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15 3.1. Szeregowa rezystancja Jest jednym z najprostszych, a zarazem najskuteczniejszych sposobów kontrolowania SRMHPQRFLRZ\FK VWDQyZ SU]HMFLRZ\FK U\V MDNNROZLHN Z]JOG\ QLH]DZRGQRFLRZH XV]NRG]HQLDWHUPLF]QHLNRV]W\HNVSORDWDF\MQHSU]\]QDF]FHMF]VWRFLáF]HVSUDZLDM *H X*\WNRZQLF\ F]VWR UH]\JQXM ] VWRVRZDQLD WHJR HOHPHQWX QD U]HF] GáDZLNyZ V]HUHJRZ\FK SW\PDOQD ZDUWRü RSRUQRFL ]DOH*\ RG PRF\ ]DáF]DQHM EDWHULL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ L RG PRF\ ]ZDUFLRZHM (UyGáD ]DVLODQLD :DUWRü V]HUHJRZHM UH]\VWDQFML R) LS V]DFRZDQDMHVW]DSRPRF]DOH*QRFL R -HVWZLFRQDGRELHUDQDLQG\ZLGXDOQLHGOD C ND*GHJRSU]\SDGNXL]Z\NOH]DZLHUDVLZSU]HG]LDOHPyZ 6WRVRZDQH E\ZDM XNáDG\ Z NWyU\FK UH]\VWRU MHVW ZáF]RQ\ W\ONR QD NUyWNL RNUHV F]DVX (10-15 PV =H Z]JOGX QD GRSXV]F]DOQ REFL*DOQRü SUGRZ VW\NyZ Z\áF]QLND NWyUH UHDOL]XM SURFHV áf]hqld UH]\VWRUyZ]Z\NOH LFK ZDUWRü]DZLHUD VL ZyZF]DV Z SU]HG]LDOH,P ZLNV]D UH]\VWDQFMD W\P EDUG]LHM HIHNW\ZQH MHVW WáXPLHQLH VWDQyZ SU]HMFLRZ\FKZQDSLFLX-HGQDN*H]GUXJLHMVWURQ\ZUD]]HZ]URVWHPZDUWRFLUH]\VWDQFML ]ZLNV]DVLVWDQSU]HMFLRZ\WRZDU]\V]F\MHMZ\áF]DQLXERF]QLNRZDQLX±U\VXQHN 6]HUHJRZ\GáDZLN -HVW]VXNFHVHPVWRVRZDQ\GRRJUDQLF]DQLDSUGXáF]HQLRZHJREDWHULL:SURZDG]DWDN*H SHZLHQSR]LRPRJUDQLF]HQLDQDSLFLRZ\FKVWDQyZSU]HMFLRZ\FKMDNNROZLHNQLH]DZV]H: ÄVáDE\FK VLHFLDFK ]DVLODMF\FK R PDáHM PRF\ ]ZDUFLRZHM Z SXQNFLH SU]\áF]HQLD EDWHULL PR*H Z QLHNRU]\VWQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK Z\VWSLü Z]PRFQLHQLH ZDUWRFL FKZLORZ\FK QDSLFLD SRGF]DVSURFHVX]DáF]DQLD=DOHWGáDZLNyZMHVWWR*HZSU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRUH]\VWRUyZV EDUG]LHMQLH]DZRGQHPQLHMLVWRWQHZ]JOG\WHUPLF]QHLEDUG]LHMHNRQRPLF]QHZHNVSORDWDFML PQLHMV]HVWUDW\PRF\'áDZLNLRJUDQLF]DMWDN*HSUGEDWHULLSRGF]DV]ZDUüZ\VWSXMF\FK ZLFKSREOL*X,VWQLHM XNáDG\ Z NWyU\FK GáDZLN MHVW ERF]QLNRZDQ\ SR ]DNRF]HQLX SURFHVX áf]hqlrzhjr -HJR LPSHGDQFMD ]DOH*QD RG F]VWRWOLZRFL MHVW ZLNV]D Z SRF]WNRZ\P RNUHVLH JG\ F]VWRWOLZRü SU]HELHJyZ MHVW GX*D 1DVWSQLH XOHJD ]PQLHMV]HQLX JG\ Sá\QLH SUGRF]VWRWOLZRFLVLHFL]DVLODMFHM3RGREQLHMDNZSU]\SDGNXZ\áF]DQHJRUH]\VWRUDWX UyZQLH* Z\VWSXMH GUXJL VWDQ SU]HMFLRZ\ SRGF]DV ERF]QLNRZDQLD GáDZLND :\VWSXMFH ZyZF]DV SU]HSLFLD L SU]HW*HQLD V MHGQDN*H ]QDF]FR PQLHMV]H ]H Z]JOGX QD PQLHMV] ZDUWRüUHDNWDQFMLGáDZLNDGODF]VWRWOLZRFLSRGVWDZRZHM 'ádzlnlv]huhjrzhprje\üuyzqlh*áf]rqhsrvwurqlhrgelruf\mdnpdwrplhmvfhz SU]\SDGNXUHJXORZDQ\FKQDSGyZHOHNWU\F]Q\FKFKURQLFW\PVDP\PMHJRLQVWDODFMSU]HG QHJDW\ZQ\PLVNXWNDPL]DáF]DQLDEDWHULLNRQGHQVDWRUyZ $ZDU\MQHZ\áF]HQLDF]Xá\FKRGELRUQLNyZ 5\V6FKHPDWSRUHGQLHJRSU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFLGR]DVLODQLDQDSGXHOHNWU\F]QHJR 15

