klwsikl swihq dw smklp qy m`dkwli pmjwbi swihq

Transkrypt

1 1 klwsikl swihq dw smklp qy m`dkwli pmjwbi swihq jgbir ismg * klwsikl swihq dw smklp mulrup iv`c p`cmi swihq-sibawcwr dy AMqrgq swmhxy AwieAw hy[ pihlon pihl iesdi vrqon XUrp iv`c jwigrqi lihr dy aubwr dorwn prwcin XUnwn Aqy rom diaw aunhw srbkwli mh`qv vwliaw mu`lvwn rcnwvw dy smdrb iv`c kiqi gei ijnhw ƒ p`cmi mulkw ny AwpxI swihq-sibawcwrk ivrsq vjon prvwn kiqw[ Asl iv`c p`cm vwilaw ny Awpxy sdivi jw snwnqn (klwsikl) ivrsy di pcwx XUnwn Aqy rom di purwqn sibaqw dy hvwly nwl kiqi hy[ ieh sibaqw duniaw diaw aunhw igxiaw cuxiaw AmIr sibaqwvw ivcon hy ijs ny jivn Aqy XQwrQ bwry mnu`k di smj Aqy suj ƒ ivkisq krn dy auprwly kiqy hn[ ienhw sibaqwvw dy igawn-mulk auprwilaw ny mnu`ki hond Aqy Awly-duAwly di hkikq ƒ ArQ Aqy swrqkqw prdwn krn di cystw kiqi hy[ ies smu`ci prwpqi dw ie`k pihlu BwSweI isrjxwvw jw Sbd-siBAwcwr di ivrwsq dy rup iv`c swmhxy AwieAw hy[ dykaw jwvy qw mnu`k ƒ mnu`k dy rup iv`c sqwipq krn Aqy aus ƒ smuh prwxi jgq nwlon inkyvn iv`c BwSw ny hi mu`k BUimkw inbwei hy[ p`cm diaw smuh BwSwvW iv`c ricaw igaw swihq Awpxy mul pryrxw-sroq iesy sibaqw iv`con qlws krdw hy Aqy iesy sibaqw diaw AmIr swihqk prwpqiaw ƒ klwsikl swihq dw ruqbw prdwn krdw hy[ Ajoky smyn klwiskqw dw smklp Awpxy mu`fly ArQwq XUrpI smdrb ƒ pwr krky ivawpk ArQ grihx kr igaw hy[ A`j ivsv diaw smuh swihq-sibawcwrk prmprwvw iv`c ies ƒ sdivi mh`qv vwliaw, auqikrst qy mu`lvwn rcnwvw di drjybmdi lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ BwrqI AwcwrIAW ny sibawcwr dw inrmwn krn vwly ies mnu`ki ivhwr ƒ vwgmx jw vwxi-srup dw nwm id`qw hy Aqy iesdiaw do mul kotiaw dw qs`vr pys kiqw hy BwSk klw (jw swihq) Aqy Swsqr[ hr sibaqw daw kuj AijhIAW rcnwvw humdiaw hn jo Awp-muhwry hi aus dy cyqy iv`c vs jwdiaw hn[ SbdsiBAwcwr diaw ieh sdivi mu`l r`kx vwliaw rcnwvw moikk jw ilkqi rup iv`c aus sibawcwr dy ivrsy dw AMg bx jwdiaw hn ijnhw ƒ cyq-acyqi vwr vwr ismiraw jw duhrwieaw jwdw hy[ iehi auh rcnwvw hn jo aus sibaqw Aqy sibawcwr di inrmqrqw diaw zwmn humdiaw hn[ klwsikl jw snwqn Sbd di vrqon AijhIAW rcnwvw dy smdrb iv`c hi huumdi hy[ klwisk rcnw di mu`k ivsysqw ieh hy ik ieh jivn, XQwrQ, s`c jw suhj nwl smbmidq iksy sdivi mu`l vwly klwqmk gux ƒ prgtwaundi hy[ AijhI rcnw Awm qor qy Awpxy smkwli * swbkw propysr qy muki, pmjwbi ivbwg, id`li XUnIvristI, id`li[

