Page 1
P a g e 2 INDEX pwt pwt dw nw pyz nm 2 sitrmgz (Strings) 3 3 XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSn (User Defined Functions) 5 4 ivmfo muvi mykr (Window Movie Maker) - I 7 5 ivmfo muvi mykr (Window Movie Maker) II 7 6 nyvrikmg di Dwrxw (Networking Concept) 12 7. lweibryri PMkSnz (Library Functions) 19 8. ei-gvrnyns (E-Governance) 23 9. priikaw lei mh`qvpurn KwlI QwvW Aqy shi glq (Important Fill ups and True False for Exam) 10. priikaw lei mh`qvpurn prsn (Important Que for Exam) 27 25
P a g e 3 pwt sitrmgz sitrmg (STRING): sitrmg ie`k jw ie`k qon v`d A`KrW dw sumyl humdw hy[ ieh fbl kots (double quaotes) ivc ilikaw jwdw hy[ si BwSw ivc stirmg dw AMq n`l icmnh jw KwlI icmnh (\0) nwl humdw hy[ si BwSw ivc stirmg stor krn lei kyr AYry (char array) di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ si BwSw sitrmg aupr kei iksmw dy kmm krn lei kei iblt-ien PMkSn prdwn krdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ ies lei iehnw PMkSnW di vrqon krn lei swnum string.h hyfr PweIl num Awpxy progrwm ivc Swiml krnw pyndw hy[ ku`j Awm vrqy jwx vwly sitrmg PMkSnW diaw audwhrxw strcpy( ), strrev( ), strcat( ), strcmp( ), strlwr( ), strupr( ), strlen( ) hn[ sitrmg ifklyrysn (STRING DECLARATION): si BwSw ivc stirmg stor krn lei kyr Ayry (char array) di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ ieslei sitrmg stor krn lei swnum kyr Ayry ifklyar krnw pyndw hy[ audwhrx lei: char name[20]; ies audwhrx ivc name nw dw iek kyr Ayry ifklyar kiqw igaw hy jo ik 20 A`KrW q`k dw koei sitmrg stor kr skdw hy[ sitmrg ifklyar krdy smyn AsIN ies ivc mu`l vi stor kr skdy hw, ijsnum sitrmg dw AwrMBIkrn (String Initialization) ikhw jwdw hy[ sitmrg AwrMBIkrn diaw kei qriky hn[ audwhrx lei: char name[10]= Punjab ; char name[10]={ P, u, n, j, a, b }; char name[ ]={ P, u, n, j, a, b, \0 }; char name[ ]= Punjab\0 ; iehnw ivcon koei vi ie`k qrikw vrq ky sitmrg dw AwrMBIkrn kiqw jw skdw hy[ sitrmg pvhnw Aqy ilkxw (READING & WRITING STRINGS): sitmrg pvn Aqy ilkx lei ienpu`t Aqy Awautpu`t PMkSnW di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ ku`j Awm vrqy jwx vwly sitmrg ienpu`t Awautpu`t PMkSn ies prkwr hn: sitmrg pvhn vwly PMkSn (String Input Functions): scanf() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon ie`k-sbdi sitrmg num ienpu`t krvwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ gets() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon bhusbdi sitrmg num ienpu`t krvwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ getchar() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon ie`k kryktr num ienpu`t krvwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ sitmrg ilkx vwly PMkSn (String Output Functions): printf() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon Pwrmytf sitrmg num drswaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ puts() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon AnPwrmytf sitrmg num drswaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ putchar() function: ies PMkSn di vrqon AnPwrmytf kryktr num drswaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ sitmrg PMkSnz (STRING FUNCTIONS): si BwSw ivc sitmrg nwl kmm krn lei bhuq swry PMkSn pihlw qon hi si lweibryri ivc pirbwisq kiqy hn[ iehnw PMkSnW di mdd nwl AsIN sitrmg aupr kei qrwh dw kmmm kr skdy hw[ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ ies lei iehnw PMkSnW di vrqon krn lei swnum stringh.h hyfr PweIl num Awpxy progrwm ivc Swiml krnw pyndw hy[ ku`j Awm vrqy jwx vwly sitrmg PMkSn ies qrwh hn: PMkSn strlen( ): PMkSn strlen dw purw nw string length hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy gey sitrmg ivc A`KrW di igxqi pqw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ strlen( punjab ); ieh PMkSn mu`l 6 vwips krygw ikaunik sitrmg Punjab ivc A`KrW di igxqi 6 hy[ PMkSn strcpy( ): PMkSn strcpy dw purw nw string copy hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon sitmrg mu`l num sitmrg vyrieybl ivc kwpi krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ char str[20]; strcpy(str, Punjab ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l Punjab num sitrmg vyrieybl str ivc stor krygw[
P a g e 4 PMkSn strrev( ): PMkSn strrev dw purw nw string reverse hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon idqy gey sitmrg num aultwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ strrev( Punjab ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l Punjab num aultwayux qon bwad sitmrg num bajnup bxw dyvygw[ PMkSn strcat( ): PMkSn strcat dw purw nw string concatenation hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon do sitmrg mu`lw num ie`k sitrmg mu`l ivc iek`tw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh PMkSn dujy sitrmg mùl num pihly sitrmg dy AMq ivc jov idmdw hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ char str1[10]= City ; char str2[10]= Sunam ; strcat(str1, str2); ieh PMkSn dujy sitrmg mu`l Sunam num pihly sitmrg mu`l City qon bwad jov ky CitySunam bxw dyvygw[ PMkSn strupr( ): PMkSn strupr dw purw nw string upper hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy sitmrg mu`l num AMgRyjI dy v`fy A`KrW (Capital Letters) ivc qbdil krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ strupr( Punjab ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l Punjab num v`fy A`KrW PUNJAB ivc qbdil kr dyvygw[ PMkSn strlwr( ): PMkSn strlwr dw purw nw string lower hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy sitmrg mu`l num AmgRyjI dy Coty A`KrW (Small Letters) ivc qbdil krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ strlwr( PUNJAB ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l PUNJAB num Coty A`KrW punjab ivc qbdil kr dyvygw[ PMkSn strcmp( ): PMkSn strcmp dw purw nw string compare hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon do sitmrg mu`l di qulnw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ dovyn sitrmg di qulnw krn qon bwad ieh PMkSn skwrwqmk (Positive) jw nkwrwqmk (Negative) jw ziro (zero) iehnw iqmnwh ivcon koei iek mu`l vwips krdw hy[ qulnw krn lei ieh PMkSn A`KrW dy ASCII mu`l di vrqon krdw hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l dy brwbr hovy qw ieh PMkSn ziro mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( punjab, punjab ) jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l qon Cotw hovy qw ieh PMkSn nkwrwqmk (Negative) mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( india, punjab ) jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l qon v`fw hovy qw ieh PMkSn skwrwqmk (Positive) mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( punjab, india ) PMkSn atoi(): PMkSn atoi dw purw nw ascii to integer hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy sitmrg AMkW num iemtizr AMkW ivc qbdil krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn stdlib.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc stdlib.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ atoi( 456 ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l 456 num iemtizr AMk 456 ivc qbdil kr dyvygw[
