlk.`edarxxaîdyn'xeli`e":zepxbxbedlilflmbj`rtyl dlila.eirna zepwix migipn,mpig igahna lke` `edy,miinind miahexde xfbd,lvae uevw xya mi`lenn mipqik,dhef aetfei inrhn enelga d`ex `ed.(260'nr my)"...lbr irxwe zeipgix zeileglg lxeb.zexecd jxe`l dleba l`xyi mr ly elxeb z` lnqn xetiqd ly eteq,xezieîi`a,zeccenzda mieeln el` lk.zeieprxete zelgn,dyw ze`ivn,dyw cinzn weqir miiw miiyrnd miigd cva.ipgex weqira deelnd,dpen`a xwirae lxeb mibviin eze` zexewd lk lr ig `ed da ze`ivnde xa dyn 'x.ipgexa.df icedi Irving Howe, I.B. Singer in Critical Views of I.B. Singer(ed.) Irving Malin, N.Y. University Press, N.Y., 1969, p. 110. 189 21

,zxewia,mizeeir.ihpleeian` `ed,xbpifîqiaya ly llka ezxivi enk df xetiq el` lk.zxeqnae dpen`a zefg`ide deewz,miqip cva zepkq,micxeqa`.xetiqd xeaib- owfd zencae xetiqa zipnf ea miniiwzn d`eeyd.iv `ean.` meqxtl ekf mdipy.eprciy milecbdn,micedi mipn` ipy yibtn df xn`n dkf l`b`ye,(1978) zextql laep qxta dkf xbpifîqiaya:zine`lîoia dxkdle.mzglvdzebqtnmiizywxoddl`.(1964)qix`tadxte`dzxwzz`hywl ef dcaer.zillkd ziaxrnd zeaxzdn mbe miicedid zexewndn dwpi mzepn` zenyl icedid mlerd oia aeliy :eipkza xbpifîqiaya lv` iehia icil d`a dievn l`b`y lv`.mlerd zeaxzn migewld,zecaere zeixe`iz,miyp` icedid okezd mr mixyrd d`nd ly miipxcend zepepbqd aeliya drtydd ex`yp mzglvde mneqxt zexnl 22.ixeiv okeza xy`n xzei ely xeivd oepbqa mlerd `ll mzxivi z` ze`xl zexyt` oi`.icedid mlera wenr mirehp mdipy d`xn xbpifîqiaya.mix`zn md eze` e` miqgiizn md eil`e e`a epnn icedid eidy itk izc icedi ipi`,okae" :zepey zeiepncfda z`f xn` s`e eixetiqa z`f ze`x zcewpn j`,lleazn ip`y xnel leki dz`,zizc ze`x zcewpn.ixed ip`.dad`bm`ik,izecdiayiiaznipi`.inrnwlgip`.dfkipi`-zizeaxz,zeicedi zetya micedi lr azek ip`.ip` icedi ik,zr lka yibcne xfeg 23."zixara aezkl izlgzd mbe,cg`k zexge`nde zencwend eizexivin zeaxa z`f giken l`b`y mb Were I not a Jew, I would not have become an :milina jk lr cird `ed artist. 24 mixagn mdipyy,jka miipyd oia oeinc mb miiw dl` zetzeyn zepekzl sqep xicbn xbpifîqiaya.xarne lrnle difhptl ze`ivn oia,oeincl ze`ivn oia,ixnbl irahîlr xetiq azek ip`yk mb...hqil`ix ip`":envra,df cgein aeliy oeeik,ihqind xetiql gek siqen xacd.ihqil`ix oeiav el wiprdl dqpn ip` Îe`p dligza" :exn`na l`b`y zxivia df cgein lidnza wqer ayxd oinipa l`b`y ly ezepn` zbviin dxewna.mfih`nxteqe mfiaew k"g`,iqex mfiaihinixt Theroleoflanguageinmodernartontextsand;(84'nr)".zipepbqe zizeaxz zeihwlw` subtexts in Chagall s paintings. MODERNISM/modernity, volume I, issue II, the John Hopkins University Press, 1994, pp. 51-87.,milret zixtq,xinf l`xyi - mebxz,xbpifîqiaya wgvi mr zegiy,oibxea cx`'vix.41'nr,1990,aia`îlz Jacob Baal-Teshuva, Chagall, Taschen, Köln, 2000, p. 7. 22 23 24 190