2 2 ieiqhws Aqy mwnvi XQwrQ di qrjmwni krdi hy pr iesdy nwl hi ies iv`c mwnvi hond dy sdivi srokwrw Aqy mu`lw di pyskwri vi swmhxy AwauNdI hy jo ies ƒ srbkwli mh`qv prdwn krdi hy[ 1 iehi kwrx hy ik ivsv diaw klwski rcnwvw smyn-sqwn di simw ƒ pwr kr jwdiaw hn Aqy hr dor dy suihrd pwtk ƒ ArQ-swrQkqw dy inq-nvyn AwXwmW di soji krwaundiaw hn[ ienhw rcnwvw dw ivsygq mw`fl jivn dy mul mwnvi ih`qw Aqy hond-muki srokwrw di qrjmwni krdw hy Aqy smyn-sqwn qon pwr jw ky ivsv-ivawpi mh`qv dw DwrxI ho inbvdw hy[ ies qon ielwvw sujhwqmk Aqy sibawcwrk idrsti qon klwisk rcnw iv`c rupwqmk ieksurqw, smquln, provhqw Aqy smjm vrgy gux vi mojud humdy hn jo aus ƒ klwqmk auqikrstqw prdwn krdy hn[ 2 m`dkwlin pmjwbi swihq ƒ klwiskqw dy pirpyk ivc r`k ky vwcx Aqy ivcwrn lei s`b qon pihlw swihq Aqy sibawcwr dy prspr irsqy Aqy ienhw dy smklpgq srup ƒ spst krnw zruri jwpdw hy[ swihq Aqy sibawcwr mwnvi vrqwry Aqy ivhwr dy do mh`qvpurx Kyqr hn[ EprI nzry BwvyN ieh, Awpo AwpxIAW ivsysqwvw r`kx vwly, svy-awdwri Kyqr idkwei idmdy hn pr ienhw di prikrqi Aqy hond-ivdi ivc fumgi smwnqw Aqy swj vi idrstigocr humdi hy[ Asl ivc ienhw dohw dw Awps ivc fumgw vwlw irsqw hy[ ArQwq, jy sibawcwr iek smu`cw Aqy ivawpk mnu`ki vrqwrw hy qw swihq iesdy AnykW prgtwau-rupw ivcon iek hy[ iehi kwrx hy ik BwvyN is`dwqk qor qy ienhw dohw ƒ iek dusry nwlon inkyv ky vwicaw qy ivcwiraw jw skdw hy pr ivhwrk p`dr au~qy ieh iek dusry ƒ pryirq Aqy prbwivq krn vwly AMqr-sMbMiDq Kyqr is`d humdy hn[ klwiskqw di qlws lei AsIN pmjwbi swihq Aqy sibawcwr dy Awidkwl Aqy m`dkwl ƒ hi idrstigocr krn dw auprwlw kiqw hy[ ies smu`cy dor ivc pmjwbi sibawcwr Awpxy inkws Aqy ivkws dy AnykW mh`qvpurx pvwvw QwxI lmgdw hy Aqy Awpxy subw Aqy cirqr diaw inkvviaw 1 A classic stands the test of time. The work is usually considered to be a representation of the period in which it was written; and the work merits lasting recognition... A classic has a certain universal appeal. Great works of literature touch us to our very core beings--partly because they integrate themes that are understood by readers from a wide range of backgrounds and levels of experience. When traditional literary scholars refer to classical literature, they usually mean that this literature is widely acknowledged as having outstanding or enduring qualities. 2 The aesthetic and cultural perspective guided by admiration for what are perceived as classical qualities: order, maturity, harmony, balance, moderation.

3 3 ivsysqwvw grihx krdw hy[ swihqk idrsti qon ieh dor irgvyd, mhbwrq Aqy Awid grmq vrgy mhwgrmqw di isrjxw dw dor hy ijnhw dw pwt qy prvcn qqkwlin sibawcwr di hkikq ƒ murqimwn krn dy nwl nwl ausdi punr-auswri vi krdw hy[ iesqon ielwvw ies dor ivc su&i kwiv, ik`sw kwiv Aqy vir kwiv vrgiaw mh`qvpurx swihqk DwrwvW swmhxy AwauNdIAW hn jo Awpo Awpxy FMg nwl pmjwbi sibawcwr dy jivmq srokwrw Aqy jivn-jwc di qrjmwni krdiaw hn[ ieh pmjwbi bmdy ƒ ruhwniaq, AwSkI, &kiri Aqy bhwdri nvyn priqmwn vi prdwn krdiaw hn[ ienhw kwivdwrwvw dw isrijq smswr Awpxy ivsygq srokwrw Aqy prgtwau-ivdiaw dy hvwly nwl prmprw