P a g e 5 pwt - XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSnz PMkSn (Functions): PMkSn iek sb-progrwm humdw hy[ iesnum rutin jw prosizr vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh progrwm ivc hdwieqw dw qwrkik smuh (logical grouping) humdw hy[ PMkSnW di vrqon iksy gumjldwr sm`isaw num Coty BwgW ivc vmf ky h`l krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ PMkSn num ie`k vwr pirbwisq krky kei vwr vriqaw jw skdw hy[ rn kiqy jwx vwly hr ie`k progrwm ivc main() PMkSn dw hoxw jruri humdw hy[ progrwm dw c`lxw ies main() PMkSn qon hi SurU humdw hy[ ies qrwh AsIN kih skdy hw ik main() PMkSn progrwm num clwaux lei iek AYNtrI puawiemt prdwn krdw hy[ PMkSnW dy lwb: PMkSnW di vrqon krn dy kei lwb humdy hn[ ku`j mu`k lwb ies prkwr hn: 1. PMkSnW di vrqon nwl iksy gumjldwr sm`isaw num Coty BwgW ivc vmf ky h`l krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ 2. PMkSnW di vrqon nwl progrwm num fib`g (Debug) krnw Awswn ho jwdw hy[ 3. PMkSnW ivc bdlwv krnw Aqy auhnw di smbwl krnw sokw humdw hy[ 4. PMkSn porgrwm kof di muvvrqon num sokw krdy hn[ 5. Coty PMkSn kof num vdiaw qriky nwl ibawn (Self-Documenting) krdy hn[ 6. ieh progrwmr num vwr vwr vrqy jwx vwly PMkSnW di lweibryri bnwaux ivc mdd krdy hn[ 7. ieh twp-fwaun mwfulr progrwimmg ivdi di shulq prdwn krdy hn[ PMkSnW diaw iksmw: PMkSnW num hyt ilky do mu`k BwgW ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy: lweibryri PMkSn/stYNfrf PMkSn/ien-iblt PMkSn: auh PMkSn ijhvy si BwSw ivc pihlw qon hi bxy bxwey humdy hn, aunhw num lweibryri/stynfrf/ien-iblt PMkSn kihmdy hn[ ieh swry PMkSn v`k-v`k hyfr PweIlW ivc prbmidq kiqy gey humdy hn[ iksy vi lweibryri PMkSn num vrqx qon pihlw aus nwl smbmidq hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml krnw jruri humdw hy[ clrscr(), printf(), scanf() PMkSn Awid lweibryri PMkSnW diaw audwhrxw hn[ ienpu`t/awautpu`t PMkSn scanf(), printf() PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc pirbwisq kiqy gey hn[ ieslei iehnw PMkSnW num vrqx lei stdio.h hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml krnw pyndw hy[ iesy qrwh stirmg PMkSn strcpy(), strcmp(), strlen() Awid di vrqon krn lei string.h hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml kiqw jwdw hy[ Xuzr-ifPwieMf PMkSn: auh PMkSn ijhvy vrqonkwr (XUzr) duawrw Ku`d pirbwisq kiqy jwdy hn, aunwh num XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSn ikhw jwdw hy[ XUzr AwpxI jrurq Anuswr Awpxy PMkSn Ku`d iqawr kr skdw hy[ si BwSw ivc bxwieaw jwx vwlw main() PMkSn vi XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSn hy jo XUzr AwpxI jrurq Anuswr Ku`d pirbwisq krdw hy[ PMkSn pirbwsw (Function Definiton): PMkSn pirbwsw PMkSn dy kmmkwj num ibawn krdi hy[ PMkSn di pirbwsw ivc PMkSn di iksm, PMkSn dw nw, AwrgUmYNt Aqy PMkSn di bwfi num ibawn kiqw jwdw hy[ PMkSn ifklyrysn jw portotweip (Function Declaration/Prototype): PMkSn ifklyrysn num PMkSn prototweip vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh PMkSn pirbwsw qon v`k humdi hy[ PMkSn ifklyrysn di koei bwfi nhin humdi[ iesdw AMq symikwln (;) nwl humdw hy[ PMkSn ifklyrysn kmpweilr num PMkSn di iksm, PMkSn dy nw, AwrgUmYNt bwry sucnw prdwn krdw hy[ jdon PMkSn num
P a g e 6 vrqx lei kwl kiqw jwdw hy qw kmpweilr PMkSn num iesdi ifklyrysn nwl cyk krdw hy[ jy PMkSn di ifklyrysn nw imly qw kmpwielr progrwm ivc glqi drswaundw hy[ PMkSn k`wl krnw (Funtion Call): PMkSn kwl` krn qon Bwv hy PMkSn num vrqxw[ PMkSn num kw`l krdy hoey PMkSn dw nw Aqy AwrguUmYNt di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ PMkSn num kw`l krn dy do qriky hn: Call by Value Aqy Call by Reference. jdon PMkSn num kw`l krdy hoey AwrgUmYNts num swdwrx mu`l id`qy jwdy hn qw iesnum Call By Value ikhw jwdw hy[ prmqu jdon AwrgUmYNts num mu`lw dw AYfrYs id`qw jwdw hy qw ieh qrikw Call by Reference AKvwauNdw hy[ hytw idqw progrwm PMkSn pirbwsw, ifklyrysn Aqy kw`l di audwhrx num drswaundw hy: AwrgUmYNts Aqy pyrwmitrs (ARGUMENTS AND PARAMETERS): ieh PMkSnW lei vrqy jwx vwly vyrieybl jw mu`l humdy hn[ ieh PMkSnW lei iek gyr-jruri ih`sw humdy hn[ iehnw di vrqon PMkSnW ivc lov Anuswr kiqi jwdi hy[ ies qrw AsIN kih skdy hw ik iek PMkSn ivc ziro jw ziro qon v`d ikmnyh mrzi AwrgUmYNts ho skdy hn[ ieh AwrgUmYNts PMkSn num kmm krn lei jwxkwri prdwn krdy hn[ ieh AwrgUmYNts PMkSn di bwfi ivc kmm krn lei vrqy jwdy hn[ ieh do iksmw dy humdy hn: AwrgUmYNts jw AslI pyrwmitrz (Arguments or Actual Parameters) pyrwmitrs jw rsmi myrwmitrz (Parameters or Formal Parameters) AwrgUmYNts: ijhvy vyrieybl PMkSn num kw`l krn smyn id`qy jwdy hn aunwh num AwrgUmYNts ikhw jwdw hy[ iehnw num AslI AwrgUmYNts vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh AwrgUmYNts PMkSn dy nw qon bwad gol bryktw ivc ilky jwdy hn[ pyrwmitrs: ijhvy vyrieybl PMkSn di pribwsw smyn id`qy jwdy hn aunwh num pyrwmitrz ikhw jwdw hy[ iehnw num rsmi AwrgUmYNts vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh pyrwmitrs PMkSn dy nw qon bwad gol bryktw ivc ilky jwdy hn[ ieh pyrwmitrs PMkSn kwl ivc idqy gey mu`lw num prwpq krdy hn[ hytw id`qi audwhrx AwrgUmYNts Aqy pyrwmitrz di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ storyz klwsw (STORAGE CLASSES): storyz klwsw si progrwm ivc vyrieybl dy vrqon Kyqr (Scope) Aqy mymri ivc iesdi hond (Life) num pirbwisq krdy hn[ si BwSw ivc cwr storyz klwsw vrqiaw jwdiaw hn, jo ik hyt ilky Anuswr hn: 1. AwtomYitk-vyrIeybl (Automatic Variables) 2. rizstr-vyrieybl (Register Variables) 3. styitk-vyrieybl (Static Variables) 4. AYkstrnl-vyrIeybl (External Variables)
