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20 5R]ZD*DQ\QDSGMHVWZLFRGSRUQ\QD]DEXU]HQLDRF]DVLHWUZDQLDQLHGáX*V]\PQL* RNUHVX QDSLFLD ]DVLODMDFHJR +] *G\E\ QDSG PLDá E\ü RGSRUQ\ QD ]DEXU]HQLH R F]DVLH trwania tr = V RNUHVyZ ZyZF]DV SRMHPQRü Z REZRG]LH SUGX VWDáHJR SRZLQQD Z]URVQüGRZDUWRFL C dc = U dc Idctr ( U dc ) gr = 12 0, = 0,097 F 2]QDF]D WR SUDZLH NURWQ\ Z]URVW SRMHPQRFL L PLPR QLHZWSOLZHM SURVWRW\ UR]ZL]DQLD znaczacy wzost gabarytów i kosztów przemiennika 18. 1D U\QNX DPHU\NDVNLP RIHURZDQH V NRQGHQVDWRU\ VSHFMDOQHM NRQVWUXNFML SU]H]QDF]RQH PLG]\ LQQ\PL GOD UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZ HOHNWU\F]Q\FK &HFKXMH MH EDUG]R GX*D JVWRü HQHUJLL Z SU]HOLF]HQLX QD MHGQRVWN REMWRFL Z VWRVXQNX GR SRZV]HFKQLH GRVWSQ\FK NRQGHQVDWRUyZ 3U]\NáDGRZR GOD VLOQLND R PRF\ N: PR*QD ]DVWRVRZDü EDWHUL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ]áR*RQ]RPLXV]HUHJRZRSRáF]RQ\FKPRGXáyZND*G\RSRMHPQRFL) 2 2 QDSLFLX ]QDPLRQRZ\P 9 L HQHUJLL E C = 0,5CU = 0,5 96,4 (56) = 151, 2 N- &DáNRZLWD HQHUJLDEDWHULLZ\QRVLZLFE C =0-3U]\MPXMF*H]DEXU]HQLHQDSLFLD±NUyWNDSU]HUZD Z]DVLODQLXDQDOL]DQDMPQLHMNRU]\VWQHJRSU]\SDGNX±Z\ZRáXMH]PLDQQDSLFLDdc do 70% ZDUWRFL]QDPLRQRZHMPR*QDRV]DFRZDüGRSXV]F]DOQ\F]DV t r na podstawie równania: 100kW t r = 0,5 [ CU 2 2 C(0,7U ) ] 8 Dla C=96,4F i U=56V tr = V : UR]ZD*DQ\P SU]\SDGNX PR*QD ZLF VNRQVWUXRZDü QDSGRGSRUQ\QD]DEXU]HQLDRF]DVLHWUZDQLDGRV 9 s p o s ó b 3URVW\P L ]DUD]HP EDUG]R VNXWHF]Q\P UR]ZL]DQLHP MHVW SRSUDZD QLH]DZRGQRFL SUDF\ XNáDGyZ VWHURZDQLD SRSU]H] ]DVWRVRZDQLH QS bezprzerwowego ich zasilania (UPS, rys. 10). 6\QFKURQL]DFMD]DáF]DQLDHOHPHQWyZSyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK±NWyUDMHVWSUREOHPHPV]F]HJyOQLH VWHURZDQ\FKQDZURWQ\FKSURVWRZQLNyZPR*HE\ü]DFKRZDQDSRGF]DV]DSDGyZQDSLFLDSU]H] RGWZRU]HQLH SU]\ SRPRF\ RVF\ODWRUD 3// VLQXVRLGDOQHJR SU]HELHJX R F]VWRWOLZRFL +] ']LNL WHPX SUDFD QDSGX PR*H E\ü Z ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK EH]DZDU\MQLH NRQW\QXRZDQD SRSRZURFLHQDSLFLD6WRVRZDQLHSWOLID]RZHM3//GRV\QFKURQL]DFMLLPSXOVyZ]DSáRQRZ\FK W\U\VWRUyZ]QDSLFLDPLVLHFL]DVLODMFHMMHVWSRZV]HFKQSUDNW\N3//MHVWXNáDGHPGUXJLHJR U]GX L DE\ XWU]\PDü JR Z ZDUXQNDFK VWDELOQHM SUDF\ QLH]EGQH MHVW ]DVWRVRZDQLH ILOWUX RQLVNLHMF]VWRWOLZRFLRGFLFLD5HDNFMDQDVNRNID]\QDSLFLD]DVLODMFHJRDWDNLZ\VWSXMH nieomal zawsze podczas ]DSDGXQDSLFLDMHVWRJUDQLF]RQDSU]H]VWDáF]DVRZWHJRILOWUXNWyUD GOD V\VWHPyZ F]VWRWOLZRFL ]DVLODQLD PD ]Z\NOH ZDUWRü NLONXVHW ms. W tym czasie PLL QLH PD PR*OLZRFL ]DUHDJRZDü QD VNRNRZ ]PLDQ ID]\ QDSLFLD L Z NRQVHNZHQFML PR*H Z\VWSLüQLHSUDZLGáRZH]DáF]HQLHW\U\VWRUyZ 18 3UyF]FHQ\NRQGHQVDWRUyZQDOH*\XZ]JOGQLüUyZQLH*NRV]WRVSU]WX]ZL]DQHJR]UR]áDGRZ\ZDQLHPEDWHULLL jej zabezpieczeniami. 20

