is`k s^siaqw sri hymkumt &waunfysn iemk. dy SrDwlU syvwdwrw v`lon

is`k s^siaqw 1716-1801 sri hymkumt &waunfysn iemk. dy SrDwlU syvwdwrw v`lon 1

qqkrw 1 divwn drbwrw ismg 1721-1734 4 2 nvwb kpur ismg 1726-1753 8 3 j`sww ismg AwhlUvwlIAw 1718-1783 12 4 Su`Kw ismg 1707-1751 19 5 j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw 1723-1803 22 6 Srdwr bgyl ismg???? - 1802 27 7 Srdwr hri ismg nlvw 1791-1837 31 8 AkwlI &Ulw ismg 1761-1832 36 is`k bnwm muzl / A&gwn rwjy 1716-1801 40 2

BUimkw vrqmwn smyn bwry jwnxw, Kws krky no-juawnw lei, bhuq zruri hy qwik auh Awpxy Awp num Biv`K vwsqy iqawr kr skx[ ieh jwnxw vi auqnw hi zruri hy ik AsIN ieqy ikvyn Awey Aqy sibawcwrk, Dwrimk, isawsi Aqy AwriQk rup ivc ikvyn iek-imk ho sky[ Awpxw ieiqhws jwnx dy nwl smswr ivc c`lx dw swdn bxdw hy[ ijqon q`k is`kw dy ieiqhws dw smbmd hy, ies num hyt idqy ivsys smw-kwlw ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy[ smw-kwl vyrvw 1469 qk guru nwnk dyv ji dy prkws (jnm) hox qon pihlw 1469-1708 guru kwl 1708-1716 bwbw bmdw bhwdur 1716-1801 imsl kwl 1801-1849 is`k rwj mhwrwjw rxjiq ismg 1849-1947 brqwnvi rwj kwl 1947 hun qk BwrqI svqmqrqw qon ly ky is`k ieiqhws dy sbmd ivc v`k v`k smw-kwlw bwry, 1713-1801 dy smyn num C`f ky, swfy kol cokw swihq-bmfwr mojud hy[ ies lvi dy jovn lei ivsqwr dyx dw Xqn kiqw igaw hy[ aumid krdy hw ik no-juawn pivhi iesnum lwbdwiek smjy[ 3

1. drbwrw ismg bwbw bmdw ismg bhwdur nmu 9 jun 1716 num ShId kr id`qw igaw[ ies qon bwad is`kw dw jivn v`d qon v`d musklw BirAw bixaw irhw[ lwhor dy gvrnr dlyr jmg ny gsq pwrtiaw bxweiaw, ijhnw dw mmqv si - is`kw dw iskwr krnw[ ausny iek hukm jwri kiqw: auh swry is`k ijhvy nwnk di bwxi qy ivsvws krdy hn, auhnw num mwr dyxw hy[ jy koei vi iksy is`k dw isr ilawvygw, ausnum ienwm id`qw jwvygw[ ij`qy ik`qy vi is`k l`bdy sn, lwlci lokw ny auhnw dy kql krny SurU kr id`qy [ iesqrhw auhnw num ienwm imldy sn[ Aijhy hwlwqw kwrn is`kw num SihrW Aqy ipmfw qon bwhr inklxw ipaw Aqy Awpxy Awp num izmdw r`kx lei ikdry jmglw, phwvw Aqy dldli juhw ivc rihxw ipaw[ auhnw dw koei isawsi nyqw nhin si[ AwpxI sur`ikaw Aqy iek`ty rihx lei auhnw ny Coty Coty gru`p bxw ley[ id`li di isawsi hwlq Aksr ivgvi rihmdi si[ ie`qy v`k v`k lok muzl q^q lei lvdy rihmdy sn[ 1717 ivc ieh lvwei bhuq v`d gei[ iesqrhw id`li di srkwr Aqy lwhor dw gvrnr vi is`kw dw ip`cw krn vlon by-idawnw ho gey[ ksur, ksmir Aqy mulqwn ivc bzwvqw ho geiaw Aqy gvrnr bzwvq Kqm krn v`l l`gw irhw[ is`k holi holi phwvw Aqy jmglw ivcon inkl ky vwps ipmfw Aqy SihrW ivc Awaux l`g pey[ 1720 ivc is~k AwKrkwr kei swlw bwad AMimRqsr ivc iek`ty hoey[ is`kw ivc kuj ivqkry py gey sn[ iek gru`p q`q ^wlsw dw ieh ivsvws si ik guru goibmd ismg hi guru si, Aqy bwki dy ijvyn ik bmdwei, gmgw SwhI, gulwb reis Awid ieh ivsvws rkdy sn ik guru goibmd ismg ny in`ji-gurqw num Kqm nhin kiqw SI[ dono DiVAW dw ivsvws si ik gurdvwiraw di swb-smbwl Aqy r`krkwv dw h`k Aqy izmmydwri auhnw di hy[ BweI ibnod ismg dy spu`qr kwhn ismg 4

dono DiVAW lei kmm krdy Aqy auhnw num smjwaundy[ KYr, iesqrhw lvwei JgVw tl igaw[ BweI mni ismg ji ny bvi suj buj nwl 1721 di ivswki vwly idn dono DiVAW ivc Amn kwiem kiqw[ bhuq swry bmdei q`q ^wlsw nwl rl gey, pr auhnw dy guru mhmq Amr ismg Aqy kuj hor pyrokwrw ny auhnw nwl imlx qon ienkwr kr id`qw[ q`q ^wlsw ny auhnw num hirmmdr swihb ivcon bwhr k`f id`qw[ aus idn l`gy divwn ivc BweI mni ismg num mu`k grmqi QwipAw igaw Aqy drbwrw ismg num divwn / mu`k mmqri inxu`kq kiqw igaw[ pmjwb ivc Amn cyn ijhw mwhol muv bx igaw Aqy ijhvy is`k hor ielwikaw ivc cly gey sn, vwps Awauxy SurU ho gey[ lok srkwr di by-iensw&i Aqy vdikiaw qon qmg Aw cu`ky sn[ BweI mni ismg ji sbnw num ismg sjx lei pryr rhy sn[ is`kw di igxqi lgwqwr v`d rhi si[ auh ivswki vrgy iqehwrw qy AMimRqsr ivc iek`ty ho skdy sn[ AMimqsr dy nyvy qyvy vsdy ipmfw dy lifr is~kw dw AMimRqsr ivc iek`ty hoxw psmd nhin krdy sn[ iehnw lifrw nwl is`k DiVAW dy Coty moty lvwei JgVy hoxy SurU ho gey[ BwvyN is`kw num ikdry luk icp ky rihx di lov nhin si, ipr vi auhnw ivru`d kei qrhw diaw vdikiaw, zulm Aqy p`kpwq dw vqirw cldw si, Kws krky srkwr v`lon Aqy ipmfw/sihrw dy sqwnk lifrw v`lon[ auh Aksr is~kw nwl durivhwr krdy Aqy srkwr v`lon iksyqrhw vi mdd nw hox krky is`kw lei hor koei cwrw nhin si[ bys`k iksy vyly koei Cotw motw p`kpwq swhmxy AwauNdw, pr hor iksy vyly qw s`cmuc hi ihmsw q`k g`l v`d jwdi[ kei vwr iskw num Awpxy bcwe vwsqy BgOVy bxnw pyndw[ 1726 ivc is`kw ny srkwr ivru`d &YslwkuMn kdm cu`kx dw &Yslw kiqw[ auhnw msus kiqw ik srkwr diaw vdikiaw dw jvwb dyxw hi bxdw hy[ divwn drbwrw ismg ny ismgw num AMimRqsr ivc iek`tw kiqw Aqy iqmn mqy pys kiqy: 1. srkwr dw koei vi ^zwnw rsqy ivc hi lu`t ilaw jwvygw[ 5

2. GoVy Aqy hiqawr prwpq krn lei pulis stysnw qy hmly kiqy jwxgy[ 3. Srkwr dy mukbr Aqy suhiey Kqm krny hoxgy[ is`kw ny ieh mqy pws kiqy ikaunik srkwr auhnw num by-vjh qmg krky qsihy dy rhi si[ auh brwbr qy lvnw cwhumdy sn Aqy ies lei auhnw num jqybmdi Aqy swdnw di lov si[ ismgw ny Awpxy Awp num Coty Coty jiqaw ivc vmf ilaw Aqy lwgly ielwikaw ivc ik`lr gey[ auhnw ny isr& srkwri jwiedwdw aupr hi Dwvy bolx dw &Yslw kiqw[ 1726-27 ivc is`kw ny kei Kjwny, GoVy Aqy hiqawrw dy kw&ilaw num roikaw jo ik srkwri Kjwny lei iljw rhy sn[ lwhor Aqy id`li diaw &OjW ny smuh rup ivc imlky is`kw di Bwl krni SurU kiqi[ KYr, sqwnk ielwikaw dy lok (POjI A&sr Aqy ipmfw dy lifrw num C`f ky) is`kw prqi hmdrdi rkdy sn[ auh auhnw num POj dy Awaux di AgwaUN Kbr dy ky auhnw di mdd Aqy rikaw krdy[ is`k iksy qrhw vi iksy sdwrn bmdy kolon koei pysw jw smwn nhin KoNhdy sn[ auh isr& srkwri KzwinAw aupr hi Dwvw boldy sn[ 1727 ivc is`kw num Sk hoieaw ik iek prqwp cmd nwmi bmdw bhuq swrw srkwri smwn ly ky id`li jw irhw hy[ ismgw ny prqwp cmd qy hmlw kr idqw[ pr jd ismgw num pqw l`gw ik prqwp cmd num srkwr v`lon hwly koei pysw nhin imilaw si, qw ismgw ny ausdw swrw smwn vwps kr idqw[ 1730 ivc, hybuq Kwn, jo ik iqmn swl lwhor dw gvrnr rh cu~kw si, vwps id`li jw irhw si[ srkwri mwmly di augrwhi dy l`kw rupy ausdy pws sn[ nurdin srwey dy pws is`kw ny auh swrw Dn aus pwson Koh ilaw[ ismgw v`lon lu`t mwr krn qon bcx lei lwhor dy gvrnr zkriaw Kwn ny &Oj di gsq vdw id`qi[ pr ismg iksy qrhw di vi Dn-rwSI num lwhor Kjwny ivc phumcx qon lgwqwr rokdy rhy[ AwKrkwr, zkriaw Kwn is`kw di lu`t mwr qon qmg Aw igaw Aqy &Yslw kiqw ik is~kw nwl isawsi rup ivc cmgy sbmd bxwauxw byhqr hovygw[ ausny is`kw num v`fi zmini jgir dyx lei bwdswh num ikhw[ ieh auhnw di kmwei dw swdn hovygi[ vyswki 1733 num AMimRqsr ivc srb`q Kwlsw dw iek`t hoieaw[ zkriaw Kwn ny subyg ismg rwhin Amn-SWqI dw sunyhw ByijAw: id`li Aqy lwhor diaw srkwrw ismgw nwl Amn-cYn dw smjoqw krdiaw hn Aqy ieh shulqw prdwn krdiaw hn: 6

