lokdwrw, pmjwbi ivrsw Aqy smkwlin vmgwrw

lokdwrw, pmjwbi ivrsw Aqy smkwlin vmgwrw fw. rivmdr ismg, AYsosIeyt propysr, pmjwbi ivbwg idawl ismg kwlj, nvin id`li[ lokdwrw mwnvi sibawcwr Aqy ieiqhws dw ie`k Aijhw vrqwrw hy ijsny BwSweI Aqy ZYr- BwSweI mwidamw rwhin smwj-sibawcwr ƒ Awqm-pCwx dy auh AwDwr prdwn kiqy hn ijnw dy mwidam rwhin nviaw qbdiliaw jnm lyndiaw hn[ lokdwrw ie`k Aijhw jiaundw jwgdw dsqwvyz hy ijs rwhin AsIN Awpxy biqy dw AiDAYn vi kr skdy hw Aqy nwl hi vrqmwn bwry swrqk suj vi pydw kr skdy hw[ iksy vi ivsys iksm di pirbwsw qon mukq, lokdwrw dw Aml, inrol mnu`ki ibbyk Aqy sihj-icmqn diaw gihrweiaw ivcon inkldw hoieaw XQwrQ ivc Awkwr grihx krdw hy[ iesy lei ieh sdiaw qon inrmqr swfiaw ismrqiaw iv`c visaw hoieaw, sihj-isawxpw ƒ hmfwaundw-bdldw A`gy qon A`gy qordw rihmdw hy[ iesdi ivawpkqw bwry p`cm dy ie`k ivdvwn rwlp stil bogs-ralph Steele Boggs-ny ilikaw hy: Folklore refers to a body of materials, to the science which studies these materials, and to the art which applies these materials and scientific conclusions about them to practical end. As a body of materials, folklore is the lore, erudition, knowledge, or teachings, of a folk, large social unit, kindred group, tribe, race, or nation, primitive or civilized, throughout its history. It is the whole body of traditional culture, or conventional modes of human thought and action. 1 BwvyN A`j dy Aiq-ivksq Xu`g ivc mwnvi-sibaqw ny AwpxI pcwx ƒ pirbwsq krn dy hor kei vsily ivksq kr ley ny pr ijs p`dr qy Awm lokw di swmuihk mwniskqw Awpxw prqi- 1

au~qr Aqy prgtwvw pys krdi hy auh Aml lok-p`dr qy hi vdyry prmwixkqw nwl ivksq humdw hy[ sucyq p`dr qy vmn-suvmny prbwv mnu`ki pcwx ƒ AsuBwivk FMg nwl Asr-AMdwz kr skdy hn pr lmmy-smyn q`k Asr r`kx vwly pcwx dy q`q lokdwrw ivcon hi ivksq humdy hn qy Awpxw srup G`Vdy hn[ pmjwbi dy ivdvwn lokdwrw-swsqri soihmdr ismg bydi ny lokdwrw bwbq bhuq gihrwei nwl Aqy in`tky kmm kiqw hy qy lokdwrw di pirbwsw bwry aunhw dy ivcwr bhuq mh`qvpurx hn[ aunhw dw kqn hy: lokdwrw inri prmprw nhin, jivn di ikirawsil SkqI hox dy nwqy, ies ny iek jivmq smsqw dw rup Dwrn kiqw hoieaw hy[ ieh jivn di buinawdi ruvhi hy ijs ivcon hr vmn di vsqu, soc qy islp jnm lyndw hy[ ieh iek gqi hy; vgdw prvwh, jo jivn ƒ ikdry ru`kky Klox nhin dyndw[ lokdwrw gqisil smsqw hy jo sdw vyg ivc rihmdi hy[ lokdwrw ivc mnu`k di swri soc, klw, swihq qy drsn Awid diaw ruvhiaw smweiaw hoeiaw hn[ 2 lokdwrw