prgqivwd : ivcwrdwrwei pirpyk Aqy ieiqhwsk ivkws

Transkrypt

1 prgqivwd : ivcwrdwrwei pirpk Aq ieiqhwsk ivkws UM U o prgqi aun qi dw smwnwr QI Sbd hy Aq ieh hr ivakqi di suhjw qmkqw dw prgtwvw krdw hy[ hrk ienswn Awpx vrqmwn rwhin Awpx Biv`K num hor izawdw bhqr b xwaux d I ^w ihs r`kdw hy Ar Qwq prgqi pirvrqn di suck hy pr iks ivs S idsw v `l [ jo A`j hy ausnum k`l hor auc`qm rup ivc v Kx di jigawsw mnu`k n krm krn lei prirq krdi hy[ prgqi AMgrzI BwSw d Sbd Progress dw p MjwbI An uv wd hy jo ik ^ud lwqini Sbd Pro-Gredior qon inkilaw hy, ijsdw ArQ hy A`g v `Dxw[ 1 prgq I dw smwnwrqi Ar Q hy: aunqi, A`g v`dxw, ivkws krnw, ikirawsil hoxw Awid[ prgqi d Bwv ArQ num ikiraw Sbd d rup ivc r`ik Aw igaw hy, ijsdw ArQ hy; qr`ki krnw, AgWhvD h oxw[ 2 ieaun p RgqI dw ArQ iks lks di prwpqi lei A`g v`ddw hy[ ieiq hwsk p`k qon prgqi ivc nyiqkqw dw q`q Sml hy Aq p Rgq I d w krm aunhw nyi qk ki mqw (Moral Values) v`l v`dxw hy ijnhw num prwpq krn lei Ank Xu`gW qon mnu`k Xqn krdw AwieAw hy[ krm- ivkws (Evolution ) i ek inrmqr Aq krimk (connected) pirvrqn hy Aq ieh i ks vi idsw ivc ivkisq h skdw hy[ ArQwq ieh aunqi jw p qn v `l jw skdw hy[ prgqi Sbd d ArQ swpk qor q smkir x jw sii mq hn [ prgqi pirvrqn qw hy, pr iks vi idsw ivc pirvrqn p Rgq I nhi; p irvrqn jdon ie`cq jw sviikrq idsw ivc humdw hy qw prgqi h Y[ prgqi iek prkwr dw ie`cq kr m-ivkws hy[ prgqi num v `K v`k ivdvwnw n Awpx Awpx idrstikox qon pirbwi Sq kiqw hy[ PAr c weilf Anuswr: 4

2 UM Y Y iks sviikrq Aq i e`cq lks j W mmq v v `l v Dxw hi prgqi hy[ 3 swih q ivc i es S bd d ArQ hn, auh swihq ijh Vw mnu`k num aus diaw vwsqivk siqqi AW qon jwxu kr vw k ausnum A`g qorn Aq A`g v`d x ivc shwi eqw krdw hy[ pmjwbi swihq kos ivc prgqi vwd num smwjvwdi-xqwrq vwd dw hi pir AwievwcI mminaw igaw hy[ 4 fw. ngndr Anuswr, prgqi Sbd dw Ar Q A`g v`dxw zrur hy, pr iek ivss FMg nw l q ivss idsw iv c[ ausdi iek visst pirbwsw h Y, ies Bw Sw dw AwD wr dvmdw qmk-boiqkvwd hy[ 5 prgqiv wd d is`d ArQ Bw vn prgqi jw ivkws nwl smbmd r`kx vwl hn, pr AwD uink swihq di Sbdw vli iv c ies Sbd n Awpxw iek iv SS ArQ dwierw kwi em kiqw hy[ prgqi ivss idsw ivc pu`itaw auh kd m hy, ijsdi buinawd mnu`ki kdrw-kimqw aup r AwDwirq humdi hy[ kuj swihq smiikak Aq s wihq-icmqk prgqivwd num is`d r Up mwrksvwd jw mwrksvw di suhj Swsqr dw hi pirawievw ci mmnd hn [ pr duj p ws auh sihq icmqk vi hn ijhv prgqivwd n iesd ieiqhwsk pirp K ivc r`kd hoe iesdw i vl`kx subwa svikwr krd h n [ fw. ksr ismg ks r dw m`q h ik, SurU SurU iv c AgWhvDU lihr dw ivkws PwsI vwd nwzivwd d i vru`d bu`d IjIvIAW d ie k sw J morc vjon hi hoi eaw h q ies morc iv c ribmdr n wq tygor ij h auh swihq kwr vi Sw iml hoe ijn HW dw kimauinst rwjniqi nwl koei vwh-vwsqw nhin si[ 6 5

3 fw. rwg rw gv Anuswr : Y Y prgqisi l swih q isrjx lei ieh zr UrI nhin hy ik lkk mwrksvwdi hov[ auh m wnvwdi vi ho skdw hy, pr ausdw iemwndwr hoxw Av`Sk hy[ 7 kuj hor swihq icmqk Aq Aw lock Aijh hn ijhv prgqivwdi swihqk li hr mwrksvwd dw pirawievwci nw mmnd h oe ies ƒ ie iqhwsk v rqwrw mmnd hn [ smq ismg skon prgqiv wd num XQwrvwd dw hi iek rup mmndw hy, auh ilkdw hy: prgqiv wd XQwr Qvwd dw h I iek rup h Y, ijvn prikrqivwd ij Q prikrqi vwd XQwrQvwd num inrwsw di idsw v`l ly jwdw hy[ auq prgqivwd AwSwvwdI hy, ikaunik prgqiv wdi ivsvws dw AwDwr hi ieh Aws hy ik smwj prgqi d rwh auq jw irh w h q ieh rwh kvl shi AgvweI qon ibnw iesd Awpx prgq I d rwh q on Btk jwx dw fr hy[ 8 ies smdrb iv c f w. gurbks ismg PrYNk dw hvwlw dxw auicq h Y: prgqiv wd dw mqlb mwrksvwdi h oxw nhin; nw hi prgqiv wdi hox dw mqlb kimauinst h oxw hy[ 9 auprokq pirbwswvw d ivslsxwq mk AiDAYn qon bwad ieh Dwrnw bxwe I jw skdi hy ik prgqi auh pir vrqn hy jo lks d AnurUp ie`cq Aq sviikrq idsw iv c h umdw hy[ p RgqI i ek prkw r dw insicq smwjk pirvrqn hy jo i ek ie`cq idsw ivc humdw hy Aq ijsdi prikrq I guxwqmk humdi h Aq jo smwj ivss diaw prcilq kimqw d Aw Dwr q jwixaw j W AMikAw jwdw hy[ 6

4 smklp prgq I num ht il K smikrx (Equation Model) duawrw s mijaw jw skdw hy: prgqi smw jk p RikirAw ie`cq idsw smwjk kimq W nwl smbmidq prgqi n jdon iek insicq kwiv-dwrw jw vwd ivss d rup iv c sqwn bxwi eaw qw kei ivvwdw num jnm id`qw, ijs ivc mu`k rup ivc swihq icmqk Aq Awlock prgqivwd bwr do vrgw ivc v Mf h oe hn, iek auh ijhv prgqiv wd num is`d rup iv c mwr ksvwd jw m wrksvwdi Swsqr nw l jovd hn, duj auh ijhv iesnum ieiqhwsk pirpk ivc r`kk nviaw aubr rhiaw siqqi AW Aq pirsiq qiaw di lov ivcon pydw hoei lihr mmnd hn [ dujw ivvwd; prgqi Aq prqiikiraw dw smbmd ki hy? prmprw iks p Rkwr prgqi ƒ prbwivq kr di h Y? kei q`q prgqi d snmùk r`kd hoe iesnum vwd ivss ho jwx di swriqkqw n UM vi iv Akq krd hn [ ies smb MD ivc AcwrI Aw rwm murqi iq Rp wti n ikhw hy:- Bwr qi i eiqhws ivc kdi vi purv grih nhin si Aq mq- Bd hox q vi iksi prkwr di ekwigrqw nhin si, pr j prgqivwd d bwr ivcwr kiqw j wvn qw ieh vwd BwrqI n hin hy, ivc v wd nhi N iv cwr hy[ ijs prkwr AMgrzI swihq iv c kwiszm pscwq X t YmpU ijsd iv c vwd kwiszm AQ vw romwitiszm si aus dw hi A`g pirvrqn rup ieh prgqivwd hy[ ies p RgqIvwd d I jvh iemglynf 7

5 ivc l`gi ies qon bwd prgqivwd l Kk smg di sqwpnw hy[ 10 vwsqv iv c swih q prgq ISIl h umd w hy, ikauni k swih q dw kwrj mnu`k num jw mnu`ki smw j n UM Ax-auicq qon auicq d v`l ly k jw xw humdw hy pr ieq ijs vwd ivss i vc p RgqI n UM r`ikaw jw irhw hy, auh mwrks d is`dwqw dw prbl smrqk hy j o prgqi d dwier num smk p rup ivc p S krdw hy[ vwd: smgxw, crcw, iks drsn (Swsqr) dw insicq kiqw is`dwq, ijv N ik AdvYq vwd drsn hov, mwnvqwvw di hov qw siqq I An urup kwiv prgqisil h o jwdw hy[ mnu`ki sibaqw dw Aw idm qon vrq mwn q`k ivkws aus di prgqisil qw dw hi prqik hy[ prgqivwd jivn di ivigawnk idrsti h Y, prgqisil Aq prgqi vwd di rcnw privrqi smwn hy[ dovn hi smwjk sm`isawvw num autwaundiaw hn q inmn vrg lei smgrs krdiaw hn [ prgqiv wdi sw ihq jnqw d I qr&dwri krn vwlw swihq hy[ prgqivwdi d is`d ArQ BwvN p Rgq I jw iv kws nwl smbmd r`kx vwl ivcwr hn, pr prgqi ivss idsw ivc pu`itaw auh kdm hy, ijsdi buinawd mn u`ki kdrw- kimqw aup r Aw Dwirq h Y[ prgqivw d dw smklp bhuq ivsiq Rq h Y[ ies diaw mwnqwvw ies prkwr h n: prgqiv wdi idrstikox B Oiqkvwd q AwDwir q hy[ iesdw eisvr, Aw qmw Awid dwrsink Bw vnwvw nwl koei s Mb MD nhin hy[ prgqi AMd runi guxw d kwrn nhin h umdi, s gon ieh qw mnu`k d cqn XqnW dw is`tw humdi hy[ prgq I krn lei t Ic num pihlon inr Dwirq krnw zruri hy[ ipr smklp num AwD wr bx w k Xqn krn p YNd hn [ jd on aunhw XqnW ivc s&lqw imldi h Y Aq inrdwirq ticw prwpq h o jwdw hy qw ausn UM prgqi AwKd hn [ 8