1. Kwlsw dy guzr-guzrwn vwsqy 100, 000/- rupy di jgir[ 2. Kwlsy num nvwb di aupwdi[ 3. gurdvwiraw di swb-smbwl lei Kwlsw smpurn rup ivc Awzwd hovygw[ pihlw qw ismg nvwbi dw ikqwb nhin lyxw cwhumdy sn[ pr subyg ismg ny dlil id`qi ik srkwr nwl Amn-cYn r`kx nwl Kwlsw vdyry v`d P`ul skdw hy[ so Kwlsw nvwb dw ikqwb lyx lei mmn igaw[ divwn drbwrw ismg ny ApxI vdyry aumr kwrn ieh mwx prwpq krn qon ienkwr kr idqw[ auh julwei 1734 ivc moq hox q`k hr du`k su`k vyly Kwlsy di mdd krdw irhw[bwei kpur ismg num nvwb dy ikqwb lei cuixaw igaw; ausny nw cwhumidaw hoieaw vi ies ikqwb num mmnzur kr ilaw[ ****************** 7

2. nvwb kpur ismg kpur ismg dw jnm izlw SyKUpurw dy ipmf kwloky ivc 1697 eisvi ivc hoieaw[ codri dlip ismg ivrk Awp ji dy ipqw ji sn[ bcpn ivc Awp ji ny AwpxI mwqw ji pwson gurbwxi is`ki, Aqy mwqw ji ny Awp ji num guruaw diaw bhuq swriaw swkiaw sunweiaw[ Awp ji dy ipqw ji cmgy GoVy pwlx dy SOkIn sn[ iesqrhw kpur ismg ny AswnI nwl Awpxy hi Gr ivc GoV svwri, brsw Aqy hor hiqawrw di vrqon is`k lei[ AMimRqsr ivc 1721 di ivswki vyly Awp ji ny BweI mni ismg ji pwson AMimRq di dwq prwpq kiqi[ 1726 iv~c, kpur ismk divwn drbwrw ismg dy jqy ivc Swml ho gey[ 1726 ivc zkriaw Kwn lwhor dw gvrnr bx igaw[ ausny Awpxy ielwky ivc is`kw qon Cutkwrw pwauxw Awpxw imsn bxw ilaw[ ausny hukm jwri kiqw ik jyhvw vi is`k id`sy, ausnum kql kr id`qw jwvy[ hr ie~k is`k dw isr kt ky ilawaux vwly num pmjwh rupy dyx dw AYlwn kiqw[ AijhIAW byrihm Aqy zulmi kwrvweiaw ny is`kw num hor vi idrv kiqw ik srkwri kirmidaw dw kql kiqw jwvy, Kzwnw Aqy Asly num rsqy iv~c hi hiqaw ilaw jwvy[ bvi CyqI hi zkriaw Kwn smj igaw ik swry is`kw num mwrn dw ausdw mmqv purw nhin hovygw[ ausny iek hor FMg soicaw[ auh is`kw num zmini jgirw dy ky Amn SWqI di bhwli krygw[ is`k mmn gey[ kpur ismg num srb-smmqi nwl nvwb bnwieaw igaw[ kpur ismg bhuq smjdwr ienswn si[ is`kw dw Xog prbmd krky ausny ies smjoqy dw purw &wiedw autwieaw[ kpur ismg ny auhnw swiraw is`kw num sunyhy Byjy ijhvy srkwri zulmw qon bcx lei jmglw, byilaw, phwvi QwvW jw dirawvw dy kmifaw qy luky byty sn[ ismg v`fi igxqi ivc vwps phumcy[ kpur ismg ny ismgw num do ihisaw ivc vmifaw - bu`fw dl Aqy qrunw dl[ bu`fw dl ivc cwli swlw qon au~pr dy ismg sn, ijhnw num gurdvwiraw dy prbmd krn Aqy is`ki dw prcwr krn di izmmydwri sonpi gei[ qrunw dl ivc cwli swlw qon G`t vwly ismgw num rikaw igaw, ijhnw di ijmmyvwri si: dukiaw di syvw krnw, is`kw au~pr hmlw krn vwly dusmnw nwl lvnw Aqy dys ivc Kwlsw srkwr kwiem krnw[ lvwei, zrurq jw AOiKAweI smyn bu`fw dl vlon qrunw dl di mdd krnw vi zruri kiqw igaw[ 8

Amn-SWqI di smdi nwl zmini jwiedwdw kwiem hoeiaw[ ies nwl Kwlsw nmu ku~j AwmdnI imln l~gi[ kei no-juawnw ny AMimRq lei KMfy di pwhul CkI Aqy Aqy ismg sjy[ QoVHy hi smyn ivc qrunw dl di igxqi ivc BrpUr vwdw hoieaw[ kpur ismg ny qrunw dl num pmj jiqaw ivc vmf idqw[ v`k v`k dlw ivc ismgw di igxqi v`dx kwrn ismgw dy r`k-rkwv lei zmini Awmdn Gt lgdi si[ ies lov-purqi lei, qrunw dl dy jiqaw ny pmjwb qon bwhrly ielwikaw qy ijvyn ihswr, hwsi Aqy id`li q`k h`ly bolxy SurU kiqy[ id`li srkwr ny is`kw v`lon dys ivc kiqi jwdi ies lu`t-mwr lei zkriaw Kwn num izmmyvwr TihrwieAw ikaunik is`kw ny id`li ivc koei fwkw nhin si mwiraw[ id`li srkwr ny ies lei zkriaw Kwn num ijvikaw[ 1735 ivc zkriaw Kwn ny auh swriaw jwiedwdw, jo ismgw num id`qiaw sn, vwps ly leiaw[ jwiedwdw num zbq kr lyx qon bwad, zkriaw Kwn ny sri hirmmdr swihb dy siqkwrxog hy~f grmqi BweI mni ismg num igr&qwr kr ilaw[ BweI mni ismg ji dy bmd bmd k`t ky shid kr id`qw Aqy hirmmdr swihb dy srovr num murdw fmgrw diaw lwsw nwl pur id`qw[ hirmmdr swihb num A`g vi lgw id`qi gei[ is~kw num qsihy dy ky Aqy auhnw dy Dwrimk sqwnw num qbwh krky zkriaw Kwn socdw si ik auh is`kw num Kqm kr leygw[ pr, iesdy ault, zulmi muzlw nwl t`kr lyx lei is`k hor vi idrv ho gey[ 1739 ivc is`kw nmu iek AxjwxI QW qon shwieqw prwpq hoei[ nwdr Swh prsiaw qon AwieAw Aqy Bwrq qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ausdw mu`k mmqv Bwrq dy lokw num lu`txw si Aqy swri lu`t-mwr nwl ly ky vwps muv jwxw si[ nwdr Swh di bdiksmqi vjon, ausdw lmgx lei rsqw pmjwb iv`con di pyndw si[ ausdy vwps jwx vyly, ismgw ny nwdr Swh dy lut mwr dw mwl iljw rhy kw&ly qy hmlw kr id`qw[ is`kw di Xojnw Anuswr auh gurilw qor qy kw&ly au~pr ipcon hmlw krdy sn Aqy kwmxwb humdy sn[ is`kw di ies hoslwkumn bhwdri num dyk ky nwdr Swh bhuq hyrwn hoieaw Aqy prbwvq vi hoieaw[ KYr, auh is`kw bwry puri qrhw nhin jwxdw si[ ayusny zkriaw Kwn num pu`icaw ik ieh kox lok hn Aqy ieh ik`qy rihmdy hn[ zkriaw Kwn ny sdwrn ijhw jvwb dy id`qw[ ausny ikhw: iehnw lokw dw koei Gr nhin[ ieh GoiVAW diaw kwtiaw au~pr rihmdy hn Aqy swl ivc do vwr hirmmdr swihb srovr ivc iesnwn krn lei AwauNdy 9

hn Aqy ipr Alop ho jwdy hn[ nwdr Swh ny zkriaw Kwn num iehnw qon coks rihx di qwvnw kiqi ik ieh lok iek idn pmjwb dy hukmrwn bx skdy hn[ nwdr Swh di icqwvni ny zwkr KW num kroidq kr id`qw[ ausny is`kw num sbk iskwaux dw inscw kiqw[ ausny AMimRqsr dy Aws pws dy ielwikaw dy jgirdwr m`sw rmgv nmu aukswieaw ik auh AwpxI in`ji vrqon lei hirmmdr swihb qy kbzw kr lvy[ m`sw rmgv ny hirmmdr swihb di prkrmw ivcly kmry GoiVAW dy Asqbl Aqy storw vjon vrqxy SurU kr id`qy[ hirmmdr swihb dw AMdrlw ih`sw ausny in`ji vrqon lei bdl ilaw[ auqy auh n`cx vwliaw kuviaw ncwaundw Aqy byt ky SrwbW pindw[ iek Swm num, do is`k, mihqwb ismg Aqy su`kw ismg, rwjsqwn qon piv`qr hirmmdr swihb ivru`d ho rhiaw iehnw kuriqiaw Aqy byadbi num rokx lei Awey[ auhnw ivcon iek is`k bwhr rkvwli lei KVw irhw[ dujy ny AMdr jw ky m`sw rmgv dw isr kql kr idqw Aqy isr nwl ly igaw[ nvwb kpur ismg ny qw iek vwr zkriaw Kwn num iek msjd dy AMdroN kwbu krn di koss kiqi si jo ik iehnw byadbi BrIAW kuriqiaw lei izmmwvwr si[ ies mmqv lei lwhor ivc Xojnwb`D rup ivc iek msjd duawly honslwkumn h`lw boilaw igaw[ bdiksmqi nmu, zkriaw Kwn aus idn msjd ivc AwauxoN au~k igaw Aqy pkvy jwx qon bc igaw[ bhwdri dy Aijhy smuhk kwrnwimaw dy nwl, jujwru bhwdur is`kw dy AwpxI svymwxqw ih`q kwrnwmy krn diaw imswlw imldiaw sn[ bwbw boqw ismg v`lon kwiem kiqi imswl vrxnxog hy[ boqw ismg ny iek bhuq clmq svk qy cy~k post lgw id`qi Aqy is`kw dy nwm qy tyks iek~tw krnw SurU kr id`qw[ ausny iek lwti pkv ky ieh tyks vsul kiqw[ lokw ny lwhor srkwr num iskwieq kiqi[ srkwri hkumq ny ies hwlq nwl nij`tx lei ispwhi Byjy[ boqw ismg Aqy grjw ismg ny bvi zordwr lvwei lvi, pr AwKrkwr smpurn mwx-snmwn nwl izmdgiaw kurbwn kr idqiaw[ 1745 ivc zkriaw Kwn di moq ho gei[ ausdw dusrw pu`qr Swh nvwz Kwn lwhor dw gvrnr bixaw[ ausny is`kw ivru`d qsihy hor krvy kr id`qy[ 1746 ivc is`kw nwl pihlw G`lUGwrw vwpiraw[ ies lvwei ivc 17,000 is`k ShId ho gey[ 3000 is`kw nmu bmdi bxw ilaw igaw Aqy SryAwm kql kr id`qw igaw[ Swh nvwz Kwn dy auqridkwri mir mmnmu nyy is`kw nmu, AOrqW nmu Aqy b`icaw nmu hor vi gmbir qsihy id`qy[ 10