qy inrmqrqw dw prmwx pys krdw hy[ ieh kwivdwrwvw Bwrq dy klwsikl ivrsy Aqy ie`qon di lokdwrw, dohw qon pryirq Aqy prbwivq hn[ iehi kwrx hy ik pmjwbi dy ies smu`cy m`dkwli swihq ƒ h`ki qor qy klwiski swihq dy AMqrgq r`ikaw jw skdw hy[ swfw srkwr m`dkwli pmjwbi swihq diaw prmu`k DwrwvW Aqy privrqiaw ƒ klwiskqw dy hvwly nwl vwcx nwl hy[ Ajoky rup ivc pmjwbi BwSw Aqy swihq dw ivkws m`dkwl dorwn hoieaw[ ies dor di mu`k prwpqi gurmiq kwiv, su&i kwiv, ik`sw kwiv Aqy vir kwiv dy rup ivc swmhxy AwauNdI hy[ s`b qon pihlw AsIN gurmiq kwiv ƒ idrstigocr kr skdy hw ijsdw prwmwixk smkln Awid grmq (sri guru grmq swihb) dy rup ivc prwpq hy[ Dur ki bwxi jw Sbd guru vjon mwnqw r`kx vwly ies Adu`qI Drm-gRMQ ivc is`k Drm dy prvrqk guru nwnk dyv Aqy hornw guru-ivakqiaw di bwxi qon ielwvw m`dkwlin Bwrq dy prm`uk smqw, BgqW Aqy su&i-smq bwbw &rid di rcnw ƒ vi Swiml kiqw igaw hy[ bwrhvin sdi eisvi qon ly ky sqwrhvin sdi eisvi qk dy lmmy ivsqwr ivc prvwihq hox vwli ieh pwvn rcnw BwrqI aup-mhwdiop dy ibmn-ibmn BUgoilk KyqrW nwl vi smbmidq hy[ iehi kwrx hy ik is`k-ivrsy di ies pwvn rcnw ƒ m`dkwlin Bwrq di mu`lvwn sibawcwrk tykst vjon vi vwicaw jw skdw hy[ ieiqhwsk idrsti qon ieh rcnw m`dkwlin Bwrq dy aus dor di priqindqw krdi hy ijsƒ sibawcwrk nv-jwigrqi dw dor AwiKAw igaw hy[ nv-jwigrqi di ies lihr ƒ auswrn ivc smqw, BgqW Aqy guru-ivakqiaw dw Xogdwn ivsys qor qy vrxnxog hy[ ienhw m`dkwlin DrmpRvrqkW ny AwpxI bwxi Aqy klwm rwhin sibawcwrk krwqi Aqy mwnv-mukqi dw Aijhw smdys smcwirq kiqw ijsƒ mnu`ki hond di gorvmei prwpqi mminaw jw skdw hy[ AijhI siqqi dy prsmg ivc Awid grmq bwxi ƒ krwqi Aqy mukqi dw prvcn vi AwiKAw jw skdw hy[ gurbwxi dw prvcn hwkm SRyxI Aqy kulin vrgw dw p`k purx vwli SoSxkwrI ivcwrdwrw dw KMfn krdw hy[ ieh muzl

4 4 swmmqvwd Aqy jwgirdwri ArQ-ivvsQw di ihmsw ƒ hi nmigaw nhin krdw sgon piivq lokwei dy mn ivc ies AiqAwcwrI SwSx di AsiQrqw dw Aihsws jgw ky nyiqk mnobl vi pydw krdw hy[ ieh bwxi ibmn-ibmn DrmW, i&rikaw, vrgw Aqy jwq-brwdriaw ƒ prspr vyr-ivrod Aqy tkrwau rwh C`f ky sdbwvnw, suihrdqw, sihxog Aqy sihnsilqw dw smdys smcwirq krdi hy[ ies qrwh Awid grmq bwxi dw prvcn ivibmn sibawcwrk prmprwvw ivckwr SWqmeI sih-hond ƒ prvwngi idmdw hoieaw m`dkwlin Bwrq ivc au~sr rhy smjugq sibawcwr di smbwvnw ƒ vi swkwr krdw hy[ imswl vjon Awid grmq bwxi diaw kuj pmgqiaw pys hn : koei boly rwm rwm koei Kudwie ] koei syvy guseiaw koei Alwih]1]kwrx krx krim ] ikrpw Dwir rhim ]1] rhwau ] koei nwvy qiriq koei hj jwie ] koei kry pujw koei isru invwie ]2] koei pvy byd koei kqyb ] koei EFY nil koei supyd ]3] koei khy qurku koei khy ihmdu ] koei bwcy ibsqu koei surigmdu ]4] khu nwnk ijin hukmu pcwqw ] prb swihb kw iqin Bydujwqw]5]9] 3 ieaun Awid grmq dy prvcn ivc