P a g e 7 pwt 4 Aqy 5 (ivmfoz muvi mykr) ivmfo muvi mykr (WINDOWS MOVIE MAKER): ivmfo muvi mykr vifie num AyfIt krn lei vriqaw jwx vwlw iek swptvyar hy[ ieh swptvyar ivmfoz-ayks pi (Win XP) dw hi iek Bwg humdw hy[ ivmfoz muvi mykr ivc AsIN qsvirw, vifie kil`ps, Aqy swaunf (Awvwz) PweIlz num imlw ky vifie bxw skdy hw[ muvi num vdyry prbwvswli bnwaux lei ies ivc tweitlz, trwzisns Aqy vifie iepykts vi lgwey jw skdy hn[ ivmfo muvi mykr ivc iqawr kiqiaw vifie PweIlW num kmipautr jw iksy vi vifie-plyar ivc clw ky dyikaw jw skdw hy[ ivmfoz muvi mykr ivc kei iksmw diaw qsvirw, vifie jw swaunf PweIlz vrqiaw jw skdiaw hn[ iehnw PweIlW di suci ies qrwh hy: AwfIE jw swaunf PweIlW:.aif,.aifc,.au,.mp2,.mp3,.wav,.wma etc ipkcr (qsvir) PweIlW:.bmp,.dib,.gif,.jpg,.jpeg,.png,.tif,.tiff etc vifie PweIlW:.avi,.mp2..mpe,.mpeg,.mpg,.wm,.wmv etc ivmfo muvi mykt iemtrpys: ivmfo muvi mykr dy iemtrpys num mu`k qor qy hyt ilky iqmnh BwgW ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy: 1. imnum bwr Aqy tulbwr 2. pynz 3. stori borf Aqy tweimlwein imnmu bwr Aqy tulbwr: imnmu bwr ivmfo muvi mykr ivc kmm krn lei kmwfz muheiaw krvwaundw hy[ iehnw ivcon ku`j Awm vrqiaw jwx vwliaw kmwfz tulbwr aupr auplbd humdiaw hn[ pynz: ivmfo muvi mykr ivc dopynz humdiaw hn : K`bw pyn Aqy s`jw pyn[ K`by pyn num twsk pyn jw kulyksn pyn ikhw jwdw hy Aqy s`jy pyn num kmntynt pyn ikhw jwdw hy[ twskpyn ivc muvi bnwaux nwl smbmdq AwpSnW humdiaw hn jdon ik kmntynt pyn ivc muvi bnwaux lei vrqiaw jwx vwliaw qsvirw, AvwjW, vifie PweILW, vifie trwjisnw Aqy vifie iepykts num idkwieaw jwdw hy[ storiborf Aqy tweimlwein: kmntynt pyn ivc idkwei dy rhiaw qsvirw, vifie PweILW, swaunf PweIlW, trwjisnw Aqy iepykts num muvi bnwaux lei stori borf Aqy tweim lwein di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ iehnw PweIlW num muvi bnwaux lei kmntynt pyn ivcon fryg krky stori borf aupr C`f id`qw jwdw hy[ ivmfo muvi mykr dy iehnw BwgW ivc kei Bwg (componenent) humdy hn[ iehnw BwgW di jwxkwri hyt ilky Anuswr hy:
P a g e 8 1. twsk pyn (Task Pane): twskpyn Aqy kulyksn pyn ivmfo muvi mykr iemtrpys ivc K`by pwsy mojud humdy hn[ iehnw donwh ivcon koei iek hi iek smyn qy idkwei dyvygw[ jykr twsk pyn idkwei nw dy irhw hovwy qw tulbwr aupr mojud twskpyn btn aupr kil`k krky iesnum dyikaw jw skdw hy[ ies pyn ivc muvi bnwaux nwl smbmdq kei AwpSnW mojud humdiaw hn[ iehnw AwpSnW num hyt ilky 3 BwgW ivc vmifaw igaw hy: kypcr vifie (Caputre Video):ies Bwg ivc qsvirw, AvwjW Aqy vifiez num iemport (Import) krn nwl smbmdq AwpSnW humdiaw hn[ AYift muvi (Edit Movie): ies Bwg ivc auh AwpSnW mojud humdiaw hn ijnwh di vrqon nwl muvi ivc iepykt, trwzisnw Aqy tweitl Awid lgw skdy hw[ ipnis muvi (Finish Movie):ies Bwg ivc muvi num syv krn nwl smbmdq AwpSnW humdiaw hn[ 2. kulyksn pyn (Collection Pane): kulyksn pyn Aqy twskpyn ivmfo muvi mykr iemtrpys ivc K`by pwsy mojud humdy hn[ iehnw donwh ivcon koei iek hi iek smyn qy idkwei dyvygw[ jykr kulyksn pyn idkwei nw dy irhw hovwy qw tulbwr aupr mojud kulyksn btn aupr kil`k krky iesnum dyikaw jw skdw hy[ ies pyn ivc 3 AwpSnW humdiaw hn: vifie iepykts (Video Effects) vifie trwizsns (Video Transitions) kulyksn (Collection) iehnw ivc v`k-v`k iksmw diaw vifie trwizsnw, iepykts, Aqy muvi ivc vrqiaw jwx vwliaw v`kv`k qsvirw, vifie Aqy swaunf PweIlW diaw kulyksnw mojud humdiaw hn[ 3. kmntynt pyn (Content Pane): ieh pyn ivmfo myvi mykr dy m`d Bwg ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies pyn ivc auh swriaw qsvirw, vifie jw swaunf PweIlW mojud humdiaw hn ijnwh num AsIN iemport kiqw humdw hy[ ies pyn ivc v`k-v`k trwizsnw Aqy vifie iepykts vi dyky jw skdy hn[ ieh swriaw PweIlW, iepykts Aqy trwizsnw num stori borf ivc Swiml krky muvi bxwei jw skdi hy[ 4. monitr (Monitor): ieh ivmnfo muvi mykr ivc s`jy pwsy mojud humdw hy[ ies di vrqon nwl vifie kil`p jw puri muvi dw priivau (Preview) dyikaw jw skdw hy[ vifie plyar di qrwh ies aupr vi muvi clwaux lei swry kmtrol mojud humdy hn[ ies aupr Play, Pause, Stop, Forwad, Backward Awid muvi clwaux nwl smbmdq swry
P a g e 9 kmtrol ies aupr auplbd humdy hn[ iehnw qon ielwvw do hor btn monitr dy s`jy pwsy mojud humdy hn: Split Video Aqy Take A Picture btn. Split Video btn di vrqon muvi num 2 Coty BwgW ivc vmfx lei kiqi jwdi hy[ vifie dy iehnw Coty BwgwW num kil`ps ikhw jwdw hy[ Take a Picture btn di vrqon muvi ivcon Frame num qsvir dy qor qy hwisl krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ stori borf (Story Board): ieh ivmfo muvi mykr dw iek Aihm Bwg hy[ ieh muvi mykr iemtrpys dy incly Bwg ivc mojud humdw hy[ storiborf Aqy tweimlwein muvi mykr iemtrpys ivc ieko jgwh aupr mojud humdy hn[ pr ienwh ivcon iek smyn qy iek Bwg hi idkwdi idmdw hy[ storiborf di vrqon muvi di stori bnwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh qsvirw Aqy vifie kil`ps qon bixaw ie`k pynl hy[ ieh muvi ivc vrqiaw jwx vwliaw qsvirw Aqy vifie kil`pw di qrqib num drswaundw hy[ kmntynt pyn ivcon koei qsvir jw vifie num muvi ivc Swiml krn lei ausnum stori borf ivc Swiml krnw pyndw hy[ ies qon ielwvw vifie iepykts jw vifie trwizsn lgwaux lei vi stori borf di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ tweimlwein (Timeline): ieh ivmfo muvi mykr dw iek Aihm Bwg hy[ ieh muvi mykr iemtrpys dy incly Bwg ivc mojud humdw hy[ storiborf Aqy tweimlwein muvi mykr iemtrpys ivc ieko jgwh aupr mojud humdy hn[ pr ienwh ivcon iek smyn qy iek Bwg hi idkwdi idmdw hy[ iesdi vrqon muvi ivc Swiml ikqiaw qsvirw, vifie Aqy swaunf PweIlW di tweiimmg syt krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ijhviaw swaunf PweIlW AsIN muvi ivc Swiml krdy hw auh stori borf ivc idkwei nhin idmdiaw[ swaunf Aqy vifie PweIlW num k`tx (trim) lei tweimlwein di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ tweimlwein muvi nwl smbmdq hyt ilikaw AwpSnW prdwn krdw hy: vifie AwifE/imaUizk trwizsn tweitl EvrlyA AwifE vrkspys (Workspace): vrkspys muvi mykr ivc auh Kyqr hy ijs ivc AsIN kmm kr rhy humdy hw[ vrkspys ivc kei v`kv`k Bwg mojud humdy hn jo muvi bnwaux ivc swfi mdd krdy hn[ muvi twsk pyn, kulyksn pyn, kmtynt pyn, monitr, storiborf, tweimlwein Awid vrkspys dy mu`k Bwg hn[ ivmfo muvi mykr ivc muvi bnwaux lei projykt bxwieaw jwdw hy[ projykt ivc storiborf Aqy tweimlwein di mdd nwl muvi bxwei jwdi hy[ ivmfo muvi mykr ivc muvi ivc v`k-v`k iksmw dy vifie iepykts, trwizsn Aqy tweitl Awid vi lgwey jw skdy hn[ ies muvi num muvi mykr dy monitr Bwg ivc plya (Play) krky dyikaw jw skdw hy[ muvi puri bnwaux qon bwad iesnum CD jw DVD aupr stor krky iksy vi vifie pylar ivc clwieaw jw skdw hy[ projykt (Project): ivmfo muvi mykr ivc muvi bnwaux lei ijs PweIl ivc AsIN kmmm krdy hw, ausnum projykt ikhw jwdw hy[ muvi bnwaux lei vrqiaw jwx vwliaw qsvirw, swaunf PweIlW, vifie PweIlW di jwxkwri Aqy iehnw nwl smbmdq tweiimmg bwry jwxkwri porjykt PweIl ivc stor humdi hy[ jdon porjykt PweIl num ivmfo muvi mykr ivc syv kiqw jwdw hy qw ieh.mswmm AYkstYNSn di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ muvi ivc bdlwv krn lei prjykt PweIl Kol ky bdlwv kiqy jwdy hn[