1747 ivc Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny nwdr Swh dw kql kr id`qw Aqy Awpxy Awp nmu A&gwinsqwn dw hukmrwn GoSq kr id`qw[ 1748 qon 1768 q`k AbdwlI ny Bwrq au~pr A~T vwri hmly kiqy[ PrvrI 1748 ivc, AbdwlI ny lwhor dy muzl vwiesrwie nmu hrwieaw Aqy lwhor nmu A&gwinsqwn ivc rlw ilaw[ iesqrhw ausny muglw di mhwnqw nmu qbwh kr id`qw[ ies nwl nvwb kpur ismg ny muglw nwl hor vdyry idrvqw nwl mukwiblw kiqw[ is`kw ny pmjwb dw bhuqw ih`sw Awpxy kbzy hyt kr ilaw[ iesqrhw 27 swl Kwlsw kom di AgvweI kridaw, nvwb kpur ismg 7 AkqUbr 1753 num ies nwsmmd duniaw qon prlok isdwr gey[ ****************** 11

3.j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw j`sw AwhlUvwlIAw dw jnm 3 mei 1718 num AwhlU ipmf ivc hoieaw[ Awp ji dy ipqw dw nwm s. bdr ismg si[ Awp ji dy mwqw ji AMimRqDwrI Aqy SrDwlU is`k sn[ auh Swm svyry Awopxw in`qnym (pmj bwxiaw dw pwt) rozwnw krdy sn[ auh idlrubw vjwdy Aqy gurbwxi kirqn vi krdy sn[ auh j`sw ismg num hmysw hi Awpxy nwl pwt krn lei Aqy kirqn ivc ih`sw lyx lei ikhw krdy sn[ j`sw ismg ny CotI aumr qon hi gurbwxi is`ki Aqy kirqn dw AnMd mwnx l`g ipaw[ j`sw ismg 7 ku swl dw si jd ausdy ipqw s. bdr ismg di Acwnk moq ho gei[ smn 1723 ivc AwhlU ipmf dy SrDwlU is`k mwqw gujri ji (guru goibmd ismg ji dy mihl) num imlx id`li gey[ j`sw ismg dy mwqw ji ies jqy dy nwl sn[ sbnw ny imlky mwqw sumdri ji vwsqy kirqn kiqw[ mwqw ji ieqny ^us hoey ik auhnw ny jqy num id`li ivc auhnw dy kol rihx lei ikhw[ mwqw ji ny j`sw ismg nu bhuq AsIsW idqiaw[ j`sw ismg 6 swl id`li ivc irhw Aqy gurbwxi, Dwromk ieiqhws Aqy &wrsi is`k sikaw[ j`sw ismg dw mwmw Bwg ismg si[ ausny 1729 ivc j`sw ismg Aqy ausdi mwqw num vwps pmjwb ly AWdw[ auh jlmdr dy nyvy v`s gey Aqy lgwqwr kirqn krn l`g pey[ j`sw ismg rbwb (guru nwnk dy bwxi gwien vwlw iek qwrw swz) vjwaux dw mwhr si[ ies vyly nvwb kpur ismg Aqy aus nwl is`kw dw jqw krqwr pur rihndy sn[ Bwg ismg nvwb kpur ismg num imlx igaw Aqy Awpxy nwl AwpxI BYx Aqy j`sw ismg num vi ly igaw[ ieh gurpurb dw idn si Aqy j`sw ismg Aqy ausdy mwqw ji ny Awsw ki vwr dw kirqn kiqw[ nvwb kpur ismg Aqy ausdw swqi jqw ies kirqn qon bhuq prbwvq hoey Aqy auhnw num iek mhiny vwsqy auqy rihx lei ikhw[ swau subw vwly j`sw ismg iek ^usnumw s^siaq vwly ienswn sn[ nvwb kpur ismg num j`sw ismg bhuq cmgw ligaw Aqy ausdi mhwn kwbliaq num pihcwixaw[ nvwb kpur ismg ny j`sw ismg num Awpxw pu`qr bxw ilaw[ j`sw ismg ny nvwb kpur ismg kolon (KMfy di pwhul) AMimRq CikAw Aqy ^wlsw rup rihxw isikaw[ nvwb 12

kpur ismg ny Awpxy jqy dy ismgw num j`sw ismg num isklwei dyx lei ikhw[ auhnw ny ausnum Ssqr ividaw di isikaw idqi Aqy GoV svwri vi iskwei[ j`sw ismg bhuq qikx bu`di vwlw si Aqy jldi hi mwihr bx igaw[auh bhuq myhnqi si Aqy Awp num sonpy kmmw num qurmq pury kr lyndw si[ nvwb kpur ismg ny j`sw ismg num GoiVAW num cwrw Kvwaux di izmmyvwri sonp idqi[ ies nwl j`sw ismg ny sihnsilqw, inmrqw Aqy ipawr dw sbk isikaw[ nvwb kpur ismg Awp vi byamq bhwdur, Awqimk SkqI Aqy inmrqw BrpUr si[ j`sw ismg ny ieh gux Awpxy rkvwly ipqw kolon is`ky[ 14 AkqUbr 1745 num divwli vwly idn j`sw ismg di hukmrwni hyt ausnum jqw sonipaw igaw[ 1746 ivc j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy iek hor srdwr su`kw ismg Awpxy jqy num phwvw v`l ly gey[ auh iek AsQwn rovi swihb qy lmgr Ckx lei ruk gey[ auqy AmInwbwd dy hwkm jspq rwey ny auhnw au~pr hmlw kr idqw[ jspq rwey iek hwqi qy svwr si[ inbwhu ismg nwmi iek Kwlsy ismg ny jspq rwey dw isr k`t idqw[ jspq rwey di POj ny ieh dyikaw Aqy mydwn ivcon dov gey[ mokw dyk ky ismg rwvi diraw di juh ivc dwkl ho gey[ divwn lkpq rwey num jdon pqw l`gw ik ausdw Brw ismgw ny mwr idqw hy, qw ausny bdlw lyx di sogmd KwDI[ 10 mwrc vwly idn ausny lwhor dy swry is`k vpwri Aqy srkwri mulwzm mwr idqy ipr auh AwpxI POj smyq kwhnumvwn dy jmglw v`l vidaw ijqy bhuq swry ismg rih rhy sn[ auh aus ielwky dy swry is`kw num mwr dyxw cwhumdw si[ ieh Gtnw Cotw G`lUGwrw dy nwm nwl jwixaw jwdw hy[ s`q hzwr is`k mwry gey Aqy iqmn hzwr is`kw num kydi bxw ky lwhor ilawdw igaw[ kydiaw num qsihy dy dy ky kql kr idqw igaw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dw hmlw pihlw hmlw (dsmbr 1747): AbdwlI ny lwhor dy gvrnr Swh nvwz num hrw idqw Aqy auh id`li v`l dov igaw[ lwhor di srkwr ivc h&vw d&vi m`c jwx krky KwlisAW ny AMimRqsr qy kbzw kr ilaw[ mwrc 29, 1748 num is`kw dw iek bhuq v`fw iek`t hirmmdr swihb ivky hoieaw[ auhnw ny rwm rwauxi ikly di ninh p`qr r`k ky iklw auswrnw SurU kiqw[ auhnw ny j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw num Awpxw swjw muki cux 13

ilaw Aqy ausdy slwh-msvry vwsqy iek 10-mYNbrI kmyti bxwei[ iehi kmyti mynbr bwad ivc imslw dy muki bxy[ 9 ApRYl, 1748 num mir mmnu num lwhor Aqy mulqwn dw gvrnr QwipAw igaw[ ausny kovw ml num Awpxw divwn nwmzd kiqw[ ausny Awpxy pihly divwn lkpq rwey qy bhuq v`fw jurmwnw ToikAw[ lkpq rwey ies jurmwny dw kuj ih`sw hi Adw kr sikaw[ divwn kovw ml ny bwki dw ih`sw Adw krky lkpq rwey num AwpxI ihrwsq ivc ly ilaw[ ausny ipr lkpq rwey num isngw dy hvwly kr idqw[ muki j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw ny hukm kiqw ik ausnum l`k duawilen bmnh idqw jwvy, ij`qy auh Cy mhiny qsihy Bogdw irhw[ AdInw byz, ijhvw jlmdr dw hwkm si, ausny j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw num Awpxy Adwry ivc Ahudy ByNt kiqy[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw Aqy ausdw jqw AdInw byz di mulwzmq ivc Swml ho gey, pr AwhlUvwlIAw srdwr ny ieh pysgi Tukrw idqi[ AkqUbr 1748 ivc smuh Kwlsy dw iek`t AMimRqsr ivc hoieaw[ mir mmnu ny is`kw num Gyrw pwaux lei AwpxI &Oj ByjI Aqy jlmdr dy kmwfr num vi ieh Gyrw G`qx ivc mdd krn lei hukm kiqw[ 500 is`kw ny rwm rwauxi ikly ivc Srx lei Aqy bwki dy jmglw v`l cly gey[ jlmdr Aqy lwhor diaw &OjW ny ikly num Gyrw pw ilaw[ auhnw ny do mhiny Gyrw pwei rikaw, pr is`kw num hrw ky iklw hwsl nw kr sky[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw jlmdr diaw &OjW dy nwl si jo rwm rwauxi ikly qy hmlw kr rhy sn, pr iek idn auh Aqy auhdw jqw ismgw nwl ikly dy AMdr cly gey[ gvhi dy AMdroN hi ausny divwn kovw ml num snyhw ByijAw ik Gyrw htw idqw jwvy[ dujw hmlw (1749); AbdwlI ny lwhor aupr hmlw kiqw[ mir mmnu ny aus pwsy idawn kyndrq kiqw[ ausny divwn kovw ml di slwh lei Aqy is`kw nwl Amn kr ilaw[ ausny auhnw num zmini-jgirw vi prdwn kiqiaw[ mei 1749 ivc Swh nvwz ny mulqwn qy kbzw kr ilaw[ mir mmnu ny divwn kovw ml num mulqwn muv kbzy ivc lyx di izmmyvwri sonp idqi[ ci& j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw 10,000 ismgw num nwl ly ky divwn kovw ml nwl Aw imilaw[ Swh nvwz diaw &OjW 14