ivibmn DrmW diaw ivsvws-prmprwvw Aqy rhu-riqw ƒ nvyn smdrb ivc prsquq krky ienhw ivcli ruhwni swj dy Drwql ƒ qlws krn dw auprwlw kiqw igaw hy[ Awid grmq bwxi ivc pys hoei sibawcwrk krwqi dw mh`qvpurx pihlu smwj dy d`by-kucly Aqy inqwxy vrgw dy h`k ivc Awvwz bulmd krnw hy[ ies prvcn ivc ivsys qor qy hwkm SRyxI di lu`t- Ksu`t dy iskwr imhnqks ikswnw Aqy ikrqiaw Aqy brwhmxvwdi krmkwf Aqy jwqi-prqw h`qon sqwey hoey dilq vrgw dw p`k puiraw igaw hy[ iesy iksm di Bwvnw dw smurq prgtwvw guru nwnk bwxi diaw ienhw pmgqiaw ivc idrstigocr humdw hy : nicw AMdir nic jwiq nici hu Aiq nicu ] nwnku iqn ky smig swiq vifaw isau ikaw ris ] 3 Awid grmq, pmnw 885

5 5 ijqy nic smwliain iqqy ndir qyri bksisu[ 4 iesy qrhw Bgq kbir ny vi AwpxI bwxi rwhin mnu`ki smwj ƒ kul Aqy jwqi dy AwDwrW Anuswr vmfx vwli im`q ƒ qoivaw hy kiqw hy[ aunhw dw ivvyk ies q`q vl smkyq krdw hy ik brwhmx (kulin) Aqy sud (dilq) dovyn hi smswr dy smuh prwxiaw vwg brhm ibmdu di aupj hn[ ienhw ivckwr isrji gei iv`q msnuei hy[ mh`qvpurx g`l ieh hy ik Awid grmq bwxi ivcli krwqikwri cyqnw isr& swmwijk Aqy sibawcwrk Kyqr qk siimq nhin sgon ieqy hwkm-sryxi dy lotu ikrdwr di vi iq`ki Awlocnw kiqi gei hy[ imswl vjon guru nwnk bwxi diaw ieh pmgqiaw dykiaw jw skdiaw hn : rwjy sih mukdm kuqy ] jwie jgwiein@ byty suqy ] cwkr nhdw pwiein@ Gwau ] rqu ipqu kuiqho cit jwhu ] ijqy jiaw hosi swr ] nkˆøi vfˆøi lwieqbwr[ 5 ies qrwh Aid grmq dw prvcn Awpxy vyly dy swmwijk, rwjniqk Aqy sibawcwrk XQwrQ di qsvir vi pys krdw hy Aqy movvyn rup ivc qqkwli ieiqhwsk vmgwrw nwl nijtx vwly krwqikwri sibawcwr di isrjxw vi krdw hy[ mh`qvpurx g`l ieh hy ik Awid grmq dw ieh prvcn Bwrq dy klwsikl ivrsy nwl smvwd rcwaundw hy[ ies iv`c ihmdu-awriawei Drm-drSn nwl smbmidq vyidk ivrsw Aqy bod drsn nwl smbmidq AvYidk ivrsw vi Swiml hy[ ies g`l dw prmwx ies iv`c vrqi gei smklpi SbdwvlI qon sihjy hi iml jwdw hy[ bwxikwr mnu`ki jivn Aqy XQwrQ ƒ pirbwisq krn lei ij`qy brhm/jiv/mukqi dy vyidk smklp-prbmd di vrqon krdy hn EQy sumn/bv/inrvwx dw AvYidk jw bod muhwvrw vi vrqdy hn[ ies qrhw ienhw bwxikwrw di ivsvidrsti Aqy jivn-jwc smu`cy BwrqI Drm-drSn nwl isrjxwqmk smvwd rcwaundi hy Aqy aus ƒ m`dkwl dy bdly hoey swmwijk Aqy sibawcwrk pirpyk iv`c punr-isrijq kr ky inrmqrqw iv`c prvwihq kr idmdi hy[ iesy qrhw ieh bwxikwr su&ivwd jw qs`vu& dy hvwly nwl swmi-ieslwmi Drm-drSn di prmprw nwl vi smvwd rcwaundy hn Aqy mnu`ki jivn dy srkwrw ƒ punr-pirbwisq krdy hn[ gurbwxi dw ieh isrijq prvcn BwvyN m`dkwlin Bwrq dy swmwijk Aqy sibawcwrk pirpyk iv`c Aqy qqkwlin ieiqhwsk pirsiqqiaw dy smdrb iv`c isrijaw igaw hy pr ies iv`c pys hoeiaw dwrsink AMqr-idRStIAW vrqmwn iv`c vi AiqAMq swrqk qy prwsmigk hn ikaun jo 4 Awid grmq, pmnw 15 5 Awid grmq, pmnw 1288