dw ieh ikirawsil Aml sdiaw qon hi mwnv-jivn di pcwx ƒ GVdw irhw hy qy smyn-smyn BUgoilk, rwjniqk, AwriQk jw hornw smwijk prbwvw ƒ ivsys smyn-sqwn ivc ivsys guxw nwl vkrwaundw vi igaw hy[ iesy smdrb ivc soihmdr ismg bydi vlon id`qi gei iek imswl bhuq Fu`kvIN qrhw ies g`l ƒ hor spst krdi hy: lokdwrw jwqi di priqbw ƒ pcwx b^sdi hy[ muslmwn mumh h`q Dox l`igaw bwhw ƒ au~cw krky h`qw vlon kuhxi vl pwxi pwaundy hn, pr ihmdu bwhw ƒ nivw krky kuhxi vlon h`qw vl pwxi pwvygw[ muslmwnw dy slwm qy ihmduaw dy nmskwr ivc AMqr hy[ ieh AMqr Dwrimk nhin lokdwrwei hy syimtk lokdwrw qy smsikrqi dw AwirAweI lokdwrw qy smsikrqi nwl[ 3 2

ies smdrb ivc lokdwrw di ivsysqw ieh bxdi hy ik ieh vrqwrw mwnvi ieiqhws dy bhuq hi smgxy Aqy gumjldwr priqkrmw Aqy prgtwivaw ƒ bhuq hi srl Aqy mukq muhwvry ivc swb lyndw hy[ iesdiaw srl Aqy pirvrqnsil BwSweI prqw hyt d`by pey ArQW diaw qyhw ƒ KolHx lei byh`d su^m Aqy SkqISwlI AMqr-AnuSwsnI swdnw di zrurq pyndi hy[ jivn dy hr p`k di isawxp Aqy ausdi bxqr dw Aml lokdwrw AMdr hi ipaw humdw hy[ ieko vyly ieh igawn dy v`k-v`k AnuSwsnW nwl smvwd kr irhw humdw hy; nwl hi aus ivcon ie`k subwivk Aqy swmuihk humgwrw iqawr kr irhw humdw hy[ lokdwrw dy Aijhy srl pr gumdvyn subw kwrx hi iesdw AiDAYn swƒ iksy ivsys smwj-sibawcwr di ieiqhwskqw di pcwx vi krvw skdw hy[ gurb^s ismg priqlvi dy Awpxy l&zw ivc Poklor iksy kom dw Awqimk ieiqhws humdw hy[ 4 ies kqn dy ArQ bhuq ivawpk hn, ikaunik ieiqhws mwnv jivn dy v`ko-v`kry p`kw ƒ drj krdw hy iesy qrhw lokdwrw ny vi sdiaw dy jivn-anubv ƒ AwpxI ivsys BwSw Aqy muhwvry ivc Fwlky smbwilaw hoieaw hy[ lokdwrw di inrmqrqw Aqy iesdi purwqnqw Awm lokw di imsrqiaw rwhin hr smyn-sqwn dy jivn ivhwr ƒ prbwivq krdi hy[ iesdw prbwv jd smwj dy iksy v`fy vrg dw mu`k prgtwvw bx jwdw hy qw ieho ausdy sibawcwr di pcwx vi bx jwdw hy[ lokdwrw Awpxy Awp ivc ie`k smrq smcwr-mwidam vi hy[ ijnw lok-q`qw ƒ ieh mwidam pys kr irhw humdw hy aunw rwhin ieh smcwirq vi ho irhw humdw hy[ ies lei lokdwrw ƒ prmprw vjon jw ie`k kwl-kmf qon dujy ivc smcwirq krn lei jo swdn lovindy hn ausdw mwidam vi lokdwrw hi hy[ ijvyn ik isawm prmwr lok smcwr-mwidamw bwry kihmdw hy: Traditional folk media are tools of a special nature. Their special nature is attributed to the fact that they have no grammer or literature, yet they are nurtured through oral and functional sources. Traditional folk media 3