bhuqi dyr ismgw dw mukwblw nw kr skiaw[ Swh nvwz mwiraw igaw Aqy divwn kovw ml ny mulqwn num kbzy ivc ly ilaw[ divwn kovw ml ny ismgw diaw syvwvw bdly auhnw num ienwm dy qor qy hor jwiedwdw dyx lei mir mmnum num ikhw[ qisrw hmlw (1751): AbdwlI ny ipr hmlw kiqw[ mir mmnu ny ipr KwlisAW di mdd mmgi[ ies vwr AbdwlI diaw &OjW diaw BwrI qopw ny Kwlsy num AMimRqsr q`k Dkyl idqw[ ies lvwei ivc mir mmnu AbdwlI qon hwr igaw[ mir mmnu ny ies hwr dw dos KwlisAW dy isr lwieaw Aqy KwlisAW diaw swriaw zminw zbq kr leiaw[ auh ieqnw qys ivc AwieAw ik ausny smu`cy Kwlsy num Kqm krn lei AwpxIAW &OjW num muv qwienwq kr idqw[ coqw hmlw (1756 dy SurU ivc): nvmbr 1753 ivc mir mmnu di moq ho gei[ ausdi ivdvw murwd byzm lwhor di gvrnr bx gei[ lwhor di srkwr iblkul auql puql ivc si[ ismgw ny lwhor dy kmzor hwlwqw dw &wiedw autwieaw Aqy pmjwb ivc prq Awey[ lwhor ivc srkwr di hwlq ieqni kmzor ho gei ik murwd byzm ny AbdwlI num Bwrq qy hmlw krn lei s`dw idqw[ AbdwlI ny id`li qy hmlw kiqw Aqy Sihr num lu~itaw[ auh 16 muzl SihzwdIAW, hzwrw di igxqi ivc gulwm Aqy l`kw ruipaw diaw kimqi cizw cori krky id`li qon cl ipaw[ ci& j`sw ismg AwhluvwlIAw ny kydiaw num Awzwd krvwaux lei Kwlsy num iek`tw kiqw[ AbdwlI ny ijvyn hi jmunw diraw pwr kiqw, ismgw ny hmlw bol idqw[ ismgw ny ausdw Kzwnw lu`t ilaw Aqy kydiaw num Awzwd kr idqw[ AbdwlI jdon lwhor phumicaw qw ausny Awpxy igawrw swl dy pu`qr qymur Swh num hwl ivc hi kbzy kiqy ielwikaw dw gvrnr inxukq kr idqw, Aqy jhwn KW ausdw shwiek bx igaw[ AbdwlI vwps kwbul prq igaw[ qymur Swh ny AwpxI qs`li muqwbk lwhor di srkwr dw prbmd kiqw Aqy ipr is`kw v`l idawn kiqw[ jhwn KW num &OjW nwl AMimRqsr ByijAw igaw ik is`k Kqm kr idqy jwx[ 1757 ivc jhwn KW ny AMimRqsr ivc iklw rwm rwauxi Aqy hor bhuq swry gurdvwry qbwh kr idqy[ ausny hirmmdr swihb duawly srovr num ryq nwl Br idqw[ 15

jlmdr ivc, Kwlsw AdInw byg nwl kmm kr irhw si[ auh jlmdr num muv kbzy ivc ly ky srhmd qy hmlw krnw cwhumdw si[ Kwlsw POjW dy nwl mrwtw POjW vi ausdy nwl sn Aqy ausny 21 mwrc 1758 num srhmd &qih kr ilaw[ 11 ApRYl 1758 num mrwitaw ny qymur qon lwhor kbzy ivc ly ilaw Aqy AdInw byz num sonp idqw[ jd hi AdInw byz pmjwb dw hukmrwn bx igaw, auh is`kw dw dusmx bx bytw[ kuj mhiny bwad 15 sqmbr 1758 num ausdi moq ho gei[ ausdw pu`qr hsn byz livaw Aqy 30 AkqUbr num Kwlsy qon hwr igaw[ auh dov igaw Aqy Kwlsy ny ausdy ielwikaw num kbzy ivc ly ilaw[ pmjvw hmlw (AkqUbr 1759): AbdwlI ny mrwitaw qon bdlw lyx lei ipr hmlw kiqw[ jnvri 1761 ivc mrwitaw num pwxipq ivc AbdwlI qon bhuq buri hwr hoei[ AbdwlI A`gy id`li clw igaw Aqy bhuq byrihmi nwl lvwei kiqi Aqy lu`t mwr kiqi[ jd ausny id`li num CifAw, ausdy pws lu`t mwr dw bhuq v`fw smwn Aqy 22000 mrwtw kydi sn[ pr jdon ausny siqluj diraw pwr kiqw, ismgw ny hmlw krky lu`t mwr dw swmwn Koh ilaw Aqy kydiaw num irhw kr idqw[ auh swry kydiaw num irhw krn ivc kwmxwb ho gey jd q`k AbdwlI jyhlm diraw qy phumc cu`kw si[ 22 AkqUbr 1761 num smuh Kwlsw AMimRqsr ivc iek`tw hoieaw[ auhnw ny iek gurmqw pws kiqw Aqy lwhor num Gyrw pwaux dw &Yslw kiqw[ lwhor dy AwgUAW ny ci& j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw nwl Amn smjoqw krn dw &Yslw kiqw Aqy Sihr dy drvwjy Kohl idqy[ Kwlsw Sihr dy AMdr dwkl hoieaw Aqy srkwri tkswl num kbzy ivc ly ilaw ijqy is`ky bxdy sn[ Kwlsw ny ci& j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw num kom dw bwdswh dy ikqwb nwl snmwinaw[ Kwlsw ny tkswl ivc Awpxy is`ky bxwey Aqy vrqxy cwlu kiqy[ iehnw isikaw aupr &wrsi ivc auho kuj aukiraw si jo bmdw ismg bhwdur ny Awpxy isikaw aupr aukrvwieaw si[ CyvW hmlw (PrvrI 1762): 3 PrvrI 1762 num AbdwlI lwhor phumc igaw[ dl Kwlsw mwlvy v`l clw igaw si qwik AbdwlI dy Awaux qon pihlw auh Awpxy prvwrw num aus pwsy qbdil kr skx[ AbdwlI ny auhnw dw ip`cw kiqw Aqy ayuhnw dy kw&ly qy ip`con hmlw kr idqw[ aus v`fy G`lUGwrw ivc is`kw dw bhuq izawdw nukswn hoieaw[ Kwlsy diaw bhuq moqw hoeiaw[ rwq ANDyry vyly AbdwlI ny ismgw dy kw&ly dw ip`cw 16

krnw C`f idqw Aqy 3 mwrc num srhmd rwhin lwhor vwps Aw igaw[ vyswki qon iek idn pihlw auh AMimRqsr phumc igaw, qopw nwl hirmmdr aufw idqw Aqy mlby nwl swrw srovr pur idqw[ grmiaw k`tx vwsqy auh jun ivc klwnor clw igaw[ ies v`fy G`lUgwry ivc hoey nukswn qon bwad jdon hwlwq kuj TIk hoey, qw Kwlsy ny srhmd au~pr mei ivc hmlw kr idqw[ srhmd dy gvrnr ny ismgw nwl smjoqw kr ilaw[ Kwlsw vwps pmjwb Aw igaw Aqy ih&wzqi tyks iek`tw krnw SurU kr idqw[ 17 AkqUbr 1762 num ismg divwli vwly idn iek`ty hoey qw AbdwlI ny Awpxw duq AMimRqsr ByijAw ik ismgw nwl smjoqw ho sky[ ismgw ny aus duq num lu`t ilaw Aqy ausnum vwps Byj idqw[ AbdwlI ies byiezqi num sihn nw kr sikaw[ auh AMimRqsr v`l cl ipaw Aqy 16 AkqUbr di Swm num AMimRqsr phumc igaw[ Kwlsy ny 17 AkqUbr di svyr num AbdwlI au~pr hmlw kr idqw[ ismgw ny AbdwlI &Oj dw bhuq nukswn kiqw Aqy moqw vi bhuq hoeiaw[ hnyry dw &wiedw lynidaw, AbdwlI rwq num hi lwhor v`l dov igaw Aqy vwps kwbul clw igaw[ AbdwlI dy cly jwx ip`con ismgw ny Awpxy ielwky muv kbzy ivc kr ley[ auhnw ny AbdwlI v`lon Fwhy gurvwiraw di auswri krni SurU kr idqi[ 13 jnvri 1764 num Kwlsy ny Awpxy muki j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw di kmwn hyt srhmd qy hmlw kr idqw Aqy lvwei ivc gvrnr mwiraw igaw[ Kwlsy ny srhmd dy ielwky num Awps ivc vmf ilaw[ sqvw hmlw (dsmbr 1764): lwhor Aqy srhmd qy Kwlsy dw kbzw ho jwx dw jdon AbdwlI num pqw l`gw qw ausny ipr hmlw kr idqw[ aus vyly cvhq ismg qon ibnw swry muki pmjwb qon bwhr sn[ lwhor au~pr ibnw iksy ivrod dy kbzw kr lyx qon bwad AbdwlI AMimRqsr phumc igaw ij`qy gurdvwiraw di auswri ivc l`gy qih ku ismgw num AbdwlI di qih hzwr SkqISwlI &Oj dw swhmxw krnw ipaw[ bhwdri nwl lvdy hoey auh 30 ismg ShIdIAW pw gey Aqy AbdwlI id`li v`l vidaw[ jd auh kumjpur phumicaw qw pqw ligaw ik dono DiVAW ivc smjoqw ho igaw hy[ AbdwlI kumjpur qon vwps cl ipaw[ AbdwlI nwl nij`tx vwsqy j`sw isng AwhlUvwlIAw ny bwki dy mukiaw num bulw ByijAw[ siqluj diraw dy kmfy i&lor nyvy Kwlsy ny iek`t kiqw Aqy AbdwlI di aufik krn 17