gek xzei xetiql ozzy lkk...mfil`ix zeidl aiig ihqin xetiqa elit`y 25."ihqind egek z` licbn dz` jk,ihqil`ix extqa x`zn `ed eze` l`b`y ly melg mb cirn df cgein aeliy lr xeivdz`,xii`nupxtlyezrcitl,xiiveizeawray,mylifeit`xbeiaehe`d xcg wlg zr,ipre xirv ezeid ztewz z` x`zn l`b`y:(1918-1917)'zelbzd' `ed dfky avna zeyrl el x`ypy dne,el xf mc` didy lret mr dhine 26!melgl z` xi`n `ed zra dae,dnvrlyk zexividn zg` lk yxtn xn`nd z` x`zl zleki xqeg ick cr miipyd zxivia icedid mlerd ly ezeifkxn.icedid haidd `ll mzxivi jkn d`vezk,xeivde zextqd:zepey zepiltivqic izy oia zkxrp d`eeydd zepiltivqicd ly dpeyd ite`dn miraepe miipepbq mdn miaxy,milcad miniiw eze`,d`eeydl agxp xke zeax dwyd zecewp zeniiw milcadd cva.zepeyd.df xn`n dlrn tihikx`e lnq,ze`ivn.a dlerd,itexi`îgxfnd icedid 'lhrhy'd cner zexivid izy ly ofkxna s` lr cxeye zixyt` izla hrnke dyw ze`ivna igd,ccepd icedid zervn`a.lekd.`cixb icedi xelwleta xaecny aeygl,ile`,xyt` dwinrn izla d`ixwa znxezoexh`izldxe`tze`,dfxklyhaideldwiprndxeivdlyzegihyd xetiqaxadyn'xenvr`venmdamiipeviwdmiavnde,`qibcgnefzexyt`l izyl,epi`xy itk mle`.`qib jci`n xetiql 'diiyrn' zxiee` md mb mieeyn zernyn zelra zexivil oze` miktedd,mipey miwenr micax zexivid.zil`tihikx`îzileaniq,il`tihikx`d icedid ly ezenc zeieygxzdd fkxna zcner mixwnd ipya xayn ly hpnen,ihnxc hpnena,dleba icedid ly elxebe eavn z` bviind 'owf'de'akx'd:mixeaibd ipy z` cwet df ilxeb avn.ib`xh hrnke ilxeb `edy xirn micecpe miyetig rqnl `vei owfd :zelirtde diiyrd rvn`a miievnd xzep `ed.ezgtyn lk z` ca`n `ed oda zeaiqpe dyw avn ly gxekn xirl lr l`ey `ed xy`k.eilr miblblne ea milflfn mc` ipae,dign irvn` `ll,milret zixtq,xinf l`xyi - mebxz,xbpifîqiaya wgvi mr zegiy,oibxea cx`'vix.81'nr,1990,aia`îlz rztl.jiygn.dilr ip`e zccea dhin,zg` dpita.wix raexn xcg:ipe`kc zenelg".mipprae drepza xcgd z` `lnn lecb yrxa cxei miitpk lra xevie dxwzd zgztp wdea,icnwfgxe`d,ipirz`gewtllekiipi`!j`ln:ayegip`.zexxbpmiitpkwyn Marc Chagall, My Life, translated by Dorothy Williams, Peter Owen, ".jyeg aeye...icn London, 1965, p. 84. 191 25 26

,my) "dpey daeyz el xifgn cg`e cg` lke mditzka mikyen zeixad" aetfei lyelibeeavn,ed`xny`l`!?aetfei`idokidmirceimlekoi`ike,(260'nr :xne`e xtqnd cer siqen.zepivxa eze` migwel oi`y,jkl minxeb,d`xpk,owfd jezlbelbljxcmikiignmc`ipa,ezriqpaxaclxaîdyn'xdqpnyzni`lk".(260'nr,my)"ci reprpa milhane mpwf xarn ick jez mx`zn l`b`y.miccep,l`b`y ly exeiva,ezxiiye oelbrd mb xexa,xetiqa enk,micecpd zaiq z` xiaqnd xe`iz oi`y s`e,mewnl mewnn mifrdmiravd,ddkdrwxdjklrmicirn.dywavnlyazaferdxiiydy,epl dnicw mirp mleky,dcaerd xwirae,mipeyd eipeeb lr mec`d irav- mixreqde,xeiva dhnl,miiebd bef.dcxga elit`e a`ka,mirebrba zipxeg` milkzqn j`!?miig livdl oeiqipe miyw mi`pz,dwevn,mexbet.zenil`d zxiee`l