P a g e 10 muvi (Movie): muvi iek AMiqm projykt PweIl humdi hy[ Save Movie Wizard di mdd nwl projykt num AMiqm rup ivc syv krky muvi ivc qbdil kiqw jwdw hy[ ies muvi PweIl num kmipautr ivc jw CD/DVD ivc syv krky iksy vi muvi plyar ivc clwieaw jw skdw hy[ sors PweIl (Source File): ieh ifzitl mifiaw PweIlW humdiaw hn ijvyn ik qsvirw, AwfIE PweIlW, vifie PweIlW[ iehnw PweIlW num ivmfo muvi mykr ivc iemport (Import) krky myvi bxwei jwdi hy[ spil`t btn (Split Button): ieh btn ivmfo muvi mykr dy monitr Bwg aupr mojud humdw hy[ ies btn di vrqon iksy vifie jw AwfIE PweIl num do Coty BwgW ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy[ vifie dy iehnw Coty BwgW num kil`p ikhw jwdw hy[ spil`t btn di vrqon dy styp hyt ilky Anuswr hn: 1. kmntynt pyn ivc aus AwfIE jw vifie PweIl di cox kro ijs num qusin spil`t krnw cwhumdy ho[ 2. monitr dy hytly Bwg ivc mojud Seek Bar aupr mojud slweifr num aus jgwh ly jwe ij`qon AwfIE jw vifie num spil`t krnw cwhumdy ho[ 3. monitr aupr mojud Split btn aupr click kro[ skrinswt jw tyk ipkcr btn (Take Picture Buttton): ieh btn ivmfo muvi mykr dy monitr Bwg aupr mojud humdw hy[ ies btn di vrqon iksy vifie ivcon iksy Prym (Frame) num qsvir dy qor qy prwpq krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ prwpq kiqy Prym nmu skrinswt vi ikhw jw skdw hy[ ieh Prym kmipautr ivc iek PweIl dy qor qy syv krky r`ikaw jw skdw hy[ tyk ipkcr btn (Take Picture Button) di vrqon styp hyt ilky Anuswr hn: 1. kmntynt pyn ivcon vifie kil`p di cox kro[ 2. monitr dy hytly Bwg ivc mojud Seek Bar aupr mojud slweifr num aus jgwh ly jwe ij`qon AsIN vifie ivcon Prym num qsvir dy qor qy prwpq krnw cwhumdy ho[ 3. monitr aupr mojud Take Picture btn aupr click kro[ 4. qsvir (skrinswt) syv krn lei fwielwg bwks Kùlygw, PweIl dw nw Br ky syv btn qy kil`k kro[ kil`pw num jovnw (Combining Clips): ivmfo muvi mykr ivc AsIN CotIAW vifie kil`pw num jov ky iek v`fi vifie vi iqawr kr skdy hw[ kil`pw num jovn lei hyt ilky styp vrqy jwdy hn: 1. kmntynt pyn jw stori borf ivc Ctrl kia di vrqon nwl auhnw kil`pw num cuxo ijnwh num AsIN jovnw cwhumdy hw[ 2. Clip immnum auqy kil`k kro[ 3. Combine AwpSn au`qy kil`k kro[ kil`ps di itrimmg (kwt-cwt) krnw (Trimming the Clipps): Trim krn qon Bwv hy kwt-cwt krnw[ ivmfo muvi mykr ivc AsIN AwfIE Aqy vifie PweIlW di kwt- CWt kr skdy hw[ Trim krn nwl AwfIE jw vifie dy bylovy BwgW num Kqm kiqw jw skdw hy[awfie jw vifie num trim krn lei trim-points vrqy jwdy hn[ Trim-points tweimlwein ivc lwl rmg dy qir ivc idkwei idmdy hn[ AwfIE jw vifie num trim krn dy styp hyt ilky Anuswr hn: 1. tweimlwein num KoloH[ 2. AwfIE jw vifie num trim krn lei ausdy SurU Aqy AMq vwly trim-points num AYfjst kro[ 3. Trim Point syt krn nwl AwfIE jw vifie trim ho jwvygi[
P a g e 11 muvi ivc tweitlz, trwjisn Aqy iepykts dwikl krnw (Adding Titles, Transitions and Effects in movie): ivmfo muvi mykr ivc muvi num prbwvswli bnwaux lei kei qrwh dy vifie iepykts, vifie trwizsnw Aqy tweitl vi Swiml kiqy jw skdy hn: vifie iepykts (Video Effects): muvi num prbwvswli qriky nwl pys krn lei ies ivc vifie iepykts vi lgwey jw skdy hn[ vifie iepykt ieh inrdwirq krdw hy ik muvi ivc koei qsvir jw kil`p iks qrwh idkwei dyvygi[ ieh iepykt iksy vi qsvir jw vifie aupr lwgu kiqw jw skdw hy[ kulyksn pyn ivc vifie iepykts Polfr ivc pihlw qon hi bhuq swry bxy bxwey vifie iepykts mojud humdy hn[ muvi ivc vifie iepykt dwikl krn lei hyt ilky styp hn: 1. kulyksn pyn ivc vifie iepykt Polfr auqy kil`k kro[ 2. kmntynt pyn ivc vifie iepykt di cox kro[ 3. cuxy gey vifie iepykt num kil`k Aqy fryg krky storiborf aupr qsvir dy hytw K`by pwsy idkwei dy rhy stwr aupr dwikl kro[ vifie trwizsn (Video Transition): muvi num prbwvswli qriky nwl pys krn lei ies ivc vifie trwizsn vi lgwey jw skdy hn[ muvi ivc iek kil`p/qsvir qon duji kil`p/qsvir qy jwx dy qriky num prbwvi bnwaux lei vifie trwizsn di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh trwijsn do qsvirw/kil`pw ivckwr lgwei jwdi hy[ muvi dykdy hoey ieh trwizsn AglI qsvir/kil`p dy Awaux qon pihlw idkwei idmdi hy[ kulyksn pyn ivc vifie trwizsn Polfr ivc pihlw qon hi bhuq swry bxy bxwey vifie twrizsn mojud humdy hn[ muvi ivc vifie trwizsn dwikl krn lei hyt ilky styp hn: 1. kulyksn pyn ivc vifie trwizsn Polfr auqy kil`k kro[ 2. kmntynt pyn ivc vifie trwizsn di cox kro[ 3. cuxy gey vifie trwizsn num kil`k Aqy fryg krky storiborf aupr do qsvirw/kil`pw dy ivckwr dwikl kro[ tweitlz Aqy kryfits (Titles and Credits): tweitl Aqy kryfits di vrqon muvi ivc ilkqi rup ivc sucnw dwikl krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ muvi dw tweitl, muvi bnwaux ivc sihxog krn vwly ivakqiaw dy nw, jw hor iksy vi iksm di ilkqi jwxkwri dwikl krn lei tweitl Aqy kryfits AwpSn vrqi jwdi hy[ ies ilkqi sucnw num muvi ivc hyt ilkiaw QwvW auqy dwikl kr skdy hw: 1. muvi di SurUAwq ivc 2. iksy vi kil`p jw qsvir qon pihlw 3. iksy vi kil`p jw qsvir dy aupr 4. iksy vi kil`p jw qsvir qon bwad 5. muvi dy AMq ivc rynifrmg (Rendering): muvi projykt num AMiqm rup dyx lei iesnum iek vifie PweIl dy qor qy syv krnw pyndw hy qw ik swfi muvi num hor drsk iksy vi vifie plyar aupr dyk skx[ muvi projykt num AMiqm vifie PweIl ivc qbdil krn di prikraw num rynifrmg (Rendering) ikhw jwdw hy[ ies kmm lei hyt ilky styp vrqy jwdy hn: 1. File imnmu auqy kil`k kro[ 2. Save Movie File AwpSn qy kil`k kro[ 3. muvi ivzwrf Ku`lygw[ ies ivzwrf ivc idqiaw AwpSnW di pwlxw krdy hoey A`gy vdo[ 4. muvi dw nw tweip kro[ 5. muvi di guxv`qw (quality) slykt kro[ 6. ies qrwh ivzwrf Kqm hox auprmq swfw projykt AMiqm vifie PweIl ivc qbdil ho jwvygw[
P a g e 12 pwt-6 (nytvrikmg di Dwrxw) nytvrk (Network): iek kmipautr nytvrk do jw do qon v`d kmipautrw num Awps ivc jovn nwl bxdw hy[ nytvrk swdnw (resources) num swjw (share) krn lei bxwieaw jwdw hy[ iek nytvrk ivc kmipautrw num Awps ivc jovn lei smcwr cynlw di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh smcwr cynl qwrw jw ibnwh qwrw vwly ho skdy hn[ nytvrk ivc kmipautrw num Awps ivc jovn lei duri di koei h`d nhin humdi[ nytvrikmg di jrurq (Need of Networking): 1. kmipautr PweIlW num swjw krn lei (To share computer files): nytvrk v`k-v`k vrqonkwrw num kmipautr PweIlW di swj krn ivc mh`qvpurn suivdw prdwn krdw hy[ audwhrx lei: iek smsqw ivc v`k-v`k ivbwgw dy XUzr nytvrk di vrqon nwl PweIlW di swj kr skdy hn[ 2. kmipautr dy v`k-v`k hwrfvyar BwgW di swj krn lei (To share hardware components): kmipautr dy kei hwrfvyar Bwg kwpi mihmgy humdy hn[ ijvyn ik lyzr iprmtr, iek v`fi hwrf-ifsk[ nytvrk di mdd nwl iehnw mihmgy hwrfvyar BwgW di swj kiqi jw skdi hy[ 3. kmipautrw num iek dujy nwl smcwr krn Xog bnwauxw (to enable communication between computers): nytvrk kmipautrw num iek dujy nwl smcwr krn Xog bnwaundy hn[ 4. smcwr di gqi Aqy SuD`qw num vdwauxw (to increse the speed and accuracy in communication): nytvrk smcwr di gqi Aqy Su`Dqw num vdwaundy hn[ nytvrk rwhin iksy smdys num duijaw q`k qyzi nwl phumcwieaw jw skdw hy[ 5. fwtw trwspr di kimq Gtwaux lei (to reduce the cost of data transfer): kmipautr nytvrk fwtw num trwspr krn dw iek ssqw swdn hy[ 6. gru`p ivc kmm krn lei (To work in groups): nytvrk rwhin v`k-v`k gru`p timw bxw ky kmm krn ivc mdd imldi hy[ 7. nytvrk rwhin kmm di auqpwdkqw ivc vwdw humdw hy[ nytvrk trminoloji (Network Terminology): nofz jw vrkstysn (Nodes or Workstations): ieh v`k-v`k trminlz humdy hn jo nytvrk nwl juvy humdy hn[ ieh swdnw di swj krdy hn[ jdon AsIN iksy kmipautr num nytvrk nwl jovdy hw qw ieh vrkstysn bx jwdw hy[ srvr (Server): ieh nytvrk ivc iek Kws nof humdi hy ijs dw nytvrk ivc siqr AYfrYs (fix address) humdw hy[ ieh kmipautr nytvrk ivc hor kmipautrw num shulqw prdwn krdy hn[ nytvrk iemtrpys Xuint (NIU-Network Interface Unit): ieh iek Aijhw XMqr humdw hy jo iek iemtrprytr di qrwh kmm krdw hy[ ieh nytvrk ivc srvr Aqy hor kmipautrw ivc smcwr krn ivc mdd krdw hy[ ieh srvr Aqy hr vrkstysn kmipautr ivc l`igaw hoxw jruri humdw hy[ nytvrk ivc hr iek NIU dw iek v`krw ivl`kx AYfrYs humdw hy[