l`gy[ jdon AbdwlI num pqw lwgw ik ismg i&lor ivc ausdw rsqw rok ky byty hn, qw ausny ropv qon siqluj diraw num byviaw rwhin pwr kiqw[ Kwlsy ny Agly idn AbdwlI nwl t`kr lei[ Kwlsy v`lon s`q idn lgwqwr gurilw lvwei kridaw dyk ky AbdwlI qmg Aw igaw Aqy mwrc 1765 ivc lwhor rukx di bjwey rwvi diraw pwr kr igaw[ 10 ApRYl 1765 num ivswki vwly idn Kwlsy ny lwhor au~pr kbzw krn dw mqw AMimRqsr ivc pws kiqw[ BMgI imsl dy muki ny ibnw iksy lvwei dy lwhor au~pr kbzw kr ilaw[ Kwlsy ny tkswl ivc Awpxw is`kw ipr bnwauxw SurU kr idqw[ AwKrI hmlw (nvmbr 1766): ies hmly vyly AbdwlI ibnw iksy ivrod dy lwhor dy nyvy phumc igaw[ ausdy Awaux qon pihlw ismg ikdry iedr audr ho gey[ AbdwlI smj igaw ik ismgw ny ausdy inxu`kq kiqy gvrnr num lwhor ivc itkx nhin idqw Aqy pmjwb di jnqw Kwlsy dy rwj ivc ^us si[ AbdwlI ny h`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy hri ismg BMgI pws Awpxy Aihlkwr Byjy[ Kwlsy ny AbdwlI nwl g`l krn qon ienkwr kr idqw[ Kwlsy v`lon nwh ivc au~qr sux ky, AbdwlI id`li v`l cl ipaw[ ipr vi, AbdwlI 17 mwrc 1767 num vwps muv AwieAw[ Kwlsy dy gurilw hmilaw qon frdw hoieaw AbdwlI, ies vwr, AMimRqsr-lwhOr rwhin jwx di bjwey ksur dy rsqy vwps kwbul muv igaw[ kei swl jmgl, byilaw Aqy phwvi gu&wvw ivc smw k`tx qon bwad Kwlsw Awpxy dys dw mwlk bx igaw[ ieh prwpqi ismgw num guruaw di b^si syd dw sdkw si ik bhwdr ismgw dy nwl j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw vrgy AwgU dw swq si[ j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw di imsl hyt kbzy dw ielwkw siqluj diraw qon ibaws diraw, jlmdr, AMimRqsr dy kuj ipmf, qrnqwrn Aqy siqluj qon d`kx pwsy koei qih cwli ipmf sn[ 1780 ivc ausny kpurqlw au~pr kbzw kr ky iesnum Awpxy rwj ivc imlw ilaw[ j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw 20 AkqUbr 1783 num AMimRqsr nyvy prlok sdwr igaw[ ausny 35 swl is`kw di AgvweI kiqi ijs dorwn Kwlsw, ijhvw ik jmglw, byilaw, Aqy phwvi gu&wvw ivc luk icp ky idn ktdw irhw, auh ismg diraw ismd qon gmgw diraw q`k dy ivcly ielwky dy hwkm bx gey[ ****************** 18

4. su`kw ismg su`kw ismg dw jnm jnvri 1707 ivc lwhor dy ipmf mwvi kmboki ivc hoieaw[ ausdy ipqw sri l`dw klsi iek qrkwx si[ 1721 ivc vyswki dy idn Kwlsy dw AMimRqsr ivc iek`t hoieaw[ bwbw bmdw ismg bhwdur di ShIdI qon bwad Kwlsy dw ieh iek bhuq v`fw iek`t si[ SrDwlU is`k dur dur qon ies iek`t ivc Swml hox lei phumcy[ ies iek`t ivc su`kw ismg dy Awaux dw vi sb`b bx igaw[ ausnum is`k jivn dw rihx sihx cmgw l`gw Aqy ausny is`k bxn dw &Yslw kr ilaw[ is`k SrDwlUAW di syvw krn ihq su`kw ismg ivswki dy myly qon bwad gurduawry ivc hi rih igaw[ myly ivc iek`ty hoey is`kw ny Awpxy Awp num Coty Coty jiqaw ivc jqybmd kr ilaw[ auhnw jiqaw ny ipmf ipmf jw ky auhnw lokw num sodx di koss kiqi ijhnw ny ismgw dy GrW num lu~itaw si Aqy zulm vi kiqy sn[ iesqrhw dy KUn-krwby di ^br imlx qy lwhor dy gvrnr ny ipmfw dy mukiaw num hukm kiqw ik is`kw num igr&qwr kr ilaw jwvy[ gvrnr dy fr krky ipmfw dy mukiaw ny is`kw num srkwr dy hvwly krnw SurU kr idqw[ 9 mhiny AMimRqsr rih ky su`kw ismg Awpxy ipmf mwvi kmboki vwps prq AwieAw[ ausdi pgvi Aqy lmby vwl dyk ky ipmf dy muki ny ausdi mwqw num ikhw: qyrw pu`qr ismg bx igaw hy[ jy iksy ny gvrnr num ieqlwh dy idqi qw auh ipmf num Gyrw pwaux lei &Oj Byj dyvygw[ ikrpw krky iesnum AwKo ik pgvi bmnhxi Aqy lmby vwl rkxy C`f dyvy [ su`kw ismg dy mwipaw ny ausnum iesqrhw krn lei bynqi kiqi, pr auh nw mminaw[ srkwr dy zulmw qon frdy hoey, ausdi mwqw ny ausnum crs diaw goliaw dy idqiaw[ jd auh nsy ivc byhos ho igaw, aus di mwqw ny ausdy vwl ktvw idqy[ jd auh hos ivc AwieAw, su`kw ismg ny Awpxy vwl k`ty hoey dyky[ ausny mrn lei KUh ivc Cwl mwr idqi[ KUh dw pwxi bhuq fumgw nhin si, Aqy auh miraw nw[ ipmf dy lokw ny ausnum bcwaux di koss kiqi Aqy ausnum KUh ivcon bwhr k`ifaw[ su`kw ismg ny lokw num ikhw: mynum KUh ivc hi rihx ide[ myn vwlw qon ibnw mrnw cmgw smjdw hw [ Su`Kw ismg dy ieh l&z suxky, ausnum bcwauux vwilaw ivcon iek ny ikhw: mrnw hy qw koei cmgw kmm krky mr[ iesqrhw fu`b ky mrn nwl iksy num koei &wiedw nhin hoxw [ iesqrhw khy jwx qy, su`kw ismg KUh ivcon bwhr AwigAw[ kuc idnnw bwad auh Swm ismg AtwrI dy jqy ivc Swml ho igaw, jo ik auhnw dy ipmf lwigen lmg irhw si[ 19

su`kw ismg ny ipmf dy muki di GoVI num vi nwl ly ilaw[ su`kw ismg k`tv rup ivc ismg bx igaw Aqy Swm ismg pwson AMimRq Ck ilaw[ su`kw ismg hwly pmdrw ku swlw dw hi si jd auh jqy ivc Swml ho igaw[ ausdi syvw Bwcnw vwli ibrqi dykidaw, jqy dw muki Swm ismg ausnum pu`qr di qrhw ipawr krdw si[ jqy ivc rihnidaw, su`kw ismg ny hiqawrw di vrqon is`kx dy nwl nwl gurbwxi dw pwt krnw Aqy smgiq swz vjwauxy vi is`ky[ iek vwr su`kw ismg dw jqw mwvi kmboki ipmf lwigen lmg irhw si[ Awpxy jqy dy muki di AwigAw ly ky auh ipmf dy muki num imlx igaw ijsdi GoVI auh ly igaw si[ ausny AwpxI glqi di muaw&i mmgi Aqy GoVI dy mu`l dy pysy ausdy A`gy rk idqy[ muki ny pysy lyx qon ienkwr kr idqw Aqy ikhw: myn aus bmdy kolon pysy nhin ly skdw jo AwpxI jwn num Kqry ivc pw ky srkwr dy zulmw ivru`d lv irhw hy [ ipmf dy muki v`lon ieh l&z suxky su`kw ismg ny ausdw DMnvwd kiqw Aqy muv Awpxy jqy ivc Aw rilaw[ su`kw ismg dy isrl`q-ihmmqi kwrnwmy 1736 ivc divwn lkpq rwey ny divwli dy moky iek`ty hoey ismgw au~pr hmlw kr idqw[ jd ismgw ny bhwdri nwl mukwblw kiqw qw auh lwhor v`l dov igaw[ lwhor dy gvrnr ny hirmmdr au~pr s^q ingrwni r`kx lei do hzwr SkqISwlI &Oj qwienwq kr id`qi[ ies ingrwni dy bwvjud, iek idn su`kw ismg Aqy Qwrj ismg svyry AMiMmRq vyly hirmmdr swihb phumc gey Aqy piv`qr srovr ivc iesnwn kiqw[ ieqon vwps jwx vyly auhnw puri grjvin Awvwz ivc &qih bulwei: vwihguru ji kw Kwlsw, vwihguru ji ki &qih [ ies Awvwz num suxky kwzi Abdul rihmwn ny is`kw au~pr hmlw bol id`qw[ lvwei ivc Abdul rihmwn mwiraw igaw Aqy is~k Awpxy jqy ivc jw imly[ AkqUbr 1738 ivc m`sw rmgv AMimRqsr dw puils ci& bx igaw[ ausny hirmmdr num iek nwc-gr Aqy SrwbKwny ivc bdl id`qw[ auh Awpxy ibsqr qy byt ky hu`kw pinidaw ncdiaw kuviaw dw nwc dykdw[ iesqon pihlw ausny AMimRqsr ivc is`kw num Kqm kiqw, Aqy ipr ihmduaw num qmg krn l`gw[ jd qyj rwm dw Gr lu`t ilaw igaw qw auh bikwnyr phumc igaw[ ausny jqy dy ci& Swm ismg AtwrI num hirmmdr ivc ho rhiaw kuriqiaw bwry disaw[ iehnw kuriqiaw bwry sux ky, su`kw ismg Aqy mihqwb 20