provide channels for expressing socio-ritual, moral and emotional needs of a society or societies to which they especially belong. 5 ies it`pxi qon ie`k g`l spst hy ik lokdwrw ivc Swml q`q iesdy smcwr dy mwidam vi hn qy Ajoky smyn ivc vi smwj-sibawcwr dy subwivk vhw ƒ jwri r`kx ivc mdd krdy hn[ BwvyN ik auprokq kqn dw ivsys smbmd lokdwrw dy smcwr mwidamw nwl hy pr ieho gl ies vrqwry dy ie`k pu^qw mwidam hox di smrqw ƒ vi aubwrdi hy[ ie`k g`l qw puri qrhw sqwipq humdi hy ik lokdwrw dw smbmd swfy smwj-sibawcwr dy ieiqhwsk soimaw nwl vdyry fumgw hy[ ieho q`q iksy BUKMf ivc vsdy, smwn kwr-ivhwr, BwSw, rsmw-riqw, vihmw-brmw, mqw-ivsvwsw ƒ mmnx vwly bwismidaw di v`kri pcwx inrdwirq krn vwly q`q vi bxdy hn[ sdiaw diaw qbdiliaw ƒ hmfwaux dy bwvjud kuj sqwei iksm diaw swmuihk smwnqwvw ie`k ivsys smwjsibawcwr di pcwx ƒ iksy nw iksy rup ivc prgt krdiaw rihmdiaw hn[ dujy sibawcwrw nwl myl-imlwp di siqqi ivc vi ieho pcwx ichn vwd-ivvwd-smvwd lei kwrjsil humdy hn[ ijvyn ik fwn byn Amos-Dan Ben-Amos-dw kqn hy: Folklore as a phenomenon is as integral part of that culture within which it is found and acts. When such phenomena migrate to other areas than that to which they first belonged, continue their existence in another epoch or become associated with other groups from the original, it will be seen that they undergo qualitative changes. These changes need not be detrimental leaving us with a proper product. 6 ies qrhw dy pirvrqnsil sibawcwrk Aml Aqy iesdy pcwx ichnw dw AiDAYn lokdwrwei sm`gri di mdd nwl vdyry swrqk swbq ho skdw hy[ sibawcwr qy lokdwrw Awpo ivc rlg`f humdy hn qy iek dujy ƒ pirbwisq vi krdy hn[ ies lei sibawcwr dy AiDAYn dw 4

rwh vi lokdwrw dy AiDAYn rwhin hi isry cvhdw hy[ dohw p`drw qy vwprn vwliaw qbdiliaw ivsys lok-smuhw dy pcwx ichnw ƒ Asr-AMdwz krdiaw hn[ Ajoky smyn ivc qbdiliaw isrp lok-smuhw dy sqwn pirvrqn qk hi simq nhin rhiaw sgon ie`k QW byitaw hi nvyn smcwr mwidamw ny nvin iksm diaw cuxoqiaw pydw kr id`qiaw hn[ pmjwb Aqy pmjwbi dy smdrb ivc jdon AsIN ies nvyn mifiaw dy lokdwrw dy v`k-v`k pihluaw aupr pyndy prbwvw ƒ ivcwrdy hw qw ies ik`qy dw lokdwrwei ivrsw ies qbdili dy Aml ƒ bhuq v`kri qrhw nwl grihx krdw jwpdw hy[ BwrqI smdrb ivc jy hornw lokdwrwei smuhw di qulnw ivc g`l kiqi jwvy qw pmjwbi lokdwrwei ivrsw Awpxy subw Anuswr iesdw prqi-au~qr smvwd ivcon qlwsdw hy qy bwki BwrqI ik`iqaw aupr Awpxw Asr vi pwaundw hy[ pr jykr ies Aml ƒ qulnw ivc nw r`kky smwn p`dr qy ivcwiraw jwvy qw hornw BwrqI