6 6 ienhw dy ivsygq srokwr mnu`ki hond dy sdivi msilaw nwl vi smbmidq hn[ gurmiq kwiv dw iehi srup Aqy subw ies ƒ sihjy hi klwiskqw dw ruqbw prdwn kr idmdw hy[ gurbwxi jw gurmiq kwiv di dusri ivsysqw ieh hy ik ies iv`c lok kwiv-rupw Aqy lokdwrwei rcnw-ruvhiaw di ivawpk vrqon kiqi gei hy[ pr idlcsp g`l ieh hy ik bwxikwrw ny lokdwrwei ivrsy diaw kyvl prgtwau-jugqw hi vrqiaw hn aunhw dy mwidam rwhin pys hox vwli vsqu dw Anukrx nhin kiqw[ imswl vjon gurbwxi iv`c vrqy gey AlwhuxI dy kwiv-rup di g`l kiqi jw skdi hy[ mul rup ivc ieh pmjwb dw iek sogmei lokgiq hy[ iesdw smbmd pmjwb di purwxi rihql nwl hy[ jdon iksy ivakqi di moq ho jwdi hy qw ipmf jw ksby di nyx, imrwsx jw imsrwxi Klo ky imrq ivakqi dw nw lyky AlwhuxI dy vyxbry sogi bol aucwrdi hy[ bwxikwrw ny lok kwiv-rupw nwl AwpxI fumgi swj dw prgtwvw kridaw ijvyn iesdy ivibmn kwiv-rupw ƒ kwiv isrjx di jugq vjon vriqaw auvyn hi ies kwiv-rup di vrqon vi kiqi hy[ mh`qvpurx g`l ieh hy ik ienhw AlwhuxIAW ivc sog dw mwhol qw auswiraw igaw hy pr nwl hi mnu`k ƒ moq dy BY qon mukq krn di cystw vi idrstigocr humdi hy[ audwhrx vjon kuj pmgqiaw pys hn : DMnu isrmdw scw pwiqswhu ijin jgu DMDY lwieaw ] muhliq puni pwei BrI jwniavw Giq clwieaw ] jwni Giq clwieaw ilikaw AwieAw rumny vir sbwey ] kwieaw hms QIAw vycovw jw idn pumny myri mwey ] jyhw ilikaw qyhw pwieaw jyhw purib kmwieaw ] DMnu isrmdw scw pwiqswhu ijin jgu DMDY lwieaw ]1]" 6 ienhw kwiv-pmgqiaw ivc bwxikwr ny moq ƒ mnu`ki hond di At`l scwei vjon pys kridaw brihmmfi pirpyk di auswri kiqi hy ijsdw AMiqm prxojn moq dy du`kdwei Aihsws ƒ Bwxy di Bwvnw ivc pirvriqq krnw hy[ ies qrhw bwxikwrw dw ieh jqn iek prc`lq lok kwiv-rup ƒ smcwrmwfl vjon vrq ky nvin ArQW di isrjxw krn dw auprwlw hi mminaw jwvygw[ iesy qrhw dw auprwlw bwrh mwh, vwr Aqy hornw lok kwiv-rupw dy smdrb iv`c vi idrstigocr humdw hy[ AwiKAw jw skdw hy ik bwxikwrw ny lok kwiv-rupw di rcnw-jugq ƒ kwivk prgtwvy di klwsikl jugq bxw id`qw hy[ 6 Awid grmq, pmnw

7 7 kuj Ajoky ivdvwnw ny BgqI kwiv Aqy gurbwxi ƒ klwsikl BwrqI kwivswsqr nwl smbmidq krn di cystw kiqi hy Aqy ieh auprwlw iksy h`d qk spl vi is`d hoieaw hy[ ienhw icmqkw ny BgqI kwiv (ijs ivc gurbwxi vi Swiml hy) dy smdrb ivc SWq-rs di smklpnw pys kiqi hy Aqy iesdw sqwei Bwv inrvyd ƒ mminaw hy[ prmqu rqw gihrwei nwl dyikaw jwvy qw bwxikwrw dw prxojn rs-isrjx nhin sgon prmwrq-icmqn irhw hy[ gurbwxi dy rcnw-smswr ivc ikdry ikdry loikk rs di AnuBUqI nwl smbmidq kuj pmgqiaw Av`S iml jwdiaw hn prmqu jdon aunhw pmgqiaw ƒ bwxi ikrq dy smu`cy smdrb ivc r`k ky vwicaw jwdw hy qw ieh kyvl rs dw AwBws hi krwaundiaw hn ausdi smurq auswri nhin krdiaw[ imswl vjon guru nwnk dyv ricq bwrh mwh qukwri rcnw dyki jw skdi hy[ EprI nzr nwl dyikaw BwvyN ies dw