6 pumjivw d sw mrwjvw d Awid priqikir Awvw di q `qw d w AMq krk smw jvwd di sqwpnw krnw hi ausdw auds hy[ ies auds di p UrqI lei nyiqk, rwjniqk Aq swih qk prmprwvw dw ivrod krnw Av`Sk smjdw hy[ prgqiv wd swi hq iv c smwj num ivss mh `qv p Rdwn kr dw h Y Aq ivakqi auq ausd inxmqrx di zrurq AnuBv krdw hy[ prgqi smwjk kimqw d uawrw inrdwirq humdi h Y[ ijs ds kwl ivc jo smwjk kimq W hoxgiaw aunhw Anuswr aunw di prgqi dw iv cwr hovgw[ prgqi d pirawievwci iek hor Sbd v I hy, ausdw vi izkr krnw lw zmi hy Aq auh hy krwqi (Revolution), krw qi vi iek p Rkwr dw pirvrqn h Y[ m nu`ki smwjw d lmm smn d ieiqhw s ivc iek m h`qvpurn GVI (Movement), iek Gtnw (Event) hy jo kdi hi AwauNdI hy[ krwqi iek qr HW di iskr hy jo mnu`ki smwj d ieiqhws n UM spst rup iv c pih lw Aq ipcon d do p`kw jo iek d Uj qon iblku`l v`kr hox ivc vmfdi hy[ krwqi duawrw ilawd ge pirvrqn dw prbwv kvl vrqmwn smwj auq hi nhin blik mnu`ki smwj ivc Biv`K ivc hox vwl ivkws auq vi Ai jh FMg n wl p YNdw hy, mu`f ivc AsIN kd soc jw ivsvws nhin kr skd si ik iesd Aijh fumg is`t jw pirxwm inklxg[ vwsqv ivc krwqi smwj di vrqmwn siqqi ijs num nw-m nzur (unacceptable) Aq AishXog kih id`qw igaw hov, nwlon smb MD qovn w hy[ krwqi iek purx q Or q ibmn smwjk Aq mwnvi smswr num punr sqwipq krn d ierwd (will) dw prgtwvw kr di hy[ i es qrhw krwqi d nqij v jon iek smuihkqw (collectivities) dw duji s muihkqw d iek Bwg d mynb r di cqnmqw (consciousness) Aq rv`ei e (Attitude) ivc fumgw pirvr qn h umdw h Y[ ies d nwl hor vi pirvrqn dohri mwniskqw ivc (In Mentalit) Aq smwjk smgtn (Social Organization ) iv c humd hn [ sr l Sb dw ivc jdon smwjk pir vrqn iek dm 9

7 Y UM Y Y humdw hy Aq bwhri SkqI vi Aw pxw Xogdwn pwaundi h qw ausn krwqi kihmd hn [ krwqi mu`k qor q smwjk smdrb ivc AwauNdI h Aq iesd iqmn mu`k kwrn humd hn : 1. sm wjk-iv SS d bh u-igxqi lokw di vrqmwn siqqi num pirv rqn krn di m Mg[ 2. s& lqw prwpqi di aumid Aq smgrs di provqw [ 3. s`q wdwri vr g di kmz ori ivc ivsvws[ smkp ivc krwqi bhuq izawdw ivawpk, p Urn Aq Acwnk Awe smwjk pirvrqnw qon humdi h Y[ ijnhw d nq Ij vjon nvin smwjk ivvsqw di sqwpnw humdi hy[ pr prgqi q krw qi i vc & rk ie h h ik prgqi Aih Mswqmk, prcwrk/ivaw pk q smuhkqw num klwv ivc ly k ivcrdi hy jdik krw qi b huqi vwr ih Msk GtnwvW q kuj vrg q`k siimq ho k ivgsdi hy[ (a) prgqivwd is`dwqk p`k Aq ieiqhwsk ipcokv prgqi d sdwrn ArQ qw aunqi Aq ivkws nwl juv hoe hn pr Awpx Swbi dk ArQW qon pwr ieh smwj, sibawcwr Aq mn oivigawnk Awid p`kw qon hond grih x krdw hy Aq iehnw p`kw num movvn r Up ivc prbwiv q vi krdw hy[ prgqi num ies smdr B iv c ilaw jw skdw h Y ik iesdw mnorq jivn prgqi num gqi prdwn krn i vc hy[ prgqivw d d is`d ArQ BwvN prgqi jw ivkws nwl smbmd r`kx vwl hn, pr AwD uink swihq di SwbdwvlI ivc ieh Sbd Aw pxw iek ivss Ar Q r`kdw h Y, prgqivwdi swihq smwj num ivss mh`qv p Rdwn krdw hy Aq ivakq I auq ausd inxmqrx di zr Urq AnuBv kr dw hy[ prgqiv wdi s wihq swmrwj, swmmqvwd, Dwrmk AMD ivsvws, jmwqi lu`t- Ksu`t, zwq- pwq, iesqr I jwqi dw dmn Awi d ivisaw num prgt krdi hy, auq duj pws 10

8 Zulwm mulkw/komw di AwzwdI, mnu`ki brwbri, smswr Amn, rwstri ekqw, Dwr mk q s Mp Rdwiek Bwvnw num AwDwr bxwaundi hy[ ieh smkw li smwjk SkqIAW di b OiDk p `Dr q AgvweI krk smwjvw d di sqw pnw krdw hy[ fw. Aqr ismg d ivc wr Anusw r:- prgqiv wdi swihq dw B wv Aijh swih q qon hy ijh Vw aubr rhiaw smwjk SkqIAW di boidk qor q AgvweI krk smwjk pvwa smw jvwd di sqwpnw di prrnw id Mdw hy[ 11 AwDuink ivsv swihq num gwdi, m wrks, niqs Aq Pr wief n b huq prbwivq kiqw[ aus qon pihlw jo swihq r icaw jwdw si auh bhuq prbwvv wdi si[ aus ivc izawdwqr prikrqi Aq r`b dw izkr/gungwx kiqw igaw si[ ausqon bwad kulin vr g aupr ilikaw igaw Aq jdon swihq iv c nviaw mnu`ki kdrw-kimqw dw Awgmn hoi eaw qw auh prgq IvwdI swihq AK vwieaw[ jkr iesd is `DWqk p`k di g`l kiqi jwv q W iesdw is`dwq mwrks d dvmdw qmk B Oiqkvwd aupr AwDwirq hy, ijhvw AwriQk Asmwnqw Aq smgrs num ivkws dw m Ul kwrn mmndw hy Aq ieh jivn dw ivigawnk idrstikox hy[ ieh iks AidRS SkqI jw AlOikk mwn qwvw ivc ivs vws nhin r`kdw[ ieh dwrsink q sm wjk is`dwq di mul jvh h Y[ ijs Anuswr isrs ti dw m Ul pdwrq hy q ieh pirvr qnsil hy[ BOi qkvwd p dwrq num mn nwlon srst smjdw hy[ pdwrq q mn ivckwr dvmd hox kwrn iesnum dvmdwqmk ikhw igaw hy[ dvmdw qmk BOiqkvwd dw is`dwq mwrks n id`qw[ Bwv N Bwrq iv c cliaw rwjsi lihrw rwhin prgqiv wdi ruciaw dw p Rc wr h umd w irhw hy pr ivss 11

9 U idrstikox q insicq ivcwrdwrw vjon iesdw AwrMB mwrksvwdi lihr rwhin hi h oieaw [ 12 sdwr x SbdW ivc mwrksvwd qon Bwv kwrl mwrks diaw ( ) dwrsink ilkqw qon h Y[ kw rl mwrks d ivcwrw iv c Pr Yfirk englz ( ) dw vi v`fw Xogdwn irhw[ ies lei mwrksvw d ivc Engles dw vi izkr humdw hy[ mwrks mul rup ivc Awpx gur higl (Hegel) d drsn - Swsqr AwdrSvwd v`l si, auq mwrks n auhnw ivcwrw jw is`d WqW num XQwrQ vwd ivc vriq Aw Aq AwpxI iek nvi N ivcwrdwrw bxw ei ijsnum ivigawnk smwjvwd (Scientific Socialism) ikhw jwdw h Y[ mwrks Awpx smn d AwriQk Aq rwjniqk FWc qon kwpi nw KuS si[ ZrIbW d S osx q AmIrW d rwj krn di prxwli qon prb wivq ho k mwrks n iek Aijh smw j di sqwpnw dw smklp AwrMiBAw ijs ivc smwnqw dw is`dwq prmu`k si[ AijhI smwjk, AwriQk Aq rwjniqk ivvsqw num mwrks n smwjvw d dw nwm id`q w[ m wrks di ivcwr Dwrw qon prb wivq ho k 1917 ei. i vc lyi nn n rus ivc krwqi ilawdi Aq mwr ksvwdi smwj di sq wpnw kiqi[ ei. ivc m wau-qus- qumg n vi mwrksvwd qon prirq ho k cin num Aw zwd kr vwieaw mojudw smn vi mwrks di ivcwrdwrw d qihq duniaw Br iv c vdr r wjniqk pwrtiaw rwj kr rhiaw hn [ mwrksvwdi ivcwrdw rw m u`k qor q AwriQk, rwjniq k jw ipr smwjk is`dw qw dw sm Uh h Y[ ieh ivcwrdwrw krwqi d AwDwr q pumjivwdi, Awri Qk Aq rwjniqk iv vsqw ^qm krk vrg-rihq s mwj di sqwpnw krnw cwhumdi hy ijs ivc ZrIb Aq AmIr brw br h oxg[ Aijh ivcwr Aq ienhw d AwDwrW vwl is`dw qw num mwrksvw d jw ipr ivigawnk-s mwjvwd (Scientific Socialism) Aq jw ipr proloqwri sm wjvwd ikhw jw dw hy[ 12