16 : LQVWDODFML NRFRZHJR X*\WNRZQLND Z\VWSXMH F]VWR VSU]W F]Xá\ QD ]DEXU]HQLD WRZDU]\V]FH SURFHVRZL áf]hqld NRQGHQVDWRUyZ 3U]\NáDGHP WDNLFK RGELRUQLNyZ V UHJXORZDQH QDSG\ HOHNWU\F]QH NWyUH PRJ XOHF Z\áF]HQLX SRGF]DV SU]HELHJyZ SU]HMFLRZ\FKQDZHWRPDáHMZDUWRFLWRZDU]\V]F\FKáF]HQLXNRQGHQVDWRUyZ : SU]\SDGNX QDSGyZ SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR U\V LFK RJUDQLF]RQD RGSRUQRü MHVW VSRZRGRZDQD JáyZQLH ]PLDQ QDSLFLD Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P GOD QDSLFLRZ\FK SU]HPLHQQLNyZ F]VWRWOLZRFL L XDNW\ZQLHQLHP ]DEH]SLHF]H NRQWUROXMF\FK QDSLFLH VWDáH Z W\P REZRG]LH *UR(ED WDNLHJR Z\áF]HQLD ]DOH*\ RG ZLHOX F]\QQLNyZ ZUyG NWyU\FK QDOH*\Z\PLHQLüZLHONRüEDWHULLNRQGHQVDWRUyZZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRSR]LRPQDVWDZ\ ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD QDSLFLRZHJR 1 RUD] ZDUWRü ]DVWSF]HM LQGXNF\MQRFL SRPLG]\ GZRPD NRQGHQVDWRUDPL]DáF]DQ\PZREZRG]LHacLLVWQLHMF\PZREZRG]LHdcQDSGX3U]\SDGHN taki przedstawiono na rysunku. 5\V:Sá\ZSU]HSLüSRGF]DV]DáF]DQLDEDWHULLNRQGHQVDWRUyZQDSUGZHMFLRZ\QDSLFLRZHJR SU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFL 35=<.à$' 'OD QDSGX ]DVLODQHJR ] VLHFL 9 ZDUWRü QDSLFLD SREXG]DMFD ]DEH]SLHF]HQLH QDGQDSLFLRZHZREZRG]LHdc przemiennika jest ustawiona na poziomie 760 V (rys. 3). W takim przypadku PLG]\ID]RZH QDSLFLH PQLHMV]H RG ZDUWRFL ]QDPLRQRZHM Z SUDNW\FH SUDZLH ]DZV]H SU]HNURF]RQH SRGF]DVáF]HQLDNRQGHQVDWRUyZPR*H VSRZRGRZDü Z\áF]HQLH QDSGX'RW\F]\ WR UyZQLH* LQQ\FK XNáDGyZ elektro- i energoelektronicznych z kondensatorami dc. 5\V>@:Sá\ZZHMFLRZ\FKGáDZLNyZQDZDUWRüQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHdcSU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFL SRGF]DV]DáF]DQLDEDWHULLNRQGHQVDWRUyZSLRQRZDMHVWZ\VNDORZDQDZZDUWRFLQDSLFLDNRQGHQVDWRUDdc >9@DRSR]LRPDZms 3UREOHP WHQ GRZLDGF]D ZLHOX X*\WNRZQLNyZ.RU]\VWQ\P MHJR UR]ZL]DQLHP MHVW ]DVWRVRZDQLH QD ZHMFLX QDSGX GáDZLNyZ R RGSRZLHGQLR GREUDQHM LQGXNF\MQRFL WDN DE\ 1 'OD ZLHOX QDSGyZ SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR PDáHM L UHGQLHM PRF\ SR]LRP ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD Z REZRG]LH SUGX VWDáHJR Z\QRVL F]VWR QDSLFLD ]QDPLRQRZHJR 7DND ZDUWRü PR*H E\ü RVLJQLWD QDZHW Z SU]\SDGNX V\QFKURQLF]QHJR áf]hqld EDWHULL MH*HOL EáG GHWHNFML SU]HMFLD QDSLFLD SU]H] ]HUR FR MHVW SRGVWDZZ\ERUXFKZLOLáF]HQLDEDWHULLEG]LH]DZDUW\ZSU]HG]LDOH ± 1 ms [, 3]. 16