P a g e 13 nytvrk diaw iksmw (Types of Network): kmipautr nytvrk kei iksmw dy humdy hn[ nytvrk num auhnw dy Bugoilk Kyqr dy Anuswr hyt ilky iqmnh BwgW ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy: LAN, MAN Aqy WAN 1. lokl eyriaw nytvrk (LAN-Local Area Network): ies nytvrk ivc Coty Bugoilk Kyqr dy kmipautrw num Awps ivc joivaw jwdw hy[ ieh Cotw BUgoilk Kyqr iek irhwiesi iblifmg, skul, lweibryri jw dpqr Awid ho skdw hy[ LAN nytvrk dw Kyqr MAN Aqy WAN nytvrk dy mukwbly kwpi Cotw humdw hy[ Awm qor qy LAN nytvrk prwievyt nytvrk humdy hn[ dpqrw ivc LAN nytrvk di vrqon v`k-v`k swdnw num jw sucnw num swjy krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ iek LAN nytvrk bhuq swry BwgW qon imlky bxdw hy[ ieh Bwg trwsimsn cynl (tvistf pyar kybl, ko-ayksial kybl, PweIbr-AwptIk kybl Awid) srvr kmipautr, vrkstysn kmipautr, NIU, h`b Awid humdy hn[ 2. mytropolitn eyriaw nytvrk (MAN-Metropolitan Area Network): ieh nytvrk BUgoilk Kyqr ivc LAN qon v`fy prmqu WAN qon Coty humdy hn[ MAN nytvrk dw BUgoilk Kyqr iek v`fy Sihr ijnwh v`fw ho skdw hy[ MAN nytvrk kybl ti.vi. nytvrk di qrwh iekihrw nytvrk vi ho skdw hy Aqy ieh kei Coty LAN nytvrkw qon iml ky vi bixaw ho skdw hy[ audwhrx lei: iek kmpni Sihr ivc PYly Awpxy LAN nytvrkw num Awps ivc jov ky MAN nytvrk bxw skdi hy[ MAN nytvrk prweivyt Aqy pbil`k dovyn qrwh dy ho skdy hn[ MAN nytvrk di rpqwr LAN nwlon G`t pr WAN nwlon v`d humdi hy[ 3. vweif eyriaw nyvrkr (WAN-Wide Area Network): ieh sb qon v`fy nytvrk humdy hn[ ienwh nytvrkw ivc BUgoilk Kyqr di koei simw nhin humdi[ ies nytvrk dw BUgoilk Kyqr iek purw dys, mhwdip jw smswr ijnwh v`fw ho skdw hy[ ies nytvrk ivc kmipautrw num Awps ivc jovn lei pbilk nytvrkw di mdd lei jwdi hy[ audwhrx lei: tylipon nytvrk di mdd nwl ies nytvrk dy kmipautrw num Awps ivc joivaw jwdw hy[ ies qon ielwvw sytylweit (Satellite) di mdd nwl vi kmipautrw num ies nytvrk ivc joivaw jw skdw hy[ iemtrnyt WAN nytvrk di sb qon vdiaw audwhrx hy[ WAN nytvrk bnwaux lei kei iksmw dy XMqr iesqymwl kiqy jwdy hn[ ijvyn ik: ibrj (Bridge), rwautr (Router), gytvya (Gateway) Awid[ mu`k qor qy rylvy, bynk, Awid KyqrW ivc iehnw nytvrkw di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ WAN nytvrk di rpqwr LAN Aqy MAN dy mukwbly G`t humdi hy[ WAN nytvrk vi do iksmw dy ho skdy hn: pbilk nytvrk: iehnw nytvrkw dw prbmdn smcwr kmpniaw duawrw kiqw jwdw hy[ ieh kmpniaw Awpxy grwhkw num syvwvw prdwn krdiaw hn[ prweivyt nytvrk: ieh nytvrk prweivyt jw ilzf (Leased) lweinw di vrqon krky hor nytvrkw nwl juvy humdy hn[ nytvrk topolojiz (Network Topologies): nytvrk ivc kmipautrw num v`k-v`k FMgW nwl prbmdq krn dy qriikaw num nytvrk topolojiz ikhw jwdw hy[ iek nytvrk ivc kmipautrw num kei qriikaw nwl prbmidq kiqw jw skdw hy[ ies lei nytvrk topolojiz kei iksmw diaw humdiaw hn[ kùj Awm vrqiaw jwx vwliaw nytvrk topolojiz ies prkwr hn: bs topoloji (Bus Topology): ieh topoloji LAN nytvrk ivc vrqi jwdi hy[ ieh sb qon swdwrx topoloji hy[ ies toopoloji ivc nytvrk dy swry kmipautr iek iekihri kybl (Single cable) nwl juvy humdy hn[ ies kybl num bs ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh kybl pury nytvrk ivc iek rivh di h`fi mmnhi jwdi hy[ nytvrk ivc hr iek nof (kmipautr) duji nof nwl ies kybl rwhin hi smcwr krdi hy[ bs dy dovyn iknwiraw auqy trminytr l`igaw humdw hy jo isgnl num bwauns hox qon bcwaundw hy[
P a g e 14 stwr topoloji (Star Topology): ieh topoloji LAN nytvrk ivc vrqi jwdi hy[ ies ivc swriaw nofz (kmipautr) iek kyndri XMqr nwl juviaw humdiaw hn[ ies kyndri XMqr num h`b ikhw jwdw hy[ kyndri XMqr Aqy nofz ivckwr Point-to-Point kunyksn humdw hy[ hr iek nof duji nof nwl ies kyndri h`b rwhin hi juvi humdi hy[ nytvrk ivc swrw fwtw ies kyndri h`b ivcon hi lmg ky jwdw hy[ Awm qor qy UTP (AnSIlff tvistf pyar) kybl di vrqon nwl nofz num kyndri h`b nwl joivaw jwdw hy[ irmg topoloji (Ring Topology): ieh topoloji LAN nytvrk ivc vrqi jwdi hy[ ies topoloji ivc swriaw nofz (kmipautr) iek dujy nwl iek bmd lup (Closed loop) ivc juviaw humdiaw hn[ hr nof dusriaw do hor guawfi nofz nwl juvi humdi hy[ ies nytvrk ivc fwtw Byjx jw prwpq krn lei tokn (token) di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ tokn ivc fwtw Byjx vwly Aqy ies num prwpq krn vwly smbmdi sucnw stor humdi hy[ mys topoloji (Mesh Topology): ieh topoloji LAN nytvrk ivc vrqi jwdi hy[ ies topoloji ivc swriaw nofz Awps ivc iek dujy nwl juviaw humdiaw hn[ ies iksm di topoloji kwpi mihmgi humdi hy[ ieh Awm qor qy ibnwh qwrw vwly (wireless) nytrvk ivc vrqi jwdi hy[ ies topoloji ivc hr iek nof dujiaw swriaw nofz nwl is`dy qor qy juvi humdi hy[ Flooding Aqy Routing ies topoloji ivc vrqiaw jwx vwliaw mu`k qknikw hn[ tri topoloji (Tree Topology): ies topoloji ivc bs Aqy stwr topoloji diaw ivsysqwvw num iek`tw kiqw igaw hy[ ies topoloji ivc kei stwr topoloji vwly nytvrkw num bs kybl rwhin joivaw jwdw hy[ ies topoloji num Expanded Star Topology vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ies topoloji ivc Awm qor qy ieqrnyt (Ethernet) protokol vriqaw jwdw hy[ protokol (Protocols): ieh auh inxm Aqy stynfrf humdy hn ijnwh di mdd nwl v`k-vk nofz nytvrk ivc smcwr kr skdy hn[ audwhrx lei: BwSw, grwmr Aqy hor inxmw qon ibnwh mnu`kw ivckwr AwpsI smcwr smbv nhin hy[ iesy qrwh nytvrk ivc vi nofz num Awps ivc smcwr krn lei inxmw di jrurq pyndi hy[ nytvrkw ivc kei iksmw dy protokol vrqy jwdy hn ijvyn ik TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP Awid[ iemtrnyt aupr fwtw trwspr krn lei TCP/IP protokol vrqy jwdy hn[ PweIl trwspr protokol (FTP-File Transfer Protocol): ieh iemtrnyt lei vriqaw jwx vwlw stynfrf protokol hy[ iehnw protokolz di vrqon iemtrnyt aupr kmipautrw ivckwr PweIlW twrspr krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ FTP protokol iemtrnyt dy TCP/IP protokolz di mdd nwl hi PweIlW di Adlw-bdlI krdy hn[ hweipr tykst trwsprt protokolz (HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocols): ies protokol di vrqon vrlf vweif vyb (www) duawrw kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh protokol iemtrnyt aupr hweipr tykst num trwspr krn ivc mdd krdy hn[ hweipr-tykst iek Aijhw tykst humdw hy ijs ivc ilmk Swiml humdy hn[ prweivyt nytvrks (Private Networks): ieh auh nytvrk humdy hn jo prweivyt smsqwvw v`lon Awpxy in`ji mmqv lei vrqy jwdy hn[ ieh nytvrk prweivyt smsqwvw vlon Ku`d iqawr kiqy jwdy hn[ sb qon pihlw vrlf vweif nytvrk ArpwnYt (ARPANET) vi iek prweivyt nytvrk si[ ieh nytvrk AmrIkw dy r`ikaw ivbwg duawrw iqmn kmipautrw num Awps ivc jov ik bxwieaw igaw si[