10 Y smwjv wd auhnw AwriQk Aq rwjniqk is`dwqw dw smuh hy jo vr g-rihq smwj di vkwlq krd hn [ ijs ivc auqpw dn d swdn Aq vmf di mlkiaq rwj kol hovgi jw smpur x smw j d ihq vwl jnqk smuhw kol[ 1 3 mwrks di ivcwrdwrw v I m Ul rup ivc smwjvwd hy Aq iesd smwj vwd num ivigawnk ies lei kihmd hn ikaunik ieh ieiqhws d AiDAYn q AwDwirq hy, mnu`k d mojudw du`k W-drdW num swh mx r`kid AW p dwrqvw di soc nwl bxwieaw h oieaw hy[ ies num proloqwri (Proleturian ) ies lei kihmd hn ikaunik ies Anuswr smwjvwd ivc proloqwriaw di q wnwswhi h ovgi[ mwrks n AwpxI ies mul iv cwrdwrw s MbMDI ijn HW is`dwqw jw mwnqwvw num Aw Dwr bxwaundw hy[ ies prkwr hn : 1. dvmdw qmk pdwrqvwd (Dilectical Material) 2. ieiqh ws di pdwrqv wdi ivawikaw (Meterialistic interpretation of Histor ) 3. bdlwv di D wrxw (The concept of change) 4. vrg smgrs (Class Struggle) 5. vwd U-mu`l dw is`dwq (Theor of surplus-value) 6. mzdur vr g di qwnwswhi (Dictatorship of Proletarians) 7. rwj dw sr Up (Nature of the state) 8. Drm smbmdi ivcwr (views about Religion) dvmdw qmk p dwrqvw d: pdwrqvwd qon Bwv auh q`q-ivigawnk (Metaphsical) is`dw q h jo pdw rq num hi sb kuj mmndw hy[ 13

11 Y UM Y UM o UM pdwrq jw BUq jw mwdw inrmqr gqisil h q iesd ivkws nwl hi cqnw hond iv c AwauNdI hy q ipr cqnw vi isrsti d ivkws auq movvw Asr pwaundi hy[ ies qrhw pdwrq q cqnw dw d vmd sqwpq humdw hy[ 14 i&aurwbwk di pdwr QvwdI ivcwrdwrw rwhin mw rks vi pdwr QvwdI bx igaw[ iesn dvmdwqmk ies lei AwiKAw jwdw hy ikaunik ieh dv Md di ivdi (The Method of Dialects) q ADwirq hy[ dvmd (Dialectic) ieh Sbd grik BwSw d Dialegin qon bixaw hy, ijs dw ArQ h bihs krnw (To argue or converse) plyto d s mn ies dw ArQ prsn Aq auqrw rwhin dlil bwzi dw rup si (A form of Argumentation through questions and answers) 15 hi gl n iesnum qwrikkqw q on q `q ivigawnk bxw k vriqaw[ aus An uswr Awqmw (Spirit) d ivkws di prikir Aw Dialects d qor q humdi hy[ aus An uswr AiDAwq mk (Idealistic) ivkw s di prikir Aw qrk d AwDwr q humdi hy, ijsnum higl dvmdw qmk kihmdw hy[ ies ivc prmu`k iqmn AvsQw vw humdiaw hn: 1. p`k (Thesis) 2. ivp`k (Anti-Thesis) 3. smslsx (Snthesis) hr mu`flw ivcwr iek p`k hy Aq Awaux vwl smn i vc jo ivcwr ies pihl ivcwr dw ivrodi humdw hy, auh ivp`k hy[ ivr od h ox d dovw n imsr q hoxw pyndw hy Aq ies imsrq qon bwad j vi bx dw hy ausn smslsx kih Md hn Bwv 14

12 iek ivcwr dw jd on koe I hor ivcwr ivrod krdw hy qw iek nvw ivcwr pydw humdw hy, iesnum iemj smj skd hw: Thesis Anti Thesis Snthesis Anti Thesis Snthesis Anti Thesis Snthesis higl An uswr koei vi ivkws i es dv Mdwqmk prikiraw q on ibnw AsMBv hy[ mwrks Anuswr pumjivwd smwj ivc Am Ir (ijsnum mwrks n Bourgeoisie jw Have ikh w h Y) p`k hn Aq smw Awaux q ZrIb (ijsn UM ausn Proletarian jw Have notes) ikhw h Y ivp`k di B Uimkw inbwauxg Aq dov W tkrw A h ovgw ijsnum auh vrg-smgrs (class struggle) Aq ies i vcon iek nvn smw j di sqwpnw hovgi (s MslSx), ijsn UM auh smwjv wd ki hmdw hy[ ies qrhw mwrks n higl di dv Mdwqmk i vawi KAw num AwdrSv wd ivc on i law k pdwr Qvwd ivc lwgu kiqw hy[ ies smbmd I m wrks ilkdw hy: mri d vmdwqmk iv DI higl d dvmdw qon Al`g hi nhi N; blik ault hy, mynum higl d dvmd isr Bwr KV nzr Awe myn auhnw n UM pyrw Bwr kr id`qw[ 16 ieiqh ws di p dwrqvwdi i vawikaw: mwrksv wd dw dusrw mh`qvpurn is`dwq hy ieiqh ws di p dwrqvw di iv AwiK Aw[ mwr ks dv Mdwqmk pdwrq vwd rwhin Awpx smwjvwd n UM iek i vigawnk AwDwr dxw cwh umdw si[ ies lei ausn ieiqh ws di ivaw ikaw Awpx ivcwr W nwl kiqi[ ijq higl ieiqhwsk i vkws ivc dyvi q`qw num prdwn mmndw hy, auq mwrks pdwrqk q `qw di mh `qqw spst 15

13 krdw hy[ ieq pdwr Qvwd qon Bw v auh is`dwq jo jivn lei zruri B Oiqk vsqw num prdwn mmndw h Y, Aw riqk zrurqw mnu`k ivc sb qon pihlw hn[ mwrks num ieiqh ws ivc ie h AwriQk zrurqw hi nzr AweIAW, ies AwDw r q auh ilkdw hy ik ieiq hws ivc hr AvsQw iv c vrg smgrs cl dw irhw hy[ ieiqh ws di hr Gtnw Aq pi rvrqn AwriQk SkqIAW dw is`tw hn [ mwrks-englz n pumjivwd smwj- prbmd d AiDAYn qon s mwjk ivkws d ijnhw smwn X (General) nmw di sqwpnw kiqi hy[ aunhw num h I ieiqhwsk BOiqkvwd dw nw id`qw jwdw hy[ 17 ies AwDwr q mwrks ieiqh ws num pmjw Xu`gW i vc vmfdw hy: 1. prwcin Xu`g (Primitive Communism) 2. dws Xu`g ( Slave Epoch) 3. swmmq Xu`g ( Feudal Epoch ) 4. pumjivw di Xùg (Capitalistic Epoch) 5. smwjv wdi Xu`g (Socialistic Epoch) Aw^rI Xùg bwr ausdi Dwrxw ieh hy ik iesdi sqwpnw qw hovgi jd smwj iv c koei vr g Aq nw hi vrg smgrs hovgw [ pirvrqn di Dwrxw: smw jk Aq AwriQk ivvsqwvw bdlwaux di prikiraw ivc hn [ mwr ks vi sqw ei iv vsqwvw d ivcwrw n UM nkwrdw hy[ pirvrqn qon Bwv h Y nv N FWicAW/nv N rupw dw inr mwx[ vrg smgrs: mwrksvwdi idrstikox q on mu`k vrgw ivckwr smbmd prspr inrbrqw (Mutual Dependance) Aq s MGr S (conflict) dw hy[ m wrks Anuswr pumjivwdi smwj ivc do mu`k vrg burzuaw Aq proloqwri hn [ AwDuink smwj ivc ieh auc Aq inmn vr g (Ruling class) jw SoiSq (Subject class) 16

14 d rup iv c vkx num imldw h Y[ iehnw num jkr hor sr l smjxw hov qw ies qrhw dr jw bmdi hovgi: 1. pumjipq I aucr w vrg (The Propetless class) 2. smpqi hix s& d kw lr mzdur (The Propertless white collor workers) 3. Cot pumjipq I (Pett Bourgeoise) 4. h`q di ikr q jw srirk imhn q krn vwlw mzdur (The Manual working class) mwrks n Awp xi pusq k dws kyptil (dass capital ) di qisri ijld (voll III) iv c vr g d smklp dw ivvsq w priqpwdn AwrMB kiqw hy q ikhw ik pumjivw di smwj iqmn mu`k vrg hn : pumjipqi, B on-mwlk Aq mzdur[ smu`c q Or q smw j v`d q on v`d do ivr odi idrw do mhwn vrgw jo prq`k q iek dusr dw swhmxw jw mukblw krd hn, bur zuaw Aq proloqwri ivc ivbwijq ho irhw hy[ 18 vwd U mu`l dw is`dwq: vrg-smgrs d is`dwq ivc mwrks n pumjivw d ivc hi pumjivw d ƒ K qm krn d bijw di g`l kiqi hy[ 19vIN sdi ivc ArQ Swsqr IAW n p Rvwn kr ilaw si ikrq hi v squ dw mu`l inrdwirq krdi hy (Labour creats the value of a commodit) ies dlil qon m wrks Awpx is`dw q di SurUAwq kr dw h Y[ hr auqpwdn di AslI kimq ausdi lwgq Aq mzdurw di imhn q d AwDwr q humdi hy, pr mwlk ausnum bwzwr ivc vwdu mu`l q vcd hn [ ies vwdu m u`l num pumjip qi Awp hi r`k lynd hn [ mwrks dw kih xw hy, pumjipqiaw duawrw Awp x kol r`ikaw igaw ieh Dn h I vwdu mu`l hy[ iek mzdur jo imhnq krdw hy ausdw mu`l Aq auh jo Asl i vc prwp q krdw hy ivckwr AMqr hi vw DU m u`l hy[ 17

15 ijhv ivakqi ikrq d swdnw d mwlk bx k Awp ikr q nhi N krd jw Aw pxi ki qi ikrq nwlon aupj i vcon v`d ih `sw ly j Wd hn auh ikrqiaw di kmwei d isr q ijaund hn [ ie ho ikrq di lu`t (Exploitation) AK vwaundi h Y[ 19 rwj dw srup : mwrks Anuswr rwj jw rwjniqk ivvsqw iek vrgi smsqw (class Institution) h Y[ ieh hmsw hi AmIr vrgw num ZrIb vrg q SoSx krx ivc shwiek humdw hy[ iesdw ZrIb num koei P wiedw nhin humdw [ rwj di mdd nwl SoSk (Exploition) SoSq (Exploited) q AwpxI AW iecwvw Qopdw hy[ rwj ijq Zr IbW d vwdu mu`l Koh k AmI rw num idmdw h Y auq hi ZrIbW AMdr ieh Bwvnw Brdw hy ik rwj ivru`d iv droh eisvr prqi pw p h Y[ i es q rhw rwj kvl iek dmndwri smsqw (oppression Institution ) hy[ Drm smbmdi ivcwr: mwrks Drm n UM jnqw di A& Im (opium) kihmdw hy[ ieh AmIrW rwh IN ZrIbW q SoSx krn dw sw Dn hy[ Drm lokw lei A&Im dw kmm kr dw hy, ieh mnu`ki mnw ivc auhnw bwhri SkqIAW dw is AwsI prqo hy ijhviaw aus d rozwnw jivn auq kmtr ol r`kdiaw hn [ iek Aijhw prqo, ijs iv c smswr k SkqIAW prw-smswrk SkqIAW dw rup Dwrn krdiaw hn [ 2 0 rwj Aq SwskW di qrhw pumjiv wdi vi Drm num swdn vjon vrqd hn [ m wrks dw ivcwr h Y Drm, prmwqmw Aq Dwrimk gqiivdiaw AmIrW rwhin ZrIbW num id`qi gei A&Im hy qw jo auh ns iv c hi rihx Aq auhnw q SoSx kr d AmIr AwpxI AYSo- iesrq (Luxr) brkrwr r`k skx[ 18