17 MHJRLPSHGDQFMDSU]HFLZG]LDáDáDWDN*HSU]HW*HQLRPSUGRZ\PGRáDGRZXMF\PNRQGHQVDWRU dc MDN QD U\VXQNDFK -DN ZLGDü SUG EH] GáDZLNyZ ZHMFLRZ\FK RVLJD Z UR]ZD*DQ\P SU]\SDGNX ZDUWRü V]F]\WRZ $ L FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VL GX* V]\ENRFL QDUDVWDQLD 3RZáF]HQLXGáDZLNDZHMFLRZHJRSUGMHVWEDUG]LHMÄUR]P\W\ LMHJRPDNV\PDOQDZDUWRü QLH SU]HNUDF]D $ 5HGXNFML XOHJáD UyZQLH* ZDUWRü VNáDGRZHM ]PLHQQHM QDSLFLD kondensatora dc. EHFQLHZZLNV]RFLSU]\SDGNyZSU]HPLHQQLNLF]VWRWOLZRFLVZ\SRVD*DQHZGáDZLNL ZHMFLRZH OXE GáDZLNL SR VWURQLH SUGX VWDáHJR WHQ VDP FHO G]LDáDQLD 3R]ZDOD WR F]VWR XQLNQü DZDU\MQ\FK Z\áF]H VSRZRGRZDQ\FK SURFHVHP áf]hqld NRQGHQVDWRUyZ :\EyU ZDUWRFL LQGXNF\MQRFL WDNLHJR GáDZLND QDOH*\ SU]HSURZDG]Dü Z RSDUFLX R XZD*Q DQDOL] ZSá\ZX VSDGNX QDSLFLD QD GáDZLNX QD SUDF QDSGX 7\SRZH ZLHONRFL V]HUHJRZ\FK GáDZLNyZLmax.) 5\V>@3U]HELHJLF]DVRZHQDSLFLDULSUGXIVLHFL]DVLODMFHMRUD]QDSLFLDU dc ) w obwodzie SRUHGQLF]F\PSU]HPLHQQLNDF]VWRWOLZRFLGODSU]\SDGNXDEH]GáDZLNDLE]GáDZLNLHPZHMFLRZ\P FKURQDSU]HSLFLRZD =DEH]SLHF]D SU]HG Z]URVWHP ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD SRGF]DV SURFHVX áf]hqlrzhjr W\SRZR QD SR]LRPLH QDSLFLD ]QDPLRQRZHJR.U\W\F]QH GOD SUDF\ ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD V Z\áDGRZDQLD SRZWyUQH ]D ]DFLVNDFK Z\áF]QLND SRGF]DV SURFHVX áf]hqld EDWHULL : SU]\SDGNX LQVWDORZDQLD RFKURQ\ SU]HSLFLRZHM SR VWURQLH nn, podczas wzmocnienia RVF\ODFML QDSLFLRZ\FK Z XNáDG]LH PR*H ]GDU]\ü VL *H HQHUJLD W\FK RVF\ODFML przekraczy PR*OLZRFLDEVRUEFML]DEH]SLHF]HQLD]Z\NOHNLONDVHW-SRZRGXMFMHJRXV]NRG]HQLH =DEH]SLHF]HQLD WH QLH UHGXNXM ZDUWRFL SUGyZ áf]hqlrz\fk L VSDGNyZ QDSLFLD SRGF]DVáF]HQLDNRQGHQVDWRUyZ 17

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25 Z]JOGQHMn'ODND*GHMZDUWRFLU C0 U Sm ]DáF]DQLH]JRGQLH]ZDUXQNLHPDGDMH]DZV]H SHZQZDUWRüVNáDGRZHMRVF\ODF\MQHM *G\ QDSLFLRZ\ ZDUXQHN SRF]WNRZ\ U C0 MHVW UyZQ\ DPSOLWXG]LH QDSLFLD VLHFL ]DVLODMFHM ZyZF]DV SU]\ ]DáF]DQLX W\U\VWRUyZ Z V]F]\FLH QDSLFLD DPSOLWXGD U Sm VNáDGRZHMRVF\ODF\MQHM I osc. PDZDUWRü I I X X C = n osc. L 1 m = (6),P ZLNV]D EG]LH ZDUWRü UHDNWDQFML X L W\P ZLNV]D EG]LH NURWQRü WHM VNáDGRZHM Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR ZDUWRFL XVWDORQHM -HGQDN*H ZH ZV]\VWNLFK SU]\SDGNDFK JG\ X L X C VNáDGRZDRVF\ODF\MQDSUGXQLHSU]HNUDF]DDPSOLWXGSUGXXVWDORQHJR 1D U\VXQNX SU]HGVWDZLRQR SU]\NáDGRZR Z\EUDQH SU]HELHJL F]DVRZH SUGX L QDSLFLD Z]DOH*QRFLRGZ]DMHPQHMUHODFMLQDSLFLRZHJRZDUXQNXSRF]WNRZHJRLDPSOLWXG\QDSLFLD ]DVLODMFHJR X 0). L 5\V6\QFKURQLF]QHáF]HQLHEDWHULLNRQGHQVDWRUyZVWRVRZDQHZNRPSHQVDWRUDFK76&U C0 ±QDSLFLRZ\ ZDUXQHNSRF]WNRZ\NRQGHQVDWRUD 5