hr kwiv-bmd ibrhum-ku`ti kwmni di mnosiqqi Aqy Bwvuk vydnw ƒ prgtwaundw jwpdw hy prmqu ienhw smuh kwiv-bmdw ivcliaw AMiqm pmgqiaw hir (brhm) dy smdrb nwl jw juvdiaw hn ijs kwrx loikk rs di JwkI AiDAwqmcyqnw dy AmUrq smklp ivc bdl jwdi hy[ imswl vjon ies rcnw diaw inmn-amikq pmgqiaw dykiaw jw skdiaw hn : cyqu bsmqu Blw Bvr suhwvvy ] bn PUly mmj bwir my ipru Gir bwhuvy ] ipru Gir nhi AwvY Dn ikau suku pwvy ibrih ibrod qnu CIjY ] koikl AMib suhwvi boly ikau duku AMik shijy ] Bvru BvMqw PUlI fwli ikau jivw mru mwey ] nwnk cyiq shij suku pwvy jy hir vru Gir Dn pwey ] 7 ienhw kwiv-pmgqiaw ivc hir brhm dw lkwiek pwrgwmi ichnk hy ijsdi hwzri ivc ibrhxi nwiekw dw loikk ibmb Fih-FyrI ho jwdw hy[ iehi kwrx hy ik ieh rs-isrjx dw prmprk AwDwr nhin bx skdw[ smu`cy qor qy AwiKAw jw skdw hy ik gurbwxi dw prvcn klwsikl smsikrq kwiv dw Anukrx nhin krdw sgon ausdiaw rcnw-ruvhiaw di prxogsil vrqon krdw hy[ qw vi ies kwiv di klwiskqw qon ienkwr nhin kiqw jw skdw ikaun jo ieh Awpxy ivsygq srokwrw Aqy prgtwau-ivdiaw dy hvwly nwl Esy qrhw dw prbwv isrjdw hy ijs qrhw dw prbwv koei auqikrst 7 Aid grmq, pmnw

8 8 klwisk rcnw isrjdi hy[ iesdi klwiskqw dw rh`s iksy purb-prc`lq klwiskl mw`fl iv`c nhin sgon iesdi moilk prikrqi di klwiskqw iv`c CuipAw hoieaw hy[ ies dor di dusri mh`qvpurx swihqk prwpqi su&i kwivdwrw dy rup ivc swmhxy AwauNdI hy[ buinadi qor qy su&ivwd dw smbmd ieslwm nwl hy pr ieh kurwnsri& dy AMqrmuKI AiDAwqmk ArQW (zwhr di QwvyN bwiqn ArQW) au~qy bl dyx vwli ivcwrdwrw hy[ iesy lei AnykW ivcwrvwnw ny iesƒ ieslwm di rh`svwdi ivawikaw dy rup ivc vi dykx dw auprwlw vi kiqw hy[ ies kwivdwrw dw mu`f bmnhx vwly pmjwb dy pris`d su&i smq Sy^ &rid hn ijnhw dw jivn kwl 1173 ei. qon 1266 ei. qk hy[sy^ &rid (bwbw &rid) dy v`fy vfyry BwvyN bwhron Aw ky pmjwb di DrqI aupr vsy sn pr ienhw ny Awpxy Awpƒ sqwnk sibawcwr diaw riqw Aqy rvwieqw Anuswr Fwl ilaw Aqy ieqon di boli (pmjwbi) ivc hi kwiv isrjxw kiqi[ lok boli ivc su&i SwierI di sqwipq kiqi hoei ies rvwieq ƒ AmIr qy BrpUr bxwaux ivc Swh husyn, sulqwn bwhu, bu`lhyswh Aqy gulwm &rid vrgy mhwn su&i SwierW ny v`f-mu`lw Xogdwn id`qw[ Asl ivc ienhw kviaw ny SrHW dy mukwbly au~qy iesk dw smklp pys kr ky Drm ƒ ruhwni AnuBv nwl jov id`qw hy[ smu`cy qor qy AwiKAw jw skdw hy ik pmjwbi su&i SwierI pmjwbi lok ivrsy diaw riqw Aqy rvwieqw ƒ mnu`ki jivn dy sdivi srokwrw dw prgtwvw krdi hy[ ieh pmjwbi smwj-sibawcwr ivc prc`lq rsmw-riqw Aqy kdrw-kimqw ƒ smcwr-jugqw vjon vrqx vl ruicq humdi hy Aqy prbwvswli kwiv dw isrjx krdi hy[ mh`qvpurx g`l ieh ik pmjwbi swihq di su&iawnw rvwieq dw ivcwrdwrwei AwDwr BgqI kwiv Aqy gurbwxi nwl myl KWdw hy[ iesny pmjwbi bmdy ƒ ruhwni cyqnw (qs`vu&) dy hvwly nwl audwr mwnvvwdi kdrw-kimqw Aqy