1 'nr,zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iz (OT) zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iza ceqi ibyen (Legendre, Grimshaw and Vikner, eds., Optimality-Theoretic SyntaxÎl `eandn `nbec) zwqerd dixe`iz dpid OT.dibelepeta `weec mi`vnp diyxey,mvra ;zixiagz dixe`iz dppi` (OT) zeilnihte`d ziixe`iz mpi` minieqn mipany onqn ueli` miveli` ly edylk byen lr zeqqean zeixiagzd zeixe`iz aex.miveli` oia divw`xhpi`a ueli`d.subject dfd ueli`d z` dpkp.htyn lka `yep aiigny ueli` yiy zexryn zeixiagzd zeixe`izd aex,lynl.miipwz.ipwzî`lk `yep ila htyn lk onqi `l SUBJECT ueli`d,jk meyn.dxtdl mipzip `l`,mihlgen (k"ca) mpi` miveli`d OTÎay jka zexg` zeixe`izn dpey OT.ipwz didi oiicr htynd minieqn mi`pza la`,edylk qpwz xexbi ueli`d ly dxtd.ipwzîizlak `yep ila htyn gxkda onqi.dty lkl dpey ziqgid zeaiygd ;ilqxaipe`d wecwcdn wlg md miveli`d.miaeyg xzei miveli`a mixeyw minieqnd mi`pzd.miveli`d bexic dpekn miveli`d ly ziqgid zeaiygd ly hexitd.(con) dtyd dze`l cgein bexic m` miilqxaipe`d miveli`d lk z` llek znieqn dtyl OT wecwc,ok m` bexic itl (EVAL) jixrnd aikx mze` jixrny,hltl micnren llegn (GEN) llegnd aikxd.hlwk dligzn zipeyl dxev.dtyd ly miveli`d,cnren `iveny efk, ziplhwz dxtd.(*) ziakek i"r oneqn idylk ueli` zxtd.(tableau) FlA`h jxc mihhxyn dkxrdd z` (. Z oneqi gvpnde!*z oneqz ziplhw dxtd f`,l`nyl oinin,zixara minyex m`). Z mipnqn gvpnd z`e. *!Z oneqn eidiy xeq` eitl,(fullint) `ln yexitz ueli` cer yi SUBJECT ueli`l sqepay gipp.htyn lka `yep ly dl`yl xefgp f`.mihpnebx` ila lreta xaecn,zihpnq dpigan. myb cxeiz eyexity lreta xaecny gipp eiykr.htyna zernyn zexqg milin ueli`d ly dxtda xaecn,htyna zernynîxqg `yep yi m`.subject ueli`d ly dxtda xaecn,htyna `yep oi` m` lr hley SUBJECT) FULLINTÎn deab xzei bxecn SUBJECT,zilbp`a.dtyd ly bexica ielz dkefdz ueli`a dxigad.fullint (FULLINT SUBJECT FULLINT dpd.`yep ila Piove mzq mixne`e,jetd `ed bexicd,ziwlhi`a.zernyndîxqg `yepd mr,it is raining mixne` zilbp`a f` (tableaux) mi`fla`hd zilbp` rain () SUBJECT FULLINT It is raining. * Is raining. *!