21 21 UPS System sterowania (PLL) M M 5\V3URVW\VSRVyE]ZLNV]HQLDRGSRUQRFLQDSGyZ =DVLODF]HXU]G]HHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK Zasilacz ac/dc, z mostkiem diodowym i kondensatorem, jest powszechnie stosowany Z XNáDGDFK VWHURZDQLD L LQQ\FK XU]G]HQLDFK HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK NRPSXWHU\ V\VWHP\ WHOHNRPXQLNDF\MQHVWHURZQLNLSURJUDPRZDOQHLWS,FKREFL*HQLHPV]Z\NOHSU]HNV]WDáWQLNL dc/dcnwyuh]dshzqldmzádflzhsr]lrp\qdslü]dvlodmf\fkgodnrfrz\fkxu]g]h3hzqd HQHUJLD MHVW ]PDJD]\QRZDQD Z NRQGHQVDWRUDFK ]DVLODF]D OHF] F]VWR JZDUDQWXMH RQD EDUG]R NUyWNLH DXWRQRPLF]QH ]DVLODQLH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\VWSLHQLD ]DSDGX 1DSLFLH dc maleje zwykle GR]HUDZF]DVLHNLONXG]LHVLFLXPV7DNLHXNáDG\]DVLODMFHL]DVLODQ\SU]H]QLHVSU]WVZLF EDUG]R F]XáH QD ]DSDG\ L SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX 5R]ZL]DQLHP MHVW VWRVRZDQLH GX*\FK kondensatorów, dc/dc SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ R GX*HM WROHUDQFML ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD ZHMFLRZHJR UPS-ów lub dodatkowych generatorów. Styczniki 6WRVRZDQLH Uy*Q\FK VSRVREyZ ]ZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL VW\F]QLNyZ QD ]DEXU]HQLD Z\PDJD LQG\ZLGXDOQHM DQDOL]\ ND*GHJR SU]\SDGNX V]F]HJyOQLH GOD ]DVLODQLD VLOQLNyZ L UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZSRGF]DVSRZURWXQDSLFLD0R*OLZHVQDVWSXMFHURGNL]DUDGF]H - zasilanie styczników przez systemy bezprzerwowego zasilania (silnik-generator, UPS itp.); - NRQZHQFMRQDOQLH VWRVXMH VL VW\F]QLNL ac,vwqlhmh PR*OLZRü ]DVWRVRZDQLD VW\F]QLNyZ ]FHZNSUGXVWDáHJR]DVLODQ\FK]VLHFLSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJRSRSU]H]SURVWRZQLN]GX*\P NRQGHQVDWRUHPQDZ\MFLX(QHUJLD]JURPDG]RQDZNRQGHQVDWRU]HXPR*OLZLDSRGWU]\PDQLH stycznika podczas ]DSDGyZ R ]QDF]Q\P F]DVLH WUZDQLD ]DOH*Q\P RG ZLHONRFL NRQGHQVDWRUD &HFK\ NRQVWUXNF\MQH VW\F]QLNyZ ] FHZNDPL QD QDSLFLH VWDáH JZDUDQWXM ZLNV] RGSRUQRü QD UR]ZD*DQ\ URG]DM ]DEXU]H ZLNV]D HQHUJLD ]JURPDG]RQD Z SROX magnetycznym rdzenia) 10 s p o s ó b Polega na wytworzeniu wspólnych szyn dcgod]dvlodqldzlhoxqdsgyzmdnqdu\vxqnx 5R]ZL]DQLH WR JZDUDQWXMH SRSUDZQH G]LDáDQLH D UyZQRF]HQLH MHVW WDV]H L PD PQLHMV]H Z\PLDU\ QL* NLOND QLH]DOH*Q\FK QDSGyZ 6WRVRZDQH MHVW JáyZQLH Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FK SURFHVyZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK NWyUH V ]DVLODQH SU]\ SRPRF\ QDZURWQ\FK SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ JZDUDQWXMF\FK UHJXODFM SUGNRFL L Z]DMHPQ V\QFKURQL]DFM SUDF\ VLOQLNyZ : UHODFML GR WUDG\F\MQHJR UR]ZL]DQLD Z NWyU\P ND*G\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN MHVW SU]\áF]RQ\EH]SRUHGQLRGRVLHFL]DVLODMFHMZSURSRQRZDQ\PUR]ZL]DQLXZ\PLDQDHQHUJLL SRPLG]\ QDSGDPL SUDFXMF\PL Z ]DNUHVLH SUDF\ VLOQLNRZHM L JHQHUDWRURZHM KDPRZDQLH RG]\VNRZH RGE\ZD VL EH]SRUHGQLR SRSU]H] ZVSyOQH V]\Q\ QDSLFLD VWDáHJR L JáyZQ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLNac/dc0RFWHJRRVWDWQLHJRPR*HE\ü]QDF]FR]UHGXNRZDQD'RGDWNRZRPR*H RQE\üZ\SRVD*RQ\ZRSFMDNW\ZQHMNRPSHQVDFMLKDUPRQLF]Q\FKLNRPSHQVDFMLPRF\ELHUQHM ]ZLNV]DMFW\PVDP\PZDUWRüZVSyáF]\QQLNDPRF\XNáDGXMDNRFDáRFL