16 mwrksvwd n smwj ivigawnw ivc iek qrhw di krwqi ly AWdI[ ieh ivvhwr ivc s B qon kw mxwb irhw smwj drsn hy[ mwrks di iv cwrdwrw qon prbwivq h o k lyinn, stw iln, mwau- qus-qumg n i es qih q rus Aq cin ivc rwjniqk q^ qw plit Aw[ ies iv cwrdwrw qihq bxiaw rwjniqk pwrtiaw vi kw&i kwmxwb h oeiaw hn [ Bwrq ivc mojudw (UPA) di srkwr ies pwrti (CPM) q AwD wirq hy[ ies qrhw p`cmin bmgwl ivc ipcl 2 8 swlw qon auq krlw ivc ies pwrti diaw srkwrw hn [ Aijh smn ivc rwjniqk, AwriQk, Dwrimk smwjk qrutiaw num dur krn lei punr jwgrn AMdoln cilaw[ ieq auhnw ivdvwnw dw izkr v I lwzmi bxdw hy, ijh nw n iesnum ivhwrk rup ivc ApxwieAw[ PrYNfirk englz : englj v I mwrks di qr HW gmbir Aq suihrdqw vwl durdr SI sn [ auhnw n CotI aumr ivc hi bh uq sw riaw ikqwbw ilk idqiaw[ englz B wvn ^ud vi SRSt lkk sn pr ipr vi auh mwrks di priqbw qon bhuq izawdw prbwivq sn [ auh mwrks di AiDAYn, qrk, ivslsx Aq ivcwridrsti d prsmsk sn [ ie hnw dovw ivc ieqni dosqi dw kwrn dovw d ivcwrw ivc bhuq h `d q`k smw nqw si[ engl z d Anuswr, i eiqhws di BOiqkvwdI idrsti qon ie iqhws dw inrxwiek q`qv vw sqv ivc auqpwdn AQvw priqauqpwdn hy[ Agr koei ie h ki hmdw hy ik AwriQk q`q hi ek-mwqr inrxwiek q `q hy qw ip r ienhw mwnq wvw qon ieh s pst hy ik mw rks mwnvi cqnw num vsqu-awdwirq, pir siqqi AwDwirq Aq smwj AwD wirq mmnd hn[ iehi cqnw swihq drsn n UM jnm idmdi hy[ auqpwdn d swdnw d i vkws nwl hi smwj n ivkws kiqw Aq ies ivkws- kwl n smw j ivc ivibmn r Up Dwrn kiqw[ iesdw qqkwlin swihq q vi prbwv ipaw[ englz n mwr ks d nwl 19

17 UM imlk q W ilikaw hi si, ausqon ielw vw auhnw n bh uq swr lk mwrks di qr&on mwrks d nwm ilk[ mwrks ijnhw idnw ivc Aw px grmq kyptil aupr kmm kr rh sn auh nw idnw ivc hi auhnw num inauxwrk fli itri baun ivc ilkx dw kmm imilaw, pr auh e n izawdw msru& sn ik auhnw kol A^bwr lei ilkx dw vkq nhin si, ies lei ieh kmm auhnw n englz n soip Aw, Aq Awp Awpxw idawn pumji grmq ilkx v`l lgw ilaw[ 2 1 englz n m wrks di mh`qv purn pusqk (capital) ivc vi Aw pxw Xogdwn pwieaw[ j don mwrks num ieh pqw l`gw ik ibmwri di kwrn auh hux nhi N ilk skxg, qw auhnw n AwpxI swri sm `gri englz d hvw l krk ikqwb d Agl K Mf iq Awr krn v wsq ikhw[ englz n vi AwpxI swri aurjw Aq i drsti muqwib k Agl KMf iqawr kiq[ ies qon ielwvw mwrks dw ApRkwiSq swihq vi p RkwiSq krvwi eaw[ lyinn: lyinn rus d r wjniqk Aq dw rsink ivdvwn sn, ijn HW n pihli vwr mwrks diaw mwnqwvw num Apxwi eaw[ auhnw n klpnw num swihq lei roick q`q mminaw lyinn dw ieh dwavw si ik swihq Awpn Xu`g diaw priv rqiaw qon ApRBwivq nhin rih skdw[ sm wj d sr Up ivc pirvrqn auqpwdn p RxwlI krk AwauNdw hy Aq i eh pi rvrqn smwj ivc nvn swi hq dw inr mwx krdw hy[ lyinn n klw Aq swihq diaw DwrwvW hi nhin sgon swriaw p RikirAwvW dw vrg-idrstikox qon ivcwrn di idrsti auq bl id`qw[ auhnw n ilikaw hy, i vsv 20

18 UM mwnv num smqust krn ivc sdw hi AsmrQ irhw hy, Aq mn`uk aus num Aw px qri k nwl bdlx dw Xqn krdw hy[ 2 2 plykwnov: kw iv-kwl auq mw rksvwdi id RStIkox qon i vcwr krn vwl rusi icmqkw ivc lyin n q on bwad plykwnov dw sqwn mh`qvpurn h Y[ p lykwnov n klw jw swihq num smwjk pirsiq qiaw dw prqipl ikhw, auhnw d Anuswr mnu`k d smwjk smbmd hi ausd jivn num prb wivq krd hn [ klw Aq swih q d Kqr ivc auhnw di idrs ti aup Xogqw vwdi rhi [ auh nw dw m`q hy ik klw kvl mnu`k d Bwv W di hi nhin sgon ausd Bw vw Aq ivcwrw dovw di AiBivAkqI krdi hy[ ausdw mwid Am koei vi ho skdw hy[ 23 iks vi ivakqi di klw dw inrdwr n ausdi mwnisk siqq I duaw rw humdw hy[ ausdi mwnisk siq qi ausdi pirsiq qi di dx h Y[ AMiqm i vslsx ivc ausdw inrdwrn ausd auqpw dn swdn AQvw ausd auqpwdn d smbmd d AwDwr auq humdw hy[ auh klw d smbmd ivc BOiqkv wdi idrsti r`kd hn Aq klw n ivakq I di mwnisk siqqi di dx mmnd hn [ klw Aq sm wj d prspr s MbMD bwr Awpxw m`q ps krd hoe auh nw ikhw ik kuj lokw di idrsti ivc klw mwn vi cqnw Aq smwjk ivvsqw d ivkws dw sw Dn hy[ mykism gorki : sov IAq krwqi qon bwad mwr ksvwdi ivcwrdwrw num ly k swihq Aq klw d Kqr ivc ijs smwjvwdi XQwr Q di SurUAwq hoei ausd jnmdwqw mykism gorki hn [ vih vin sdi d p ihl crn ivc sov IAq BUmI ivc ijs sw ihq dw inr mwx h oieaw, aus diaw Ank iv SSqwvW sn [ auhnw ikhw si: 21

19 UM UM rusi jnqw dw XQwrQvwdI r Up p Orwixk AMD-ivSvwsW num jkv, mwr Kwe ikswnw dw hy[ 2 4 gorki n iehnw mwn qwvw num ly k Awpx swihq dw inrmw x kiq w[ auh nw d An uswr smwjvw di XQ wrq d prkws ivc do audsw di purqi Av `Sk h Y: 1. mnu`k di prgqi ivc rukwvt pwaux vwliaw swriaw SkqIAW aupr rok lgwauxi[ 2. nvn XQwr Q di s&lqw n klwqmk rup d k smxonw, inrdwirq krnw Aq nwiek n AwdrS rup iv c prsq uq krnw[ 2 5 smwjv wdi XQ wrqvwdi swih q d Kqr ivc ie k swih qkwr d rup ivc hi nhi N sgon iek mhwn i cmqk d rup ivc vi mykism gorki di dx mh`qvpurn hy[ ikrstopr kw fvy~l: ikrstopr kwfvy~ l mwrksvwdi is`dwqw di sqwpn w krn vwl pihl ivdv wn hn [ auhnw n d vmdwqmk BOiqkvw d di ip`t-bumi ivc swihq d jo ieiqhwsk ivkws di ivawikaw prsquq kiqi, auh bhuq mh`qvpurn hy[ auhnw n klw Aq swihq dw ivvcn smwj SwsqrI i drsti qon kiqw[ auhnw d Anuswr: ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwdI idrsti hi smwj SwsqrI idrsti hy[ auhnw n kwi v dw audbv Aq ivkws dw ivvc n ies idrs ti q on kiqw[ auhnw d`isaw ik Awidm Xu`g iv c mn u`ki jivn swmuih k si [ aus diaw ikirawvw Aq kmm v I sw muihk sn [ kudrqi Aw &qw, bwhri hml di siqqi iv c vi swiraw di prqiikiraw swmuihk r Up ivc hi humdi si[ iesdw iek prmu`k kwrn ieh hy ik mnu`k dw ivaki qqv 22