2 'nr,zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iz ziwlhi` rain () FULLINT SUBJECT Lui piove. *! Piove. * ifkxn oeirx epid df z` df xezql mileki wecwca miveli`y byend.oexwird z` dnibcn `id la`,icnl dheyt `nbec ef.zeilnihte`d ziixe`iza znieqn dtya mitwzyn cinz `ly miilqxaipe` zepexwrl qgiizdl epl zxyt`ny zihxe`iz zizyz epl dwiprn OT,jk meyn mr,ot enk dixe`iz,z`fd daiqdn.mdl ziivn dty lk `ly zeihp md milqxaipe`d aex,epi`xy itk.mze` mixitny zepexwr.zipyla dibeletihe milqxaipe` ly epzpad z` mcwl epl xefrl lelr,dxtdl mipzipd miilqxaipe` miveli` OTÎa il`ivpxtic oeniq Aissen, Judith (1999) Markedness and Subject Choice in Optimality Theory Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17 lr qqean) Aissen, Judith (2003) Differential Object Marking Iconicity vs. Economy Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21 lre 673 711 (435 483 xeyii oiipra epiyry dn lk,mvra.zeikxxid ly ipenxd xeyii ly byend lr zqqean OTÎa il`ivpxtic oeniq ly divfilnxetd efd zeppneqnd ziikxxida opeazp.otîa xwgn lr qqazd (divhepde gepind llek) ipenxd Oj/NSpec Oj/Spec Oj/Def Oj/PN Oj/Pron miitivtq `l mi`yen qepwiy ueli` mikixv epgp`,mipan miyiprnz miveli`dy oeeikn.miveli`k df z` `hal yi OTÎa `ed dl`d miveli`d ly bexicdy gipp m` `hazi ikxxidd qgid.'eke,(*oj/def) mircein mi`yen qepwiy cg`,(*oj/nspec) bexic.zeppneqnd ziikxxid zizgzay df±xzeia zppneqnd aeliyd `ed oey`x qpwiiy dn.mibexicd aexl cebipa,ilqxaipe` zeppneqnd ziikxxidn jtidd `et` didi OTÎa miveli`d *OJ/PRON *OJ/PN *OJ/DEF *OJ/SPEC *OJ/NSPEC seba) mi`yenk seb iiepik mixeq` m`nae FxFn`'va,lynl ;zetewy od deab bexic mr miveli`d ly ze`vezd oda zety yi m` la`.zexg` zeppneqn zeikxxida deab bexic mr miveli` iabl mb oekp df.cner lretl lretd z` mikted,df mewna ;(iyily yiy dcaerdn d`vezk weica il`ivpxtic oeniq mr zety yiy iptn,edyn siqedl yi il`ivpxtic oeniql qgiizdl mivex epgp` `hazn epi` PatientÎd mda mihtyn qpewy ueli`d m`,lynl).(deab mibxecnd miveli` elit`) dl`d miveli`d ly zextd (.oiwz didi seb iepikk `haznd `yen,*oj/pronîn deab xzei bxecn `yenk,oiteligl e`) dqgi ly oeniq mikixv miînpîy `ed cg`.xiagzd ly zereci zepekz mi`hany,mitqep miveli` ipy mikixv epgp` dfd ueli`d z` dpkp.(dqgi mr oneqn epi`y NPÎl qpw yiy * C (Case ;dqgia xaecny `han CÎd) okez z` yxetn ote`a swyl zixiagzd dxevd z` gixkny (iconicity) zeipewi`z ueli`k dfd ueli`l qgiizdl xyt`.htyna zeivwpetd/zeipekzd
3 'nr,zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iz belic xizny dtya,lynl dl`k miveli` yiy xexa.zeyxetn zexeva yeniyd z` qpewy, zeipekqgz ueli` `ed ipyd ueli`d ueli` `ed mikixv epgp`y itivtqd ueli`d.dybcdl wx mda miynzyn llk jxca seb iiepikk mi`hazn mdyk mi`yep lr zeqgil qgiizny zeipekqg *STRUC C jenpd dvwd z`xwl xzei zeipewi` mikixvy epi`x xaky oeeikn mdipia lcad mb yi.ipyd z` cg` mixzeq dl`d miveli`d ipy dfk aeliy).oldl `nbeca enk,zepneqnd z` mi`hany miveli`d mr * C z` alyl yiy zxne` z`f.zeppneqnd zeikxxid ly (.OTÎa miveli` ly inewn iegi`z dpekn *OJ/PRON&* C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *OJ/SPEC&* C *OJ/NSPEC&* C.dl`d miveli`d jeza bxecn *STRUC C ueli`d.'eke,dqgi ila ihxt my `yen iptl qpwp dqgi ila seb iepik `yen,zexg` milina *STRUC C În jenp xzei bxecny ueli` lk ly d`vezd ;dqgi mr NP didz *STRUC