-$.2û(1(5*,,(/(.75<&=1(-

1 -$.2û(1(5*,,(/(.75<&=1(- &= û=dsdg\qdslfldlnuywnlhsu]huz\z]dvlodqlx±zsá\zqdsudf QDSGyZHOHNWU\F]Q\FKRUHJXORZDQHMSUGNRFL Zbigniew Hanzelka Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, 30-019 Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 30 tel: (012) 617 28 78, tel/fax: (012) 633 22 84, e-mail: hanzel@uci.agh.edu.pl Konsultant techniczny Twelve Electric. 1. :67 3 Streszczenie: =DSDG\ QDSLFLD L NUyWNLH SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX V REHFQLH MHGQ\P ]QDMZD*QLHMV]\FK]DJDGQLHZG]LHG]LQLHMDNRFLHQHUJLLHOHNWU\F]QHM6WDQRZLWRX]DVDGQLHQLH SRGMW\FK Z RVWDWQLFK NLONX ODWDFK LQWHQV\ZQ\FK SUDF ]PLHU]DMF\FK GR UR]SR]QDQLD L IRUPDOQHJR RSLVX W\FK ]MDZLVN RNUHOHQLD RGSRUQRFL QDMSRZV]HFKQLHM VWRVRZDQHJR VSU]WX HOHNWURWHFKQLF]QHJR L HOHNWURQLF]QHJR RUD] ]DSURSRQRZDQLD URGNyZ WHFKQLF]Q\FK PLQLPDOL]XMF\FK VNXWNL LFK Z\VWSRZDQLD : DUW\NXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR SRGVWDZRZH LQIRUPDFMH GRW\F]FHW\FK]DEXU]HLFKLORFLRZHJRRSLVXRUD]SU]\F]\QZ\VWSRZDQLD2PyZLRQRWDN*H VNXWNL LFK REHFQRFL QD SU]\NáDG]LH QDSGyZ HOHNWU\F]Q\FK R UHJXORZDQHM SUGNRFL Z VWUXNWXU]H NWyU\FK Z\Uy*QLRQR WU]\ HOHPHQW\ R Uy*Q\P SR]LRPLH RGSRUQRFL DSDUDWXU áf]hqlrz XNáDG SRPLDURZRVWHUXMF\ RUD] F]ü HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q 7HQ URG]DM RGELRUQLND ]RVWDá Z\EUDQ\ ]H Z]JOGX QD SRZV]HFKQRü VWRVRZDQLD Z ZDUXQNDFK SU]HP\VáRZ\FK V]F]HJyOQ F]XáRü HOHPHQWyZ VNáDGRZ\FK QD RPDZLDQ\ URG]DM ]DEXU]HQLD RUD] ]QDF]FH HNRQRPLF]QHVNXWNL]DNáyFHQLDMHJRSUDF\ -DNRü QDSLFLD RF]HNLZDQD SU]H] RGELRUFyZ QLH RJUDQLF]D VL W\ONR GR FLJáRFL]DVLODQLD ZVNDOLQSURNXOHF]FRUD]F]FLHMZVNDOLVHNXQGDQDZHWPV6WG]DSDG\QDSLFLDLNUyWNLH SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX V WUDNWRZDQH REHFQLH MDNR MHGQH ] QDMEDUG]LHM NáRSRWOLZ\FK ]DEXU]H elektromagnetycznych. 2U N U 2U N 10% t t 10ms t 1s ]DSDGQDSLFLD krótka przerwa 5\V3U]\NáDGRZ\]DSDGQDSLFLDLNUyWNDSU]HUZDZ]DVLODQLXU N QDSLFLH]QDPLRQRZH

2 1D U\VXQNX SU]HGVWDZLRQR SU]\NáDGRZ\ SU]HELHJ ]DSDGX QDSLFLD L NUyWN SU]HUZ Z]DVLODQLXZUD]]ZLHONRFLDPLNWyUHFKDUDNWHU\]XM]MDZLVNDZVSRVyELORFLRZ\ 'HILQLFMD0LG]\QDURGRZHM.RPLVML(OHNWURWHFKQLNL,(&G\VNXWRZDQDREHFQLHZUDPDFKSUDF QDG QRUP GRW\F]F MDNRFL HQHUJLL SU]\V]á\ VWDQGDUG,(& RNUHOD MDNRzapad QDSLFLD MHJR QDJáH ]PQLHMV]HQLH GR ZDUWRFL ]DZDUWHM SRPLG]\ L GHNODURZDQHJR QDSLFLD 1 U DEK. SR NWyU\P SR NUyWNLP RNUHVLH F]DVX QDVWSXMH SRZUyW GR ZDUWRFL deklarowanej. 3U]\MPXMHVL*HF]DVWUZDQLD]DEXU]HQLDZ\QRVLRGPVGRPLQ=PQLHMV]HQLHQDSLFLD GRZDUWRFLZLNV]HMQL*ZDUWRFLGHNODURZDQHMQLHMHVWWUDNWRZDQHMDNR]DSDGQDSLFLD :]JOGQD DPSOLWXGD ]DSDGX QDSLFLD U MHVW GHILQLRZDQD MDNR Uy*QLFD SRPLG]\ PLQLPDOQVNXWHF]QZDUWRFLQDSLFLDSRGF]DVzapadu (ULQDSLFLHPGHNODURZDQ\P 2 : U DEK U U [%] = 100% U : F]DVLH WUZDMFHM G\VNXVML QDG XQLILNDFM GHILQLFML Z\VXQLWR V]HUHJ LQQ\FK SURSR]\FML NWyUH ]DZLHUDM WDN*H VXJHVWLH GRW\F]FH VSRVREX SRPLDUX SRGVWDZRZ\FK SDUDPHWUyZ FKDUDNWHU\]XMF\FK ]DEXU]HQLH Z VSRVyE LORFLRZ\ 1DMEDUG]LHM UHSUH]HQWDW\ZQD MHVW SURSR]\FMD IUDQFXVND ZJ NWyUHM Z QDSLFLX MHGQRID]RZ\P R RNUHVLH T Z\VWSXMH ]DáDPDQLH QDSLFLD MH*HOL MHJR VNXWHF]QD ZDUWRü Z\]QDF]RQD Z RNQLH F]DVRZ\P EGF\P FDáNRZLW NURWQRFL T MHVW PQLHMV]D QL* ZDUWRFL GHNODURZDQHM 3. =DSDG QDSLFLD ]DF]\QD VL QDSRF]WNXSLHUZV]HJRRNQDF]DVRZHJRLNRF]\QDNRFXRVWDWQLHJRRNQDF]DVRZHJRSRGF]DV NWyU\FKQDSLFLH]DZDUWHMHVWZSRGDQ\PSU]HG]LDOH 'OD QDSLü ZLHORID]RZ\FK Z\VWSXMH ]DSDG QDSLFLD MH*HOL Z\VWSXMH RQ SU]\QDMPQLHM Z MHGQ\P] ID]RZ\FK OXE PLG]\ID]RZ\FK QDSLü =DF]\QD VL Z FKZLOL Z NWyUHM SRMDZL VL ZSLHUZV]HMID]LHLNRF]\]NRFHPzapadu w ostatniej fazie (rys. 2)..UyWNDSU]HUZDR]QDF]DQDSLFLHRZDUWRFLPQLHMV]HMRGPLQLPDOQHMGHILQLXMFHMzapad. Dla FHOyZSRPLDURZ\FKSU]\MPXMHVLQDMF]FLHMMDNRGROQJUDQLFQDSLFLDGHNODURZDQHJR 4. 1 1DSLFLH GHNODURZDQH WR ]Z\NOH QDSLFLH ]QDPLRQRZH V\VWHPX -H*HOL Z HIHNFLH SRUR]XPLHQLD SRPLG]\ GRVWDZF L RGELRUF HQHUJLL QDSLFLH Uy*QL VL RG ]QDPLRQRZHJR ZyZF]DV MHVW RQR GHNODURZDQ\P QDSLFLHP ]DVLODQLD : VLHFLDFK :1 MDNR QDSLFLH GHNODURZDQH SU]\MPXMH VL ZDUWRü VNXWHF]Q QDSLFLD Z\]QDF]RQ ZRNUHVLHSRSU]HG]DMF\P]DáDPDQLH 2 :M]\NXDQJLHOVNLPZ\VWSXMGZDRNUHOHQLD]DSDGXQDSLFLDsupply voltage dip preferowane przez IEC oraz voltage sag VWRVRZDQH JáyZQLH Z OLWHUDWXU]H DPHU\NDVNLHM QS 6WG,((( 5y*QLFH QLH GRW\F] W\ONR WHUPLQX5y*QHVWDN*HGHILQLFMHW\FKSRMü,WDN - voltage dippdzduwrürnuhorqlorud]hpuhgxnfmlqdslfldgrmhjrzduwrflsu]hgz\vwslhqlhp]dexu]hqld * U tzn.: U voltage dip magnitude = 100% * U Np. 20%-wy ]DSDG QDSLFLD ZJ WHM GHILQLFML R]QDF]D WDN ZDUWRü QDSLFLD SRGF]DV zapadu, która jest o 20% PQLHMV]DRGMHJRZDUWRFLSRF]WNRZHMSU]HGZ\VWSLHQLHP]DEXU]HQLD - Voltage sagmhvwfkzlorzuhgxnfmqdslfld]dvlodmfhjrnwyuhjrzduwrüsrgf]dv]dexu]hqldz\qrvl QDSLFLDSRF]WNRZHJR3U]HFLZQLHQL*ZSU]\SDGNX voltage dipzduwrüvoltage sag amplitudemhvwz]jogq ZDUWRFL DNWXDOQLH Z\VWSXMFHJR QDSLFLD RGQLHVLRQ GR QDSLFLD SRF]WNRZHJR SU]HG Z\VWSLHQLHP zaburzenia. U voltage sag magnitude = 100% U 3U]\NáDGRZR Z\ ]DSDG QDSLFLD ZJ WHM GHILQLFML R]QDF]D FKZLORZH ]PQLHMV]HQLH ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD GRSR]LRPXZDUWRFLSRF]WNRZHM 3 =DVWSLHQLH ZDUWRFL GHNODURZDQHM LQQ X]JRGQLRQ SRPLG]\ GRVWDZFLRGELRUFHQHUJLL F]\QL W GHILQLFM RGSRZLHGQLGODFHOyZNRQWUDNWRZ\FK 4 'HILQLFMH W\FK ]DEXU]H VWRVRZDQH Z ZLHOX QDURGRZ\FK L PLG]\QDURGRZ\FK GRNXPHQWDFK Uy*QL VL ZDUWRFLDPLOLF]ERZ\PLDPSOLWXG\LF]DVXWUZDQLD]DEXU]HQLDQSIEC 61000-4-11, EN50160, IEEE1159, CEA, CENELEC, EPRI, EMERALD CONTRACT itd.) DEK *

3 Rys. 2 Trójfazowy wielostopniowy ]DSDGQDSLFLD =DSDG QDSLFLD PR*H PLHü SURVW\ MHGQRVWRSQLRZ\ NV]WDáW OXE ]ár*rq\ SRGF]DV NWyUHJR QDSLFLH ]PLHQLD VL Z GZyFK OXE ZLFHM VWRSQLDFK U\V : SUDNW\F]Q\FK UR]ZD*DQLDFK QLH]DOH*QLH RG NV]WDáWX MHVW RQR WUDNWRZDQH ]D]Z\F]DM MDNR SRMHG\QF]H ]DEXU]HQLH -DNR amplituda ]DSDGX R ]ár*rq\p NV]WDáFLH MHVW SU]\MPRZDQD QDMF]FLHM QDMZLNV]D ]PLDQD QDSLFLDDF]DVWUZDQLDMHVWF]DVHPWUZDQLDFDáHJR]DEXU]HQLDSRGF]DVNWyUHJRZDUWRüQDSLFLD MHVWPQLHMV]DQL*ZDUWRFLGHNODURZDQHM %DUG]RF]VWR]HZ]JOGXQDV\VWHPSRQRZQHJR]DáF]DQLDSRGF]DVHOLPLQDFML]ZDUü63= ]DSDG\ QDSLFLD Z\VWSXM Z SRVWDFL VHNZHQFML NLONX QDVWSXMF\FK SR VRELH ]DEXU]H Skutkiem kilku ]DSDGyZZ\VWSXMF\FKEOLVNRVLHELHPR*HE\üMHGQR]DNáyFHQLHQSSU]HUZDQLH procesu produkcyjnego pierwszym ]DSDGHP 6WG Z ZDUXQNDFK NRQWUDNWX QD GRVWDZ HQHUJLL G\VNXWXMH VL SURFHGXU DJUHJDFML ]GDU]H SROHJDMF QD ZSURZDG]HQLX PLQLPDOQHJR F]DVX SRPLG]\ GZRPD SU]\SDGNDPL SR SU]HNURF]HQLX NWyUHJR V RQH WUDNWRZDQH MDNR QLH]DOH*QH zaburzenia. $PSOLWXGDF]DVWUZDQLDLF]VWRüZ\VWSRZDQLD]PLDQQDSLFLDUyZQLH*]DSDGyZ]DOH*\ RG ZLHOX F]\QQLNyZ Z W\P PLG]\ LQQ\PL RG URG]DMX VLHFL SXEOLF]QD OXE SU]HP\VáRZD transmisyjna lub rozdzielcza), jej konfiguracji (radialna, promieniowa, mieszana), poziomu