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27 LITERATURA: 1. Dugan R.C., McGranaghan M.F. Wayne B.H.: Electrical power systems quality. McGraw-Hill, Grebe T.E.: CIGRE 36.05/CIGRE CC0/995: Capacitor switching and its impact on power quality 3. Grebe T.E.: Application of distribution system capacitor banks and their impact on power quality. IEEE Trans. IA, 3, 3, Hanzelka Z., Piekarz A.: =DáF]DQLH EDWHULL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ Z VLHFLDFK QLVNLHJR L UHGQLHJR QDSLFLD Seminarium JUEE, AGH-Kraków, Handbook of power signatures. Dranetz BMI McCoy C.H., Floryancic B.L.: Characteristics and measurement of capacitor switching at medium voltage distribution level. IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl. 6, 30, Miller D.F.: Application guide for shunt capacitors on industrial distribution systems at medium voltage levels. IEEE PCIM Nandi S., Biswas P., Nandakumar V.N., Hegde R.K.: Two novel schemes suitable for static switching of three-phase delta-connected capacitor banks with minimum surge current. IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., 5, 33, Olivier G., Mougharbel I., Dobson-Mack G.: Minimal transient switching of capacitors. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 4, 8, Raport EPRI: Analyzing and solving power quality problems. 11. Sapiejewski M.: 7HFKQLF]QH DVSHNW\ VWRVRZDQLD SU]HPLHQQLNyZ F]VWRWOLZRFL L XNáDGyZ ádjrgqhjr rozruchu silników. Seminarium Naukowo-Techniczne pt. Zastosowanie nowoczesnej aparatury Groupe 6FKQHLGHUZXU]G]HQLDFKLLQVWDODFMDFKHOHNWURHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKQLVNLHJRQDSLFLD3ROLWHFKQLND%LDáRVWRFND %LDá\VWRN 1. Shunt capacitor bank switching stresses and test methods. 1 st part Electra, 18, Feb. 1999; nd part Electra, 183, April, Söderström R.: Synchronized switching of MV-circiut breaker for MV-capacitor banks. PDWHULDá\ otrzymane od autora). 14. Stanek M., Carvalho A.C., Rahmani M., Alatalo P., Sawada J.H., Peelo D.F., Bergman W.J., Bowden G.T.: Experiences with improving power quality by controlled switching. CIGRE Session-000, 13/14/