ismg m`sw rmgv num szw dyx lei hirmmdr swihb phumc gey[ bvi huisawri Aqy ihmmq sdkw auhnw ny m`sw rmgv dw kitaw isr qijy idn Apxy ci& num Aw pys kiqw[ jnvri 1746 ivc, su`kw ismg Aqy j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Awpxy jiqaw nwl phwvw v`l jw rhy sn[ jd auh Awpxw prswdw pkwaux lei rovi swihb ruky qw AYmnwbwd dy kmwfr jspq rwey ny auhnw au~pr hmlw kr id`qw[ lvwei ivc jspq rwey mwiraw igaw Aqy &Oj dov gei[ ipr aus ny Awpxy jqy num dujy jiqaw nwl jw rlwieaw ijhvy kwhnuvwn diaw juhw ivc Awpxy jiqaw nwl byty hoey sn[ jd divwn lkpq rwey num is`kw h`qon Awpxy Brw dy kql kiqy jwx di Kbr imli qw ausny lwhor ivc swry is`k kql kr id`qy Aqy jmglw ivc rihmidaw au`pr vi hmly kiqy[ ies G`lUGwry ivc qop dw iek golw su`kw ismg di l`q qy l`gw jd auh lkpq rwey qy hmlw krn lei A`gy vd irhw si[ qop dy aus goly nwl su`kw ismg di l`q tu`t gei Aqy auh Awpxw mksd purw nw kr sikaw[ jyqo phumc ky su`kw ismg ny AwpxI l`q dw ielwj krvwieaw[ Cy mhiny dy ielwj qon bwad, auh muv pyrw isr KVw ho igaw Aqy ipr lvweiaw ivc Awpxy kwrnwmy idkwaux l`g ipaw[ hirmmdr swihb dy duawly BwrI pihrwbmdi hox dy bwvjud, su`kw ismg AMdr igaw Aqy srovr ivc iesnwn kiqw[ pihly hmly vyly, AbdwlI id`li clw igaw Aqy ip`cy lwhor ivc prbmd krn lei ptwni &Oj C`f igaw[ su`kw ismg ny iek bhuq bhwdr igrjw ptwn dw kql kr ky aus &Oj dy hoso-hvws aufw id`qy[ AbdwlI ny dsmbr 1751 ivc Bwrq qy qijw hmlw kiqw[ mir mmunu ny divwn kovw ml num bulwieaw Aqy is`kw num lwhor ivc mdd lei ikhw[ iek idn jd ik su`kw ismg Awpxy kuj ismgw nwl AbdwlI q`k pu`jx lei rwvi pwr kr irhw si qw auh aus q`k phumcx qon pihlw hi ShId ho igaw[ ****************** 21

5. j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw j`sw ismg dw jnm 1723 eisvi ivc lwhor (purv Bwrq vmf) izly ivc hoieaw[ Awp ji dy dwdw ji BweI hrdws ismg ny guru goibmd ismg ji pwson AMimRq CikAw si[ auhnw ny guru goibmd ismg ji nwl Aqy bmdw bhwdur nwl imlky lvweiaw lviaw[ j`sw ismg dy ipqw ji dw nwm Bgvwn ismg si[ j`sw ismg ny v`fw hox q`k Dwrimk grmq pvhn dy nwl &wrsi di pvhwei kiqi Aqy ipqw ji pwson Ssqr iv`idaw hwsl kiqi[ mei 1738 ivc nwdr Swh Bwrq au~qy hmlw krn lei ierwn qon cilaw[ zkriaw Kwn aus vyly lwhor dw gvrnr si Aqy ausny lwhor Sihr di rkvwli vwsqy iqawriaw SurU kr idqiaw[ is`kw qy AnykW bmdsw lgiaw hoeiaw sn ikaunik auhnw num bzwvqi smijaw jwdw si[ zkriaw Kwn ny is`kw qon kuj bmdsw htw idqiaw qwik auhnw num &Oj ivc BrqI kiqw jw sky[ j`sw ismg dw ipqw igawni Bgvwn ismg gvrnr di &Oj ivc BrqI ho igaw[ auh ieqnw kwbl si ik ausnum 100 ispwhiaw dw kmwfr bxw idqw igaw[ igawni Bgvwn ismg nwdr Swh diaw &OjW nwl lvdw hoieaw jnvri 1739 ivc ShId ho igaw[ j`sw ismg vi Awpxy ipqw ji di &Oj ivc lvdw irhw[ igawni Bgvwn ismg diaw syvwvw qy zkriaw Kwn ieqnw ^us hoieaw ik ausny igawni Bgvwn ismg dy prvwr num ienwm vjon 5 ipmf idqy[ ies jwiedwd dw prbmd krn ihq j`sw ismg ny &OjI nokri C`f idqi[ iek vwr ausdw swhmxw AdInw byz nwl ho igaw ijhvw aus vyly jlmdr dw kmwfr si[ j`sw ismg ny AwpxI Swndwr qlvwrbwzi sdkw AdInw byz num AwswnI nwl hrw idqw[ 1745 ivc zkriaw Kwn di moq ho gei Aqy lwhor di gvrnri hwsl krn lei ausdy donw pu`qrw ivc lvwei ho gei[ ikaunik srkwr aus vyly gvbvi di hwlq ivc si, is`k, ijhvy aus vyly zwlmwnw hwlwq kwrn lwhor C`f gey sn, Awpxy Awp num ipr jqybmdiaw ivc gtbmd krnw SurU kiqw[ bhuq swry is`k lwhor vwps Aw gey Aqy bhuq swry lok ijhvy srkwri zulm qon qmg Awey hoey sn, auh Kwlsy nwl rl gey[ j`sw ismg ny AwpxI zmin dyy prbmd nmu C`f ky nmd ismg dy jqy ivc rlx dw &Yslw kiqw[ AwpxI bhwdri sdkw auh mshur ho igaw Aqy nmd ismg di moq ipcon ausny jqy di vwgfor smbwl lei[ 22

1747 ivc Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny pihli vwr Bwrq qy hmlw kiqw[ ausny lwhor dy gvrnr Swh nvwz num hrw idqw Aqy id`li qy hmlw krn lei A`gy vidaw[ ausny lwhor qon vi &Oj num nwl ly ilaw[ ikaunik lwhor ivc koei srkwri &Oj nhin si, so is`kw num AwpxI mn-mrzi krn di KulH iml gei[ 1748 ivc ivswki mnwaux lei auh AMimRqsr ivc iek`ty hoey[ AMimRqsr di rkvwli lei auhnw rwm rwauxi iklw bnwaux dw &Yslw kiqw[ ies ikly num bnwaux ivc iek mhinw l`g igaw Aqy j`sw ismg puri qrhw ies ivc ru`ijaw irhw[ j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw num Kwlsy dw muki QwipAw igaw Aqy j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw kmyti dw mynbr bx igaw[ ApRYl 1748 ivc mir mmnum lwhor dw gvrnr bx igaw[ auh is`kw di vddi SkqI num Kqm kr dyxw cwhumdw si Aqy ies kmm lei ausny lwhor ivc kei &OjI dsqy kwiem kiqy[ kei ismg lwhor dw Awlw duawlw C`f ky hor pwsy cly gey[ jlmdr dw gvrnr AdInw byz is`kw nwl dosqi bnwauxw cwhumdw si[ ausny j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw num AwpxIAW &OjW ivc Aw jwx lei ikhw[ j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw ny ienkwr kr idqw, pr j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw ny iesqrhw krnw TIk smijaw[ so auh Aqy ausdw jqw AdInw byz nwl rl igaw[ ausnum jnrl di aupwdi idqi gei, pr ausdy SwhI &Oj ivc jwx krky Kwlsw dl ivcon ausnum k`f idqw igaw[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw di AgvweI Aqy prbwv num smjidaw ielwky dy bhuq swry is`k AdInw byz di nokri ivc BrqI ho gey[ AkqUbr 1748 ivc dl Kwlsw AMimRqsr ivc iek`tw hoieaw[ jdon mir mmnum num ies iek`t bwry pqw l`gw qw ausny AMimRqsr num Gyrw pwaux lei AwpxI &Oj Byj idqi[ ausny AdInw byz num ies &Oj di mdd vwsqy Awaux lei ikhw[ jd is`kw num &OjW dy Awaux bwry pqw l`gw qw auhnw ivcon bhuq swry jmglw v`l dov gey Aqy koei 500 ismgw ny rwm rwauxi ikly ivc Srn lei[ ieh Gyrw do mhiny cilaw, pr SwhI &Oj ikly qy kbzw nw kr ski[ is`kw kol rwsn Kqm ho irhw si, pr auhnw &Yslw kiqw ik Bu`Ky mrn nwlon shid hoxw byhqr hy[ auhnw &Yslw kiqw ik auh svyr num ikly dy drvwjy Kohl dyxgy Aqy srkwri &Oj nwl 23

lvwei krngy[ svyr di iqawri ivc is`kw ny Swm num pihlw hi jykwry gjwauxy SurU kr idqy[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw ny ikly AMdroN jykwiraw diaw AwvwzW suxiaw[ iehnw jykwiraw dy Asr nwl ausdy idl qy kuj Asr hox l`gw[ ausny iek qir qy Awpxw sunyhw bminhaw Aqy qir ikly v`l num CifAw[ ausny ikhw ik ikly dy drvwjy auhdy vwsqy Kohl idqy jwx[ ikly dy AMdr swry is`k mmn gey Aqy auh Awpxy jqy nwl bhuq swrw smwn ly ky ikly dy AMdr dwkl hoieaw[ ipr ausny divwn kovw ml dy rwhin mir mmnum num sunyhw ByijAw[ ausny ikhw ik Gyrw Kqm kr idqw jwvy[ ausy smyn qy hi Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny duji vwr hmlw kr idqw[ divwn kovw ml ny mir mmnu num smjwieaw ik jy auh ismgw nwl smjoqw kr lvy qw auh ies AOKy vyly shwiek bx skdy hn[ mir mmnum ny Gyrw htw idqw Aqy is`kw di AwmdnI lei dl Kwlsw num AMimRqsr dy nyvy hi jgir dy idqi[ dl kwlsw j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw nwl bhuq ^us hoieaw ijsny lov vyly isr mdd kiqi[ ies kwrnwmy sdkw dl Kwlsw ny Awpxy ivcon k`fy ismgw num muv vwps ly ilaw[ auhnw ny ausnum rwm rwauxi ikly dw kmwfr inxukq kr idqw Aqy ikly dw nwm rwmgvh r`k idqw[ dsmbr 1751 ivc AbdwlI ny Bwrq au~pr qijw hmlw kiqw[ mir mmnum lvwei ivc hwr igaw Aqy ies hwr dw dos ausny is`kw isr lwieaw[ auh is`kw v`l vidaw Aqy hukm kiqw ik ausdy rwj ivc vsdy swry lmby vwlw vwilaw num kql kr idqw jwvy[ ausny ipr rwmgvh ikly qy hmlw kiqw Aqy iesnum qbwh kr idqw[ 1753 ivc mir mmnum di moq ho gei[ j`sw ismg ikly ivc vwps muv AwieAw Aqy ikly di muv auswri kiqi[ mir mmnum di ivdvw murwd byzm lwhor srkwr dw prbmd smbwl rhi si[ pr lwhor qon bwhrly ielwky dw prbmd krn dy smr`q nhin si[ Kwlsw ies bwhrly ielwky dw prbmd krn dy smr`q si Aqy kuj ih`sy dw prbmd j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw dy kwbu ivc si[ 1756 Aqy 1764 ivc AbdwlI ny Bwrq au~pr cwr vwr hmly kiqy[ lwhor Aqy id`li di srkwr Aqy Kwlsw &OjW nwl vi ausdiaw lvweiaw humdiaw rihmdiaw[ Kwlsw 24