QDSLFLD SURFHQWRZHJR XG]LDáX NDEOL URG]DMX X]LHPLHQLD XNáDGyZ ]DEH]SLHF]H L SUDNW\NL HOLPLQDFML]ZDUüORNDOL]DFMLVLHFLZSá\ZF]\QQLNyZDWPRVIHU\F]Q\FKLWS 2. CHARAKTERYSTYKI ZABURZENIA Charakterystyki NRPSDW\ELOQRFLRZH GRW\F]FH UR]ZD*DQHJR ]DEXU]HQLD SU]HGVWDZLDM QDMF]FLHM ]ZL]HN DPSOLWXG\ QDSLFLD SRGF]DV ]DSDGX RUD] F]DVX MHJR Z\VWSRZDQLD (w postaci graficznej lub tabelarycznej). :LHOH ODW GRZLDGF]H HXURSHMVNLFK ]DNáDGyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK ]DRZRFRZDáR IRUP NODV\ILNDFML RPDZLDQ\FK ]DEXU]H SU]HGVWDZLRQ Z WDEOLFDFK L /LF]ED zapadów podczas ]DGDQHJR SU]HG]LDáX F]DVX ± G]LH W\G]LH PLHVLF URN LWS ± MHVW ZSLV\ZDQD Z WDEOLF RGQRV]F VL GR Z\Uy*QLRQHJR SXQNWX ]DVLODQLD 3RVWDü WDEOLF PR*H E\ü Uy*QD Z ]DOH*QRFL RGSRVWDQRZLHNRQWUDNWX3RQL*HMSU]HGVWDZLRQRGZLHSU]\NáDGRZH 5. ƒ w g U N I P E D E ]DSDG\VVRUWRZDQHL]OLF]DQH]JRGQLH]LFKPDNV\PDOQDPSOLWXG i czasem trwania tablica 1. Tablica 1 Czas trwania Amplituda (%) U DEK Od 10 do 15 Od 15 do 30 Od 30 do 60 Od 60 do 90 Od 90 do 100 100 od 20ms do 100ms od 100ms do 500ms od 500ms do 1s od 1s do 3s od 3s do 20s od 20s do 60s ƒ DOWHUQDW\ZQ\P VSRVREHP MHVW NODV\ILNDFMD ZJ ÄF]DVX Z\VWSRZDQLD ]DEXU]HQLD SRQL*HM ]DGDQHJR SURJX QDSLFLRZHJR ± WDEOLFD 7DEOLFD WD SRGREQD GR ]DOHFDQHM SU]H] 81,3('( ]DZLHUD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDWNDFK OLF]E zapadów których amplituda ma ZDUWRüZLNV]QL*RNUHORQDGODGDQHJRZLHUV]D Tablica 2 Czas trwania Amplituda (%) U DEK 10 15 30 60 90 od 20ms do 100ms od 100ms do 500ms od 500ms do 1s od 1s do 3s od 3s do 20s od 20s do 60s,QQ\PF]VWRVWRVRZDQ\PVSRVREHPMHVWSUH]HQWDFMD]DSDGyZQDSLFLDZSRVWDFLSXQNWyZ R ZVSyáU]GQ\FK F]DV Z\VWSLHQLD ]DEXU]HQLDDPSOLWXGD QD WOH FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL &%(0$ (Computer Business Manufacturers Association) rysunek 3. Charakterystyka ta definiuje GRSXV]F]DOQHZDUWRFL]DSDGyZLZ]URVWyZQDSLFLDZIXQNFMLF]DVXLFKZ\VWSRZDQLD2EV]DU 5 'ODWHMIRUP\WDEXODFMLSURVWRNWQ\]DSDGQDSLFLDSRMDZLDVLZSRMHG\QF]\FKNROXPQDFKLZNLONXZLHUV]DFK Z ]DOH*QRFL RG PDNV\PDOQHM DPSOLWXG\ SRGF]DV JG\ ]ár*rq\ ]DSDG PR*H SRMDZLü Z ZLFHM QL* MHGQHM kolumnie. 4

5 SRPLG]\ JDá]LDPL FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL MHVW REV]DUHP DNFHSWRZDQHM ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD VSU]WX LQIRUPDW\F]QHJRMDNRFLQDSLFLD]DVLODMFHJR 5\V3UH]HQWDFMD]DáDPDQDSLFLDQDWOHNU]\ZHMF]XáRFL&%(0$ &KDUDNWHU\VW\ND WD ]RVWDáD SRGGDQD PRG\ILNDFML Z URNX L REHFQLH MHVW ]QDQD MDNR charakterystyka ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council) 6 2GQRVL VL GR ]DEXU]H o czasie trwania od 1µ s do stanu ustalonego, o amplitudach zawartych w przedziale 0-500% QDSLFLD ]QDPLRQRZHJR -DN ZLGDü QD FKDUDNWHU\VW\FH F]DV WUZDQLD MHGQHM ] QDMEDUG]LHM podstawowych przyczyn ]DSDGyZ ± MHGQRID]RZHJR ]ZDUFLD ± QLH PR*H E\ü GáX*V]\ QL* NLONDQDFLH PV DE\ SXQNW UHSUH]HQWXMF\ WR ]DEXU]HQLH E\á ]DZDUW\ Z GRSXV]F]DOQ\FK JUDQLFDFK:\QLND]QLHMWDN*HMDNEDUG]RZD*Q\MHVW]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDUHGXNFMLQHJDW\ZQ\FK VNXWNyZWHJR]DEXU]HQLDF]DV]DG]LDáDQLDV\VWHPyZ]DEH]SLHF]H]ZDUFLRZ\FK 3. PRZYCZYNY ZABURZENIA =DJáyZQHSU]\F]\Q\]DSDGyZQDSLFLDLNUyWNLFKSU]HUZZ]DVLODQLXQDOH*\X]QDü - zwarcia systemowe lub zwarcia w samych instalacjach; - SURFHV\]DáF]DQLDRGELRUQLNyZGX*HMPRF\ - zmiany konfiguracji sieci; - SUDFRGELRUQLNyZR]PLHQQ\PREFL*HQLXV]F]HJyOQLHELHUQ\P 3.1 Zwarcia systemowe lub zwarcia w instalacjach odbiorcy =ZDUFLD PRJ E\ü MHGQRID]RZH QDMF]FLHM OXE U]DGV]H GZX L WUyMID]RZH 0RJ Z\VWSRZDü ]DUyZQR Z VLHFLDFK WUDQVPLV\MQ\FK MDN L UR]G]LHOF]\FK D WDN*H Z LQVWDODFMDFK RGELRUFyZ3RZRGXMSU]HW*HQLDSUGRZHVNXWNLHPNWyU\FKVVSDGNLQDSLüQDLPSHGDQFMDFK systemu i w konsekwencji ]DSDG\QDSLFLD3U]\F]\Q\]ZDUüPR*QDSRG]LHOLüQD - ]HZQWU]QH D Z UyG QLFK QD QDWXUDOQH QLH]DOH*QH RG SUDF\ V\VWHPX ]DVLODMFHJR WM Z\áDGRZDQLD DWPRVIHU\F]QH SU]\F]\QD ]ZDUü Z OLQLDFK PJáD VDG( QLHJ LWS 6 http://www.itic.org

RUD] SU]\SDGNRZH R LQF\GHQWDOQ\P FKDUDNWHU]H GU]HZD ]ZLHU]WD Z\SDGNL komunikacyjne i konstrukcyjne, itp.). - ZHZQWU]QH PDMFH VZH (UyGáR Z V\VWHPLH ]DVLODMF\P QS XV]NRG]HQLD L]RODFML NDEOL WUDQVIRUPDWRUyZ áf]qlnyz ]ZDUFLD PDQHZURZH SRZRGRZDQH EáGDPL OXG]L OXE QLHZáDFLZ\PG]LDáDQLHPXU]G]HHOHNWURHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKLWS :LNV]Rü]ZDUüZV\VWHPLHMHVWHOLPLQRZDQDSRSU]H]G]LDáDQLH]DEH]SLHF]H:W\SRZ\FK UR]ZL]DQLDFK Z\áF]QLNL QD UR]G]LHOQLDFK SRZRGXM RGáF]HQLH XV]NRG]RQ\FK OLQLL L XPR*OLZLDM VDPRF]\QQ HOLPLQDFM ]ZDUFLD &]DV ]DG]LDáDQLD ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD F]DV WUZDQLD zwarcia i zarazem czas ]DSDGX OXE SU]HUZ\ Z]DVLODQLX]DOH*\ PLG]\ LQQ\PL RG ORNDOL]DFML RGELRUF\ZVWRVXQNXGRPLHMVFD]ZDUFLDRUD]SUDNW\NLHOLPLQDFML]ZDUü U 1 t I 1 1 2 3 4 t U 2 t t0 t1 t2 5\V 3URFHGXUD G]LDáDQLD XNáDGX ]DEH]SLHF]Ht 0 FKZLOD SRMDZLHQLD VL ]ZDUFLD t0 t1 ) - detekcja ]ZDUFLD L F]DV]DG]LDáDQLD]DEH]SLHF]HQLD t1 t 2 F]DV Z\áF]HQLD]ZDUWHM OLQLL t 2 - czas ponownego ]DáF]HQLD]ZDUFLHMHVWZ\HOLPLQRZDQH 7 6\VWHP\ ]DEH]SLHF]H V WDN SURMHNWRZDQH DE\ RJUDQLF]\ü OLF]E RGELRUFyZ NWyU]\ GRZLDGF]DM VNXWNyZ WHJR ]DEXU]HQLD 'OD RGELRUFyZ SRQL*HM PLHMVFD ]ZDUFLD VNXWNLHP MHVW NUyWND OXE GáXJD SU]HUZD Z]DVLODQLX'OD RGELRUFyZ SU]\áF]RQ\FK SRZ\*HM PLHMVFD]ZDUFLD OXE GR UyZQROHJá\FK OLQLL MHVW WR ]DSDG QDSLFLD R DPSOLWXG]LH ]DOH*QHM RG ÄHOHNWU\F]QHM RGOHJáRFL RG PLHMVFD ]ZDUFLD 5\VXQHN SU]HGVWDZLD W\SRZ\ V\VWHP UR]G]LHOF]\ ] SHZQ OLF]EOLQLL]DVLODQ\FK]HZVSyOQ\FKV]\Q=ZDUFLHQDOLQLLVSRZRGXMHSU]HUZ]DVLODQLDNWyU GRZLDGF]RGELRUF\WHMOLQLL:WU]HFKSR]RVWDá\FKOLQLDFKZ\VWSL]DSDGQDSLFLD2GáF]HQLH UyZQROHJáHM OLQLL QLH]DZV]H R]QDF]D*H MHM QDSLFLH]PDOHMH QDW\FKPLDVW GR]HUD 6WDMH VL WR F]VWR VWRSQLRZR ]H Z]JOGX QD REHFQRü PDV]\Q ZLUXMF\FK 3U]H] NUyWNL RNUHV F]DVX PDV]\Q\WHEGSUDFRZDüMDNRJHQHUDWRU\SU]HND]XMFHHQHUJLGROLQLL]DVLODMFHM : SU]\SDGNX DXWRPDW\NL SRQRZQHJR ]DáF]DQLD RGELRUF\ UyZQROHJá\FK OLQLL PRJ GRZLDGF]\ü NLONX ]DSDGyZ QDSLFLD WUZDMF\FK RG SRMHG\QF]\FK GR NLONXQDVWX RNUHVyZ Z]DOH*QRFLRGVWRVRZDQHMSUDNW\NLHOLPLQDFML]ZDUü 7.V]WDáW SU]HELHJX F]DVRZH ]DSDGX QDSLFLD RUD] Z\VWSXMF\ ZyZF]DV SUG ]DUHMHVWURZDQR PLHUQLNLHP $6 produkcji firmy Twelve Electric 0LHUQLN WHQ XPR*OLZLD JURPDG]HQLH Z UHMHVWU]H ]GDU]H RVWDWQLH SU]HNURF]H ]DGDQ\FK SU]H] RSHUDWRUD JUDQLF]Q\FK ZDUWRFL VNXWHF]Q\FK QDSLü ZUD] ] DPSOLWXG ]DEXU]HQLD RUD]GDWLF]DVHPMHJRZ\VWSLHQLD 6