siqen!?lxebd z` aihidl oeiqip ile`e z`,zicedid dxiird z` milnqn xeiva oelbrde xetiqd xeaib xa dyn 'x lk.cexyle lvpidl oeiqipde zenglnd,minexbetd,miwa`nd z`,da miigd.mixwnd ipya epi`xy itk,miicedid miipgexîmiizcd miigd ly xywda z`f - icedid haidd z` miyibcn,`ed eilkae,ely ekxca cg` lk mixveid ipy,zecxyidl igxkd i`pzk,cere mev,dlitz,zeipyn cenil,'ohw zilh',zilh.xzei aeh s`,ile`,cizrl deewze dle`b,dlvd s`zxaernenkzi`xpd,lbxazkledddyi`d,dqeqdohaaxaerd-xeiva z` milnqn md.ef deewz md s` miwfgn,clepy oad wgvi - xetiqae,`id xarne lrna,ipgexae `qib cgn laqa dxeywd,l`xyi mr ly zeikyndd.`qib jci`n gvpae onfd zqitz.b avnd x`ezn xetiqae xeiva.daeyge zifkxn `id zexivid izya onfd zqitz.cizrl dax zeaiyge xard l` mirebrb miniiw,deeda `ed aetfeil eribda.onfe mewn zpigan xard l` xefgl ywane dpet owfd eze` milik`ne miyialn,eze` midfn wqixh iciqg.mcwk hrnk,eini ycgn libaycgnhrnkligzn`ed.oaelzcleid,zixtkdlezaelmi`iynelit`e ;deedax`ezn`ed.xardjezngnevdfmle`,cizrdz`xwlcrev`ed.d`n,xard jezn wx ixyt` df cizr.cizrd l`,clepd oad zekfa,liaen df deed,jka iehia icil `a xacd.ipgexle micedil,zecdil,zcl,zxeqnl xyw llekd `l`,minrtdnkylg...":mixetikdmeimevz`oickezckmiiwowfdy,lynl cenill xeyw zrk mbe,xara did `ed.(265 'nr,my) "ziprzd z` milyd cxy`lyxkyîmiigepaldneca,meimeidiigawxrewyepi`emiipgexmixacle.jklyaile`ezxiiye oelbrd.xetiql dneca,mipnfd zyely l` exeiva qgiizn l`b`y mb z` daxiwa z`yepd dqeqd iptyk,deeda mze` mi`ex ep`e,xard on migxea 192

wxcizrdokziio`kmbe.cizrdl`dnicwmipet-zeikyndldeewz-xaerd xaky itk.xarne lrnle dpeilrd dgbydl,zcl,zxeqnl xeywd,xard zekfa,dqeqd caln,mlek mde,ohw zilh - oelbrl,'zilh' - dqeql :mcew oiev l` dnicw mikiynn md.iyewd zexnl,xard l` dbxra xeg`l milkzqn.xard on mze` mieelnd,miicedi mipnnq mze` mr cizrd.mipnf zewaeg zeiyxtl eipir `yep `edyk,deedd x`ezn zexivid izya caexk ievn ifitî`hnd,oixezqne dyecw l`,gvpd l` xywda riten deedd yext mipecpd mixwnd ipya.enr cinzn giye biy ielbd caexl la`,mlrp ipya.cizrl deewze xard l` mirebrb miniiw enr cgi,lw epi`y,deedd epipta zeikynd,zipgexd zeikynda dxeywd,zifit zeikyndl iekiq miiw mixwnd.xarne lrnae dpeilrd dgbyda,ipgexd mlera dielzd `ay,dnec j`lnde,xetiqa jkn rnzynd lk mr wgvi md jkl dnbec xaerde 'zilh'd mr dpald dqeqd - xeivae,owfd z` livdl mixg` zenlern epi` ifitî`hnd caexd.dy`x lrn migxtde dqeqd ixeg`n lebird,daxiwa!enrgiyebiy,ielbdcaexl-deedle,miiw`edmle`,ixnblielb,dcaerd xwira.milcad mb,oaenk,miniiw oelbrde owfd ly mxarl xy` ly eavnl qgia icxeqa` hrnke,daxda ib`xh,xzei cg owfd ly eavny zeniiw.hrnk ixyt` izlak owfd ly eavn z` x`zn xbpifîqiaya.oelbrd cr xary jxcd ze`lz.eze` ze`vend lkae eiiga mizeeir miniiwe zenfbd dl` lk.qpa yye`zd odne lvip odny zelgnd,laqy arxd,aetfeil eribd ep` ik,miyibxn ep` - ifitî`hind