sibawcwrk smuhw vwg hi pmjwbi sibawcwr ƒ vi smwn rup ivc cuxoqiaw pys hn[ pmjwb dw lokdwrwei ivrsw ikvyn Awpxw v`krwpx hwsl krdw hy, ies q`q di GoK lei swƒ ies ik`qy diaw ieiqhwsk gqiivdiaw ƒ nzr ivc r`kxw peygw[ pmjwb di Awbohvw dw qwaluk iek AijhI DrqI nwl hy ijsdw ieiqhws sdiawˆ purwxw hy Aqy smw guzrn dy nwl nwl hr dor di koei nw koei rmgq Aj vi pmjwbi dy ikrdwr ivcoˆ Jlk mwrdi hy[ pmjwbi boli, swihq qy sibawcwr dw invyklwpn vi pmjwb di DrqI di hi au~pj hy qy ieho swfw lok-ivrsw isrjdy hn[ Bwrq dy ies BU-KMf ny hzwrwˆ swlwˆ qoˆ inrmqr dirawvwˆ vwˆg vgdy bdlwvwˆ num BoigAw hy Aqy iesy lei iek vmnsuvmnqw ivc b`ji swˆjivwlqw ieqoˆ di pcwx bx gei hy[ ieh kqn kihx jwˆ suxn ivc bhuq srl zrur jwpdw hy pr ies ny ijnhwˆ prsiqqiawˆ ivcoˆ di lmg ky Awkwr ilaw hy auh AwDuink mwnvi sibaqwvwˆ ivc iek imswl hy[ pmjwb di DrqI au~pr ilky gey sb qoˆ purwxy grmq 'irg vyd' Aqy pwnxi vrgy mhwn ivdvwnwˆ di pcwx nwl juvi ieh Qwˆ, ies g`l di gvwh hy ik ieqy igawn dw prvwh augimaw qy ivgisaw[ smu`cy BwrqvrS num igawn diawˆ idswvwˆ prdwn kiqiawˆ[ ijnwˆ hornwˆ ivcwr-mqwˆ dw 5

rwh ies Qwˆ qoˆ lmigaw, auh vi ies qoˆ ACoh nhiˆ rhy[ aunhwˆ ny vi AwpxI pcwx ieqoˆ aupji igawn prmprw ivcoˆ grihx kiqi jwˆ ipr ies dy prqi-au~qr ivcoˆ[ pr inrsmdyh dohwˆ surqwˆ ivc hi ies ik`qy di igawn prmprw kyˆdr ivc rhi hy[ ieqy iek g`l spst krni zruri jwpdi hy ik igawn di swri prmprw inrol klwiskl jw smsikrq dy mwidam rwhin hi nhin ivksq hoei sgon ies qon v`d Xogdwn Awm lokw di p`dr qy cldy smcwr mwidamw, BwSw qy kwr-ivhwrw Aqy lokmn ivc aus igawn di prvwngi qy ikmqu-prmqu Awid dw hy ijs ny igawn dy ivkws di idsw ƒ inrdwirq Aqy prbwivq kiqw hy[ ies lei ieh bhuq subwivk g`l hy ik AijhI SkqISwlI prmprw di hms&r pmjwbi lokdwrw Aqy ies dw smu`c pmjwbi ivrsw, lok-isawxp dy aunhwˆ AmIr q`qwˆ nwl BrpUr hy ijsdiawˆ jvhwˆ smu`cy Bwrq di pcwx bxwaux vwli igawn Aqy drsn di prmprw ivc peiawˆ hn[ dys ivc cli BgqI lihr, smu`cy smswr ivc swihq num prbwivq krn vwli iksy vi lihr nwloˆ v`d smwˆ cli hy[ krib iek hzwr swl qoˆ vi v`d smwˆ cli BgqI lihr ny swfy jivn dy Awcwr-ivhwr num nvwˆ rup id`qw hy[ ies lihr dw prbwv p`cm qoˆ Awey swmi-sibawcwrwˆ ny vi kbul kiqw Aqy ausy prbwv ADIn kei nvyˆ m`q swhmxy Awey ijnhwˆ dw mu`k srokwr mwnvi jivn num ibhqr bnwauxw hi irhw hy[ auprokq crcw dw mnorq ies q`q di pusti krnw hy ik pmjwbi lokdwrw Aqy pmjwbi ivrsw bhuq hi SkqISwlI guxwˆ dy DwrnI hn ijsdw AsIˆ jykr iblkul sqhi qor 'qy