7 /LF]E]ZDUü W\P VDP\P]DSDGyZ QDSLFLD L SU]HUZ Z]DVLODQLX PR*QD]PQLHMV]Dü QLH FDáNRZLFLHHOLPLQRZDüSRSU]H] - ZáDFLZHNVSORDWDFMV\VWHPXSROHJDMFQDFLJáHMNRQVHUZDFMLLPRGHUQL]DFMLVLHFL - instalowanie odgromników; - UHGXNFMGáXJRFLOLQLLQDSRZLHWU]Q\FK - ]DP\NDQLHVLHFLZXNáDG]LHSWOL - RJUDQLF]HQLHSUGyZ]ZDUFLRZ\FKSRSU]H]]ZLNV]HQLHLPSHGDQFMLREZRGX]ZDUFLDLWS :\ádgrzdqld DWPRVIHU\F]QH QDOH*\ WUDNWRZDü JáyZQLH MDNR (UyGáR SU]HSLü LZNRQVHNZHQFMLSU]HPLMDMF\FK]ZDUü±U\VXQHN 5\V3U]\NáDGRZ\]DSDGQDSLFLDVSRZRGRZDQ\Z\áDGRZDQLDPLDWPRVIHU\F]Q\PL :LGDüZ\UD(QLHGZDRGG]LHOQH]ZDUFLDZ\ZRáDQHNROHMQ\PLZ\áDGRZDQLDPL 3URFHV]DáF]DQLDRGELRUQLNyZGX*HMPRF\ 'RW\F]\ WR Z V]F]HJyOQRFL UR]UXFKX VLOQLNyZ HOHNWU\F]Q\FK 1DSLFLH Z OLQLL ]DVLODMFHM Z NWyUHM GRNRQ\ZDQ\ MHVW UR]UXFK PDOHMH QD VNXWHN GX*HM ZDUWRFL SUGX áf]hqlrzhjr JáyZQLH R FKDUDNWHU]H ELHUQ\P L Z NRQVHNZHQFML VSDGNX QDSLFLD QD LPSHGDQFML V\VWHPX Amplituda ]DSDGX QLH MHVW VWDáD SRGF]DV UR]UXFKX L]DOH*\ RG]PLHQLDMFHM VL ZDUWRFL SUGX UR]UXFKX -HVW RQ QDMZLNV]\ Z SRF]WNRZ\P RNUHVLH SR F]\P ]DQLND ZUD] ]H Z]URVWHP SUGNRFLVLOQLND3UGWHQL]ZL]DQ\]QLPVSDGHNQDSLFLDQDLPSHGDQFMLVLHFL]DVLODMFHMMHVW ZLFQDMZLNV]\QDSRF]WNXUR]UXFKXVLOQLNDDQDVWSQLHMHJRZDUWRüXOHJDUHGXNFMLU\V W tym przypadku ]DSDG QDSLFLD PD SU]HZLG\ZDOQ\ FKDUDNWHU L VWG Z]JOGQLH ádwzh ]DSURMHNWRZDQLH XNáDGX QDSGRZHJR L XNáDGX ]DVLODQLD Z WDNL VSRVyE DE\ UR]UXFK QDSGX QLH SRZRGRZDá ]QDF]F\FK ]DEXU]H -HVW WR SUREOHPHP R FKDUDNWHU]H JáyZQLH ORNDOQ\P L]UHJXá\QLHZSá\ZDQDSUDF]E\WGX*HMOLF]E\LQQ\FKRGELRUQLNyZ 6WRVRZDQH V Uy*QH VSRVRE\ ]ádjrg]hqld UR]UXFKX WM UR]UXV]QLN JZLD]GDWUyMNW UR]UXFK rezystancyjny i reaktancyjny, rozruch DXWRWUDQVIRURZ\ V]HUHJRZH OXE UyZQROHJOH áf]hqlh X]ZRMHZVLOQLNDFK]G]LHORQ\PLX]ZRMHQLDPLXNáDG\³soft-start itp. 6LOQLNL PRJ E\ü UyZQLH* (UyGáHP ]DSDGyZ QDSLFLD QLHNLHG\ ZLHORNURWQ\FK SRZRGRZDQ\FK]PLHQQ\PZF]DVLHREFL*HQLHPPHFKDQLF]Q\P

5\V3U]\NáDGRZH]DáDPDQLDQDSLFLDVSRZRGRZDQHUR]UXFKHPVLOQLNDSUGX DVWDáHJRLESUGXSU]HPLHQQHJR 8

9 1D U\VXQNX SU]HGVWDZLRQR SU]\NáDGRZ\ SU]HELHJ ]DSDGX QDSLFLD VSRZRGRZDQ\ SU]HáF]HQLHPRGELRUQLND]VLHFL]DVLODMFHMQD]DFLVNL836 Rys. 7. =DSDGQDSLFLDZ\ZRáDQ\SU]HáF]HQLHPRGELRUQLND]VLHFL]DVLODMFHMQD]DFLVNL836 4. SKUTKI ZABURZENIA 6 ]DOH*QH RG ZLHOX F]\QQLNyZ ZUyG NWyU\FK MDNR QDMEDUG]LHM LVWRWQH QDOH*\ Z\PLHQLü DPSOLWXG L F]DV WUZDQLD ]MDZLVND 2GELRUQLN PR*H ]RVWDü RGáF]RQ\ SU]H] XNáDG\ ]DEH]SLHF]DMFH OXE MHJR SUDFD PR*H E\ü QLHZáDFLZD MH*HOL QDSLFLH RVLJQLH ]E\W PDá ZDUWRü OXE MH*HOL ]DSDG EG]LH WUZDá ]E\W GáXJR 6NXWNL PRJ E\ü EDUG]R ]QDF]FH ]DUyZQR z technicznego jak i ekonomicznego punktu widzenia. =SRUyGZLHOXRGELRUQLNyZF]Xá\FKQD]DSDG\QDSLFLDQDOH*\Z\PLHQLüZV]F]HJyOQRFL QDSG\ HOHNWU\F]QH]DUyZQR R VWDáHM MDN L UHJXORZDQHM SUGNRFL: VWUXNWXU]H W\FK RVWDWQLFK PR*QD Z\Uy*QLü WU]\ SRGVWDZRZH HOHPHQW\ VNáDGRZH R Uy*Q\P VWRSQLX RGSRUQRFL QD ]DEXU]HQLH D DSDUDWXU áf]hqlrz E XNáDG HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\ F XNáDG SRPLDURZRVWHUXMF\ $SDUDWXUDáF]HQLRZDVW\F]QLNLLSU]HND(QLNL 1LH]DOH*QLH RG DSOLNDFML Z\VWSXMH ]DZV]H SUREOHP JG\ VW\F]QLNSU]HND(QLN UR]áF]\ VL w sposób niezamierzony podczas zaburzenia elektromagnetycznego. Prowadzi to zwykle GRQLHNRQWURORZDQHJRSU]HUZDQLDSURFHVX:LHOXZ\WZyUFyZSRGDMH*HLFKVW\F]QLNLRGSDGDM SU]\ QDSLFLD ]QDPLRQRZHJR U N MH*HOL WH ZDUXQNL WUZDM GáX*HM QL* MHGHQ RNUHV (0F*UDQDJKDQ 7H GDQH ]PLHQLDM VL Z]DOH*QRFL RG SURGXFHQWD OHF] Z SUDNW\FH QLHSUDZLGáRZRüG]LDáDQLDVW\F]QLNyZZ\VWSXMHF]VWRMX*SU]\U N OXEZLFHM : VW\F]QLNDFK ]MDZLVNR KLVWHUH]\ L ]PLDQ\ REZRGX PDJQHW\F]QHJR ]ZL]DQH ] UXFKHP ]ZRU\ VSUDZLDM *H LFK ]DFKRZDQLH VL SRGF]DV ]DSDGX QDSLFLD MHVW Z SHZQ\P VWRSQLX SURFHVHP ORVRZ\P 6LáD XWU]\PXMFD SU]HVXZQ ]ZRU Z RGSRZLHGQLHM SR]\FML MHVW SURSRUFMRQDOQD GR NZDGUDWX SUGX Z FHZFH L RVLJD ZDUWRü]HUR GZXNURWQLH SRGF]DV RNUHVX QDSLFLD.RQVWUXNFMD PHFKDQLF]QD VW\F]QLND RUD] LQHUFMD MHJR UXFKRP\FK F]FL VSUDZLDM *H SUDFXMH RQ SUDZLGáRZR UyZQLH* Z W\FK SU]HG]LDáDFK ZDUWRFL SUGX Z NWyU\FK VLáD SU]\FLJDQLD PDOHMH SRQL*HM PLQLPDOQHM ZDUWRFL SRGWU]\PDQLD 7DN ZLF SRGF]DV QRUPDOQHM SUDF\ VW\NL VW\F]QLND SR]RVWDM Z SR*GDQ\P VWDQLH :\VWSLHQLH QLHSUDZLGáRZRFL Z MHJR G]LDáDQLXZ\PDJDUyZQRF]HVQHJRZ\VWSLHQLDNLONXQLHNRU]\VWQ\FKF]\QQLNyZZUyGNWyU\FK

Z\PLHQLü QDOH*\ SUyF] DPSOLWXG\ ]DSDGX RUD] F]DVX MHJR WUZDQLD WDN*H SXQNW SU]HELHJX F]DVRZHJR QDSLFLD Z NWyU\P UR]SRF]\QD VL]DSDG ID]D SRF]WNRZD]DEXU]HQLD RUD] SXQNW Z NWyU\P QDSLFLH ZUDFD GR SLHUZRWQHM ZDUWRFL ID]D NRFRZD ]DEXU]HQLD 1DJáD ]PLDQD QDSLFLD SRGF]DV ]DEXU]HQLD SRZRGXMH ERZLHP ]ár*rq\ SU]HELHJ F]DVRZ\ SUGX Z FHZFH (Turner i inni, 1996). Podczas ]DSDGXZ\VWSXMHVNáDGRZDVWDáDSUGXPDMFD]DVDGQLF]\ZSá\ZQD]DFKRZDQLHVL VW\F]QLND 1DZHW QLHZLHOND ZDUWRü WHM VNáDGRZHM Z QDSLFLX SRZRGXMH SU]HSá\Z]QDF]FHJR SUGX VWDáHJR dc 1DZHW PDáD MHJR ZDUWRü PR*H VSRZRGRZDü SRGWU]\PDQLH VW\F]QLND SU]\ SUG]LHRPQLHMV]HMZDUWRFLVNXWHF]QHMQL*ZSU]\SDGNXSUGX]PLHQQHJREH]VNáDGRZHMVWDáHM 'RGDWNRZRVNáDGRZDdcSR]ZDODXQLNQüVWUDW]ZL]DQ\FK]KLVWHUH]REZRGXPDJQHW\F]QHJR LZWHQVSRVyESR]ZDODX]\VNDüZLNV]UHGQLZDUWRüVWUXPLHQLD 1LH LVWQLHMH *DGQD QRUPD PLPR *H SRGMWR MX* SUyE\ MHM RSUDFRZDQLD NWyUD RNUHODáDE\ ZDUWRüQDSLFLDSU]\NWyU\PVW\F]QLNVLOQLNDSRZLQLHQRGáF]\üQDSG1LHNWyU]\SURGXFHQFL SRGDM WDNLH GDQH OHF] QDMF]FLHM SRZVWDM SUREOHP\ ] LFK LQWHUSUHWDFM 3U]\NáDGRZR ]DVDGQLF]D MHVW Uy*QLFD Z ]DG]LDáDQLX ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD QDSGX Z SU]\SDGNX VWRSQLRZHM LVNRNRZHMUHGXNFMLZDUWRFLQDSLFLD 1DMF]FLHMVW\F]QLNGX*HMPRF\PDZ\VWDUF]DMFRGX*RHQHUJLL]PDJD]\QRZDQHM Z FHZFH DE\ ]DSRELHF SU]HGZF]HVQ\P Z\áF]HQLRP =DVWRVRZDQLH SRUHGQLFK SU]HND(QLNyZ Z REZRGDFK ]DVLODMF\FK QDSG\ GR ]DáF]DQLD VW\F]QLNyZ JáyZQ\FK ]DVDGQLF]R ]PQLHMV]D RGSRUQRüLQVWDODFMLMDNRFDáRFL3U]HND(QLNLV]UHJXá\EDUG]LHMF]XáHQD]DEXU]HQLHERZLHP ]PDJD]\QRZDQDZQLFKHQHUJLDMHVWPQLHMV]DRUD]PQLHMV]DMHVWLQHUFMDLFKUXFKRP\FKF]FL '*HQLH GR UHGXNFML Z\PLDUyZ DSDUDWXU\ áf]hqlrzhm SURZDG]L F]VWR Z NRQVHNZHQFML GRXU]G]HRPQLHMV]HMZDUWRFLJURPDG]RQHMHQHUJLLLW\PVDP\PPQLHMRGSRUQ\FKQDzapady QDSLFLD :XNáDGDFKUR]UXFKRZ\FKVLOQLNyZ1VWRVRZDQHV]UHJXá\FHZNLSUGXVWDáHJR]DVLODQH ] VLHFL SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR SRSU]H] SURVWRZQLNL,FK RGSRUQRü QD ]DSDG\ MHVW ZLNV]D QL* VW\F]QLNyZSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJR 5HJXORZDQHQDSG\ 6WDQRZL MHGHQ ] QDMZLNV]\FK SUREOHPyZ SRGF]DV ]DSDGyZ QDSLFLD L NUyWNLFK SU]HUZ Z]DVLODQLX 6 V]F]HJyOQLH F]XáH QD WHQ URG]DM]DEXU]HQLD D LFK]QDF]FH PRFH MHGQRVWNRZH F]\QL ZV]HONLH VSRVRE\ UHGXNFML VNXWNyZ ]DEXU]HQLD SUREOHPHP WUXGQ\P WHFKQLF]QLH L QDMF]FLHM EDUG]R NRV]WRZQ\P 1HJDW\ZQ\ HIHNW MHVW QDW\FKPLDVWRZ\ QLH WDN MDN MHVW ZSU]\SDGNXLQQ\FKURG]DMyZ]DEXU]HWMKDUPRQLF]QHDV\PHWULDLWS : SU]\SDGNX UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZ FKDUDNWHU\]RZDQLH]DSDGX QDSLFLD W\ONR Z XNáDG]LH ZVSyáU]GQ\FKDPSOLWXGDF]DVWUZDQLD]DEXU]HQLDMHVW]E\WGX*\PXSURV]F]HQLHPPLPR*HMHVW WR SRZV]HFKQ\ VSRVyE RSLVX L SRGVWDZRZ\ FHO SRPLDUyZ 1LH XZ]JOGQLD RQ ERZLHP Uy*QLF ZDUWRFLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKQDSLüID]RZ\FKDV\PHWULLW\FKQDSLüLZ\VWSXMFWDN*HSRGF]DV ]DSDGX ]PLDQ LFK NWyZ ID]RZ\FK 'RGDWNRZR WD XSURV]F]RQD FKDUDNWHU\VW\ND QLHXZ]JOGQLDWDN*HQLHVLQXVRLGDOQHMQDWXU\SU]HELHJXQDSLFLDSRGF]DVzapadu. 1DSG\ SUGX VWDáHJR L SU]HPLHQQHJR EGFH QDMEDUG]LHM SRZV]HFKQ\PL XNáDGDPL HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\PLUHDJXMUy*QLHQD]DSDG\QDSLFLDUy*QLVLERZLHPWRSRORJLF]FL HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]QHMLXNáDGDPLVWHURZDQLD]DUyZQRsoftwarem jak i hardwarem) 8. 6WU]\JáyZQHSU]\F]\Q\NWyUHVSUDZLDM*HQDSG\VF]XáHQDUR]ZD*DQ\URG]DM]DEXU]H PierwszaWR]DVLODQLHXNáDGXVWHURZDQLDQDSGX-H*HOLMHJR]DVLODF]HQLHVZVWDQLH]DSHZQLü Z\VWDUF]DMFHJRSR]LRPXQDSLFLDZyZF]DVQDSGPXVLE\üZ\áF]RQ\]HZ]JOGXQDJUR(E XWUDW\ NRQWUROL QDG MHJR SUDF 7DN ZLF SLHUZV]H G]LDáDQLD QDSUDZF]H LG Z NLHUXQNX 8 1LH PDREHFQLH QRUP\ NWyUD FKDUDNWHU\]RZDáDE\ UHDNFM UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZ QD ]DSDG\ QDSLFLD L NUyWNLH przerwy w zasilaniu. 10