megzl zexywzn dl` zecaer.epn`ii `l xara owfd ly eavn xe`iz.iciind epzbyd megzl jiiy epi`y mlera mi`vnp?d`nlibamiycgmiigeoazcled,oi`eyip.cizrdmbjke.mfbenhrnk`ed - zniiw deewzd.zhlgen meiq zcewpl dribn dpi` l`b`y lv` dxiiyd ly drbd oi` mle` dlvdde deewzd oeeikl xiee`a znxen dqeqd ly dlbx owfd j`,zewtqe zel`y mr mpn`.xzei hlgen meiqd xbpifîqiaya lv`.ynn.ziyi`d dle`bl ribd mle`,zeeire minfben mihpnl` ok mb miniiw l`b`y ly exeiva oelbrd lv`,lbxa zkled dy`x aiaq lbrd mr dyi`d.owfd lv` xy`n zegt micg md dnicw mikled mlek.dlbrd lr zayei dndad cera,zxaern ile` `idyk fnexnd cizrd.mizeern dyi`de oelbrd ipte,(dqeqd caln) dxeg` milkzqne mpi` j` mifnexn dxiiyd zgxea odn miiywd.zepey zeiexyt`l gezt x`yp.xetiqak micge mihxetn oepbq.c miipiite`d milcadd mr cgi,xeivl xetiqd oia daxiw zniiw df `yepa mb hwep xetiqa.zihqil`ix `id zexivid izy ly `vend zcewp.mixveid ipyl mizeeirae zenfbda `ln,ixih`q,wiecn,cg ihqil`ix oepbq xbpifîqiaya 193

df miynyn ifitî`hnde ifitd.divpcpvqpxha dribp zniiw,el` cva.miipeviw rnzyndlklr,eilegzhinlreakyaowfdlyenelgednecj`lnd.dfcva zeiernyn mr ihqil`ixl eze` miktede xetiqd ly ei`iyn miipy mieedn,jkn izin`d onfd oeiv,zenewn zeny.zewenr zeipgexe zeil`tihikx` zeileaniq.`lt irexi` cva mirpkyn mitqep miihqil`ix mihxte zcnerd,mlerd ztwydl zizyzk ihqil`ixd oepbqa l`b`y ynzyn xeiva zenda hegyl,zepwl,xeknl,weyd l` dkildd :`yepd - xeivd ixeg`n xaerd mr dpald dqeqd.ihqil`ix epi` xeivd zipexwr dpigan,mle`.dnecke xeiva mitqep mihxtl zetxhvnd ze`nbec od dl` dab lr 'zilh'de dphaa.xarne lrnae ipgexa mirbepd d`eeyda oecira xeiva miriten mizeeirde zenfbdd,dxih`qde xenedd mr ilbx zkledd dyi`d,dpenzd zizgza zezeernd mixki`d bef ipt.xetiql.ceredlbrdlrzayeizxg`ddndadcera,dy`xaiaqdndad xbpifîqiaya.dwfg diqxtqk` xveid wfg iyep` ybx miiw xeivae xetiqa.eizeirae eizewevn,eizelaq lr mc`d z` zexivid fkxna miny cg`k l`b`ye,laqn akxend,dnec ineiw avn mdipy mirian iaiqxtqk`d zeeird zervn`a mrxywa,xarnelrnadfiynnlxebxeywzrada.cerezeen,zepkq,dgixa zeiv`ixeea iehia icil mi`a el` mihpnl`.miigd ly miipgexd mihpnl`d 27.icedid lxebd ly,xnel xyt`,dxehwexhqd idef.zepey okzii icedil dxewd qp e` zixyt` dle`by d`xn mixveid ipy oia d`eeydd lyzillkdefmbe,zihxtddle`bd.ipgexddflifitdmeiwdoiaalyn`edyk `idyk`ealdleki,ihxtdicedidbviineze`elekl`xyimre`,cceadicedid.dpeilrd dgbyda dpen`ae miipgexîmiizcd minegza dxeyw,miiywmrdeewz-miipnfîeaemiakxenmdmixacdy,xekflyi,z`fmrcgi - iyi`d icedid lxebde miigd ly micxeqa`e mizeeir mr zixyt` dlvd.illkde,zexec zex :df xn`n mb qqean dilr,xehwecd zceara ievn df haida agxp weqir oeir :l`b`y wx`ne xbpifîqiaya wgvi zexivia maevir ikxce miicedi miaihen.2003,b"qyz,obîznx,oli`îxa zhiqxaipe`,deeyn 27 194

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