ienswn-dosqi dw pyzwm id`qw[ ies qrhw ies Dwrw dy sihq ny srb-swjy pmjwbi sibawcwr di auswri ivc BrpUr Xogdwn id`qw[ BwrqI ieiqhws dw ieh dor BgqI lihr Aqy su&i lihr dy smwnmqr aubwr dw dor hy[ jy iek pwsy BgqI lihr ny AwpsI prym ipawr Aqy BweIcwry dw smdys id`qw qw dusry pwsy su&i lihr ny vi ienswn-dosqi Aqy rvwdwri dw pyzwm id`qw[ BgqI lihr ny AwpxI audwr mwnvvwdi ivcwrdwrw rwhin jwqi prqw Aqy krm-kwf dw KMfn kridaw ihmdu smwj ivc jwigrqi ilawdi Aqy vylw ivhw cu`kiaw mwnv-doki rsmw-riqw di ZulwmI qon mukqi idvwx dw jqn kiqw[ eysy qrhw su&i lihr ny kurwn SrI& dy AMdrUnI (bwiqn) ArQW di qsrih kridaw qs`vu& dw drs id`qw[ su&iaw dw ieh ruhwni pyzwm bmdy Aqy ^udw di rh`svwdi eykqw au~qy bl idmdw si Aqy r`bi ipawr jw iesk-hkiki ƒ jivn-jwc dw AwDwr bxwaundw si[ ies qrhw ienhw dohw lihrw di ivcwrdwrw ivc

9 9 swj dy suqr idrstigocr humdy hn[ ies qrhw pmjwbi swihq-sibawcwr di ieh su&iawnw rvwieq vi gurmiq kwiv vwg klwiskqw dw drjw r`kdi hy[ pmjwbi BweIcwrw A`j vi ruhwni Aqy nyiqk AgvweI lei vwr-vwr su&iawnw klwm vl prqdw hy jo iesdi sdivqw Aqy inrmqrqw dw prq`k prmwx smijaw jw skdw hy[ ik`sw kwiv vi m`dkwli pmjwbi swih`q di iek hor mh`qvpurx Dwrw hy[ iesdi mu`k ivsysqw ieh hy ik ieh m`dkwl diaw hornw kwiv-dwrwvw Aqy privrqiaw nwlon v`kri hy[ ij`qy nwqbwxi, BgqbwxI, gurbwxi Aqy su&i SwierI ƒ mul rup ivc Dwrimk kwiv dy AMqrgq rìkaw jwdw hy auqy ik`sw kwiv dw cirqr loikk kwiv vwlw hy[ ienhw ivc Dwrimk kwiv vwg prmwrq di g`l nhin kiqi gei sgon jivn dy XQwrQ di g`l kiqi gei hy[ pmjwbi dy prmu`k ik`swkwrw ivc AsIN dmodr, mukbl, hwi&z brûrdwr, pilu, vwirs, kwdrxwr Awid dw nwm ly skdy hw[ ienhw SwierW ny pmjwbi ik`sw kwiv di prmprw ƒ AmIr qy BrpUr bxwieaw hy[ pmjwbi dy vdyry ik`sy ipawr jw iesk dy du`kwq ƒ pys krdy hn[ ieh g`l vyly di swmwijk AwriQk ivvsqw dy AnukUl vi hy[ kwrx ieh hy ik jwgirdwri smwj diaw smsqwvw smuhbwvi humdiaw hn ijnhw ivc ivakqi ƒ suqmqr inrxy krn di KulH nhin humdi[ hir dw rwjy nwl iesk smwj diaw prc`lq kdrw-kimqw dy AnukUl nhin[ iesƒ Srw` di prvwngi vi hwisl nhin iesy lei AMq ivc nwiek qy nwiekw dohw di moq humdi hy[ ienhw ikìsaw di glp-ivdi romws kqw nwl myl KWdI hy ijs ivc AwdrSk ivakqiaw ƒ muk-pwqr jw nwiek vjon pys kiqw jwdw si[ ies qon ielwvw ienhw ikìsaw ivc XQwrQ di ktorqw dy nwl nwl kwmnw dw supnmei smswr vi auswiraw jwdw si[ pmjwbi ikìsaw dy nwiek Awm qor qy AwSk XoDy jw &kir humdy hn jo sqwipq kdrw-kimqw qon ivdroh krdy hoey nyiqkqw dy nvyn AwdrS sqwipq krdy hn[ imswl vjon jy hir dy ik`sy ivc prc`lq ivawh prqw diaw smuh-bwvi kdrw-kimqw ƒ nkwiraw igaw hy qw ies ivc mnu`ki irsiqaw ƒ jovn ivc ivakigq suqmqrqw dy mh`qv ƒ vi pcwixaw igaw hy[ pmjwbi diaw pris`d priq khwxiaw pihlon dmq-kqwvw dy rup ivc prc`lq hoeiaw bwd ivc ienhw