AiDAYn krdy hwˆ qwˆ bhuq smbv hy ik AsIˆ aunhwˆ qyhwˆ qk nhiˆ phumc pwvwˆgy ijsdi ik zrurq hy[ iek g`l bhuq spst hy ik pmjwbi lokdwrw Aqy pmjwbi ivrsy num BwrqvrS dy smu`cy ieiqhwsk smdrb qoˆ inkyvky nhiˆ vyikaw jw skdw ikauˆik ieh vi s`c hy ik BwrqI drsn Aqy igawn prmprw num Ajoky Awkwr ivc GVn ivc pmjwb qoˆ aupjiawˆ icmqn Dwrwvwˆ dw bhuq v`fw ih`sw hy[ vrqmwn au~qr-awduink Xu`g ivc smcwr mwidamwˆ dy ivawpk pwswr Aqy AwlmIkrx dy bykwbu Amlwˆ dy Asr hyt v`d rhy Ajoky nvyˆ smwjk-sibawcwrk mu`lwˆ dy prbmd ny bhuq gumjldwr 6

icmqn num swhmxy ilawˆdw hy[ AwDuink kwl ivc ivkisq hoey swfi soc dy kei imawrwˆ num ivsqwipq kiqw hy Aqy keiawˆ num punr-sqwipq kiqw hy[ jykr AsIˆ purb dy igawn icmqn di g`l krdy hwˆ qwˆ m`dkwl jwˆ purv-awduink kwl ivc ivkisq hoieaw swfw dwrsink Aqy Dwrimk AwsQwvwˆ vwlw icmqn-prbmd Ajoky dor ivc punr-sqwpqi v`l v`d irhw hy[ ieh ivcwr vykx-socx ivc Bwvyˆ Eprw ijhw l`gy pr hkikq qwˆ ieho hy ik AwlmIkrx ny ijs rpqwr nwl mifiey num Groˆ GrI pucw id`qw hy, aus nwl swfiawˆ m`dkwlin AwsQwvwˆ num prcwirq krn dw sukwlw swdn iml igaw hy[ jo ivsvws prmprw swnum lokdwrw rwhiˆ AnuBv humdi rhi si hux auh mifiey dy nvyˆ swdnw rwhiˆ hr vyly prwpq ho rhi hy[ ryfie, ti.vi qoˆ ielwvw Aiq-ivkisq iksm dy ielyktroink gyjyts ijvyˆ vifie striimmg vwly mobweil Pon, AweI-Pon, lyptwp Awid hr swdn ivc AsIˆ Awpxy prmprk lokdwrwei ibmbwˆ num vyk skdy hwˆ[ prmprk lok-giq, lok-smgiq, lok-nwc, SwdI-ivAwh dy prmprk rsmo-irvwz Awid sb kuj surjiq ho irhw lgdw hy BwvyN ik iesdy prgtwvy dy FMg-qrIikAW ivc bhuq v`fi qbdili ƒ mihsus kiqw jw skdw hy[ pr ipr vi ieh Aml Awpxy Xu`g nwl smvwd rcwky lokmn dw prqiau~qr pydw krn dw hy[ brqwnvi hkumq diawˆ bsqivwdi niqiawˆ ny swfy prmprk lokdwrwei prgtwivawˆ num As`iBAk dsidawˆ Aqy kuj-ku smwijk kuriqiawˆ di imswlwˆ nwl swnum swfy ivswl sibawcwrk Aqy lokdwrwei ivrsy qoˆ bymu`k krn dw jqn kiqw si[ AMgryzI isikaw hwsl krn vwly nvyˆ vrg di soc ny BwrqI drsn Aqy Drm icmqn diawˆ ivkisq prmprwvwˆ num vi ip`cy D`kx ivc mdd kiqi[ AijhI siqqi dw lwb isrp bsqivwdi qwkqwˆ num hi imldw hy[ iesy lei sqwink sibawcwrwˆ di vmnsuvmnqw di Qwˆ iek AwlmI iksm dy sibawcwr jwˆ smwjk prbmd di s`qw sqwipq krn dw rwh KulHdw hy[ AwDuinkqw dw nzriaw v`krqwvwˆ num dbwaux v`l ruicq irhw si ies lei AwDuinkqw dy dor ivc kei sibaqwvwˆ dy gumm ho jwx dw KdSw pydw ho igaw si[ kei boliawˆ, lokprmprwvwˆ, ivsvws-prbmdwˆ, lok-prgtwivawˆ di hoˆd num vi Kqrw nzr Awaux 7