11 SRGWU]\PDQLD]DVLODQLDXNáDGXSRPLDURZRVWHUXMFHJR Druga JUXSD SUREOHPyZ GRW\F]\ PR*OLZ\FK QLHSUDZLGáRZRFL Z SUDF\ OXE QDZHW JUR(E\ Z\VWSLHQLDVWDQXDZDU\MQHJRZF]FLÄVLáRZHM HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]QHMXNáDGXZQDVWSVWZLH zaburzenia. 7U]HFL SU]\F]\Q MHVW IDNW *H ZLHOH SURFHVyZ ]H Z]JOGyZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK QLH WROHUXMH XWUDW\SUHF\]\MQHMNRQWUROLSUGNRFLOXEPRPHQWXQDZHWSU]H]NLONDVHNXQG 5HDNFMD QDSGX QD ]DSDG\ QDSLFLD MHVW SUyF] ZLHONRFL RSLVXMF\FK ]DEXU]HQLH WDN*H IXQNFMURG]DMXREFL*HQLDRUD]SDUDPHWUyZQDSGX3HZQHSURFHV\PRJWROHURZDü]QDF]FH ]PQLHMV]HQLH SUGNRFL L PRPHQWX VLOQLND,QQH WDNLFK ]PLDQ QLH GRSXV]F]DM :LHOH ] QLFK Z\PDJD SUHF\]\MQHM L GRNáDGQHM NRQWUROL WDNLFK ZVND(QLNyZ MDN QS FLQLHQLH WHPSHUDWXUD SU]HSá\Z LWS 3RQLHZD* ZLNV]Rü W\FK SURFHVyZ MHVW QDSG]DQD SU]H] VLOQLNL HOHNWU\F]QH PRPHQWLSUGNRüVLOQLNDEH]SRUHGQLRZSá\ZDQD]PLHQQHSURFHVX 1DSG\SUGXVWDáHJR Skutki ]DSDGyZQDSLFLDLNUyWNLFKSU]HUZZ]DVLODQLXVV]F]HJyOQLHSRZD*QHZSU]\SDGNX QDSGyZ SUGX VWDáHJR ] SU]HNV]WDáWQLNDPL ac/dc L LQQH Z SRUyZQDQLX GR QDSGyZ SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR1DV]F]FLHQDSG\WHVREHFQLHPQLHMSRZV]HFKQHMDNNROZLHNGX*DLFKOLF]ED MHVWMHV]F]HZX*\FLX 1LHVWHURZDQHSURVWRZQLNLVXZD*DQH]DSUDNW\F]QLHQLHF]XáHQD]DSDG\QDSLFLD-HGQDN*H Z SU]\SDGNX REFL*RQ\FK SURVWRZQLNyZ ] ILOWUHP SRMHPQRFLRZ\P SR VWURQLH SUGX VWDáHJR PR*H Z\VWSLü SUREOHP SRGF]DV SRZURWX QDSLFLD SR ]DSDG]LH GR SLHUZRWQHM ZDUWRFL W czasie ]DSDGX NRQGHQVDWRU UR]áDGRZXMH VL -H*HOL QLH V SRGMWH *DGQH G]LDáDQLD ]DEH]SLHF]DMFH ZyZF]DV SRGF]DV SRZURWX QDSLFLD GX*D ZDUWRü SUGX ádgrzdqld PR*H E\ü QLHEH]SLHF]QD GOD SURVWRZQLND = WHJR PLG]\ LQQ\PL SRZRGX VWRVRZDQH V ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD SRGQDSLFLRZHZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRZ\áF]DMFHXU]G]HQLHZSU]\SDGNX]E\WJáERNLHJR LOXE]E\WGáXJLHJR]DEXU]HQLDZQDSLFLX Wg (&DOGRQLLQQLQLHQDZURWQHVWHURZDQHSURVWRZQLNLVZZLNV]RFLSU]\SDGNyZ F]XáH QD ]DáDPDQLD QDSLFLD R F]DVLH WUZDQLD GáX*V]\P RG NLONX PV L DPSOLWXG]LH ]DáDPDQLD ZLNV]HM QL* 7\ONR Z V]F]HJyOQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK PRJ RQH WROHURZDü UHGXNFM QDSLFLD GRZDUWRFL]QDPLRQRZHM1DZURWQHSU]HNV]WDáWQLNLVPQLHMRGSRUQHL]Z\NOHzapady QDSLFLDRDPSOLWXG]LHZLNV]HMQL*PRJVSRZRGRZDüDZDULW\FKXU]G]H W przypadku regulowanych prostowników o sterowaniu fazowym, podczas ]DSDGXQDSLFLD SWODVSU]*HQLD]ZURWQHJRVWDUDVLSRGWU]\PDüVWDáHQDSLFLHZ\MFLRZHSRSU]H]]PQLHMV]HQLH NWD Z\VWHURZDQLD W\U\VWRUyZ : ZLNV]RFL SU]\SDGNyZ SRGF]DV GáXJLFK L JáERNLFK ]DSDGyZ QDSLFLH WR PDOHMH ]PQLHMV]DMF Z NRQVHNZHQFML SUGNRü VLOQLND 3U]\ SRZURFLH QDSLFLD VLHFL GOD JUDQLF]Q\FK ZDUWRFL NWyZ Z\VWHURZDQLD W\U\VWRUyZ L ]DNáyFRQHM V\QFKURQL]DFML ] VLHFL ]DVLODMF PR*H Z\VWSLü SU]HW*HQLH SUGRZH SRZRGXMF ]DG]LDáDQLH V\VWHPX]DEH]SLHF]DMFHJR W przypadku niesymetrycznych ]DSDGyZ DPSOLWXGD SHZQ\FK QDSLü ]DVLODMF\FK PDOHMH ZyZF]DV UHJXODWRU SUGX SU]\ VWDá\P PRPHQFLH REFL*HQLD SRZRGXMH ]ZLNV]HQLH NWD SU]HZRG]HQLD W\U\VWRUyZ L WR PR*H VSRZRGRZDü ZLNV]H REFL*HQLH SUGRZH W\FK SyáSU]HZRGQLNyZ NWyUH V ]DVLODQH ] ID] NWyU\FK QDSLFLD QLH XOHJá\ ]PLDQLH 1DSG PR*H ]RVWDüZ\áF]RQ\]DEH]SLHF]HQLHPQDGSUGRZ\P,QQSU]\F]\QSUGRZHJRSU]HW*HQLDD]DUD]HP]DVDGQLF]\PSUREOHPHPSU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ ac/dc MHVW V\QFKURQL]DFMD LFK XNáDGyZ UHJXODFML NWyUD Z\PDJD SUHF\]\MQHM GHWHNFML SU]HMFLD RGSRZLHGQLFK QDSLü SU]H] ZDUWRü ]HURZ 6NRN ID]\ WRZDU]\V]F\ ]DSDGRP QDSLFLD ]PLHQLD UHJXODUQRü RGVWSyZ SRPLG]\ SXQNWDPL QDWXUDOQHM NRPXWDFML L PR*H SRZRGRZDü XWUDWV\QFKURQL]DFLLSRPLG]\XNáDGHPVWHURZDQLDLVLHFL]DVLODMF Podczas ]DSDGyZQDSLFLDV]F]HJyOQLHLVWRWQHMHVW]DFKRZDQLHVLSU]HNV]WDáWQLNDEGFHJR w zakresie pracy LQZHUWRURZHM %UDN OXE UHGXNFMD ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD VLHFL ]PQLHMV]D ZDUWRü

QDSLFLD QD ]DFLVNDFK VLOQLND L ZyZF]DV Z FHOX SRGWU]\PDQLD WDNLHJR VDPHJR HIHNWX KDPRZDQLDVSU]*HQLH]ZURWQHSU]HNV]WDáWQLND]ZLNV]DDXWRPDW\F]QLHNWVWHURZDQLD,VWQLHMH UHDOQD JUR(ED SU]HU]XWX IDORZQLNRZHJR ] ZV]HONLPL QLHNRU]\VWQ\PL VNXWNDPL WHJR ]MDZLVND 6WDQGDUGRZR NRPHUF\MQLH GRVWSQ\ UHJXORZDQ\ QDSG SUGX VWDáHJR MHVW Z\SRVD*RQ\ w SRGQDSLFLRZH L QDGSUGRZH ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD *G\ NWyUHNROZLHN ] ]DEH]SLHF]H ]RVWDQLH SREXG]RQHEORNRZDQHVZyZF]DVLPSXOV\Z\]ZDODMFHZWHQVSRVyEVLOQLNSR]EDZLRQ\MHVW ]DVLODQLD8U]G]HQLHMHVWFKURQLRQHSU]HGXV]NRG]HQLHPMHGQDN*HUHDOL]RZDQ\SURFHV]RVWDMH SU]HUZDQ\ 6WG SRWU]HED WDNLFK UR]ZL]D NWyUH ]ZLNV] RGSRUQRü QDSGX SR]ZDODMF SU]HGáX*\ü F]DV MHJR SUDF\ SRGF]DV ]DEXU]HQLD GR NLONXQDVWX RNUHVyZ FR Z ZLNV]RFL SU]\SDGNyZMHVWF]DVHPZ\VWDUF]DMF\P 1DSG\SUGXSU]HPLHQQHJR 2GSRUQRü QD ]DSDG\ QDSLFLD W\SRZHJR UHJXORZDQHJR QDSGX SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR ]SRUHGQLPSU]HPLHQQLNLHPF]VWRWOLZRFL96,voltage source invertor rys. 8a) i diodowym PRVWNLHP ZHMFLRZ\P MHVW ] UHJXá\ ]QDF]QD ERZLHP NRQGHQVDWRU L ]JURPDG]RQD Z QLP HQHUJLD MHVW ]GROQD GR F]DVRZHM NRPSHQVDFML ]PLDQ\ QDSLFLD ]DVLODMFHJR SU]\ ]DáR*HQLX NUyWNLHJRF]DVXWUZDQLDLPDáHMDPSOLWXG\]DEXU]HQLD *G\ QDSLFLH ZHMFLRZH MHVW V\PHWU\F]QH GLRG\ Z PRVWNX ZHMFLRZ\P SRGHMPXM SU]HZRG]HQLHZVSRVyEUHJXODUQ\DSUG\ZHMFLRZHPDMV\PHWU\F]QHSU]HELHJLU\VE : SU]\SDGNX JG\ QDSLFLD ID]RZH V QLHV\PHWU\F]QH QS MDN PD WR PLHMVFH SRGF]DV MHGQRID]RZHJR ]ZDUFLD SU]HZRG]HQLH GLRG PRVWND ZHMFLRZHJR QLH MHVW UHJXODUQH U\V F 9. : U]HF]\ZLVW\FK ZDUXQNDFK PDNV\PDOQH QDSLFLD MHGQHM OXE ZLFHM ID] V UHGXNRZDQH GR ZDUWRFL PQLHMV]HM QL* ]QDPLRQRZH QDSLFLH NRQGHQVDWRUD VWG QLH PD WUDQVPLVML HQHUJLL ] VLHFL ]DVLODMFHM GR NRQGHQVDWRUD 7HQ RVWDWQL UR]áDGRZXMH VL GR FKZLOL JG\ NROHMQ\ V]F]\W QDSLFLD VWZRU]\ ZDUXQNL GR MHJR GRáDGRZDQLD 3RQLHZD* NRQGHQVDWRU UR]áDGRZXMH VL ZyZF]DV Z VWRSQLX ZLNV]\P QL* QRUPDOQLH SUG Sá\QF\ ] VLHFL Z FHOX MHJR GRáDGRZDQLD EG]LHGX*\ 10 :\VWSXMSU]HG]LDá\F]DVXZNWyU\FKWUyMID]RZ\PRVWHNSUDFXMHMDNXU]G]HQLH MHGQRID]RZH SRGáF]RQH SRPLG]\ GZLH OLQLH ]DVLODMFH R QDMZLNV]HM ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD PLG]\ID]RZHJR 3UG\ ]DZLHUDM WU]HFL KDUPRQLF]Q R]QDF]FHM ZDUWRFL NWyUD MHVW VNáDGRZQLHFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QGODWHMNRQILJXUDFML 3U]HW*HQLH SUGRZH PR*H XDNW\ZQLü ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD QDGSUGRZH L Z NRQVHNZHQFML PR*H Z\VWSLü ]DWU]\PDQLH QDSGX 0R*H WH* QDVWSLü SU]HSDOHQLH EH]SLHF]QLNyZ :\VWSXMH WR V]F]HJyOQLH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\SRVD*HQLD IDORZQLND Z V]\ENLH EH]SLHF]QLNL ZHMFLRZH ]Z\NOH Z\PDJDQHSU]H]SURGXFHQWDXNáDGXSU]\PDá\PPDUJLQHVLHNRRUG\QDFML]DEH]SLHF]H&]VWR nawet niewielka QLHV\PHWULDQDSLü]DVLODMF\FKPR*HVSRZRGRZDü]DG]LDáDQLHEH]SLHF]QLNyZ QDZHW Z SU]\SDGNDFK JG\ WR ]DEXU]HQLH QLH MHVW Z\VWDUF]DMFR GX*H DE\ VSRZRGRZDü ]QDF]FUHGXNFMQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\PSU]HPLHQQLND:áDFLZDNRRUG\QDFMD EH]SLHF]QLNyZ RUD] VWRVRZDQLH GáDZLNyZ VLHFLRZ\FK SR]ZDOD F]VWR Z SUDNW\FH VNXWHF]QLH Z\HOLPLQRZDüWHNVSORDWDF\MQQLHGRJRGQRü1DOH*\SRGNUHOLü*HGRPRPHQWXZ\áF]HQLD QDSGXSU]HELHJLF]DVRZHQDSLüZ\MFLRZ\FKLQZHUWRUDSR]RVWDMSUDNW\F]QLHQLH]PLHQQH 9 3RQLHZD*QDSLFLH NRQGHQVDWRUD Z REZRG]LH SUGX VWDáHJR RVLJD SR]LRP SUDZLH UyZQ\ ZDUWRFL V]F]\WRZHM QDSLü PLG]\ID]RZ\FK MHGQRID]RZH GR]LHPLHQLH Z ZLNV]RFL SU]\SDGNyZ QLH SRZRGXMH ]PQLHMV]HQLD QDSLFLDVWDáHJRSRQL*HMSURJX]DG]LDáDQLD]DEH]SLHF]HQLDSRGQDSLFLRZHJRSRQLHZD*QDGDOMHVWZ\VWDUF]DMFR GX*DZDUWRüQDSLüPLG]\ID]RZ\FK:WDNLFKSU]\SDGNyZQDSG]RVWDMHMHGQDN*HF]VWRZ\áF]RQ\ERZLHP DOER REZyG VWHURZDQLD MHVW QLHRGSRUQ\ DOER DSDUDWXUD áf]hqlrzd VW\F]QLNL SU]HND(QLNL QLH SRVLDGD Z\VWDUF]DMFHJRVWRSQLDRGSRUQRFLDOERZVLHFL]DVLODMFHMLQVWDORZDQHV]DEH]SLHF]HQLDSU]HGdoziemieniem fazy (szczególnie istotne w sieciach z izolowanym punktem zerowym). 10 : SHZQ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK MHJR ZDUWRü VNXWHF]QD Z MHGQHM ID]LH PR*H SU]HNURF]\ü QDZHW SUGX ]QDPLRQRZHJRDZDUWRüV]F]\WRZDWHJRSUGXPR*HSU]HNURF]\üNURWQRüMansoor i inni, 1996). 12