&OjW AbdwlI diaw vwps jwdiaw &OjW num Aksr lu`t ilaw krdy jw Awhmo-swhmxy vi lvwei krdy[ AbdwlI num puri qrhw ivsvws ho igaw ik pmjwb ivc Kwlsw hi rwj kr skdw hy[ ausdy jwx qon bwad bhuq icr is`k imslw ny rwj kiqw[ pmjwb dw bhuq swrw ih`sw j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw dy kwbu ivc si[ pmmjwb ivc Awpxw rwj sqwpq kr lyx qon bwad, j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw ny guawfi phwvi rwjw qy cvhwei kiqi[ auhny kei Coty Coty rwjw num Awpxy kbzy ivc ly ilaw Aqy mhwrwjw bx igaw[ ieh ikqwb prwpq krn vwlw auh imslw ivcon pihlw muki si[ kei vwr imslw ivc vi iksy ielwky kwrn jw hkumqi qwkq kwrn AwpsI JgVy ho jwdy sn[ iek vwr j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw iskwr KyfidAW j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw dy ielwky ivc dwkl ho igaw[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw dy BrwvW ny ausnum igr&qwr kr ilaw[ jd j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw num pqw l`gw qw ausny muaw&i mmgi ikaunik j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw kom dw muki si[ ipr vi, ies Gtnw dy kwrn rwmgvhiaw imsl Aqy dujiaw imslw ivc AwpsI qnwv bx igaw[ kei ismg hor &OjW ivc iml gey Aqy j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw Awpxw bhuq swrw ielwkw guaw bytw[ausnum siqluj diraw dy d`kxi pwsy jwxw ipaw[ ausny pitawlw dy rwjw, rwjw Amr ismg nwl swj bxwei[ ielwky dy hor nvwbw nwl JgVy nij`tx ivc ausny rwjw Amr ismg nwl kmm kiqw[ ies smyn dorwn v`k v`k KyqrW ivc bhuq lvwei JgVy cl rhy sn[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw qw rwjw Amr ismg dw hwmi si, pr rwjw Amr ismg id`li srkwr nwl iksy ielwky dy JgVy ivc aulj igaw[ jdon id`li qon Abdul Aihmd Kwn Aqy Amr ismg ivcwly lvwei hoei qw j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw ny AwpxIAW &OjW rwjw Amr ismg dy h`k ivc KVIAW kiqiaw[ j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw vi id`li &OjW dy ivru~d lvn lei pitawlw phumicaw[ iesqrhw j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw Aqy bgyl ismg vi id`li dy nyvy dy ielwikaw qy kbzw krn lei iek`ty ho gey, Aqy AwKrkwr mwrc 1783 ivc lwl iklw ij`qx ivc kwmxwb ho gey[ 25

1783 ivc j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw di moq ho jwx ipcon, v`k v`k imslw AwpxI hkumq Aqy ielwikaw lei lvdiaw rhiaw[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw, AwKrkwr pmjwb dw bhuq swrw hwiraw ielwkw vi Awpxy kbzy hyt krn ivc kwmxwb ho igaw[ pr ausny dujiaw imslw nwl, Kws krky GneIAw imsl nwl, lvnw jwri rikaw[ j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw ny Awpxy jivn dy AMq smyn 1803 num auh bhuq swry mh`qvpurx ielwky rwxi sdw kor Aqy rxjiq ismg num hwr igaw[ ****************** 26

6. srdwr bgyl ismg srdwr bgyl ismg dw jnm pmjwb dy izly AMimRqsr dy ipmf Jbwl ivc hoieaw[ smn 1700 dy m`d ivc is`kw ny Awpxy Awp num kuj gru`pw ivc vmf ilaw jo imslw khiaw jwdiaw sn[ ieh imslw pmjwb dy v`k v`k BUgolk ihisaw ivc sn[ imslw smu~cy pmjwb rwj dy ivc Coty Coty prwqw vwgn sn[ imslw AwpxI qwkq vdwaux lei kei vwr Awps ivc lvdiaw sn, pr dusmn dy ivru`d iek`tiaw ho jwdiaw sn[ srdwr bgyl ismg krov ismgiaw imsl ivc dwkl ho gey[ krovw ismg ies imsl dy AwgU si[ ausdi moq qon bwad s. bgyl ismg ies imsl dy AwgU bx gey[ AwhlUvwlIAw imsl dy AwgU srdwr j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw si[ 1747 qon 1769 q`k Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny Bwqr au~qy 9 vwr hmly kiqy[ id`li ivcli mugl srkwr AbdwlI Aqy nwdr Swh vrgy hmlwvrw nwl lvweiaw lvdi rhi[ 1738 q`k id`li srkwr dw rwj pyswvr Aqy A&gwinsqwn q`k si jd nwdr Swh ny hmlw kiqw[ pmjwb ivc auh bhuq kmzor sn Aqy auhnw kol bhuq G`t &Oj si[ pmjwb qon bwad ausny mrwitaw num vi hrwieaw[ iesqrhw is`k imslw pmjwb ivc bhuq SkqIswlI bx geiaw[ 1764 ivc s. j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy s. bgyl ismg diaw &OjW iek`tiaw ho geiaw[ shwrnpur dy nyvy dy ielwky qy njib-aus-du`lw rwj krdw si[ AbdwlI dy hmly vyly auh aus nwl iml gey si[ AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy krov ismgiaw imslw ny shwrnpur qy hmlw kiqw Aqy Sihr dy nwl Awly duawly dy ielwky qy vi kbzw kr ilaw[ 1776 q`k ausdw bhuq prbwv bx gey[ 1767 ivc jd AbdwlI ny A`TvW hmlw kiqw qw is`kw ny ausdw mukwblw kiqw[ dono pwsy bhuq nukswn hoieaw pr AwKr ivc AbdwlI pmjwb C`f ky dov gey[ 1769 ivc AbdwlI ny AwKrI hmlw kiqw[ Kwlsw &Oj smuh rup ivc ausdy ivru`d KVI ho gei[ srdwr j`sw ismg AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw Aqy srdwr cvhq ismg Su`krckIAw diaw &OjW AbdwlI ivru`d lviaw Aqy ausnum pmjwb ivcon hmysw vwsqy k`f idqw[ 27

Srdwr bgyl ismg di krov ismgiaw imsl SkqIswlI imslw iv~con iek imsl si[ 40,000 qon v`d XoDy bgyl ismg di kmwn hyt sn[ ies SkqI dy kwrn ausny kei KyqrW qy kbzw kr ilaw Aqy Awpxy rwj dw prbwv dur q`k kwiem kiqw[ BGyl ismg iek bhwdur AwgU, indvk XoDw, cmgw prbmdk Aqy isawsi qwl-myl vwlw ienswn smjy jwdy si[ auh iek prp`k is`k vi si[ aus pwson AMimRq Ckxw ivsys mwx vwli g`l smji jwdi si[ is`kw dw qmmnw id`li q`k vdxw si[ jnvri 1774 ivc auhnw pihlw hmblw mwiraw Aqy id`li dw kuj ielwkw kbzy ivc krn lei kwmxwb ho gey[ julwei 1775 ivc ausny duji vwr hmlw kiqw Aqy id`li dy Aws pws vwly SwhI ielwikaw ivc vi lvdy rhy[ is`kw diaw bwrw imslw pmjwb Aqy id`li q`k AwpxI SkqI iklwrn di koss kr rhiaw sn[ id`li AMdr dwkl hox lei auhnw AwpxI koss lgwqwr jwri r`ki[ AglI koss 1781 ivc kiqi[ id`li dw SihnSwh Awlm AbdwlI nwl lvweiaw kridaw kmzor ho gey si[ is`kw ivru`d dusry Kws priqxogi, mrwty Aqy ruhylw vi ip`cy ht gey sn[ is`kw ny id`li qy kei vwr hmlw kiqw Aqy bhuqy hmilaw ivc srdwr bgyl ismg ny AgvweI kiqi[ 1783 ivc ausny 20,000 di v`fi igxqi nwl id`li qy hmlw kiqw[ auhnw AwpxIAW &OjW num v`k v`k ih`isaw ivc vmf idqw Aqy muzl &OjW nwl kei lvweiaw lviaw[ AwKrkwr auh lwl ikly num Gyrw pwaux ivc kwmxwwb ho gey jo ik bhuq hi mh`qvpurx Aqy mnoivgeynk pynqvw si[ SihnSwh Swh Awlm ny Kwlsw &OjW dy v`dx num rokx lei Awpxy pu`qr Sihzwdw imrzw iskoh num ByijAw[ pr auh kei vwr hwr gey Aqy ip`cy muvidaw ausnum lwl ikly diaw iemwrqw ivc lukxw ipaw[ 11 mwrc num srdwr bgyl ismg is`k &Oj ly ky lwl ikly dy AMdr dwikl ho igaw[ ikly dy AMdr jwidaw muzl smrwt dy ismgwsn divwn-ey- Awm q`k phumc gey[ iesy jgh qy byt ky muzl smrwt Awpxw drbwr lgwieaw krdy si[ 28