ƒ ik`swkwrw ny AwpxI isrjxwqmk klpnw rwhin nvw rup prdwn kr ky ikìsaw ivc Fwl id`qw[ ik`swkwrw ny AwpxIAW rcnwvw ivc ibrqwq di auswri kridaw qqkwli smwj sibawcwr dw jivmq ibmb pys krn di cystw vi kiqi hy[ iehi kwrx hy ik ieh ik`sy pmjwbiaw di jivn ivdi, aunhw dy subw Aqy cirqr ƒ vi BlI BWq murqimwn krdy hn[ imswl vjon jdon AsIN ik`sw hirvwirs pvhdy hw qw aus vyly dw pmjwbi smwj AwpxIAW riqw Aqy rvwieqw smyq swkwr ho autdw

10 10 hy[ ik`sw-kwiv dw isrijq ibrqwq dy mwidam rwhin pmjwbi sibawcwr dy Avcyqn ƒ Proldw hy Aqy prqikwqmk p`dr au~qy pmjwbiaq di pcwx inrdwirq krdw hy[ ieh kwmnw dy smjm Aqy jsn dw ibrqwq isrjdy hn[ imswl vjon iesdy isrjy hoey nwiek purn, rswlu, rwjw, imrzw, du`lw B`tI, pumƒ Aqy mhivwl pmjwbi ikrdwr di priqindqw vi krdy hn ausdy sibawcwrk AwdrS vi bxdy hn[ iehi ies kwivdwrw di klwiskqw dw mul AwDwr hy[ m`dkwli pmjwbi swih`q di iek hor mh`qvpurx klwsikl kwivdwrw vwr kwiv hy[ pmjwbi ivc vwr iek Aijhy kwiv rup dy qor qy ivkisq hoieaw hy ijsdy AMqrgq vir rs dw ivdwn isrijaw jwdw hy[ vwr dy rupwkwr di prmu`k ivsysqw smgrs jw t`kr mmni jw skdi hy[ ies t`kr dy AnykW rup ho skdy hn[ ieh t`kr do XoiDAW ivckwr ho skdi hy, nyki Aqy bdi ivckwr ho skdi hy Aqy do ivcwrw jw ivcwrdwrwvw ivckwr vi ho skdi hy[ ieqnw Av`S hy ik vwr ivc nwiek di virqw jw nyki dw XS gwien zrur humdw hy[ pmjwbi swih`q ivc do qrwh diaw vwrw di rcnw hoei hy vir rsi vwrw qy AiDAwqmk vwrw[ vir rsi vwrw ivc Awm qor qy Xu`D dw vir rs BrpUr ibrqwq isrijaw jwdw hy jdon ik AiDAwqmk vwrw ivc SWq rs di isrjxw kiqi gei hy[ pmjwbi vwr swihq ivc mu`flw sqwn aunhw lok vwrw dw hy ijnhw dy hvwly sri guru grmq swihb imldy hn[ ienhw ivcon kuj vwrw hn rwie kmwl mauj di vwr, tumfy Asrwjy di vwr, iskmdr iebrwhim di vwr, l`ly bihlimy di vwr, hsny mihmy di vwr, musy di vwr Awid[ ienhw lok vwrw ivc ibmn ibmn rwijaw rjvwivaw ivckwr Xu`D Aqy smgrs dw vir rs BrpUr ibrqwq pys kiqw igaw hy[ pr ienhw vwrw dy A`Dy ADUry pwt hi prwpq hn[ vir rsi vwr di prmprw ivc guru goibmd ismg di cmfi di vwr ivsys mh`qv r`kdi hy[ ies vwr ivc guru kvi ny mwrkmfy purwx di imiqhwsk kqw ƒ ly ky dyviqaw Aqy rwksw dy Xu`D dw virqw purx ibrqwq pys kiqw hy[ ieh vwr prqikwqmk qor qy nyki Aqy bdi ivckwr smgrs ƒ murqimwn krdi hy Aqy vir Bwvnw dw smcwr krdi hy[ ies qon bwd pmjwbi ivc AnykW vir rsi vwrw di isrjxw hoei[ ijnhw ivc mu`k qor qy njwbq di nwdrswh di vwr, BweI gurdws dujy di guru ^wlsy di vwr, pir muhmmd di c`itaw di vwr, ismgw di vwr, mhw ismg di vwr, hri ismg nlvy di vwr Awid dw nwm ilaw jw skdw hy[ pmjwbi vwr swihq ivc vi pmjwbi sibawcwr dy aunhw miri guxw di pyskwri swmhxy AauNdI hy jo pmjwbi bmdy dy Avcyqn ivc vsy hoey hn ausƒ AxK Aqy svymwx nwl ijaux jw h`k-iensw& lei jujdy hoey mr imtx lei pryrdy hn[