U dc (a) (b) (c) 5\V6FKHPDWLGHRZ\SRUHGQLHJRSU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFL96,DRUD]SU]\NáDGRZHSU]HELHJL F]DVRZHSUGyZZHMFLRZ\FKGODEV\PHWU\F]Q\FKLF QLHV\PHWU\F]Q\FKQDSLü]DVLODMF\FK W przypadku ]DSDGX SRGF]DV NWyUHJR QLH MHVW GRVWSQD HQHUJLD ] V\VWHPX ]DVLODMFHJR QS WUyMID]RZH]ZDUFLH HQHUJLD]JURPDG]RQD Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P SUGX VWDáHJR dc ZNRQGHQVDWRU]HMHVWDEVRUERZDQDSU]H]VLOQLNZNLONXRNUHVDFKLQDSLFLHVWDáHNRQGHQVDWRUD U dc PDOHMHGR]HUDZW\SRZ\PF]DVLHNLONXG]LHVLFLXms ('DYLGLLQQL3UGNRüVLOQLND ]PQLHMV]D VL ] SRFKRGQ ]DOH*Q RG PRPHQWX EH]ZáDGQRFL L PRPHQWX REFL*HQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJR]UHGXNRZDQ\FKQDZDáVLOQLND :LNV]RüQDSGyZSRVLDGDZHZQWU]QH]DEH]SLHF]HQLDNRQWUROXMFHQDSLFLHZREZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\PLSRZRGXMFHZ\áF]HQLHQDSGXJG\ZDUWRüWHJRQDSLFLDEG]LH]E\WPDáD :W\FKZDUXQNDFKXNáDG]RVWDQLHDZDU\MQLHZ\áF]RQ\]DEH]SLHF]HQLHPSRGQDSLFLRZ\PJG\ QDSLFLH VWDáH ]PQLHMV]\ VL SRQL*HM SU]\MWHM ZDUWRFL SURJRZHM ]Z\NOH ZDUWRFL 13

14 ]QDPLRQRZHM *G\ QDSLFLH SRZUyFL SRQRZQLH GR VZRMHM SLHUZRWQHM SRF]WNRZHM ZDUWRFL VLOQLNQLHPR*HE\üQDW\FKPLDVW]DVLORQ\SU]H]SU]HNV]WDáWQLN]HZ]JOGXQDJUR(EZ\VWSLHQLD SU]HW*HQLDRGX*HMZDUWRFLVWZDU]DMFHJRQLHEH]SLHF]HVWZRSU]HSDOHQLDEH]SLHF]QLNyZLOXE XV]NRG]HQLD HOHPHQWyZ SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK OXE PR*OLZRü Z\VWSLHQLD ]PLDQ\ PRPHQWX QLHNRU]\VWQHMGODQDSG]DQHJRVLOQLNLHPDJUHJDWX : GX*HM OLF]ELH QDSGyZ V]F]HJyOQLH VWDUV]HM JHQHUDFML XNáDG\ VWHURZDQLD L]DEH]SLHF]H ]DVLODQHE\á\]VLHFLacFRVSUDZLD*HVRQHV]F]HJyOQLHF]XáHQDZ\VWSXMFHWDP]DEXU]HQLD 6\VWHP\VWHURZDQLDZLNV]RFLREHFQLHVWRVRZDQ\FKQDSGyZNRQWUROXMQDSLFLHVWDáH:LFK SU]\SDGNX XNáDG\ VWHURZDQLD L ]DEH]SLHF]H ]DVLODQH V EH]SRUHGQLR ] WHJR QDSLFLD *ZDUDQWXMH WR NRQWURO SUDF\ QDSGX GR FKZLOL MHJR FDáNRZLWHJR Z\áF]HQLD G]LNL GX*HM HQHUJLL ]JURPDG]RQHM Z NRQGHQVDWRU]H 1DSLFLD ]DVLODMFH ac V ZyZF]DV F]VWR SR]D NRQWUROOHF]XNáDG\VPQLHMF]XáHQD]DEXU]HQLD : EDGDQLDFK UHDNFML QDSGX QD ]DSDG\ QDSLFLD DPSOLWXG F]DV WUZDQLD LWS SRPLMD VL F]VWR GZD LVWRWQH F]\QQLNL PDMFH ZSá\Z QD SU]HELHJ WHJR ]MDZLVND PRPHQW REFL*HQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJRQSRVWDáHMOXE]PLHQQHMZIXQNFMLSUGNRFLZDUWRFLVWDáDPRFREFL*HQLD LWS RUD] EH]ZáDGQRü VLOQLND L QDSG]DQHJR DJUHJDWX 3U]\NáDGRZR SU]\ VWDáHM PRF\ PHFKDQLF]QHM QD ZDOH SUGNRü VLOQLND PDOHMH SRGF]DV ]DSDGX Z ZLNV]\P VWRSQLX QL* Z SU]\SDGNX PRPHQWX R ÄNZDGUDWRZHM FKDUDNWHU\VW\FH 'OD VWDáHM PRF\ REFL*HQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJR PRPHQW VLOQLND Z]UDVWD SRGF]DV ]PQLHMV]DQLD SUGNRFL SRGF]DV JG\ GOD ÄNZDGUDWRZHM FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL MHVW SU]HFLZQLH 2F]\ZLVW\ MHVW UyZQLH* NRU]\VWQ\ ZSá\Z QDSUDFQDSGXGX*HJRPRPHQWXEH]ZáDGQRFL]HZ]URVWHPNWyUHJRQDVWSXMH]PQLHMV]HQLH ]PLDQ\SUGNRFLVLOQLNDSRGF]DVzapadu. 6SU]WLQIRUPDW\F]Q\ :ND*G\P]DVWRVRZDQLXMHVWRQEDUG]RF]Xá\]DUyZQRhardware jak i software) na zmiany QDSLFLD MH*HOL LFK DPSOLWXGD SU]HNUDF]D U N 1DMSRZV]HFKQLHM Z\VWSXMF\PL VNXWNDPL WHJR ]DEXU]HQLD V EUDN WUDQVPLVML V\JQDáyZ OXE EáG\ Z LFK SU]HND]LH 11 :LNV]Rü VSU]WX LQIRUPDW\F]QHJR PD ZEXGRZDQH GHWHNWRU\ ]DEXU]H ]DVLODQLD Z FHOX RFKURQ\ GDQ\FK Z ZHZQWU]QHM SDPLFL Z W\P UyZQLH* SURJUDPRZR ]DSLVDQ SURFHGXU UHDNFML QD zapady LNUyWNLHSU]HUZ\Z]DVLODQLXJZDUDQWXMF]DFKRZDQLHGDQ\FKLSRSUDZQSUDFSRSRZURFLH QDSLFLD OXE ]H Z]JOGyZ EH]SLHF]HVWZD EUDN WUDQVPLVML OXE EáGQH UR]ND]\ Z SU]\SDGNX VWHURZDQLDGX*\PLSURFHVDPL 7HQ URG]DM VSU]WX MHVW EDUG]LHM F]Xá\ QD VWRSQLRZH ]PLDQ\ QDSLFLD ]PQLHMV]DQLH QL* QD QDJá SU]HUZ ]DVLODQLD 1LHNWyUH GHWHNWRU\ XV]NRG]H QLH UHDJXM ERZLHP GRVWDWHF]QLH V]\ENR QD VWRSQLRZ UHGXNFMZDUWRFL QDSLFLD ]DVLODMFHJR :yzf]dv QDSLFLH dc dla REZRGyZVFDORQ\FKPR*H]PQLHMV]\üVLGRSR]LRPXQL*V]HJRQL*PLQLPDOQHQDSLFLHSUDF\ ]DQLP GHWHNWRU XV]NRG]HQLD ]RVWDQLH SREXG]RQ\ : HIHNFLH GDQH PRJ E\ü XWUDFRQH OXE VIDáV]RZDQH3RSRZURFLHQDSLFLDVSU]WWDNLPR*HQLHE\ü]GROQ\GRSRSUDZQHJRSRQRZQHJR XUXFKRPLHQLD L Z\PDJDü SU]HSURJUDPRZDQLD = WHJR SRZRGX GOD VSU]WX LQIRUPDW\F]QHJR SRGDQR Z QRUPDFK V]F]HJyáRZH SURFHGXU\ WHVWRZDQLD MHJR RGSRUQRFL QD RPDZLDQ\ URG]DM zaburzenia. Sterowanie realizowane przez programowalne sterowniki logiczne PLC (Programmable Logic Controller PR*QD RSLVDü Z F]WHUHFK SRGVWDZRZ\FK NURNDFK IXQNFMRQDOQ\FK F]\WDQLH GDQ\FK ZHMFLRZ\FK PRGXá ZHMFLRZ\ UR]ZL]\ZDQLH SURJUDPX VWHURZDQLD &38 VDPRGLDJQRVW\ND&38PRG\ILNDFMDVWDQyZZ\Mü]JRGQLH]SURJUDPHPPRGXáZ\MFLRZ\ =DSDG\ QDSLFLD PRJ RGG]LDá\ZDü QD &38 NDUW\,2 L WDN*H QD SR]LRP\ ORJLF]QH 3/& SRGF]DVUHDOL]DFMLZ\Uy*QLRQ\FKSURFHGXU=DNáyFHQLHZ\VWSXMFHZND*G\P]PRGXáyZPR*H 11 0R*OLZ\PV\JQDOL]RZDQ\PZOLWHUDWXU]HVNXWNLHPMHVWWDN*HXWUDWDV\QFKURQL]DFMLQDSGyZG\VNyZ