divwn-ey-awm num m`l lyx qon bwad ismgw ny lwl ikly dy drvwjy qy Kwlsw JMfw lihrwieaw[ s. bgyl ismg ny Awpxy pmj jrnyl, pmj ipawiraw, num auh ismgwsn m`lx lei inxukq kiqw[ SihnSwh Awlm ny AwpxI izmdgi di ib`ikaw mmgx lei Aqy s. bgyl ismg nwl smjoqw krn mjbur honw ipaw[ ausdw pyrokwr rwm idawl Aqy ausdi byzm smru ny aus lei bynqi kiqi[ byzm iek sujvwn Aqy dur-idrsti vwli isawsqdwn AOrq si[ bvi AjIb siqqi si ik SihnSwh Swh Awlm iek is`k srdwr pwson ausy QW qy Awpxy jivn di ibikaw mmg irhw si ijqy 67 swl pihlw bwbw bndw ismg num ShId kiqw gey si[ byzm smru ny bvy ie`zq mwx nwl s. bgyl ismg nwl g`l kiqi Aqy ayusnum Awpxw Brw kihky smboidq kiqw[ ausny do cizw di mmg ki ik Swh Awlm di izmdgi b^s idqi jwvy Aqy auh lwl ikly qy rwj kr sky[ srdwr bgyl ismg id`li ivc is`k guruaw di Xwd ivc gurdvwry sqwpq krnw cwhumdy si[ byzm smru di bynqi qy s. bgyl ismg ny ieh Srq r`ki ik muzl SihnSwh auh swry ielwky is`kw dy hvwly kr dyvy ijqy vi 1) is`k guru ny crn pwey[ 2) guru qyz bhwdur swihb ShId hoey Aqy 3) mwqw sumdri Aqy mwqw swihb kor rhy sn[ ausny ieh vi mmg kiqi ik gurdvwry bnwaux lei muzl srkwr tyks dy qor qy is`kw num mwieaw dvy[ ausny A`gy ikhw ik Kwlsw &Oj dy 4000 ispwhi gurdvwiraw di auswri hmudi dykx lei id`li ivc Tihrngy Aqy muzl srkwr dw Kzwnw spwhiaw di ies tukvi dw Krcw dvygw[ vrxnxog hy ik s. bgyl ismg ny Awpxy vwsqy kuj nw mmgey[ ausny id`li qy rwj krn lei vi nw ikhw[ ausny isr& ieqnw ikhw ik is`k guruaw di Xwdgwr iv~c gurdvwry bxwey jwx[ Swh Awlm ny s. bgyl ismg diaw mmgw mmn leiaw Aqy ipr Kwlsw &Oj ny lwl iklw KwlI kr idqw[ srdwr bgyl ismg ny lkpq rwey num muzl drbwr dw duq inxu`kq kr idqw[ 29

Srdwr bgyl ismg kuj coxvyn ihmdu, is`k Aqy muslmwnw num imly ijhnw dy prvwrw ny guru hirikrsn dy smyn id`li ivc vson bxwei si[ auhnw ny id~li iv~c auhnw sqwnw bwry disaw ij~qy guru nwnk, guru hirikrsn, guru goibmd ismg Aqy mwqw sumdri ji Thry si[ auhnw ny guru qyg bhwdur ji dy ShId hox vwli Asl QW di inswndyhi krn ivc vi mdd kiqi[ s. bgyl ismg ny s`q QwvW di SnwKq kiqi ijqy gurdvwiraw di auswri kiqi gei: gurdvwrw nwnk ipawe; gurdvwrw mjnu it`lw; gurdvwrw rkwb gmj; gurdvwrw moqi bwg; gurdvwrw mwqw sumdri ji; gurdvwrw sis gmj Aqy gurdvwrw bmglw swihb[ ieh gurdvwry A`j vi hond ivc hn Aqy puri cvhdi klw ivc hn[ gurdvwrw bmglw swihb, sis gmj Aqy rkwb gmj ivsys krky bhuq v`fy gurdvwry hn Aqy puri qrhw roxk-brpur hn[ srdwr bgyl ismg Cy mhiny hor id`li ivc rhy qwik iehnw gurdvwiraw di sqwpqi num dyk skn[ Swh Awlm isr& lwl ikly dy AMdr hi rwj clwaundw irhw jd ik swri id`li ivc is`k &OjW dw kmtrol irhw[ Srdwr bgyl ismg Swh Awlm num nvmbr 1783 ivc AwKrI vwr imly[ SihnSwh ny ausnum AnykW kimqi qoh&y idqy jo ik brwbr dy Ahudy vwilaw num idqy jwdy hn[ KYr, srdwr bgyl ismg dy pmjwb Aw jwx qon CyqI bwad Swh Awlm ny is`kw ivru`d swzsw GVnIAW SurU kr idqiaw[ srdwr bgyl ismg, srdwr gurid`q ismg Aqy srdwr j`sw ismg rwmgvhiaw num 1785 ivc muv id`li prqxw ipaw[ auhnw ny muzlw Aqy mrwitaw diaw smuh &OjW num kwbu kr ilaw jo Awps ivc iek`ty ho gey sn[ ies qon bwad, srdwr bgyl ismg AwpxI vddi aumr dy kwrn bhuqw smw pmjwb ivc hi rhy[1802 ivc ausnw dw dyhwq ho igaw, pr ahnw di ivrwsq swfy kol sdivkwl Amr rhygi[ ****************** 30

7. hri ismg nlvw hri ismg nlvw Aqy AkwlI &Ulw ismg mhwrwjw rxjiq ismg di &Oj dy bhwdr ispwhi sn[ hri ismg nlvw dw jnm 1791 ivc hoieaw[ ausdy ipqw ji ny sukrc`kiaw imsl diaw kei lvweiaw ivc ih`sw ilaw si[ hri ismg s`q swl dw si jdon ausdy ipqw ji dw dyhwq ho igaw[ ausdy mwqw ji Drm kor ny hri ismg num cmgi iv`idaw, nwl hi GoV svwri Aqy Ssqr ividaw dyxw XkInn bxwieaw[ 1805 ivc mhwrwjw rxjiq ismg ny hri ismg num Kwlsw &Oj ivc BrqI hox lei iek BrqI kyndr ivc dyikaw[ mhwrwjw ausdi Xogqw Aqy Ssqr priqbw dyk ky ieqnw prbwvq hoieaw ik ausny hri ismg num Awpxw in`ji r^sk BrqI kr ilaw[ iek idn mhwrwjw di iek iskwr muihmm qy hri ismg ausdy nwl si[ Acncyq iek ciqw JwVIAW ivcon bwhr inkilaw[ hri ismg iek dm ciqy dy iblkul swhmxy ho igaw Aqy qlvwr k`f lei[ ciqw jdon aus au~pr JpitAw qw hri ismg ny ciqy num jbwvy qon PV ilaw Aqy AwpxI qlvwr nwl ausdw isr v`f idqw[ ikaunik ausny ciqy num isr& h`qw nwl mwiraw si, ausnum nlvw dw ikqwb idqw igaw[ ausnum Syr-idl ryjmmt dw kmwfr bxw idqw igaw[ si[ hri ismg lvweiaw ivc iek bhuq hi bhwdr ispwhi Aqy cmgw Xu`D-nIqI vyqw jdon mhwrwjw ny ksur qy hmlw kiqw, qw &Oj ikly dy AMdr nhin jw sk rhi si[ hri ismg ny ikly diaw kmdw hyt bwrud r`k idqw Aqy kmdw num iqmn QwvW qon aufw idqw[ mhwrwjy diaw &OjW auhnw kmdw diaw iv`qw ivcon AMdr cli gei Aqy ikly qy kbzw kr ilaw[ mhwrwjw ieqnw prbwvq hoieaw ik hri ismg num pd-au`nq krky jrnyl bxw idqw Aqy 800 GoV svwr ispwhiaw dw iemcwrj bxw idqw[ hri ismg ny iek hor muihmm vyly mulqwn dy ikly diaw kmdw aufwaux lei bwrud vrqx di ihmmq kiqi[ aus hmly ivc auh zbrdsq zkmi ho igaw Aqy mhwrwjw ny ausnum Fyr swry ienwm idqy[ 31

1819 ivc mhwrwjw ksmir num ij`q ky Awpxy rwj ivc imlwaux iv~c kwmxwb ho igaw[ ies rwj ivc koei SkqISwlI hukmrwn nhin si Aqy lokw ivc AsMquStI Aqy gvbv cl rhi si[ hri ismg iek dur-idrsti rkx vwlw AwgU Aqy kwbl prbmdk swbq hoieaw[ ausny s`q sudwr lwgu kiqy ijs nwl ksmiriaw dw jivn byhqr ho igaw Aqy ies Kyqr ivc Amn cyn ho igaw[ 1. hri ismg ny auhnw lokw num igr&qwr kr ilaw ijhvy nvyn mhwrwjw dy knumnw di aulmgxw krdy sn[ 2. ausny izmidwrw vlon rwj srkwr num dyx vwlw mwliaw G`t kr idqw[ auh ibnw iksy zbrdsqi dy ieh mwliaw Awpxy Awp dyx lg pey[ 3. ausny mjburn mus`kq Kqm kr idqi jo ikswnw num srkwri A&srW lei krni pyndi si[ hun auh AwpxI zmin qy Awp kmm kr skdy si[ 4. ausny ivawh, jnm Aqy sgweiaw qy tyks Kqm kr idqy[ 5. rwj ivc kysr Aqy aun di pydwvwr vdwaux lei ausny srkwri shwieqw dyx dw prbmd kiqw[ 6. ausny nwp-qol dy jmqrw num siqr kiqw qwik ivepwr Aqy lyx dyx cmgi qrhw cl sky[ 7. ausny auh kwnumn Kqm kr idqw ijs Anuswr isr& muslmwn hi ju`qy jw pgvi pihn skdy sn[ bwad ivc jd is`k imslw iek-ju`t ho geiaw Aqy ksmir ivc cmgw rwj prbmd cln l~gw qw hri ismg ny divwn moqi rwm num ksmir dw gvrnr bxw idqw Aqy Awp mhwrwjw di &Oj diaw jyqu muihmmw ivc Aw rilaw[ mhwrwjw rxjiq ismg ny Awpxw rwj kwbl q`k vdwaux lei auprwlw kiqw[ ausny pyswvr num kbzy ivc krn lei muihmm clwei Aqy 1834 ivc ies ielwky num Awpxy rwj ivc imlwaux ivc kwmxwb ho igaw[ ausny hri ismg nlvw num pyswvr dw gvrnr inxu`kq kr idqw[ hri ismg nlvw ny pyswvr dy rwj prbmd ivc AnykW sudwr kiqy[ ausny jziaw tyks Kqm kr idqw jo ik gyr-musmwnw num dyxw pyndw si[ ausny srkwri Krcy qy kei nihrw Aqy KUh vi lgvwey[ ies nwl swry ielwky di KyqIbwVI aupj vd gei[ 32