20 ivkws nhi N si h oieaw[ holi-holi mwnv jivn ivc AiDkwr di lwlsw pydw hoei[ ies lw lsw n vr g- Bd num jnm id`qw [ 26 kwfvy~ l n PrwiefvwdI i QaurI qw Apx wei prmqu ausdw swr AMS Awpx Bw vw duawrw kiqw[ ausn supn Aq kivqw ivc AMqr d`isaw[ supn iv c mn u`k mn o- ivkwrw dw dws humdw hy, jdik kivqw iv c m no-ivkw rw dw suawmi h umdw hy[ mwau- qus-qumg: mwau-qus- qumg vi lyinn di qr HW hi mwrks diaw mwnvqwvw Aq AwdrSW num smwjk jivn iv c swkwr vkx d icmqk hn [ auhnw n swihq q klw d jo ivcwr ivakq kiq auh mwrksv wd AQvw p RgqIvwd d srup qon smjx vwli id RStI qon mh`qv purn hn [ auhnw n mu`k r Up ivc d o g`lw auq prkws pwi eaw: 1. swih q iks d vwsq hy? 2. swih q Awpx auds di purqi iks prkwr krdw hy? swih q num aupjwaux vwliaw pirsiqqiaw smwjk jivn ivcon aupjdiaw hn Aq i ehnw pirsiqqiaw dw Asr smwjk jivn iv c AsiQrq w p Ydw krdw hy qw, bu`dijivi vrg ausdi iv rodqw krd hoe Ai jhw swihq rcd h n jo AijhIAW siq qiaw d i^lwp Aq m wnvi ih`qw d AnukUl hoe [ AijhI ilkq pvh k jdon sdwrn lokw ivc cqnw AwauNdI hy Aq auh vi iesdw smr Qn krdi hy qw ies prkwr swihq d auds di p UrqI h umdi h Y[ mw au-qus-qumg, klw swih q Aq auds num Awpx Anuswr ivakq krd hoe ilkd hn : AsI dv MdwvwdI BOiqkv wdi hw[ AsI N auds Aq pirxwm dovw n UM iek duj nwl imlw k vkx ivc ivsvws r`kd hw[ ieh donon iek duj qon v `K nhin kiq jw skd[ Agr lokw lei koei kmm krn nwl 23

21 koei pirmw x n hin inkldw jw ausd pi rxwm dw loki svwgq n hin krd qw auh ivarq hy[ 27 klwqmk mwp dmf di idrsti qon klw Aq s wihq dw mulwkx zruri hy pr klw di idrsti qon ausdw cmgw jw mwvw prbwv dw inrxw aus smwj q pyx vwl prbwv di ksot I q krnw cwhidw hy[ (A) prgqivwdi ivcwrdwrw: komi Aq komwqri p`dr q ivkws vih vin sdi d pihl dhwikaw dw smw Aijh w smw AwiK Aw jw skdw hy ijs iv c AMqr-rwStrI p `Dr aupr bhuq swriaw GtnwvW vw priaw sn [ Pwisz m q swmrwji h ml, smw jvwdi mulkw di r ìkaw, komwqri m zdur lihr q lokqmqri AiDkwrW di Aw zwdi lei nvi N idsw dw inrds kiqw jwv[ ikaunik i krqiaw Aq srmwedwrw d ih `q iek duj qon ault sn [ ieh ik coqwx q AwpsI AsiQrqw hi pihl iv Sv Xu`D dw kwrn bxi[ ies q on ielw vw ivigawn Aq audxog diaw l`bqw sdkw p Yd wvwri SkqIAW n ivkws ki qw[ ibmn- ibmn prkwr diaw vsqw diaw mmgw vdx l`giaw Aq AMqr-r wstri mmfi dw rup inkrn l`gw[ ieq on hi msini Xu`g dw AwrMB hoieaw izawdw jldi Aq izawdw imkdwr i vc mwl msinw rwhin hi smbv si, GrlU audxog Aq dsqkwri ieqni jldi iehnw kmmw num AMzwm nhin si d skdi[ pydw vri SkqIAW d ivkws sdkw p Ydwvr pihlw nwlon guxwqm k Aq igxwqmk p`kon bhuq vdi[ v `D munw&w kmwaux Aq nviaw mmfiaw kwie m krn di lov n swmrwj num jn m id`q w[ ies v `D munw& vwl dor i vcon ivrodwbws aupjxw SurU ho igaw[ ijsd krk sr mwedwri ivvsqw num iq Mn qrhw d buinawdi ivrodw dw swhm xw krnw ipaw[ pihlw ikr q Aq srmwe iv clw ivrod hy[ ijsn mzdur jmw q num Awps iv c joivaw hi n hin sgon sw mrwj Aq burjuawzi ivr`ud f`t k KVw kiqw [ burzuawzi h `QoN lutindi ikrqi jmw q n 24

22 Awpx ih`qw di sur`ikaw lei XUr p d v`k-v`k dsw ivc iq`k Gol kiq [ pi hlw ieh Gol AMsgiTq Aq Awp muhw r sn, ijsd krk izawdw s&lq w nhin imli[ smw jk nmw num smjx vwsq ivigawnk is`dw qw di lov si[ ies prkwr proloqw ri AMdoln d ivkws n hi ivigawn d swhmx iek bvw mh `qvpurn kmm ilaw KVw kiqw, iek krwqikwr I is`dwq isrjx p UMjIvwd d iv ru`d Aq smwjv wd d h`k ivc i vcwrdwrk hi QAwr GVn dw kmm Aq ivigawn n ijsdi prqiind qw mw rks Aq englz krd hn [ 2 8 dujw ivrod inrbr d SW diaw komw Aq aunhw di lu`t- Ksu`t krn vwl swmrwji ivclw ivrod hy[ ijsn inrbr dsw ivc swmrwji rwjw ivru`d iv droh di Bwvnw pydw kiqi, AwriQk Aq rwjsi sv wdinqw prwp q krn lei rwstri AMdolnW num jnm id`qw[ i ek hor bhu- idswvi ivrod- ^ud iehnw sw mrwji dsw ivckwr k`c mwl di prwpq I lei Aq mmfiaw di Azw rdwri lei c`l ipaw[ ivsv dw pihlw Aq dujw Xu`D ies di dx hy[ smswr i vc i es qrhw pihlw kd vi Ai jh i vnwskwri Xu`D nhin hoe[ aun HIvIN sdi Aq vih vin sdi d Awr MB qon hi p`cmi dsw ivc kuj AijhIAW Gtn wvw vwprn l`giaw, ijnhw n duni Aw dw idawn Aw px v`l ik`c ilaw[ smn 1917 ivc rus ivc lyinn di Agvw ei ivc mhwn smwjvw di krwqi s&l hoei[ i eh smwjvwdi krwqi smswr di auh mhwn ieiqhwsk Gtnw si ijsn rus di kwieaw-klp kiqi pr nwl h I i vsv Br di SoiSq- piivq mwnv qw d s whmx srv- p`ki SkqI dw drvwzw vi Kol id`qw[

23 smswr ivc ies jqu ien klwb d qjr b n swj ienklwbi AwdrSW di cqnw jgw ei[ bsqivw di Aq Ar D-bsqI vwdi dsw ivc cl rh rwstr mukqi AMdolnW Aq smwjvwdi krwqikwri lihrw num nvw auqswh Aq bl bkisaw[ pr duj pws ih tlr di nwj Ivwd ivc sqwpnw nwl smn 1933 iv c ieh SkqIAW Awpx is^r q phumc cukiaw sn Aq ivsv Am n lei iek gmbir ^qrw bx geiaw sn [ kim auinstw auq dmn c`kr qon ielwvw ien HW SkqIAW n audwrv wdi iv cwrw vwl b u`dimwnw Aq swihq kwrw auq vi dmn krnw SurU kr id`qw[ iesdw nqijw ieh hoieaw ik bhuq swr swihqkwrw klwkwrw Aq bu`dij IvIAW n AwpxI jwn -mwl di r`ikaw krk jrmni Aq ie tli ivcon bwhr ho ge[ ies v`dd AiqAwcwr ivru`d iek m`ut ho k smgrs krn lei jun 1933 ei. ivc pyirs d pla hwl iv c kimauinstw v`lon iek kwgrs dw AwXojn kiqw igaw[ XUrp d qih l`k qon vi AiDk mzdurw d priq ind kimauinst, kuj smw jk jnvwdi mzdur Aq prgqisi l bu`dijivi ieq aupsiq q sn kwgrs dw mu`k svr smsq Pw isst-iv rodiaw dw ivawpk AwDwr auq jmgi s MXukq morcw b xwaux dw ivcwr si, cwh auh P wisst ivrodi iks vi pwrti ivc instw r`kd hox, iks vi Drm d AnuXweI hox Srq isr& ieh si ik auh Pwiszm dw q^qw aultwaux Aq swmrwjvwdi jn- smhwr rokx lei sihxog krn lei iqawr hox[

24 o UM PwiSstvwd iek ^qrw b x igaw s I, jnvwdi Aq Amn psmd SkqIAW lei, i ehnw SkqIAW num Awpx h`kw Aq h ond di r^ vwli lei smgrs krnw lwzmi h igaw[ smn 1934 iv c &rw s iv c bx smxukq morc n smswr d duj dsw A`g PwSIvwd ivr u`d lvn lei iek prrnw dwiek audwhrx ps kiqi[ 3 1 smswr d prmu`k mulkw ivc i eko BYA Aq icmqw si ik, iks nw iks qrhw PwSIvwd SkqIAW n hrwieaw jwv[ ies krk smswr diaw swriaw AgWh- vdu SkqIAW di niqi cwh auh ikq vi KV hox, PwSI vwd ivru`d roh num aubwrnw si[ spn di GrogI jmg iesdi audwhr x hy, ijq AMqr - rwst ri brigf lvn lei i gaw ijs ivc duniaw Br d au~g iv dvwn i&lws& r Aq lkk vi Swiml hoe[ ies jmg i vc hi do supris`d ivdvwn i cmqn i krstopr kwfvy~ l Aq rwlp Pwks ShId hoe[ 32 smn 1934 i vc swr PwiSst ivr odiaw duawrw smxukq kwrvwei dw kimauinst W v`lon id` qw ivcwr prgq ISIl bu`diji viaw d mn iv c byt igaw[ ies qrhw ies lihr di komwqri p`dr q ip`t BUmI iq Awr ho gei[ swihqk qor q prgqivwdi p Ri vrqi dw AwrMB qih krnw hov qw in rsmdh ieh vihvin sdi d mu`fl dhwikaw q `k jw phumcdw hy[ ies ivkwsvwd I icmqndwrw n mnu`ki smwj num ryfikl (sudwrvwdi) dwrsinkqw p Rd wn ki qi Aq ies di suhj wqmk i drsti qon prgq Ivwd Aq smwjv wd v rg n vn smklp pydw hoe[ iesd nwl hi smwjk XQwrQ dw iek nvw pihlu swh mx AwauNdw hy[ fw. jsbir ismg d kqn Anuswr: 27