SU]HUZDüFLJáRüFDáHJRSURFHVXWHFKQRORJLF]QHJR&]DVSRMHG\QF]HJRF\NOXSUDF\3/&F]VWR QLHSU]HNUDF]DPVDZLFMHVWZVSyáPLHUQ\]F]DVHPZ\VWSRZDQLD]DEXU]H -HGQ\P ]H ÄVáDEV]\FK PLHMVF Z 3/& MHVW MHJR XNáDG ]DVLODMF\ -HVW WR W\SRZ\ XNáDG HOHNWURQLF]Q\ ]DVLODQ\ QDSLFLHP SU]HPLHQQ\P NWyUH SU]HNV]WDáFD QDMF]FLHM LPSXOVRZR QD QDSLFLD VWDáH ]DVLODMFH SR]RVWDáH HOHPHQW\ 3/& 2GSRUQRü ]DVLODF]D ]DOH*\ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RG Z\PDJDQHJR VWRSQLD VWDELOL]DFML QDSLFLD VWDáHJR RUD] HQHUJLL ]JURPDG]RQHM Z NRQGHQVDWRU]H ]DVLODF]D 1LHNLHG\ XU]G]HQLD,2 V ORNDOL]RZDQH Z SREOL*X XU]G]H SHU\IHU\MQ\FKZFHOXPLQLPDOL]DFMLZ\PDJDQHJRRNDEORZDQLDSUDFXMFQSMDNRNRQFHQWUDWRU\ GDQ\FK :yzf]dv NU\W\F]Q\PL SXQNWDPL VWDM VL UyZQLH* LFK ]DVLODF]H W\P EDUG]LHM *H ZZLNV]RFLLQVWDODFML&38PDQDMF]FLHMJZDUDQWRZDQHbezprzerwowe zasilanie realizowane SU]\SRPRF\836QDWRPLDVWQLH]DZV]HVWRVXMHVLWRGRNRQFHQWUDWRUyZ :HMFLRZH XU]G]HQLD SHU\IHU\MQH WM SU]\FLVNL F]XMQLNL LWS V JDOZDQLF]QLH SRáF]RQH ] VWHURZQLNLHP 3RZV]HFKQ\ MHVW G\VNUHWQ\ FKDUDNWHU ZHMü 1DSLFLD SURJRZH Z RSDUFLX RNWyUHXVWDORQDMHVWZDUWRüV\JQDáXORJLF]QHJR±OXE±QLHVVWDQGDU\]RZDQH1SMH*HOL ]DSDG QDSLFLD VSRZRGXMH Z F]DVLH NLONX RNUHVyZ REQL*HQLH ZDUWRFL V\JQDáX ZHMFLRZHJR PR*HZ\QLNQüSUREOHPZáDFLZHJRUR]SR]QDQLDVWDQXORJLF]QHJR :ND*G\PXNáDG]LHVWHURZQLNDLVWQLHMHSU]\FLVNDZDU\MQHJR]DWU]\PDQLDOLQLL%\ZDRQWH* QLHNLHG\ SU]\F]\Q QLHSR*GDQ\FK Z\áF]H MH*HOL MHVW VNRQILJXURZDQ\ Z WDNL VSRVyE *H ]DSDG QDSLFLD PR*H Z\ZRáDü ]DG]LDáDQLH DQDORJLF]QH GR VNXWNyZ MHJR ]DPLHU]RQHJR uaktywnienia. 7(&+1,&=1( 63262%< 35=(&,:'=,$à$1,$ 6.87.20 =$3$'Ï: 1$3, &,$ 1DU\QNXMHVWREHFQLHGRVWSQDEDUG]RGX*DOLF]EDQDSGyZOHF]QDZHWUy*QHPRGHOHWHJR VDPHJRURG]DMXQDSGXSRVLDGDMLQQRGSRUQRüQD]DSDG\QDSLFLD,VWQLHMHJHQHUDOQ\SRJOG Z\UD*RQ\ZOLF]Q\FKSXEOLNDFMDFK*HSU]\]DSDGDFKQDSLFLDRDPSOLWXG]LHZLNV]HMQL* LF]DVLHWUZDQLDGáX*V]\PQL*RNUHVyZQDVWSXMHDZDU\MQHZ\áF]HQLHZLNV]RFLQDSGyZ (van Zyl A. 1998) 12 'X*D OLF]ED ]DSDGyZ QDSLFLD SU]HNUDF]D WH ZDUWRFL $PSOLWXG\ W\FK ]DEXU]HF]VWRRVLJDMSR]LRPGODWHJRVNRQVWUXRZDQLHQDSGX]GROQHJRGRSUDF\SU]\ ]DSDGDFK R WDNLFK ZDUWRFLDFK MHVW ]DGDQLHP R RJURPQ\P ]QDF]HQLX 3URGXFHQW SRZLQLHQ GRVWDUF]\ü QDE\ZF\ QDSG G]LDáDMF\ SRSUDZQLH Z ]GHILQLRZDQ\FK SU]H] QLHJR ZDUXQNDFK ]DVLODQLDLQLH]E\WGURJL3R*GDQHMHVWWDNLHUR]ZL]DQLHSUREOHPXNWyUHQLHZSURZDG]L]E\W GDOHNRLGF\FK]PLDQZLVWQLHMF\FKNRQVWUXNFMDFK 13. =DSURSRQRZDQR ZLHOH Uy*Q\FK VSRVREyZ WHFKQLF]Q\FK NWyUH PDM ]DEH]SLHF]\ü UHDOL]RZDQ WHFKQRORJL SU]HG VNXWNDPL DZDU\MQ\FK Z\áF]H QDSGyZ 0R*QD Z\Uy*QLü ZUyGQLFKF]WHU\NDWHJRULH (i) ]PLDQDVSRVREXHNVSORDWDFMLQDSGXLPRG\ILNDFMDMHJRVWHURZDQLD (ii) PRG\ILNDFMDWRSRORJLLXNáDGyZHQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK (iii) alternatywne zasilanie, (iv) LQVWDORZDQLHNRPSHQVXMFHJRVSU]WX 12 :LHOHHNVSORDWRZDQ\FKUHJXORZDQ\FKQDSGyZXOHJDDZDU\MQHPXZ\áF]HQLXQDZHWMH*HOLQDSLFLH]PQLHMV]\ VLQLHZLHOHSRQL*HMZF]DVLHGáX*V]\PQL*GZDRNUHV\QDSLFLDA guide...epri TR-103208). 13 Wg [-RXDQQH @ UyZQLH*>van =\OO @ PLDU QDMEDUG]LHM SR*GDQHM RGSRUQRFL QDSGX E\áDE\ MHJR ]GROQRü GR SUDF\ SRGF]DV zapadu o amplitudzie 50% i czasie trwania zawartym w przedziale 0,5-5s, przy ]DFKRZDQLDVWDáHMZDUWRFLSUGNRFLLPRPHQWX 15

: DUW\NXOH RJUDQLF]RQR UR]ZD*DQLD GR GZyFK SLHUZV]\FK NDWHJRULL VWRVRZDQ\FK GR UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZ SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR] SRUHGQLP SU]HPLHQQLNLHP F]VWRWOLZRFL W\SX VSI 14 ']LDáDQLDGRW\F]JáyZQLH - XNáDGyZVWHURZDQLD]DEH]SLHF]HQLDSRSUDZQRFLSUDF\MHGQRVWNLFHQWUDOQHMLXU]G]H,2 VW\F]QLNyZSU]HND(QLNyZXNáDGyZ]DVLODQLDHOHNWURQLNLVWHUXMFHMLWS1LHVWR]UHJXá\ RGELRUQLNLGX*HMPRFHOHF]VRQHV]F]HJyOQLHZUD*OLZHQD]DEXU]HQLD.RV]W]ZLNV]HQLD LFKRGSRUQRFLMHVWXPLDUNRZDQ\ - XNáDGyZ HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK 6 WR REZRG\ QDMF]FLHM ]QDF]F\FK PRF\ VWG NRV]W SU]HGVLZ]Lü]QLPL]ZL]DQ\FKMHVWGX*\DUR]ZL]DQLDWHFKQLF]QHQLHVWU\ZLDOQH =PLDQDVSRVREXHNVSORDWDFMLQDSGXLPRG\ILNDFMDVWHURZDQLD 6WRG]LDáDQLDSRGHMPRZDQHSRDZDU\MQ\PZ\áF]HQLXQDSGX±QDVNXWHN]DSDGXQDSLFLD OXE NUyWNLHM SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX,FK FHOHP MHVW EH]SLHF]QH L PR*OLZLH V]\ENLH SRQRZQH XUXFKRPLHQLHVLOQLND1DOH*GRQLFK 1 s p o s ó b 5F]Q\ OXE DXWRPDW\F]Q\ SRQRZQ\ VWDUW QDSGX SR XSá\ZLH F]DVX ]DGDQHJR RSy(QLHQLD SRGF]DV NWyUHJR VLOQLN ]DWU]\PD VL 7D WHFKQLND MHVW WUDNWRZDQD UDF]HM MDNR SRGVWDZRZH ]DEH]SLHF]HQLHDQLHVWUDWHJLDZSU]\SDGNXZ\VWSLHQLD]DEXU]HQLD 2 s p o s ó b 6]\ENLH]DKDPRZDQLHQDSGXGR]HURZHMSUGNRFLDQDVWSQLHNRQZHQFMRQDOQ\SRQRZQ\ UR]UXFK 6WDQ SU]HMFLRZ\ Z SUGNRFL QDSGX ± R GX*HM SRFKRGQHM ]PLDQ\ PR*H QLH E\ü WROHURZDQ\SU]H]XU]G]HQLDZ\NRQDZF]HVSU]*RQH]VLOQLNLHP 3 s p o s ó b $XWRPDW\F]Q\ SRQRZQ\ UR]UXFK SR ]DGDQ\P F]DVLH RSy(QLHQLD W\SRZR RG PV GR V Z ]DOH*QRFL RG HOHNWURPHFKDQLF]QHM VWDáHM F]DVRZHM ZLUQLND 2GSRZLDGD WR F]DVRZL SRWU]HEQHPX GR ]DQLNX QDSLFLD QD ]DFLVNDFK VWRMDQD 6LOQLN QLH MHVW Z\KDPRZ\ZDQ\ GR]HURZHMSUGNRFLOHF]]HZ]JOGXQDZSURZDG]RQ]ZáRNF]DVRZSU]HGUR]SRF]FLHP SRQRZQHJR UR]UXFKX Z\VWSL ]D]Z\F]DM ]QDF]FH ]PQLHMV]HQLH SUGNRFL -H*HOL LQZHUWRU QLHMHVW]V\QFKURQL]RZDQ\]SUGNRFLVLOQLNDSRQRZQ\UR]UXFKMHVWZROQ\ZFHOXXQLNQLFLD QLHEH]SLHF]Q\FK SUGyZ SU]HMFLRZ\FK -H*HOL SUGNRü MHVW ]QDQD ] F]XMQLND SUGNRFL OXE XNáDGX LGHQW\ILNDFML MHM ZDUWRFL SRQRZQ\ UR]UXFK MHVW EDUG]LHM HIHNW\ZQ\ ádjrgqlhmv]\ i szybszy. 4 s p o s ó b =DVWRVRZDQLH VWUDWHJLL VWHURZDQLD NWyUD XWU]\PXMH LQZHUWRU ]V\QFKURQL]RZDQ\ Z]JOGHP QDSLFLD VLOQLND SRGF]DV]DSDGX: FKZLOL SRZURWX QDSLFLD Z\VWSL EH] RSy(QLHQLD F]DVRZR RSW\PDOQ\UR]UXFK5HGXNFMDSUGNRFLMHVWPLQLPDOL]RZDQDLSUDFDVLOQLNDMHVWNRQWURORZDQD UyZQLH*SRGF]DV]DáDPDQLD :\V]F]HJyOQLRQH GDOHM VSRVRE\ QLH V VWUDWHJLDPL SRVWSRZDQLD Z SU]\SDGNX DZDU\MQHJR Z\áF]HQLD QDSGX OHF] sensu stricte WHFKQLNDPL VWRVRZDQ\PL Z FHOX ]ZLNV]HQLD MHJR RGSRUQRFLQD]DáDPDQLDQDSLFLD 14 3R]RVWDáH UR]ZLD]DQLD EG ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH Z NROHMQ\FK DUW\NXáDFK 6WRVRZDQH V RQH ERZLHP WDN*H GR UHGXNFMLVNXWNyZLQQ\FKURG]DMyZ]DEXU]HHOHNWURPDJQHW\F]Q\FK 16