P a g e 15 XunIPorm irsors lokytr (URL-Uniform Resource Locater): iemtrnyt aupr hryk vybpyz dw iek ivl`kx AYfrYs humdw hy[ ies AYfrYs num hi XunIPwrm irsors lokytr ikhw jwdw hy[ iemtrnyt aupr iksy vyb-pyz q`k phumc krn lei swnum vyb-brwauzr ivc ausdw URL tweip krnw pyndw hy[ URL di audwhrx hyt ilky Anuswr hy: vrlf vweif vyb (WWW-World Wide Web): vrlf vweif vyb num www jw web jw W3 dw nw nwl vi jwixaw jwdw hy[ ieh vyb srvrw dw iek smuh humdw hy[ vrlf vweif vyb ivc sucnw num vyb pyjw ivc stor kiqw jwdw hy[ vyb pyjw num HTML ivc bxwieaw jwdw hy[ HTML vyb pyjw di bxqr Aqy q`qw num pirbwisq krdw hy[ vyb pyz ivc tykst, qsvirw, AwfIE, vifie, AynImySn Awid ho skdy hn[ iek dujy nwl smbmdq vyb pyjw dy smuh num vyb-sweit ikhw jwdw hy[ vyb-sweit num vyb srvr aupr stor kiqw jwdw hy[ iek vybswiet dy pyjw num Awps ivc hweiprilmks duawrw joivaw jwdw hy[ vyb pyz ivc hweiprilmk inly rmg ivc AMfrlweIn kiqy hoey nzr AwauNdy hn[ vybsweit dy sb qon pihly vyb pyz num hompyz (Homepage) ikhw jwdw hy[ vybpyzw num dykx lei vyb-brwauzr (web-browser) di vrqon kiqi jwdi hy[ ku`j Awm vrqy jwx vwly vyb brwauzr hn gugl krom (Google Chrome), iemtrnyt Ayksplorr (Internet Explorer), PwierPoks (Firefox) smcwr mofz (Communication Modes): nytvrk ivc do XMqrW ivckwr fwtw trwspr krn dy qriikaw num smcwr mof ikhw jwdw hy[ iehnw num trwsmisn mofz vi ikhw jwdw hy[ nytvrk ivc ieh mofz fwtw dy vhwau di idsw num inrdwirq krdy hn[ smcwr mof iqmn iksmw dy humdy hn[ 1. ismplyks mof (Simplex Mode) 2. hwp fuplyks mof (Half Duplex Mode) 3. Pu`l fuplyks mof (Full Duplex Mode) 1. ismplyks mof (Simplex Mode): ismplyks mof ivc fwtw num kyvl iek hi idsw ivc ByijAw jwdw hy[ iesdw mqlb ies ivc smcwr iek idswvi (unidirectional) humdw hy[ ies ivc fwtw Byjx vwly (sender) num AsIN vwips koei fwtw nhin Byj skdy[ismplyks mof diaw audwhrxw: lwauf spikr, tyliivzn brwfkwst, ki-borf, mwnitr Awid 2. hwp fuplyks mof (Half Duplex Mode): hwp fuplyks mof ivc fwtw num dovyn idswvw ivc ByijAw jw skdw hy prmqu iek smyn kyvl iek hi idsw ivc fwtw ByijAw sjw skdw hy[ jdon synfr (Sender) fwtw Byj irhw humdw hy aus smyn aus num vwips koei fwtw nhin Byj skdy humdy[ hwp fuplyks mof di audwhrx: vwki-twki[ 3. Pu`l fuplyks mof (Full Duplex Mode): Pu`l fuplyks mof ivc fwtw num dovyn idswvw ivc ieko smyn ByijAw Aqy prwpq kiqw jw skdw hy[ ies ivc fwtw dw vhwe do-idswvi (bi-directional) humdw hy[ Pu`l fuplyks mof di audwhrx: tylipon nytvrk[ bynfivfq (Bandwidth): ieh iksy mwidam ivcon pws hox vwly isgnlw di rynj humdi hy[ ieh sb qon au`ci isgnl iprkuaynsi (Highest Signal Frequency) Aqy sb qon nivin isgnl iprkuaynsi (Lowest Signal Frequency) ivckwr AMqr humdw hy[ isgnl di iprkuaynsi nmu hrtz (Hertz) ivc mwipaw jwdw hy[ iksy mwidam di bynfivfq ijmnhi ijawdw hovygi ausdi fwtw trwspr krn di smr`qw vi aunih hi ijawdw hovygi[
P a g e 16 fwtw trwspr dr (Data Transfer Rate): smyn di iek iekwei ivc ikmnwh fwtw iek QW qon duji QW trwspr kiqw jwdw hy, num fwtw trwspr dr ikhw jwdw hy[ fwtw trwspr di rpqwr num ibts (bits) ivc mwipaw jwdw hy[ ieh kbps, mbps, gbps jw tbps ivc ho skdw hy[ smcwr XMqr (Communication Devies): nytvrk ivc kei iksmw dy smcwr XMqr vrqy jwdy hn[ kùj Awm vrqy jwx vwly smcwr XMqrW dw vrnx ies prkwr hy: mwfm (Modem): mwfm dw purw nw mwfulytr ifmwfulytr (Modulator Demodulator) hy[ ieh iek smcwr XMqr hy[ ies di vrqon ifzitl isgnl (digital signal) num AYnwlwg isgnl (Analogue singal) Aqy AYnwlwg isgnl num ifzitl isgnl ivc qbdil krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ kmipautr ifzitl isgnl pydw krdw hy[ prmqu ieh isgnl lmbi duri q`k smcwr krn lei FukvyN nhin humdy[ ies lei iehnw isgnlw num AYnwlwg isgnlw ivc qbdil kiqw jwdw hy jo ik lmbi duri q`k smcwr krn lei FukvyN humdy hn[ ifzitl isgnl num AYnwlwg isgnl ivc qbdil krnw mwfulytr AKvwauNdw hy[ jdon AYnwlwg isgnl Awpxy pvwv qy phumc jwdw hy qw ies AYnwlwg isgnl num vwips ifzitl isgnl ivc qbdil kiqw jwdw hy qw jo kmipautr ifzitl rup ivc isgnl num prwpq kr sky[ AYnwlwg isgnl num ifzitl isgnl ivc qbdil krnw fimwfulytr AKvwauNdw hy[ mwfm do iksmw dy humdy hn: 1. bwhri mwfm (External Modem): ieh kmipautr qon Al`g iek v`krw XMqr humdw hy[ iesnum kmipautr dy sirial port (Serial Port) COM1 jw COM2 nwl joivaw jwdw hy[ ieh mwfm AmdrUnI mwfm dy mukwbly mihmgy humdy hn[ pr iehnw di smcwr gqi AMdrUnI mwfm dy mukwbly izawdw humdi hy[ 2. AMdrUnI mwfm (Internal Modem): ieh iek ipmrtf srkt borf (Printed circuit board) humdw hy[ iesnum isstm XUint dy AMdr lgwieaw jwdw hy[ ieh mwfm bwhri mwfm dy mukwbly ssqy humdy hn[ pr iehnw di smcwr gqi bwhri mwfm dy mukwbly G`t humdi hy[ h`b (HUB): ieh vi iek smcwr XMqr hy jo nytvrk bnwaux lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ieh do jw do qon v`d ieqrnyt (ethernet) nytvrkw num Awps ivc jovn dw kmm krdw hy[ ieh iehnw nytvrkw num jov ky iekihry nytvrk dy qor qy drswaundw hy[ ie`k h`b kei lweinw qon ienpu`t prwpq krdw hy[ jdon h`b iksy vi ie`k ienpu`t lwein qon fwtw prwpq krdw hy qw ieh ies prwpq fwtw num bwki swriaw lweinw aupr Byj idmdw hy[ h`b num Awm qor qy stwr topoloji ivc vriqaw jwdw hy[ h`b do iksmw di humdi hy: 1. AYkitv h`b (Active Hub): iehnw num kei vwr mleiport ripitr (Multiport Repeater) vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh h`b isgnl num dubwrw pydw krky isgnl num SkqISwlI bxwaundi hy Aqy isgnl num A`gy Byj idmdi hy[ 2. pyis`v h`b (Passive Hub): ieh h`b kyvl kmipautrw num nytvrk ivc jovn dw kmm krdi hy[ ieh fwtw num ijs qrwh prwpq krdi hy ausnum ausy rup ivc A`gy Byj idmdi hy[ siv`c (Switch): ieh vi h`b di qrwh iek mh`qvpurn smcwr XMqr hy jo nytrk bnwaux lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ iesdi vrqon stwr topoloji bnwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh nytvrk ivc fwtw nmu iek Bwg qon dujy Bwg q`k iljwaux lei vriqaw jwdw hy[