25 UM UM prgqiv wdi prbwv h TW m`d vrgi i vakqiv wd n nvin smwjkqw AQvw nv N smwji irsiqaw num mwn vvwd d prkws Aq Awqm purqi lei iek mwidam d qor q qs`vr kiqw si pr i kaunik m `D vrgi mwnvvwd dw AWqirk qrk, prgqivwd d ivcwrdrwei ru^ nwl ieksur nhin si, ies lei dohw dw AwpsI dvmd smwji siqqi bdlx nwl aubr k sw hmx AwieAw Aq r omwitk prgqivwd XQwrQvw d d ivgtn dw kwrn b ixaw[ prgq Ivwd ivc do prspr ivrodi ruciaw rs r hiaw vkiaw jw skdiaw hn [ iek pws bwhrmu`ki vwsqiv kqw num pkv lyx lei hu-b- hu pskwri di privrqi hy Aq duj pw s siq qi n vw d- swc ivc Fl k purvinsi cq nwm rup ivc prgtwaux di ruci hy[ 33 ies ivcwrd wrw n drswieaw ik A`q-i vksq dsw nwlon p ihlw, ienklw b pcv dsw ivc hoegw[ prgqivwdi Dwrw dohri n IqI d ADIn iv crdi hy, ieh ivrodwbws Aq aupdswqmk idrsti ly k aupj I[ ivrodwbw s; qq kwlin siqqi AW pi rsiqqiaw aupr ktwks d rup ivc ivgsi Aq aup dswqmk, AwdrSwqm k smwjk Aq mwnvvw di BwvnwvW di AiBivAkqI di pskwri kiqi[ ies ivkwsvwdi p RivrqI n smu`c ivs v-swih q n prbwi vq ki qw[ pihl ivsv Xu`D ( ) di ibamkr qbwhi kwrn XUrpI sm wj num AwriQ k mmd vwv dw swhmxw krnw ipaw si[ i es smn d Orwn ietli ivc m soilni dw Pwiszm Aq ih tlr dw nwzivwd lokqmqr auq ^qrw bx k mmfrwaux l`g[ 28

26 Y mncuriaw aupr jpwn d hm l, ietli dw ieqopiaw num hv `p kr lyxw Aq jrmn -ietli d h`qon spn gxrwj d ^wqm n lig Aw& nsn dw Bog pw id`qw[ ie nhw pirsiqqi AW ivc swri duni Aw d icmqk Aq klwkwr TMbr jh ge sn [ 34 iehnw pirsiqqi Aw n hi duj ivsv Xu`D di ip`t BUmI iqawr kiqi[ duj ivsvxu`d ( ) di ib Awnk qbwhi/qrwsdi auprmq XUrpI smwj AwriQk mmdvw V di jkv ivc Ps igaw si[ AijhI si QqI ivc swihq Aq sibaw cwr di r`ikaw lei budijivi iek m Mc q iek`t hox l`g[ ies sbmdi rkw AvsQI di it`pxi h ik: prgqisi l AMdoln ivsv d PwSIvwd ivrodi AMdoln dw vi ie`k AMg si aun HW ienw iv c nwzi jr mni mhw Xu`D diaw zbrdsq iqawriaw ivc l`igaw hoieaw si, cin q jpwni swmrwj vwdiaw n h mlw kr id`q w si[ Xu`DvwdI SkqIAW Aw px ds diaw sibawcwrk SkqIAW num dbw A k prgqisil ikqw bw di holi jlw k PwSIvwd ivrodi lkkw num Ank qsih d k ^UnI Aw qmk kwiem kr rhi AW sn [ Xu`D diaw iqawriaw krn vw sq mwn vqw dw Biv `K smkt ivc si[ 3 5 soviaq XUnIAn ivc kimauinstw h `QoN rwj s`qw di vwgfor Cu`t j wxw, KulHI mmfi di AwriQkqw v`l JukwA hoxw Aq hor sosilst d SW di hwlq dw vi ingrxw Awid, ijs num bu`diji vi vrg n gmbir sm`isaw d r Up i vc ilaw[ 29

27 ipcl do ku swlw AMdr ijh VIAW qbdiliaw p UrbI XUrp q soviaq dsw AMd r AweIAW aunhw num AnkW isawx AKv waux v wl B wrqi icmqk mul rup ivc hr ieiqh wsk Gtnw q smwjk vrqwr prqi hm Sw Bwvuk prqikr m hi prgtwaund Awe hn [ 3 6 budij IvIAW n ivsv p`dr q sibaq w Aq sibawcw r di surìkaw lei iek mmc q ie kqr hox d smklp v`l Agrsr hoe[ ien HW lkkw n mn u`kqw prqi AwpxI izmmvwri num mihsus ki qw Aq swihq n UM iek hiqawr b xw k Pwisz m Aq qwnwswhi d ivru`d smgrs krn lei vcn b`d h oe[ julw ei 1935 ei. ivc ivs v Br d iv dvwnw di iek kwn& rms hoei, ijs ivc mykism gorki, Qwms mw n, rolw bwrq, AWdr mwr qin Aq Bwrq v`lon i jnhw ivdvwnw n numwi emdgi kiq I, auh sn f w. mulk rwj AwnMd q s`jwd zhir[ fw. pr immdr ismg Anuswr: ieh pihlw mokw si jd prgqi vwdi ivcwrd wrw r`kx vwl duniaw Br d lkk iek lihr v jon iek pltpwrm q iek`t h oe[ ies Av sr q smswr Br d lkkw d nw ijhvi ApIl jwri kiqi gei aus ivc ikhw igaw- lkk swqie moq d ivru`d izmdgi dw p`k puro[ swfi klm, swfi klw, sw fw igawn, aunhw SkqIAW ivru`d vriqaw jwv ijhvi moq num s`dw idmdiaw hn, jo m nu`kqw dw glw Gut diaw hn, pys d zor nwl rwj krdiaw hn Aq Pwiszm d ibmn-ibmn rup Dwr k s wihmx AwaudIAW hn Aq i ehi 30

28 o SkqIAW hn ijh VIAW inqw x lokw dw Kun cusdiaw hn [ 3 7 ies iv Sv p`dri i vcwrdwrk lihr q on prbw ivq ho k, BwrqI ividawrq IAW n ij hv aus vl XUrp diaw Al`g- Al`g XUn IvristI AW ivc aucri ivi daw prw pq kr rh sn [ auhnw aupr ivdvwnw dw q auhnw di ivcwrdwrw dw bhuq Asr hoieaw[ iehnw BwrqI ividaw rqiaw ei. ivc iek swihqk kndr di sqw pnw kiqi ijs ivc s`xwd zhir, f w. mulk r wj AwnMd, fw. jxoqi GoS Aq p Rmod syn gup q q f w. mhummd din qwsir Swml sn [ sb n iml k ies swih qk sbw dw nw iemfian progryisv rweitrz AYsosIeSn (Indian Progressive Writers association) rìkaw igaw[ fw. mulk rwj AwnMd num iesdw prdwn inxukq kiqw igaw[ iehnw BwrqI ividawrq IAW dw mnorq ieh si ik lkkw dw ieh smg bxwieaw jwv qw auh smwj d kilawx q AwzwdI di lvwei ivc Awpxw Xogdwn pw skx[ soviaq ienklw b d Asr ht munsi prm cmd di lihr q on p RBwivq ho k Bwrq ivc ies lihr di rwhd wri bxwe I, q ipr lvidwr smmlnw dw islislw SurU hoieaw[ AijhI ivvsq w auq rkw AvsQI it `pxi krdi ilkdi hy, kuj lok smjd hn ik lmfn ivc prgqivwdi lkk smg sqwi pq krn dw PYslw h oieaw q Bwrq ivc lwgu ho i gaw[ Aijh lok sr l bxd hn q hr AMdoln d AMdr kmm kr rh Ank qrhw d q`qw d suqrw d jitl smbmdw num nw smj k aus vl srlikrn q auqwru ho j Wd hn [ ih Mdusqwn d AMdr jo smgtn bxwaux diaw kois Sw h rhiaw sn aunhw d suqrdwr prm cmd si Aq pyirs, mwsko q lmfn ivc 31

29 jo kuj vi srgr miaw Aq hlcl si, aus ivc s`xwd, zhir Aq mulk rwj Awn Md Swml si[ 3 8 iehnw Bwr qi ivi dawr QIAw n Bw rq ivc Awp x im`qrw num iek p`qr ilikaw q Awpx mnor Q bwr jwxu krvwieaw q nwl hi ies smg di iek lvi Bwr q ivc clwaux di qwkid kiqi[ ies p`qr iv c i likaw igaw: Bwr qi smwj ivc in `q nvn pirvrqn h o rh hn[ prwcin r UVIvwdI ivcwrw Aq ivsvwsw diaw jvw ihl rhi AW hn Aq ies prkwr iek n vn smwj dw jnm hox j w irhw hy[ ies qrhw i eh bhuq zruri hy ik Bwr qi swih qkwr ieq on d j n -jivn ivc hox vwl ies krwqikwri pirvrqn num Sbd Aq rup dx Aq ies qrhw rwstr di prgqi ivc shwiek hox[ AsIN Bwr qi sib Aqw di rwki krd hoe Awpx ds diaw pqn- mu`ki p RivirqIAw di s^q Awlocnw krni hy[ ies qrhw Aw pxiaw Awlocnwqmk ikrqw duawrw auh swdn jutw aux hn ijhv swnum Awp x lks di p UrqI ivc shwiek ho skd hn [ Bwrq d nv N swihq dw swf v rqmwn ji vn d mul q`qw nwl krmb`d hoxw zrur I h Y Aq auh q`q hn sw fi dirdrq w, swfw smwjk Xqn Aq swfi rwjn Iqk prwdinqw [ 39 prgqiv wdi swih qk AMd oln nw koei Axh oxi Aq nw hi koei Acwnk vwp ri Gtnw si, ijs num iks iek ivakqi iv cwr jw idrstkox n prbwivq kiqw hov[ sgon ieh smn-smn auci AW ivcwr DwrwvW q lovw dw imilaw juilaw 32

30 o UM prqikrm/p RqIPl si[ ies p RgqISIl lkk smg bwr fw. is v kumwr imsr ilkd hn: smn ivc lknau ivc ies s MsQw dw pihlw smmln smpmn hoieaw ijs d pihl sbwpqi ih MdI d prmu`k klwkwr munsi prm cmd sn [ smj og di g`l hy ik ieh smmln TIk aus smn hoieaw jd lknau ivc hi BwrqI rwstri kwgrs dw smmln h irhw si[ audr ds d rwjniqk mmc qon rwstri kw grs d sbwp qi p M. pmif q nihru smwjvwd di GoSxw kr rh sn, iedr ds d sw ihqk mmc qon munsi prm cmd swih qkwrw n smwjvw di ivcwrdwrw q on nv IN r OSnI grihx krn di slwh d rh sn [ 4 0 ies GoSxw p`qr ivc smg d audsw auq rosni pwaund hoe ikhw: swf smg dw auds swihq Aq dujiaw klw vw ijhviaw hux q `k ruviv wdi vrgw d h`qw ivc py k inrjiv humdi AW hn jw rhi Aw hn num mukq krw k auhnw jnqw d nv ilawauxw hy iesnum ji vn di pskwri Aq Biv`K di auswri dw kwrgr vsilw bxwauxw h Y[ 4 1 prgqiv wd lkk smg dw dusrw lvivwr smmln dsmbr 1938 ivc klk`qw ivk hoieaw[ iesdi p RD wngi rivdr nwq tygor n krni si pr ish q ^rwb hox krk auhnw Awpx w smds p`qr Bj id`qw[ auhnw Awpx smds iv c ds di q`qkwlin, AwriQk, smwjk q sw ihqk siqqi auq cwnxw pwieaw[ ruvivwdi 33