17 5 s p o s ó b 3ROHJD QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLX LQHUF\MQRFL REFL*HQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJR L PRG\ILNDFML VWHURZDQLD Z WDNL VSRVyE DE\ Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ ]DEXU]HQLH Z ]DVLODQLX VSRZRGXMH UHGXNFM QDSLFLD VWDáHJRZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\PdcSU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFLSRQL*HM]DGDQHMZDUWRFL JUDQLF]QHM LQZHUWRU NRQW\QXRZDá SUDF] F]VWRWOLZRFL QLHZLHOH PQLHMV] RG F]VWRWOLZRFL VLá HOHNWURPRWRU\F]Q\FK VWRMDQD 3RZRGXMH WR SU]HMFLH VLOQLND Z ]DNUHV KDPRZDQLD 1DSG SRELHUDHQHUJLRGZLUXMF\FKPDVREFL*HQLDPHFKDQLF]QHJRLZLUQLNDZFHOXXWU]\PDQLD QDSLFLD V]\Q dc QD SR*GDQ\P SR]LRPLH ZDUWRFL 15 =DOHW WHJR UR]ZL]DQLD MHVW QLVNL NRV]W UHDOL]DFML ]ZL]DQ\ ] PRG\ILNDFM DOJRU\WPX VWHURZDQLD LQZHUWRUD 3RGF]DV SUDF\ QDSGX zachowana jest ZVSyáID]RZRü QDSLü VLOQLND L Z\MFLRZ\FK QDSLü LQZHUWRUD RUD] QLH]DQLND VWUXPLH Z VLOQLNX 1LH PD ZLF RSy(QLHQLD SRGF]DV SU]\VSLHV]DQLD QDSGX JG\ ]DVLODQLH SRZUDFD GR QRUPDOQHJR VWDQX :DGDPL MHVW QDWRPLDVW UHGXNFMD SUGNRFL VLOQLND L ]PLDQD NLHUXQNX PRPHQWX QD ZDOH FR MHVW DNFHSWRZDQH QS Z SU]\SDGNX QDSGyZ SRPS LZHQW\ODWRUyZOHF]PR*HQLHE\üDNFHSWRZDQHGODLQQ\FKURG]DMyZREFL*HQLD 6 s p o s ó b 3ROHJDQDSUDF\QDSGXSU]\]PQLHMV]RQHMSUGNRFLPRPHQFLHREFL*HQLDPHFKDQLF]QHJR 3RQLHZD* SUG Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P dc ]PLHQLD VL ZUD] ] F]VWRWOLZRFL QDSLü Z\MFLRZ\FKLQZHUWRUDGODREFL*HR]PLHQQ\PQSZIXQNFMLSUGNRFLZLURZDQLDPRPHQFLH PHFKDQLF]Q\P UHGXNFMD SUGNRFL VLOQLND GDMH Z UH]XOWDFLH ]PQLHMV]HQLH ZDUWRFL SUGX dc. 8NáDGQDSGRZ\SRPS\OXEZHQW\ODWRUDSUDFXMF\]F]VWRWOLZRFLQS+]EG]LHSRELHUDá PQLHMV]\ SUG QL* SUDFXMF ] F]VWRWOLZRFL +] %G]LH ZLF ]GROQ\ GR SUDF\ SRGF]DV GáX*V]HJR ]DSDGX QDSLFLD 3RGREQ\ HIHNW PR*QD X]\VNDü UHGXNXMF PRPHQW REFL*HQLD 3U]\NáDGRZR UHGXNFMD SUGNRFL GR SU]\ ÄNZDGUDWRZHM FKDUDNWHU\VW\FH PRPHQWX REFL*HQLDR]QDF]DSUDZLHF]WHURNURWQ\Z]URVWRGSRUQRFLQDSGX =DOHW UR]ZL]DQLD MHVW SUDNW\F]Q\ EUDN GRGDWNRZ\FK NRV]WyZ:DG QDWRPLDVW MHVW]DNUHV VWRVRZDQLD RJUDQLF]RQ\ W\ONR GR REFL*H R ]PLHQQ\FK Z IXQNFML SUGNRFL ZDUWRFLDFK momentów oraz tylko do tych przypadków w których realizowana technologia zezwala QDUHGXNFMSUGNRFL 7 s p o s ó b 3ROHJDQDVWRVRZDQLXVLOQLNyZRPQLHMV]\PQDSLFLX]QDPLRQRZ\P-H*HOL9Z\VLOQLN EG]LH ]DVWRVRZDQ\ ] SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLHP QS 9 ZyZF]DV QDSLFLH QD V]\QDFK dc ]QDPLRQRZH9PR*HXOHF]PQLHMV]HQLXQSGRGR9LZGDOV]\PFLJXLQZHUWRU GRVWDUF]D GR VLOQLND MHJR ]QDPLRQRZH QDSLFLH 9 16 *G\ QDSLFLH ]DVLODMFH XOHJQLH zmniejszeniu podczas ]DSDGX LQZHUWRU ]PLHQL F\NO SU]HáF]DQLD HOHPHQWyZ SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK Z FHOX SRGWU]\PDQLD VWDáHJR QDSLFLD QD ]DFLVNDFK VLOQLND R SR*GDQHM ZDUWRFL 9 0R*QD UyZQLH* ]DVWRVRZDü SU]HZ\PLDURZDQ\ QDSLFLRZR VWHURZDQ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN ZHMFLRZ\ SUDFXMF\ ] REQL*RQ\P QDSLFLHP Z\MFLRZ\P dc 3WOD VSU]*HQLD ]ZURWQHJR ZJ QDSLFLD NRQGHQVDWRUD dc JZDUDQWXMH VWDáH ZDUXQNL QDSLFLRZH GOD LQZHUWRUD :DGWHJRUR]ZL]DQLDMHVWZSU]\SDGNX]DVWRVRZDQLDVWHURZDQLDID]RZHJRZW\U\VWRURZ\P SU]HNV]WDáWQLNX ZHMFLRZ\P ]PQLHMV]HQLH ZVSyáF]\QQLND PRF\ XNáDGX QDSGRZHJR RUD] SUREOHP\] V\QFKURQL]DFM]DáF]DQLD W\U\VWRUyZ SRGF]DV]DSDGX QDSLFLD =DOHW XNáDGX MHVW X]\VNDQLH]QDF]FHJRZ]URVWXRGSRUQRFLQDSGXZDGDPLQDWRPLDVW ZLNV]\ NRV]W SU]HPLHQQLND Z\QLNDMF\ ] MHJR SU]HZ\PLDURZDQLD Z UR]ZD*DQ\P SU]\NáDG]LHGZXNURWQ\ wzrost wymiarów silnika. Silnik 230V o takiej samej mocy jak silnik 460V wymaga przy SHáQ\PREFL*HQLXSUDZLHGZXNURWQLHZLNV]HJRSUGX 15 Wg [-RXDQQH@QDSG\Z\SRVD*RQHZWRSFMHVWHURZDQLDGRVWSQHQDU\QNXDPHU\NDVNLPV]GROQHGR XWU]\PDQLD]DGDQHJRSR]LRPXQDSLFLDGOD]DSDGyZRDPSOLWXG]LHQLHZLNV]HMQL*LF]DVLHWUZDQLDGRV 16 0DNV\PDOQHQDSLFLHZ\MFLRZHLQZHUWRUDZ\QRVL 0,82U dc.

Z]URVWZ\PDJDGRW\F]F\FKL]RODFMLVLOQLND0XVLRQDE\üRGSRUQDQDZLNV]HFKZLORZH ZDUWRFLQDSLüZ\VWSXMFHQD]DFLVNDFKZ\MFLRZ\FKSU]HPLHQQLND9 7HFKQLNL]ZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL VWRVRZDQH Z QDSGDFK]DVLODQ\FK] VLHFL UHGQLHJR QDSLFLD 1 :LNV]Rü W\FK QDSGyZ MHVW VWRVRZDQD GR SRPS L ZHQW\ODWRUyZ : XNáDG]LH 96, GOD QDSGyZ 1 GRPLQXMH WHFKQRORJLD SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ ZLHORSR]LRPRZ\FK 8NáDG\ WH PR*QD SRG]LHOLüQD kaskadowe wielopoziomowe typu VSI (cascaded inverter-type multilevel VSI CI-ML- 96, ± SU]\NáDGRZR WUyMSR]LRPRZ\ QD U\VXQNX 8NáDG\ &,0/96, ]DZLHUDM NLOND HOHPHQWDUQ\FK PRGXáyZ SRáF]RQ\FK Z V]HUHJ.D*G\ PRGXá MHVW MHGQRID]RZ\P SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLHP 96, : XNáDGDFK W\FK F]VWR VWRVXMH VL ]H Z]JOGyZ QLH]DZRGQRFLRZ\FK1PRGXáyZJG]LH 1 MHVW OLF]E PRGXáyZ Z\QLNDMF] ZDUXQNyZ QDSLFLRZ\FK *ZDUDQWXMH WR ]ZLNV]RQ RGSRUQRü XNáDGX MDNR FDáRFL QD zapady QDSLFLD 17. wielopoziomowe z punktem neutralnym (neutral-point-clamped±13/:xnádgdfkw\fk ZVSyOQ\REZyGQDSLFLDdc ]DVLODZV]\VWNLHLQZHUWRU\:LFKSU]\SDGNXVWRVRZDQHVUy*QH VSRVRE\ ]ZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL] SRUyG NWyU\FK QDMNRU]\VWQLHMV]\PL Z\GDM VL E\ü Z\NRU]\VWDQLH LQHUF\MQRFL REFL*HQLD SU]HNV]WDáWQLN SRGZ\*V]DMF\ QDSLFLH Z REZRG]LH dcrud]ur]zl]dqld]hohphqwdpljurpdg]f\plhqhujlmdnqsnrár]dpdfkrzhoxe60(6 (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage). 0RG\ILNDFMDWRSRORJLLXNáDGyZHQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK &HOHP ]PLDQ NRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK MHVW X]\VNDQLH WDNLHM PR*OLZRFL UHJXODFML QDSLFLD VWDáHJR Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P DE\ E\áR RQR SRGF]DV Z\VWSLHQLD ]DEXU]HQLD ]DZDUWH Z GRSXV]F]DOQ\P SU]HG]LDOH ]PLDQ ZDUWRFL 1DOH*\ UyZQLH ]DSHZQLü ZáDFLZ ZDUWRü QDSLFLD ]DVLODMFHJR XNáDG VWHUXMF\ 5R]ZL]DQLD VSHáQLDMFH JáyZQLH GUXJL ZDUXQHN VSRZV]HFKQLHGRVWSQHQDU\QNX]QDF]QLHWUXGQLHMX]\VNDüLQIRUPDFMGRW\F]FSLHUZV]HJR ]DJDGQLHQLD W]Q ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD REZRGX VLáRZHJR,VWQLHMH NLOND PR*OLZ\FK VSRVREyZ SRVWSRZDQLD 8 s p o s ó b d o d a t k o w e k o n d e n s a t o r y l u b b a t e r i e w o b w o d z i e dc :W\PUR]ZL]DQLXHQHUJLDSRWU]HEQDGODSRSUDZQHMSUDF\QDSGXMHVWGRVWDUF]RQDSRGF]DV ]DSDGX ] EDWHULL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ Z REZRG]LH SUGX VWDáHJR 'OD VLOQLND R QDSLFLX PLG]\ID]RZ\P U = 460V i mocy P = N:SRMHPQRüZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\Pdc) PD SU]\NáDGRZ ZDUWRü C dc = 5000µ F :yzf]dv QDSLFLH VWDáH SU]\ ]DáR*HQLX FLJáHJR przewodzenia) wynosi: U dc = 1,35U = 620 V 3UyJZ\áF]HQLDQDSGXZ]DEH]SLHF]HQLXSRGQDSLFLRZ\PXVWDODVLW\SRZRQD SR]LRPLH 0,9U dc FR Z UR]ZD*DQ\P SU]\SDGNX Z\QRVL ( U dc) gr = 5589 :DUWRü UHGQLD SUGX w obwodzie dc: 17 8NáDG G]LNL RGSRZLHGQLR VNRMDU]RQ\P X]ZRMHQLRP WUDQVIRUPDWRUD JZDUDQWXMH WDN*H EDUG]R NRU]\VWQ Z]DMHPQNRPSHQVDFMZ\*V]\FKKDUPRQLF]Q\FKJHQHURZDQ\FKSU]H]SRV]F]HJyOQHPRGXá\ 18

19 6LHü]DVLODMFD 1 Elementarny PRGXá transformator 5\V8NáDG&,0/96,GODQDSGyZ]DVLODQ\FK]VLHFL1 P I dc = = 12 A U dc : SU]\SDGNX ]DSDGX QDSLFLD OXE NUyWNLHM SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX HQHUJLD SU]HND]\ZDQD silnikowi pobierana jest z kondensatora. Dopuszczalny czas zaburzenia t r PR*QD ZLF V]DFRZDü]]DOH*QRFL t 6 C[ U dc ( U dc) gr ] 5000 10 (620 558) r = = 25, 8 Idc 12 ms