l`gw si[ AwDuinkqwvwd dy Aijhy hor kei l`cx hn ijsdy prqi-au~qr ivc au~qr-awduink soc pydw hoxi SurU humdi hy[ au~qr-awduinkqw dw vwsqw jivn dy hr aus Kyqr nwl juvdw hy ijsdi buinawd ivc mwnvqw dy mul prsn pey hn[ lokdwrw vi mwnvi smwj di isawxp num inrmqr gqimwn r`kx dw hi vsilw hy[ AwDuinkqw ny iesdy vhwa ivc jo rukwvt pydw krn di koiss kiqi si auh au~qr-awduink icmqn ivcoˆ pydw hoeiawˆ nvin jivn-idrstiawˆ rwhiˆ dur hoxiawˆ SurU hoeiawˆ[ Bwrq ivc AwDuinkqw di siqqi kuj v`kri rhi si ikauîk iesdw AwrMB Aqy pswr ieqoˆ dy jivn AnuBv ivcoˆ nhiˆ hoieaw[ Bwrq ivc iesdi Awmd bsqivwdi pswr dy iek smd vjoˆ hi hoei[ ieqoˆ dy Awm jivn ivc lokdwrwei p`dr 'qy mdkwli soc vi puri qrhwˆ BwrU rhi hy[ AsIˆ ieh vi kih skdy hwˆ ik purwqnqw Aqy nvinqw dovyˆ smwnwˆqr cldy rhy hn[ iesy kwrx ieqoˆ dw smgiq jwˆ lok-klwvwˆ iv`sriawˆ nhiˆ sgoˆ Ajoky smyˆ ivc ipauzn dy rup ivc AwpxI pcwx drj krvw rhiawˆ hn[ AwDuinkqw ny lok-giq-smgiq, lok-pihrwivawˆ Aqy Kwx-pwx diawˆ Awdqwˆ num dbwieaw qwˆ au~qr AwDuinkqw ny ies dysi Aqy lok ivrsy di AihmIAq num ipr qoˆ pcwixaw hy Aqy vmn-suvmnqw num qrjih idqi hy[ Ajoky smyˆ dw dor Bwvyˆ Aiq-ivkisq Aqy bykwbu pumjivwd dw dor hy pr ies pumjivwd ny Awpxy ivkws lei j`d dyswˆ diawˆ srh`dwˆ qoˆ pwr jwx Aqy hornwˆ Qwvwˆ 'qy mmfiawˆ sqwipq krn dw Aml SurU kiqw qwˆ iesnum sb qoˆ pihlwˆ AwDuinkqwvwdI soc di kei sqwpnwvwˆ num qovnw ipaw[ grib dyswˆ dy Sihrwˆ-ipMfwˆ dy Awm lokwˆ q`k AwpxI phumc kwiem krn lei, aunhwˆ dy sqwnk ivrsy di mdd lyxi pei[ ies vyly pwrrwstri kmpniawˆ Awpxw smwn vycx lei iksy vi ipmf dy KUh ivcoˆ sopt-ifrmk diawˆ boqlwˆ gyvn qoˆ vi guryz nhiˆ krdiawˆ[ lok-pihrwivawˆ num v`fy qoˆ v`fy PYSn progrwmwˆ ivc pys krky, v`d qoˆ v`d lokwˆ q`k phumcx di mjburi ny, gumm ho rhy hor vi kei iksm dy lok- vrqoˆ ivhwrwˆ num swˆb ilaw hy[ A`jkl ti.vi. dy hr cynl au~pr Awaux vwly qkribn hr sirial ivc sqwnk 8

sibawcwrk mu`lwˆ di hi numwies ho rhi hy[ pury dys num iksy iek zubwn jwˆ cir`qr ivc bmnhx dy jqnwˆ num T`l pei hy[ kmpiautr hux hr BwSw num vrqx di smr`qw r`kdw hy Aqy dur drwvy dyswˆ ivc byty pmjwbi BweIcwry num hux pihly vrgy audryvyˆ dw iskwr nhiˆ hoxw pyˆdw[ drbwr swihb qoˆ gurbwxi dw is`dw prswrx hoey jwˆ ipr mobwiel, iemtrny`t au~pr hr idn imlx vwliawˆ swriawˆ Kbrwˆ, ienhwˆ smcwr swdnwˆ ny lokwˆ num lokdwrwei ivrsy nwl jovy rihx ivc mdd kiqi hy[ swfw lokdwrwei ivrsw bhuqw krky Drm-drSn diawˆ ivsvws prmprwvwˆ nwl gqimwn irhw hy[ Ajoky smyˆ ivc vi