C În deab xzei bxecny ueli` lk ly d`vezd.dqgi ila NP didz ziikxxida mixg` miveli`l qgia *STRUC C z` zebxcn zepey zety dti` zpiivnd d`ad dlahd z` zwtqn (2003) oqii`.mi`yenl reciia zeppneqnd [oneqn `yen s` [mipneqn seb iiepik mi`yen wx,ebpeh`wl`w] *STRUC C *OJ/PRO&* C,zip`lhw] *STRUC C [mipneqn miihxt zenye seb iiepik mi`yen wx [mipneqn mircein r"ye miihxt zeny,seb iiepik mi`yen wx [miitivtqî`ldn ueg mipneqn mi`yend lk [mipneqn mi`yend lk,dx`'b`'bp`'bir] *STRUC C,zixar] *STRUC C,ziwxeh] *STRUC C,daezk zipti] *STRUC C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *OJ/SPEC&* C *OJ/NSPEC&* C lke mipneqn mi`yepd lk da ziaihbx` dty `id ebpeh`wl`w.ziptie ebpeh`wl`wn ueg,dl`d zetyd lk z` epi`x xak lke *STRUC C Îl zgzn mibxecn `yenl mixeywd miveli`d lky jk,(zeiaihbx` ly ziq`lw `nbec) mipneqnîizla mi`yend.eilrn mibxecn `yepl mixeywd miveli`d.zewiiecn xzei zepgad zeyer zetydy iptn,zkaeqn xzei zvw `id zeigd ziikxxid
4 'nr,zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iz [oneqn `yen s` [mipneqn miiyep`d mi`yendn wlg wx,ebpeh`wl`w] *STRUC C *OJ/HUM&* C,yicii] *STRUC C [mipneqn miigd ilran wlge miiyep`d mi`yend lk [mipneqn miidg mi`yend lk [mipneqn miigî`ldn wlge miigd mi`yend lk [mipneqn mi`yend lk,ebp`zix] *STRUC C,ix`bx`z] *STRUC C,FbpEi`A] *STRUC C,daezk zipti] *STRUC C *OJ/ANIM&* C *OJ/INAN&* C (.`yend ly il`ivpxtic oeniqa sebd ziikxxidl zeaiyg oi` d`xpk) ilpeivte` oeniq ly mixwn.dpey epi` iqiqad oeirxd la`,jaeqn xzei `ed aeyigd zepey zeikxxid zealeyn oda zetya.*struc C Îl yinb bexic ;zkxrnl ycg jeaiq miqipkn daxd yiy dcaerd d`xpk `id jkl zeaiqd zg`.`yend ly il`ivpxtic oeniqn geex zegt `ed `yepd ly il`ivpxtic oeniq beqdn llk jxca md mi`yepdy dcaerd `ed mxeb cer ile`.(`yepd z` zepnqn `ly zety `"f) zeiaihfew`îaihipnep zety.('eke ;mircein cinz mi`yep zety daxda ;miiyep` mi`yen xy`n xzei daxd mixicp miiyep`î`l mi`yep lynl) opneqnî`ld.*struc C ly bexicl zeiexyt`d ibeq lkl ze`nbec `evnl xyt`îi` mi`yepd ly zeikxxiday `id d`vezd lr fnxn xn`nd ly hqwhd,(ziwlg zeiaihbx`) `yepd ly il`ivpxtic oeniql df beqn ze`lah zwtqn dpi` oqii`y zexnl oldl ze`lahd *SU/NSPEC&* C [seb iiepikn ueg oneqn A lk,xidcin i EbE`Eb] *STRUC C *SU/SPEC&* C *SU/DEF&* C *SU/PN&* C *SU/PRO&* C
5 'nr,zeilnihrf`d ziixe`iz *SU/INAN&* C [oneqn igî`l A,dhFw`l] *STRUC C *SU/ANIM&* C *SU/HUM&* C [oneqn ipy sebe oey`x sebn ueg A lk *SU/3&* C,l`axi'b,iA`'bp R] *STRUC C *SU/LOC&* C.ok `ed ziwxehay cera oneqn eppi` xeyˆ zixara. (itivtq) xey dpw iwqnegˆ `ed htynd.ziwxehe zixarl tableauxîd dpd `id zetyd izya bexicd.mi`yenl reciid ziikxxid `id zihpeelxd zeppneqnd ziikxxid *OJ/PRON&* C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *STRUC C *OJ/SPEC&* C *OJ/NSPEC&* C *OJ/PRON&* C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *OJ/SPEC&* C *STRUC C *OJ/NSPEC&* C zixar ziwxeh zixar Ch. bought a (specific) ox Chomsky kana et šor. Chomsky kana šor. *OJ/PRON&* C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *STRUC C *OJ/SPEC&* C *OJ/NSPEC&* C *! * ziwxeh Ch. bought a (specific) ox Chomsky bir öküzü ald. Chomsky bir öküz ald. *OJ/PRON&* C *OJ/PN&* C *OJ/DEF&* C *OJ/SPEC&* C *STRUC C *OJ/NSPEC&* C *! *.d`xn (1999) oqii`y itk, jetdd oeniqz zekxrn exvii mikaeqn xzei miinewn miiegi`