22 22 Prostownik JáyZQ\ Wspólne szyny QDSLFLDVWDáHJR (dc) Rezystor UR]áDGRZXMF\ System gromadzenia energii (a) (b) 5\VD7\SRZ\XNáDG]DVLODQLDZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FKSURFHVyZEXNáDG]HZVSyOQ\PLV]\QDPLQDSLFLDVWDáHJR (dc) Rysunek 11a przedstawia typowy schemat wielosilnikowego procesu, podczas gdy QDU\VXQNXE]DSUH]HQWRZDQRSURSRQRZDQHUR]ZL]DQLH:SU]\SDGNX]DSDGXQDSLFLDOXE SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX PR*H E\ü UHDOL]RZDQD ]DUyZQR SDV\ZQD MDN L DNW\ZQD VHNZHQFMD VWHURZDQLD 3U]\ EUDNX QDSLFLD ] VLHFL QDVWSXMH DXWRPDW\F]QH ]DáF]HQLH UH]\VWRUD Z FHOX NRQWUROL QDSLFLD dc : WHQ VSRVyE HQHUJLD KDPRZDQLD PR*H E\ü UR]SURV]RQD QD UH]\VWRU]H 0R*QDUyZQLH*]DVWRVRZDüDNW\ZQHVWHURZDQLHSROHJDMFHQDSU]\áF]HQLXGRV]\QdcXNáDGX JURPDG]FHJR HQHUJL QS EDWHULL DNXPXODWRUyZ OXE 836 =DOHW Z VWRVXQNX GR UR]ZL]DQLD ZNWyU\PND*G\VLOQLNMHVW]DVLORQ\]RGG]LHOQHJR836MHVWWR*HV\VWHPJURPDG]HQLDHQHUJLL PR*HE\üZ\PLDURZDQ\W\ONRQDQDGZ\*NPRF\F]\QQHMSRQDGZ\PLDQSRPLG]\VLOQLNDPL 11 s p o s ó b 'ODMHGQRID]RZ\FK]ZDUüL]DSDGyZQDSLFLDSU]\NWyU\FKLVWQLHMHPR*OLZRüGRVWDUF]DQLD HQHUJLL]VLHFL]DVLODMFHMUHDOQHWHFKQLF]QLHMHVWZ\SUDFRZDQLHWDNLHMVWUDWHJLLVWHURZDQLDNWyUD ]DJZDUDQWXMH Z\PDJDQ\ SR]LRP RGSRUQRFL QDSGX -HGQD ] WHFKQLN SROHJD QD NRPSHQVDFML ]PLDQQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRZFHOXSRGWU]\PDQLDVWDáHJRPRPHQWXVLOQLND.RQWUROZDUWRFLQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHdcPR*QD]UHDOL]RZDüZUy*Q\VSRVyE SU]HNV]WDáWQLN VWDELOL]XMF\ QDSLFLH Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P (dalej nazywany stabilizatorem) rysunek 12. 8PLHV]F]RQ\SRPLG]\SURVWRZQLNLHPLNRQGHQVDWRUHPZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\PSUGX VWDáHJR JZDUDQWXMH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\VWSLHQLD ]DSDGX VWDELOL]DFM QDSLFLH dc na poziomie PLQLPDOQHMZDUWRFLZ\PDJDQHMSU]H]LQZHUWRU:UR]ZL]DQLXW\PQLH]EGQ\MHVWGRGDWNRZ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLRGSRZLHGQLDVWUDWHJLDVWHURZDQLD3URVWRZQLNJáyZQ\LVWDELOL]DWRUPXV]E\ü SU]HZ\PLDURZDQHZVWRVXQNXGRPRF\VLOQLND3U]\NáDGRZRMH*HOLQDSGMHVW]DSURMHNWRZDQ\ WDN DE\ E\á RGSRUQ\ QD ]DSDG\ R DPSOLWXG]LH SURVWRZQLN L GRGDWNRZ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN PXV]PLHüPRFRNRáRGZXNURWQLHZLNV]ZUHODFMLGRPRF\LQZHUWRUD:FHOXSRZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL QDSGX PR*QD ZSURZDG]Lü GRGDWNRZ\ HOHPHQW JURPDG]F\ HQHUJL QS NRQGHQVDWRU\RZLNV]HMSRMHPQRFLOXEEDWHULHDNXPXODWRUyZ