iesdw srup Aqy smbwl AwDuinkqw dy dor num lmgidawˆ Aqy au~qr- AwDuink idrstikox di pusti kridawˆ, Drm Aqy drsn di ivsvws prmprw qoˆ hi pryirq hy[ p`cm ivc AwDuink Xu`g dy ArMB ny jd Drm-drSn di Qwˆ inrol ivigawn di AguAweI num kbul kiqw qwˆ aus vyly Bwrq Aqy pmjwb ivc BgqI lihr ny mul mwnvi srokwrwˆ num Drm-drSn di iptbummi ivc r`kky hi vykx dw auprwlw kiqw[ ivigawn di ie`khri idrsti ny smswrk qr`ki num nviˆ gqi id`qi pr mwnv-jivn dy mul dwrisnk srokwrwˆ qoˆ dur kr id`qw[ PlsrUp duniawbr ivc ieho ijhiawˆ ivsvws prmprwvwˆ au`pr AwDwirq igawn dy idrsti-ibmduawˆ num Fwh l`gi qy nwl hi ienhwˆ prmprwvwˆ au`pr itikaw lokdwrei ivrsw lokwˆ dy jivn ivcoˆ DuMdlw pyx l`gw si[ nviaw icmqn-ivdiaw ny bys`k Awm lokw AMdr cyqnw jgwei hy pr nvyn mifiaw di ivawpk phumc dw aupxog ijnw qwkqw dy h`q ivc hy auhnw dw mnorq nv-pumjivwd di mdd lei KpqkwrI sibawcwr ƒ ivksq krn dw hy ijs lei hr SYA vrqx-kridx Xog hy[ ies KrId-&ro^q lei mn`uki Awcwr-ivhwr ƒ bdlx dw Aml cl irhw hy[ swfy Awcwr-ivhwr ƒ clwaux vwly prmprk swdnw ƒ vi KpqkwrI pswr lei vriqaw jw irhw hy[ iesdw d^l bhuq fumgw humdw jw irhw hy[ hr SYA, hr vrqwry ƒ vsqu bxwky ausdi aupxogqw sqwipq kiqi jwdi hy qy iksy AYkspwierI fyt dy ^qm hox vwg ipr ausƒ A`KoN-proKy kr id`qw jwdw hy[ ieh ivvhwr swfi rozm`rw diaw AwdqW dw ih`sw bxwieaw jw irhw hy[ swfy vrqmwn num clwaux vwliawˆ 9

nvin-pumjivwdi qwkqwˆ Bwvyˆ swfy ivrsy num Awpxy mwiek-lwb lei hi vrq rhiawˆ hox pr iesdw dujylw prbwv swnum swfy lokdwrwei ivrsy di smbwl prqi vdyry jwgruk kr irhw hy[ ti.vi. cynlwˆ au`pr ivkwieaw jwx vwlw pmjwbi sibawcwr dw rup Bwvyˆ swfi prmprk soc num pryswn krdw hovy pr ies vrqwry ivc pmjwbi sibawcwr dw mul ikrdwr ivgv nhiˆ skdw ikauˆik ieh qwˆ in`q qbdil humdw irhw hy Aqy hr vwr AwpxI pcwx hornwˆ sibawcwrwˆ au`pr prvwn krvwei hy[ 1 Boggs, Ralph Steele: Folklore-Material, science,art, Folklore: Critical concepts in literary and cultural studies VOl. I (ed.) Alan Dundes, Routledge, 2005 pp3 2 bydi, soihmdr ismg: lokdwrw dw mh`qv, lokxwn AiDAYn, (sm) krnyl ismg iqmd, guru nwnk dyv XUnI., AMimRqsr, 1994, pmnw-23 3 auhi, pmnw, 30-31 4 gurb^s ismg priqlvi: prdwngi BwSx, lokxwn AiDAYn, (sm) krnyl ismg iqmd, guru nwnk dyv XUnI., AMimRqsr, 1994, pmnw-62. 5 Parmar, Shyam: Traditional Folk Media in India, Research Press, Delhi. 1994. pp15 6 Dan Ben-Amos, Towards a Definitionof Folklore in Context (Journal of the Folklore Institute, VI), 1969, pp.5-19 10