5R]ZD*DQ\QDSGMHVWZLFRGSRUQ\QD]DEXU]HQLDRF]DVLHWUZDQLDQLHGáX*V]\PQL* RNUHVX QDSLFLD ]DVLODMDFHJR +] *G\E\ QDSG PLDá E\ü RGSRUQ\ QD ]DEXU]HQLH R F]DVLH trwania tr = V RNUHVyZ ZyZF]DV SRMHPQRü Z REZRG]LH SUGX VWDáHJR SRZLQQD Z]URVQüGRZDUWRFL C dc = U dc Idctr ( U dc ) gr = 12 0,5 620 558 = 0,097 F 2]QDF]D WR SUDZLH NURWQ\ Z]URVW SRMHPQRFL L PLPR QLHZWSOLZHM SURVWRW\ UR]ZL]DQLD znaczacy wzost gabarytów i kosztów przemiennika 18. 1D U\QNX DPHU\NDVNLP RIHURZDQH V NRQGHQVDWRU\ VSHFMDOQHM NRQVWUXNFML SU]H]QDF]RQH PLG]\ LQQ\PL GOD UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZ HOHNWU\F]Q\FK &HFKXMH MH EDUG]R GX*D JVWRü HQHUJLL Z SU]HOLF]HQLX QD MHGQRVWN REMWRFL Z VWRVXQNX GR SRZV]HFKQLH GRVWSQ\FK NRQGHQVDWRUyZ 3U]\NáDGRZR GOD VLOQLND R PRF\ N: PR*QD ]DVWRVRZDü EDWHUL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ]áR*RQ]RPLXV]HUHJRZRSRáF]RQ\FKPRGXáyZND*G\RSRMHPQRFL) 2 2 QDSLFLX ]QDPLRQRZ\P 9 L HQHUJLL E C = 0,5CU = 0,5 96,4 (56) = 151, 2 N- &DáNRZLWD HQHUJLDEDWHULLZ\QRVLZLFE C =0-3U]\MPXMF*H]DEXU]HQLHQDSLFLD±NUyWNDSU]HUZD Z]DVLODQLXDQDOL]DQDMPQLHMNRU]\VWQHJRSU]\SDGNX±Z\ZRáXMH]PLDQQDSLFLDdc do 70% ZDUWRFL]QDPLRQRZHMPR*QDRV]DFRZDüGRSXV]F]DOQ\F]DV t r na podstawie równania: 100kW t r = 0,5 [ CU 2 2 C(0,7U ) ] 8 Dla C=96,4F i U=56V tr = V : UR]ZD*DQ\P SU]\SDGNX PR*QD ZLF VNRQVWUXRZDü QDSGRGSRUQ\QD]DEXU]HQLDRF]DVLHWUZDQLDGRV 9 s p o s ó b 3URVW\P L ]DUD]HP EDUG]R VNXWHF]Q\P UR]ZL]DQLHP MHVW SRSUDZD QLH]DZRGQRFL SUDF\ XNáDGyZ VWHURZDQLD SRSU]H] ]DVWRVRZDQLH QS bezprzerwowego ich zasilania (UPS, rys. 10). 6\QFKURQL]DFMD]DáF]DQLDHOHPHQWyZSyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK±NWyUDMHVWSUREOHPHPV]F]HJyOQLH VWHURZDQ\FKQDZURWQ\FKSURVWRZQLNyZPR*HE\ü]DFKRZDQDSRGF]DV]DSDGyZQDSLFLDSU]H] RGWZRU]HQLH SU]\ SRPRF\ RVF\ODWRUD 3// VLQXVRLGDOQHJR SU]HELHJX R F]VWRWOLZRFL +] ']LNL WHPX SUDFD QDSGX PR*H E\ü Z ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK EH]DZDU\MQLH NRQW\QXRZDQD SRSRZURFLHQDSLFLD6WRVRZDQLHSWOLID]RZHM3//GRV\QFKURQL]DFMLLPSXOVyZ]DSáRQRZ\FK W\U\VWRUyZ]QDSLFLDPLVLHFL]DVLODMFHMMHVWSRZV]HFKQSUDNW\N3//MHVWXNáDGHPGUXJLHJR U]GX L DE\ XWU]\PDü JR Z ZDUXQNDFK VWDELOQHM SUDF\ QLH]EGQH MHVW ]DVWRVRZDQLH ILOWUX RQLVNLHMF]VWRWOLZRFLRGFLFLD5HDNFMDQDVNRNID]\QDSLFLD]DVLODMFHJRDWDNLZ\VWSXMH nieomal zawsze podczas ]DSDGXQDSLFLDMHVWRJUDQLF]RQDSU]H]VWDáF]DVRZWHJRILOWUXNWyUD GOD V\VWHPyZ F]VWRWOLZRFL ]DVLODQLD PD ]Z\NOH ZDUWRü NLONXVHW ms. W tym czasie PLL QLH PD PR*OLZRFL ]DUHDJRZDü QD VNRNRZ ]PLDQ ID]\ QDSLFLD L Z NRQVHNZHQFML PR*H Z\VWSLüQLHSUDZLGáRZH]DáF]HQLHW\U\VWRUyZ 18 3UyF]FHQ\NRQGHQVDWRUyZQDOH*\XZ]JOGQLüUyZQLH*NRV]WRVSU]WX]ZL]DQHJR]UR]áDGRZ\ZDQLHPEDWHULLL jej zabezpieczeniami. 20

21 UPS System sterowania (PLL) M M 5\V3URVW\VSRVyE]ZLNV]HQLDRGSRUQRFLQDSGyZ =DVLODF]HXU]G]HHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK Zasilacz ac/dc, z mostkiem diodowym i kondensatorem, jest powszechnie stosowany Z XNáDGDFK VWHURZDQLD L LQQ\FK XU]G]HQLDFK HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK NRPSXWHU\ V\VWHP\ WHOHNRPXQLNDF\MQHVWHURZQLNLSURJUDPRZDOQHLWS,FKREFL*HQLHPV]Z\NOHSU]HNV]WDáWQLNL dc/dcnwyuh]dshzqldmzádflzhsr]lrp\qdslü]dvlodmf\fkgodnrfrz\fkxu]g]h3hzqd HQHUJLD MHVW ]PDJD]\QRZDQD Z NRQGHQVDWRUDFK ]DVLODF]D OHF] F]VWR JZDUDQWXMH RQD EDUG]R NUyWNLH DXWRQRPLF]QH ]DVLODQLH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\VWSLHQLD ]DSDGX 1DSLFLH dc maleje zwykle GR]HUDZF]DVLHNLONXG]LHVLFLXPV7DNLHXNáDG\]DVLODMFHL]DVLODQ\SU]H]QLHVSU]WVZLF EDUG]R F]XáH QD ]DSDG\ L SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX 5R]ZL]DQLHP MHVW VWRVRZDQLH GX*\FK kondensatorów, dc/dc SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ R GX*HM WROHUDQFML ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD ZHMFLRZHJR UPS-ów lub dodatkowych generatorów. Styczniki 6WRVRZDQLH Uy*Q\FK VSRVREyZ ]ZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL VW\F]QLNyZ QD ]DEXU]HQLD Z\PDJD LQG\ZLGXDOQHM DQDOL]\ ND*GHJR SU]\SDGNX V]F]HJyOQLH GOD ]DVLODQLD VLOQLNyZ L UHJXORZDQ\FK QDSGyZSRGF]DVSRZURWXQDSLFLD0R*OLZHVQDVWSXMFHURGNL]DUDGF]H - zasilanie styczników przez systemy bezprzerwowego zasilania (silnik-generator, UPS itp.); - NRQZHQFMRQDOQLH VWRVXMH VL VW\F]QLNL ac,vwqlhmh PR*OLZRü ]DVWRVRZDQLD VW\F]QLNyZ ]FHZNSUGXVWDáHJR]DVLODQ\FK]VLHFLSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJRSRSU]H]SURVWRZQLN]GX*\P NRQGHQVDWRUHPQDZ\MFLX(QHUJLD]JURPDG]RQDZNRQGHQVDWRU]HXPR*OLZLDSRGWU]\PDQLH stycznika podczas ]DSDGyZ R ]QDF]Q\P F]DVLH WUZDQLD ]DOH*Q\P RG ZLHONRFL NRQGHQVDWRUD &HFK\ NRQVWUXNF\MQH VW\F]QLNyZ ] FHZNDPL QD QDSLFLH VWDáH JZDUDQWXM ZLNV] RGSRUQRü QD UR]ZD*DQ\ URG]DM ]DEXU]H ZLNV]D HQHUJLD ]JURPDG]RQD Z SROX magnetycznym rdzenia) 10 s p o s ó b Polega na wytworzeniu wspólnych szyn dcgod]dvlodqldzlhoxqdsgyzmdnqdu\vxqnx 5R]ZL]DQLH WR JZDUDQWXMH SRSUDZQH G]LDáDQLH D UyZQRF]HQLH MHVW WDV]H L PD PQLHMV]H Z\PLDU\ QL* NLOND QLH]DOH*Q\FK QDSGyZ 6WRVRZDQH MHVW JáyZQLH Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FK SURFHVyZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK NWyUH V ]DVLODQH SU]\ SRPRF\ QDZURWQ\FK SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ JZDUDQWXMF\FK UHJXODFM SUGNRFL L Z]DMHPQ V\QFKURQL]DFM SUDF\ VLOQLNyZ : UHODFML GR WUDG\F\MQHJR UR]ZL]DQLD Z NWyU\P ND*G\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN MHVW SU]\áF]RQ\EH]SRUHGQLRGRVLHFL]DVLODMFHMZSURSRQRZDQ\PUR]ZL]DQLXZ\PLDQDHQHUJLL SRPLG]\ QDSGDPL SUDFXMF\PL Z ]DNUHVLH SUDF\ VLOQLNRZHM L JHQHUDWRURZHM KDPRZDQLH RG]\VNRZH RGE\ZD VL EH]SRUHGQLR SRSU]H] ZVSyOQH V]\Q\ QDSLFLD VWDáHJR L JáyZQ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLNac/dc0RFWHJRRVWDWQLHJRPR*HE\ü]QDF]FR]UHGXNRZDQD'RGDWNRZRPR*H RQE\üZ\SRVD*RQ\ZRSFMDNW\ZQHMNRPSHQVDFMLKDUPRQLF]Q\FKLNRPSHQVDFMLPRF\ELHUQHM ]ZLNV]DMFW\PVDP\PZDUWRüZVSyáF]\QQLNDPRF\XNáDGXMDNRFDáRFL

22 Prostownik JáyZQ\ Wspólne szyny QDSLFLDVWDáHJR (dc) Rezystor UR]áDGRZXMF\ System gromadzenia energii (a) (b) 5\VD7\SRZ\XNáDG]DVLODQLDZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FKSURFHVyZEXNáDG]HZVSyOQ\PLV]\QDPLQDSLFLDVWDáHJR (dc) Rysunek 11a przedstawia typowy schemat wielosilnikowego procesu, podczas gdy QDU\VXQNXE]DSUH]HQWRZDQRSURSRQRZDQHUR]ZL]DQLH:SU]\SDGNX]DSDGXQDSLFLDOXE SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX PR*H E\ü UHDOL]RZDQD ]DUyZQR SDV\ZQD MDN L DNW\ZQD VHNZHQFMD VWHURZDQLD 3U]\ EUDNX QDSLFLD ] VLHFL QDVWSXMH DXWRPDW\F]QH ]DáF]HQLH UH]\VWRUD Z FHOX NRQWUROL QDSLFLD dc : WHQ VSRVyE HQHUJLD KDPRZDQLD PR*H E\ü UR]SURV]RQD QD UH]\VWRU]H 0R*QDUyZQLH*]DVWRVRZDüDNW\ZQHVWHURZDQLHSROHJDMFHQDSU]\áF]HQLXGRV]\QdcXNáDGX JURPDG]FHJR HQHUJL QS EDWHULL DNXPXODWRUyZ OXE 836 =DOHW Z VWRVXQNX GR UR]ZL]DQLD ZNWyU\PND*G\VLOQLNMHVW]DVLORQ\]RGG]LHOQHJR836MHVWWR*HV\VWHPJURPDG]HQLDHQHUJLL PR*HE\üZ\PLDURZDQ\W\ONRQDQDGZ\*NPRF\F]\QQHMSRQDGZ\PLDQSRPLG]\VLOQLNDPL 11 s p o s ó b 'ODMHGQRID]RZ\FK]ZDUüL]DSDGyZQDSLFLDSU]\NWyU\FKLVWQLHMHPR*OLZRüGRVWDUF]DQLD HQHUJLL]VLHFL]DVLODMFHMUHDOQHWHFKQLF]QLHMHVWZ\SUDFRZDQLHWDNLHMVWUDWHJLLVWHURZDQLDNWyUD ]DJZDUDQWXMH Z\PDJDQ\ SR]LRP RGSRUQRFL QDSGX -HGQD ] WHFKQLN SROHJD QD NRPSHQVDFML ]PLDQQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRZFHOXSRGWU]\PDQLDVWDáHJRPRPHQWXVLOQLND.RQWUROZDUWRFLQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHdcPR*QD]UHDOL]RZDüZUy*Q\VSRVyE SU]HNV]WDáWQLN VWDELOL]XMF\ QDSLFLH Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P (dalej nazywany stabilizatorem) rysunek 12. 8PLHV]F]RQ\SRPLG]\SURVWRZQLNLHPLNRQGHQVDWRUHPZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\PSUGX VWDáHJR JZDUDQWXMH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\VWSLHQLD ]DSDGX VWDELOL]DFM QDSLFLH dc na poziomie PLQLPDOQHMZDUWRFLZ\PDJDQHMSU]H]LQZHUWRU:UR]ZL]DQLXW\PQLH]EGQ\MHVWGRGDWNRZ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLRGSRZLHGQLDVWUDWHJLDVWHURZDQLD3URVWRZQLNJáyZQ\LVWDELOL]DWRUPXV]E\ü SU]HZ\PLDURZDQHZVWRVXQNXGRPRF\VLOQLND3U]\NáDGRZRMH*HOLQDSGMHVW]DSURMHNWRZDQ\ WDN DE\ E\á RGSRUQ\ QD ]DSDG\ R DPSOLWXG]LH SURVWRZQLN L GRGDWNRZ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN PXV]PLHüPRFRNRáRGZXNURWQLHZLNV]ZUHODFMLGRPRF\LQZHUWRUD:FHOXSRZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL QDSGX PR*QD ZSURZDG]Lü GRGDWNRZ\ HOHPHQW JURPDG]F\ HQHUJL QS NRQGHQVDWRU\RZLNV]HMSRMHPQRFLOXEEDWHULHDNXPXODWRUyZ