31 prmprw Aq k`tvpmqi DrwvW Awdr Svwd di Aw locnw kiqi gei[ ies GoSxw p`qr iv c ikhw igaw: hrk Bwr qi lk k dw kr`qv hy ik auh BwrqI jivn ivc hox v wl pir vrqnw num AiBivAkqI dv Aq swihq ivc ivigaw nk bu`divwd dw vwdw krk ds ivc smwjk krwqi di Bwvnw num i zawdw qon izawdw ivkisq Aq suid RV bxwaux dw Xqn kr[ aunhw num swihqk smiik Aw di Aij hi idrsti dw ivkws krn w cwhidw hy, ijhvi pir vwr, Drm, kwm, Xu`D Aq smwj d clmq prsn W q sdwrn rup ivc priqikrawsil Aq ruviv wdi p RivrqIAW dw ivrod kr[ auhnw num Ai jhiaw swih qk privrqiaw dw vi ivr od krnw cwhidw h Y ijhviaw smprdw iek-bw vnw, jwqi Bd Aq mnu`k duawrw mn u`k d SoSx di Bwv nw num auqswihq kr diaw hn [ 4 2 ies lkk smg dw qis rw smmln id`li ivc mei ei. ivc hoieaw[ ies smmln num BwrqI Pw isst ivrodi smg dw nw idqw igaw, ij s iv c &w iszm ivr odi swr lkkw Aq bu`dijiviaw num bulwieaw i gaw[ Pwisjm d m wnvqw q smsikrqi ivrodi r v`eie di s^q inmdw kiq I gei Aq XUr p ivc hox vwl Pwisz m ivr odi smmln num v I iek p`qr B ijaw igaw [ ies smmln d GoSxw p`qr iv c ikhw igaw: hr ds iv c Pwiszm di ij`q n prgqisil AMdoln Aq ivcwr W num Ts phumcw ei hy, swsikrqk AiBivAkqI d mul sroq n UM bmd kr id`qw igaw hy, 34

32 jnqw d auqr- AiDkwrIAW dw b rihmi nwl Kw qmw kiqw igaw hy[ A`j di duniaw i vc Pwiszm di ij`q dw ArQ i ek nvn AMDkwr di SurUAw q hovgi Aq ies smkt n UM dur krn i vc jn qw n UM Aw pxw kr qv purw krnw hovgw[ 4 3 prgqisi l lkk smg dw c OQ w smmln smn ivc smwjvwdi nqw sri AMimRqpwl fwg di prd wngi ADIn bmbei ivc hoieaw[ qisr smmln di q ulnw ivc iesdw AwDwr izawdw ivawpk si[ ies smmln ivc vi lkkw n mwnv qw d dusmx Pwisst prqi Aw px qibr ivrodi Bw vw num duhrwieaw[ iesd nwl hi brqwnvi sw mrwj d d mn c`kr di vi ktor Sb dw ivc inmdw kiqi[ ies GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igaw: ies gmbir smkt d smn ihmd Us qwn d p RgqISIl lkkw dw krq`v hy ik auh rwst r d mnobl num idrv bxwaux[ aunhw dw Prz hy ik auh swhs Aq smklp num m zbuq krn qw jo swfi AzwdI dw idn nzdik Awe, swfi smsikrqi Aq sibaqw surikaq rh, aunhw di aunqi hov Aq AsIN kitn smkt kwl ivcon suqmqr, SkqISwlI Aq smgtq ho k inkl skie[ prgqisi l lkk hmsw qon hi Bwr q di suqmqr qw Aq ds ivc iek in AwSIl auicq smwjk Aq AwriQk ivvsqw lei lvd rh hn [ ieh hi nhin aunhw n hr prkwr di smwjk prikiraw Aq prgqi ivrodi ivcwrdwrw ivru`d vi smgr S kiqw hy[ ihmdusqwn di suqmqrqw num auhnw n ivsv di suqmq rqw d iek 35

33 AiBn AMg d r Up ivc smijaw hy Aq ijq buinawdi AiDkwrW di GoSxw kiqi hy, auq auhnw n Pwisz m dw ivrod vi kiqw h Y, ijhvw swmrwjv wdi s`qw dw KUMKwr rup hy[ 44 ies smg dw p Mj vw smmln mei 1949 ei. ivc bmbei i vc hoieaw[ Aijhw ies lei hoieaw ikaunik bmbei ivc rok lgw i d`qi gei si[ ieh Awzwd Bwrq ivc prgqisil lkk smg dw pihlw smmln si[ ies smmln ivc ijhvw GoSxw p`qr iqawr kiqw i gaw auh ie iqhwsk p`kon bh uq mh`q qw r `Kdw hy[ ies GoSxw p`qr ivc ikh w i gaw ik Azw di qon bwad BwrqI pumji pqi vrg Aq sw mrwjvw d dw gt- bmdn ho igaw hy, ij hvw BwrqI jn qw di ies ie`cw dw ivr odi hy i k ds ivc iek purn suq Mqr srv ivawpk lokqmqr rwj di sqw pnw kiqi jwv [ AwzwdI di lvw ei d ies dor iv c lkk vi do DiVAw ivc vmf hoe hn [ iek DV i vc auh ijh V smwjv wd SoSx mukq ivvsqw lei jnq w d smgrs Aq purwxi smw jvwd ivrodi smsikrqi di ivrwsq d p`k ivc hn [ duj DV ivc auh Swiml hn jo ihmdusq wn num swmrw jwd d ipclg bxwaux d p`k ivc hn Aq hr purw x ds-b gqi Br pur swihq diaw srvsst prmprwvw num nkwr d hn [ iemnhw dovw idrw ivc inrp `K koei vi nhin[ jo inrp`k qw di g`l krd hn auh dusr DV num mdd phumcw aud hn [ ies GoSxw p`qr d mul mu`d sn : 1. swih q dw m hwn n Yiqk auds lkkw pwson mmg kr dw hy i k auh Awpx swih q num Asrdwiek, lokiprx Aq sumdr bxwaux ijs qon swfi j nqw prrxw lv [ 36

34 2. smdhpurn q smbwivq qij mhw- XuD d pvxmqr ivc AYglo-AmrIkI swmrwjvwd SrIk hy Aq ieh sovi Aq smg Aq swri duni AW d komi mukqi AMdoln dw dusmx hy[ 3. nihru-ptl di Agvw ei ivc rwstri srkwr hr jnvwdi AMdoln num kucl r hi hy, p UMjIvwdI smsikrqi num Cot vi d rhi hy Aq jnvwdi q smwjv wdi smsikrqi d prxqnw dw glw Gu`t k dmn di kwrvwei vi kr rhi h Y[ 4. AzwdI qon bw Ad Bwr qi pumjivwdi vr g smwjvwd dw gtbmdn h o igaw hy, ijhvw Bw rqi jnqw d I ies ie`cw dw ivrodi h Y ik ds ivc iek p Urn suqmqrn srv ivaw pk prjwqmqirk rwj sqwipq kiq w jwv[ 4 5 ies prgqisil lk smg d lvivwr smmlnw dw AwKrI 6vW smmln id`li ivc smn 1953 ivc ikrsn cmd di prdwn gi iv c hoieaw[ ies p`qr ivc ies g`l aupr zor id`qw igaw ik smg num h or i vawpk srup idqw jw v, swihq Aq klw dw ivkws swfi swsikrqk ivrws q q rwstri prmpr w d An uswr hoxw cwhi dw h Y[ ies ivc ivsv BweIcwrw sqwpq krn Aq ivsv Amn di ie`cw prgt kiqi gei Aq i es g`l auq zor id`qw igaw h Y ik swfw swihq mwnv qw di Bwvnw, jivn ivc ivs vws Aq auv`jl Biv`K di AwSw nw l Eqpoq h oxw cwhi dw hy[ ies GoS xw p`qr ivc ikhw igaw, ivsv BweIcwrw sqwipq krn Aq ivsv-amn di ie`cw prgt kiqi gei Aq ies g`l auq zor id`qw igaw ik swfw swihq mwnvqwv wdi Bwvnw, jivn ivc Aws Qw auq au~jl Biv`K d I AwSw nwlon Eqpoq hoxw cwhidw hy Aq aunhw num Awp xiaw rcnwvw duawrw 37

35 KuSI Aq KuShwlI jivn di prwpqi ivc sh wiek bnxw cwhidw hy 4 6 ies qon aupr Mq smn q`k ies smg dw koei vi smmln nw ho sikaw[ ies qrhw BwrqI prgqivwdi AMdoln ijhvw 1936 ivc smgitq rup ivc hond ivc AwieAw si, ies iv c KV oq Aw rhi prqi q h umdi si: pr As liaq ivc iek lihr vjon i es AMdoln ivc koei KVoq nhin si Aw ei[ ipcl pmj dhwikaw ivc ilkiaw geiaw swihqk rcnwvw dw srvk x ieh sp`st krdw h Y ik swfw swihq mwnvv wdi kdrwkimqw d h`k ivc Aq SoSx ivru`d AwpxI Aw vwz inrmqr bulmd krdw irhw h Y[ 47 pr ies sb d bwv jud v I prgqisil AMdoln ijhvw smn ei. ivc smgitq hond ivc AwieAw si, AwpxI imawd izaw dw nw v Dw sikaw [ ikaunik bu`dij IvIAW d ivcwrw iv c ies lihr num ly k mqb d pydw h o ge qw, rwg rwgv Anuswr: auh lok Bwrq d ieiqhw s Aq smsikrqi num kuj AMgr zi AnuvwdW d mwidam rwhin h I pv sk sn [ AwrMB qon hi ijhvi ninh r `KI ausdi ie`t tfi igri Aq mw VI iksm q num ausd aup r di iemwrq vi zrw iqrci hi auti[ i js ds di jn qw jwgruk nh IN ho jwdi auq prwrmibk nqw ies qrhw diaw ieiq hwsk auljxw ivc ri hmd hn[ auh nqw XUrpI idrstikox qon Bwr q n UM dkd hn Aq XUr pi lok aunhw di ip`t Tokd sn [