P a g e 17 nytvrk iemtrpys kwrf (NIC-Network Interface Card): iesnmu nytvrk Ayfwptr dy nw nwl vi jwixaw jwdw hy[ ieh iek iprmtf srkt borf humdw hy[ ieh nytvrk nwl juvn vwly hr kmipautr ivc lìgaw hoxw jruri hy[ ieh nytvrk ivc hox vwly fwtw trwspr num kmtrol krdw hy[ A`jk`l dy kmipautrw ivc ieh mdrborf ivc ien-iblt humdy hn[ nytvrk lei vrqiaw jwx vwliaw tvistf pyar kyblw num iehnw XMqrW nwl hi lgwieaw jwdw hy[ trwsimsn mifiaw (Transmition Media): auh mifiaw ijs rwhin nytvrk ivc fwtw num iek kmipautr qon dujy kmipautr q`k ByijAw jwdw hy, ausnum trwsimsn mifiaw ikhw jwdw hy[ trwsimsn mifiaw num smcwr mifiaw vi ikhw jwdw hy[ kmipautrw nytvrkw ivc fwtw smcwr lei do iksmw dy mifiaw vrqy jwdy hn: gwieff jw bwaunff mifiaw (Guided or Bounded Media): ies mifiaw ivc fwtw qwrw di vrqon krky iek Kws rsqy rwhin smcwr krdw hy[ ieh mifiaw kei qrw dw humdw hy[ ijvyn ik: tivsitf pyar kybl, koayksial kybl, PweIbr Awpitk kybl Awid[ tvisitf pyar kybl (Twisted Pair Cable): ieh sb qon v`d vriqaw jwx vwlw gweiff mifiaw hy[ ieh hor kyblw dy mukwbly ssqi humdi hy[ iesdi vrqon AwswnI nwl kiqi jw skdi hy[ ieh do iksmw diaw humdiaw hn: AnSIlff tvisitf pyar (Unshielded Twisted Pair) SIlff tvisitf pyar (Shielded Twisted Pair) koayksial kybl (Coaxial Cable): ies smcwr mifiaw di vrqon vifie Aqy AwfIE fwtw num twrsimt krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ies kybl di fwtw num trwsimt krn di smr`qw kwpi ijawdw humdi hy[ ies kybl di vrqon Awm qor qy kybl ti.vi. nytvrk ivc kiqi jwdi hy[ prmqu iehnw qwrw di vrqon kmipautr nytvrk bnwaux lei vi kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh kybl tvisitf pyar kybl dy mukwbly mihmgi humdi hy pr fwtw trwsimt krn di smr`qw tvisitf pyar kybl dy mukwbly ijawdw humdi hy[ koayksial kyblw do iksmw diaw humdiaw hn: bysbyng (Baseband) brwfbynf (Broadband) PweIbr Awpitk kybl (Fibre Optic Cable): ieh kyblw k`c dy DwigAW vwg humdiaw hn jo fwtw num bhuq qyzi nwl trwsimt kr skdiaw hn[ ieh kyblw fwtw num rosni qrmgw dy rup ivc trwsimt krdiaw hn[ iehnw kyblw di fwtw trwsimt krn di smr`qw bhuq ijawdw humdi hy[ ieh kyblw bhuq pqliaw Aqy hlkiaw humdiaw hn[ ieh kyblw ifzitl Aqy AYnwlwg dovyn iksmw dy fwtw num trwsimt krn Xog humdiaw hn[ pr ieh kyblw tvisitf pyar Aqy koayksial kyblw dy mukwbly kwpi mihmgiaw humdiaw hn[ Angwieff jw AnbwaUNff mifiaw (UnGuided or UnBounded Media): ies mifiaw ivc fwtw smcwr ibnwh qwrw dy hvw rwhin humdw hy[ ies ivc fwtw dw prvwh iek Kws rsqy di bjwey hr idsw ivc ho skdw hy[ ieh mifiaw auhnw QwvW auqy vriqaw jwdw hy ij`qy kyblw nwl smcwr krn ivc smisaw AwauNdI hy[ AngweIff mifiaw diaw mu`k iksmw ryfie qrmgw, mweikro qrmgw, aupgrih mweikro qrmgw, ienprwry`f qrmgw Awid hn[ ryfie qrmgw (Radio Waves): ieh ielyktro-mygnyitk qrmgw humdiaw hn[iehnw qrmgw di iprkuaynsi (frequency) di h`d 3KHz qon 1GHz humdi hy[ iehnw qrmgw di srmcnw do iksm di humdi hy: iek idswvi srmcnw hr idswvi srmcnw
P a g e 18 mweikro qrmgw (Microwaves): ieh auh qrmgw humdiaw hn ijnwh di frequency di rynz 1GHz qon 300GHz q`k humdi hy[ ieh qrmgw do stysnw ivckwr hvw rwhin fwtw dw smcwr krdiaw hn[ iehnw qrmgw dy isstm ivc fwtw Byjx vwly Aqy fwtw prwpq krn vwly stysnw dw AYNntInw iek syd ivc hoxw cwhindw hy[ mweikyv dy prswr num lwein-awp-sweit (Line of sight) vi ikhw jwdw hy[ mweikro qrmgw di vrqon puawiemt-tupuawiemt (Point-to-Point) smcwr isstmw ivc kiqi jwdi hy[ audwhrx lei mobweil smcwr, sytylweit isstm, ibnwh qwrwh vwly LAN ivc[ aupgrih mweikro qrmgw (Satellite Microwaves): ieh iek mweikrovyv rilya stysn hy ijsnum AMqrIkS ivc r`ikaw jwdw hy[ aupgrih trwsponfr humdy hn[ trwsponfr iek AijhI iekwei humdi hy jo ik frequency aupr isgnl prwpq krdi hy Aqy ausnum duji frequency aupr ByjdI hy[ ieh sytylweit BUm`D rykw aupr ijestysnri Gyry (Geostationary orbit) ivc sqwipq kiqy jwdy hn[ iehnw aupigrhw num Bum`D rykw qon 3600 ik.mi.aucwei qy sqwpq kiqw jwdw hy[ mweikrovyv aupgrih lmbi duri q`k smcwr krn lei vrqy jwdy hn[ ienprwryf qrmgw (Infrared Waves): ieh auh qrmgw humdiaw hn ijnwh di frequency di rynz 300GHz qon 400THz q`k humdi hy[ ieh QOVI duri q`k smcwr kr skdiaw humdiaw hn[ audwhrx lei iek kmry ivc do sy`lponw ivckwr fwtw trwspr krn lei iehnw qrmgw di vrqon kiqi jw skdi hy[ ti.vi. dw irmot kmtrol vi iehnw qrmgw di vrqon nwl hi ti.vi. nwl smcwr krdw hy[
P a g e 19 pwt-7 (lweibryri PMkSnz) PMkSn (Functions): PMkSn iek sb-progrwm humdw hy[ iesnum rutin jw prosizr vi ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh progrwm ivc hdwieqw dw qwrkik smuh (logical grouping) humdw hy[ PMkSnW di vrqon iksy gumjldwr sm`isaw num Coty BwgW ivc vmf ky h`l krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ PMkSn num ie`k vwr pirbwisq krky kei vwr vriqaw jw skdw hy[ rn kiqy jwx vwly hr ie`k progrwm ivc main() PMkSn dw hoxw jruri humdw hy[ progrwm dw c`lxw ies main() PMkSn qon hi SurU humdw hy[ ies qrwh AsIN kih skdy hw ik main() PMkSn progrwm num clwaux lei iek AYNtrI puawiemt prdwn krdw hy[ PMkSnW diaw iksmw: PMkSnW num hyt ilky do mu`k BwgW ivc vmifaw jw skdw hy: lweibryri PMkSn/stYNfrf PMkSn/ien-iblt PMkSn: auh PMkSn ijhvy si BwSw ivc pihlw qon hi bxy bxwey humdy hn, aunhw num lweibryri/stynfrf/ien-iblt PMkSn kihmdy hn[ ieh swry PMkSn v`k-v`k hyfr PweIlW ivc prbmidq kiqy gey humdy hn[ iksy vi lweibryri PMkSn num vrqx qon pihlw aus nwl smbmidq hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml krnw jruri humdw hy[ clrscr(), printf(), scanf() PMkSn Awid lweibryri PMkSnW diaw audwhrxw hn[ ienpu`t/awautpu`t PMkSn scanf(), printf() PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc pirbwisq kiqy gey hn[ ieslei iehnw PMkSnW num vrqx lei stdio.h hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml krnw pyndw hy[ iesy qrwh stirmg PMkSn strcpy(), strcmp(), strlen() Awid di vrqon krn lei string.h hyfr PweIl num progrwm ivc Swiml kiqw jwdw hy[ Xuzr-ifPwieMf PMkSn: auh PMkSn ijhvy vrqonkwr (XUzr) duawrw Ku`d pirbwisq kiqy jwdy hn, aunwh num XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSn ikhw jwdw hy[ XUzr AwpxI jrurq Anuswr Awpxy PMkSn Ku`d iqawr kr skdw hy[ si BwSw ivc bxwieaw jwx vwlw main() PMkSn vi XUzr ifpwiemf PMkSn hy jo XUzr AwpxI jrurq Anuswr Ku`d pirbwisq krdw hy[ hyfr PweIlW (Header Files): si BwSw ivc bhuq swry PMkSn pihlw qon hi pirbwisq hn, ijnwh num lweibryri PMkSn ikhw jwdw hy[ ieh swry PMkSn auhnw dy kmm dy AwDwr qy v`k-v`k PweIlW ivc pirbwisq kiqw igaw hy[ iehnw PweIlW num hi hyfr PweIlW ikhw jwdw hy[ iehnw PweIlW di AYkstYNSn.h humdi hy[ iksy vi lweibryri PMkSn num vrqx lei aus nwl smbmdq hyfr PweIl num porgrwm dy SurU ivc Swiml krnw jruri humdw hy[ ku`j Awm vrqiaw jwx vwliaw hyfr PweIlW Aqy auhnw ivc mojud PMkSnz ies prkwr hn: 1. hyfr PweIl stdio.h: stynfrf ienpu`t/awautpu`t lei vrqy jwx vwly PMkSn ies hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ stdio dw purw nw stynfrf ienpu`t Awautpu`t hy[ PMkSn printf(), scanf() Awid PMkSn ies PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ 2. hyfr PweIl ctype.h: kryktr fwtw nwl smbmdq kmmw lei vrqy jwdy PMkSn ies hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ PMkSn tolower(), toupper(), islower(), isupper() Awid PMkSn ies PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ 3. hyfr PweIl string.h: stirmg fwtw nwl smbmdq kmmw lei vrqy jwdy PMkSn ies hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ PMkSn strlen(), strcmp(), strcat().strcpy(), strrev() Awid PMkSn ies PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ 4. hyfr PweIl math.h: gixqk kmmw lei vrqy jwx vwly PMkSn ies hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ PMkSn sqrt(), sin(), cos(), pow() Awid PMkSn ies PweIl ivc mojud humdy hn[ ku`j Awm vrqy jwx vwly lweibryri PMkSnW diaw audwhrxw ies prkwr hn: PMkSn strlen( ): PMkSn strlen dw purw nw string length hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy gey sitrmg ivc A`KrW di igxqi pqw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei
P a g e 20 ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ strlen( punjab ); ieh PMkSn mu`l 6 vwips krygw ikaunik sitrmg Punjab ivc A`KrW di igxqi 6 hy[ PMkSn strcpy( ): PMkSn strcpy dw purw nw string copy hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon sitmrg mu`l num sitmrg vyrieybl ivc kwpi krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ char str[20]; strcpy(str, Punjab ); ieh PMkSn sitrmg mu`l Punjab num sitrmg vyrieybl str ivc stor krygw[ PMkSn strcat( ): PMkSn strcat dw purw nw string concatenation hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon do sitmrg mu`lw num ie`k sitrmg mu`l ivc iek`tw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh PMkSn dujy sitrmg mùl num pihly sitrmg dy AMq ivc jov idmdw hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ char str1[10]= City ; char str2[10]= Sunam ; strcat(str1, str2); ieh PMkSn dujy sitrmg mu`l Sunam num pihly sitmrg mu`l City qon bwad jov ky CitySunam bxw dyvygw[ PMkSn strcmp( ): PMkSn strcmp dw purw nw string compare hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon do sitmrg mu`l di qulnw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ dovyn sitrmg di qulnw krn qon bwad ieh PMkSn skwrwqmk (Positive) jw nkwrwqmk (Negative) jw ziro (zero) iehnw iqmnwh ivcon koei iek mu`l vwips krdw hy[ qulnw krn lei ieh PMkSn A`KrW dy ASCII mu`l di vrqon krdw hy[ ieh sitrmg PMkSn string.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ ies lei ies PMkSn num vrqx lei swnum Awpxy porgrwm ivc string.h hyfr PweIl Swiml krni pyndi hy[ hytw id`qi audwhrx ies PMkSn di vrqon num drswaundi hy[ jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l dy brwbr hovy qw ieh PMkSn ziro mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( punjab, punjab ) jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l qon Cotw hovy qw ieh PMkSn nkwrwqmk (Negative) mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( india, punjab ) jykr pihlw mu`l dujy mu`l qon v`fw hovy qw ieh PMkSn skwrwqmk (Positive) mu`l vwips krygw[ audwhrx lei: strcmp( punjab, india ) PMkSn getchar(): PMkSn getchar() dw purw nw get character hy[ ieh iek AnPwrmytf ienpu`t PMkSn hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon kryktr fwtw ienpu`t krvwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: char grade; grade=getchar(); PMkSn putchar(): PMkSn putchar() dw purw nw put character hy[ ieh iek AnPwrmytf AwaUtpu`t PMkSn hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon kryktr fwtw num monitr skrin qy drswaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: char grade= a ; putchar(grade); PMkSn printf(): PMkSn printf() di vrqon iksy vi iksm dw fwtw monitr skrin qy drswaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh iek Pwrmytf Awautpu`t PMkSn hy[ ies PMkSn ivc AwaUtpu`t num Pwrmyt krn lei Pwrmyt kofz %c, %d, %f, %s Awid vrqy jwdy hn[ Pwrmyt kof di vrqon drswey jwx vwly fwtw di iksm aupr inrbr krdi hy[ ieh PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx: printf( hello );
P a g e 21 PMkSn scanf(): ies PMkSn di vrqon iksy vi iksm dw fwtw ienpu`t krvwaux lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh iek Pwrmytf Awautpu`t PMkSn hy[ ies PMkSn ivc ienpu`t num Pwrmyt krn lei Pwrmyt kofz %c, %d, %f, %s Awid vrqy jwdy hn[ Pwrmyt kof di vrqon ienpu`t kiqy jwx vwly fwtw di iksm aupr inrbr krdi hy[ ieh PMkSn stdio.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx: int a; scanf( %d,&a); PMkSn cos(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ ies di vrqon iqkoximqi (itrgnomytri) ivc kiqi jwdi hy[ieh PMkSn id`qy gey mu`l dw cosine mùl pqw krn lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=cos(10); PMkSn exp(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw exponential hy[ ieh PMkSn e x dw mùl pqw krn lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ies ivc e dw mu`l 2.7173 hy Aqy x dw mu`l vrqonkwr duawrw AwpxI jrurq Anuswr koei vi r`ikaw jw skdw hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=exp(10); PMkSn pow(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw power hy[ieh PMkSn a b dw mu`l pqw krn lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ies ivc a Aqy b dw mu`l vrqonkwr duawrw AwpxI jrurq Anuswr koei vi r`ikaw jw skdw hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=pow(2,3); ieh PMkSn 2 3 dw mu`l 8 dyvygw[ PMkSn sqrt(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw square root hy[ ies PMkSn di vrqon id`qy gey mu`l dw vrgmul pqw krn lei kiqi jwdi hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=sqrt(16); ieh PMkSn 16 dw vrgmul 4 dyvygw[ PMkSn fmod(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw floating modulas hy[ ieh PMkSn iksy x mu`l num y mu`l nwl Bwg krn auprmq bwki bcy mu`l num prwpq krn lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=fmod(10,3); ieh PMkSn 10 num 3 nwl Bwg krn auprmq bwki bicaw mu`l 1 dyvygw[ PMkSn fabs(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw floating absolute hy[ ieh PMkSn id`qy gey x mu`l dw inrpyk mu`l pqw krn lei vriqaw jwdw hy[ ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=fabs(-10); ieh PMkSn -10 dw inrpyk mu`l 10 dyvygw[ PMkSn ceil(): ieh iek gixqk PMkSn hy[ iesdw purw nw ceiling hy[ iesdi vrqon id`qy mu`l x num Aijhy nyvly purn AMk ivc qbdil krn lei kiqi jwdi hy jo x dy brwbr hovy jw x qon v`fw hovy[ieh PMkSn math.h hyfr PweIl ivc mojud humdw hy[ audwhrx lei: float result; result=ceil(10.3); ieh PMkSn 10.3 dw mu`l 11 dyvygw[