36 o UM hmsrwj rihbr n ies p RivrqI ipc ieiqhwsk kwrn m MinAw, auh nw ilikaw hy ik: 1930 qon ipcon jdon r wjniqi iv c AwdrS vwd di simw tu`ti qw swihq ivc vi tu`ti[ ieh iek guxwqmk pir vrqn si ijh Vw ivcwr Aq icmqn ivc AwieAw [ ies guxwqmk pirvrqn num smij Aw nhin igaw[ ies iv c nvn swihq di idsw Aq mmizl insic q n hin h ski[ 4 9 prgqiv wdi lihr aupr iek hor Awrop l`gw ik: prgqiv wdi ji vn drsn smki rx h Y[ jivn di kvl AwriQk ivawikaw smgq nhin[ mwrks vwd n mwnv ieiqh ws di jo AwriQk ivawikaw kiqi hy, auh ADUrI Aq Ank QwvW q AsMgq q ZYr- BrosXog hy[ 50 ijmnhw pirsi QqIAW num p RgqIvwdI lihr n Awpxw AwDwr bxw ieaw si, aunhw num F wh l `gi [ ieh komi Aq komwqri p `Dr q iek SkqISwlI smgtn si, auq iehi q`q prgqivwdi lihr v jon aupji si Aq jdon ivrodi idr (komi p Ymwn auq swmrw j) nw rhi qw i es qon pydw humdiaw hwlqw ivc AwpxI siqqi insic q kr skx I i es vwsq musikl ho gei[ nkslvwdi jw jujwr ivdr ohi lihr n BwvN prgqivwdi lihr dw hi Aglw pvwa mminaw jwdw hy pr ieh nviaw pirsiqqiaw iv c iek v`krw prqikr m ps krdi si[ hiqawr bmd q ih Mswqmk ivdroh iesdw inswnw si[ ies lihr i vc Bw vukqw n hin si grmzosi si, ihmswp`ki is`dwqkwr vi Ku`lHm Ku`l rup ivc hiqawrbmd ienklw bw di h mwieq krd sn Aq ienklwbi i hmsw 39

37 di vrqon num auicq TihrwauNd sn [ hiqawrbmd ienklwb lei Fu`kvW smw vk k bmgwl d cwru mjumdwr Aq kwnum swinawl Aw idk lifrw n nkslbw VI (qrwei dw i elwkw) qon hiq Awrb Md Gol dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ pr ies lifrisp n bhuq kwhl q on kmm ilaw[ (e) prgqivwdi ivcwrdwrw: pmjwbi swihq ivc prvs jkr ghu nwl ivcwiraw jwv qw ies qon pih lw rc sw ihq ivc vi ieh AMS mojud si[ Bgq I kwiv ies mno-ibrqi aupr ADwirq hy[ m`dkwlin pmjwbi kivqw dw aunj subwa mwnvv wdi Aq lok-p `KI si, ies lei AwDuink kviaw num prgqiv wdi ivcwrdwrw ivc koe I Eprwpn nhin lgdw ies swihq di sb qon v`fi ivssqw ieh hy ik ieh sm N d hwx dw h o k cldw hy Aq h lwqw nwl ivcrn lei p Rrnw idmd w hy[ p RgqIvwdI ivcwrw dw mu`f pmjwbi kivqw 2 0vIN sdi d Ar MB i vc b`j igaw si[ pmjwb ie k Aijhw rwj hy, ijq K`b-p`K I qwkqw 1917 qon p ihlw hi Awpxw kw&i prbwv bxw cukiaw sn [ nw kuvl pmjw b sgon smu`c Bwrq ivc hi K`b - p`ki lihr n UM sqwipq krn ivc pmjw b Bwr q ivcon pihlw rwj si[ 51 m`dkwlin Bwr qi smwj di swmmqk bxqr n UM pihli vmgwr Bgq I/is`K lihr Aq s U& I-sMqW v`lon p YxI Sur U hoei[ BgqI kviaw, is`k guru swihbwn Aq su&i smq W n mwn vvwdi AwDwr auq swmmqi bxqr aup r ausr rhiaw auhnw sibawcwrk mu`lw num cuxoqi id`qi, jo kulin Aq p uj wri vrg d ih`qw d Anus wri BgqI/is`K Aq su& I lihr n ipauf l d iklwp aut rh IAW kmm I, ikswn, kwri gr Aq dsqkwr Awid jmwqw d An ukul nviaw jivn-kimqw di isrjxw kiqi[ pmjwbi kivqw n mnu`ki brwb ri, swjivwl qw, D rm inrp`kq w Aq 40

38 AwzwdI d sunh num Gr-bwr phumcwieaw[ rwjniqk jwgrx di aupj ies kivqw iv c sudwrvwdi AwS qon smwjk kuriqiaw dw KMfn, Drm inrp`kqw Aq swjivwlqw dw prcwr Aq b rqwnv I sw mrwj Aq swm MqI j br d dm n dw ivrod Aijh AMS hn jo aus ieiqhwsk p RsMg ivc pmjwbi kivqw di prgqisilqw d suck hn [ies smn i vc ijhvi pmj wbi kivqw rki jwdi r hi[ aus aupr mwrksi is`dwqw dw prbw v si[ AwDuink Xu`g d nvn irsiqaw num TIk rup ivc smjx Aq prgtwaux lei hor bhuq swr Bwr qi Aq pmjwbi lkkw d nwl-nwl pmjwbi kviaw n Acq jw sucq, ies jivn i&lws&i num ikdr ADUr rup ivc Aq ikdr smmpurx rup ivc ApxwieAw hy[ iehnw kviaw di kwiv rcnw num prgqiv wdi kivqw ikhw jwdw h Y[ qon 1947 dw sm W Bwrq q pmjwb lei kw&i mh`qv r`k dw hy, ikaunik i es sm N dorwn rwstri sumqqrqw lihr kw&i zor pkv c u`ki si[ 1940 ivc musilm lig v`lon p wiksqwn di sqwpnw dw mqw pws kiq jwx q kwgrs, musilm lig q AkwlI lihr ivckwr Gol iq`kw ho igaw si[ d Bwrq C`foN AMdoln nwl rwstri suqmqrqw ivc iek n vw aubwr AwieAw q nwl hi ies smn bmgwl c pe mh Wkwl n iek q rwsidk siq qi num jnm id `qw[ AijhIAW nv IAW aubr rhiaw si QqIA n pmjwbi lkkw q bh uq gihrw prbwv pwie Aw[ pmjwbi kivqw ivc p Rgq Ivwd d prvs qon bwad iesdw ivksq rup kei pvwvw num q ih krdw hy ies smdrb ivc ksr ismg d kqn An uswr: pmjwbi iv c prgqivwdi kwiv-p RivrqI di ivkws-rkw num Aw m q Or q do Bw gw i vc vmifaw jwdw hy[ qon 41

39 1960 q`k prgqivwdi Aq q on bwad d smn num nv- prgqivwdi Aq 1970 qon bwad d smn num nv - prgqiv wdi jw j ujwrvwdi nw id `qw i gaw hy[ s`tivaw dw dhwkw ies privrqi di mmd gqi, K Voq AQvw d`bi sur dw dor hy[ pih l p VwA d do dhwikaw ivc hi ies kwiv-privrqi n kim auinst lihr d sibawcwrk m uhwz nwl sur im lw k q mw rksi ivcwr-prbmd qon nv N iv cwrw num grih x krk Awpx Awp num sqwipq kr ilaw[ ieh auh sm W hy jdon ies privrq I di kwiv- idrsti m`dvrgi audwrvwd qon mwrksi ivcwrdwrw d bod q`k ivkws kr di hy[ Bwr qi BwSwvW d swihq i vc ieh smw, prgqiv wdi swih qk lihr dw smw hy ies lei swihq privrqi num prgqiv wd dw nw id`qw igaw[ 53 pmjwb iv c p RgqIvwdI swih qk lihr num ivksq krn lei nwm vr SKsIAqW, kvi AW Aq smsqw vw di v I v`fi dx hy[ pmjwb I swihq d iek pris`d icmqk/iv dvwn n ies lihr di bulmdi prp`kqw Aq i vkws dr 1940 num mminaw hy pmjwb AMdr prgqivwdi l ihr num prcwrn ivc v`fw h`q fw. mhummd din qwsir dw si[ ijh V aus smn AMimRqsr d n vn nvn musilm kwlj d i prmsipl sn[ auhnw dw smprk K`b -p`ki ivcwrw nwl auhnw d iemglynf AiDAYn smn qz hoieaw[ ijq on auh qwzwqwzw pvh k Awe sn[ swihbzw dw kxum mhumd zpr 42

40 Aq ausdi pqni rsid jhwn Aq PYz Aihmd PYz ijhv bwad ivc aurd U d pris`d kvi bx, auhnw d cilaw ivcon sn [ ^wlsw kwlj AimRqsr d pro. mohn ismg Aq pro. smq ismg skon num iehnw n prgqiv wdi sbw ivc iml x di prrnw id`qi[ ies qrhw prgqiv wdi lihr dw p RB wv qon Awr MB humdw hy[ 54 ies lihr dw sb qon izawdw prbwv pmjw bi kivqw n svikwiraw[ pmj wbi kivqw d Kqr iv c prgq Ivwd dw Asr 1936 ei. ivc srb BwrqI p RgqISIl smg di sqw pnw auprmq hi prok r Up ivc dkx num imilaw hy[ prgqivwdi kivqw i vigaw nk ADwrW vwli jnvwdi Aq cqn iv cwrdrwei idrsti num Apnwaux vwli si[ smg d hond ivc Awaux nwl kvi ies privrqi rwhin rwst ri Aq AMqr-rwStrI vr qwiraw ivc Awpx rwstr diaw sm`isaw vw ps krn l`g sn [ BwrqI komi AwzwdI di lihr ivc AnkW lok-p`ki som pe sn [ smw pw k ies prgqisil dw smklp p RgqIvwd d ivswl kynvs q PYl igaw[ prgqivwd di igrpq ivc sb q on pihlw mohn ismg, AMimRqw priq m, bw vw blvmq Aq priqm ismg s&ir Awid Aw e sn [ ies prgq Ikwl iv c ilki jw rhi r cnw di klw p`kon kwi v-ivss qw ieh si ik: ieh dor Xu`g-cq nw d w dor si, ieho kwrn h Y ik ies Xu`g d kviaw n aup dswqmk q kqw S YlI num iqawg k nvin soc num Awpxw ADwr bxwieaw Aq Awm AwdmI di gl ki qi[ iemnhw n pmjwbi kivqw num Dwrimk ruv IAW qon mukq kiqw Aq jivn d nv di g`l vdr kiqi[ 55 43