THE EFFECT OF BROAD BEAN INTERCROPPING WITH CORIANDER AND FENNEL ON DYNAMIC OF SITONA SPP. BEETLES FEEDING

Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ University of Agriulture in Krkow, Fulty of Agriulture nd Eonomis, Deprtment of Agriulturl Environment Protetion Al. Mikiewiz 21, 31-120 Krków, Polnd e-mil: rrjgospo@yf-kr.edu.pl Reeived: 2017-05-10 ; Aepted: 2017-06-20 THE EFFECT OF BROAD BEAN INTERCROPPING WITH CORIANDER AND FENNEL ON DYNAMIC OF SITONA SPP. BEETLES FEEDING Summry The im of the study ws to ssess the impt of interropping White Windsor rod ens with orinder (Corindrum stivum L.) nd fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.) on the dynmis of dult pe weevils (Siton spp.) feeding nd the degree of nodules dmge used y Siton spp lrve. The experiment ws onduted in the period 2011 2012 t the Prusy Experimentl Sttion, whih elongs to the University of Agriulture in Krkow. The experiment involved the following ojets: rod ens in homogeneous rop (ontrol); rod ens interropped with orinder; rod ens interropped with fennel. The evlution of the feeding intensity of dult pe weevils ws onduted on 25 rndomly seleted plnts from eh plot, y mesuring the surfe re of eten leves, ounting injured nd non-injured leves nd lulting the loss of lef lde s the result of their feeding. For the determintion of lrve hrmfulness, root nodules were nlyzed t the end of June. Interropping with orinder nd fennel signifintly redued the feeding of pe lef weevils on the White Windsor vriety of rod ens. The effet ws prtiulrly visile in the initil period of plnt growth, whih is importnt due to the gretest impt of pests feeding tivity during tht period. The proximity of the exmined her speies did not ffet the numer of root nodules produed y rod ens, or the degree of root nodules dmge used y Siton sp. lrve. Key words: Vii f L., Corindrum stivum L., Foeniulum vulgre Mill, interropping, Siton spp., numer of root nodules, plnt injuries WPŁYW UPRAWY WSPÓŁRZĘDNEJ BOBU Z KOLENDRĄ SIEWNĄ I KOPREM WŁOSKIM NA DYNAMIKĘ ŻEROWANIA OPRZĘDZIKÓW (SITONA SPP.) Streszzenie Celem dń yło określenie wpływu uprwy współrzędnej ou odminy Windsor Biły z kolendrą siewną (Corindrum stivum L.) i koprem włoskim (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.) n przeieg dynmiki żerowni hrząszzy z rodzju oprzędziki (Siton spp.) orz n stopień uszkodzeni rodwek korzeniowyh przez lrwy tyh szkodników. Doświdzenie przeprowdzono w lth 2011 2012 w Stji Doświdzlnej Prusy nleżąej do Uniwersytetu Rolnizego w Krkowie. Oejmowło ono nstępująe oiekty: ó wysiewny jko uprw jednorodn (Kontrol); ó uprwiny współrzędnie z kolendrą siewną; ó uprwiny współrzędnie z koprem włoskim. Przeieg dynmiki żerowni hrząszzy oenino n 25 losowo wyrnyh roślinh z poletk poprzez mierzenie powierzhni wyżerek, lizenie liśi uszkodzonyh i nieuszkodzonyh orz wylizenie uytku lszki liśiowej w wyniku ih żerowni. W końu zerw wykonywno tkże nlizę stopni uszkodzeni rodwek korzeniowyh przez lrwy oprzędzików. Uprw współrzędn z kolendrą siewną i koprem włoskim istotnie ogrnizł żerownie hrząszzy oprzędzików n oie odminy Windsor Biły. Efekt ył szzególnie wyrźny w pozątkowym okresie wzrostu rośliny, o jest istotne ze względu n njwiększe znzenie żerowni szkodnik w tym okresie. Sąsiedztwo dnyh gtunków ziół nie wpływło n ilość wytwrznyh przez ó rodwek korzeniowyh, jk również stopień ih uszkodzeni przez lrwy Siton spp. Słow kluzowe: Vii f L., Corindrum stivum L., Foeniulum vulgre Mill, uprw współrzędn, Siton spp., liz rodwek korzeniowyh, uszkodzeni roślin 1. Introdution Brod ens re ppreited for their high ontent of proteins, phosphorous, nd B vitmins. The plnt hs the ility to fix tmospheri nitrogen, whih mkes it vlule omponent of rop rottion on orgni frms. Beetles of the genus Siton spp. re mong the mjor pests ttking the plnt lredy t the erliest stge of its growth. Dmge is used y oth dults eting the edges of lef ldes, nd lrve destroying the root nodules [2, 4, 11]. The ville literture ontins little dt on the possiilities of proteting ppilioneous plnts ginst Siton eetles y mens of nturl methods whih re reommended in orgni frming [9, 21]. The introdution of ompnion plnts longside ultivtion of the min plnt is mentioned mong useful methods for pest redution [13, 15]. A speil role mong the plnts used in interropping is ssigned to those produing lrge mounts of pollen nd netr, s these sustnes onstitute n importnt soure of food for numerous enefiil insets, suh s Dipter from the hoverfly fmily, or the prsiti Hymenopter [12, 19]). These plnts inlude orinder (Corindrum stivum L.) nd fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.) [1, 3, 6]. Corinder used s groundover plnt in tomto ultivtion redued whitefly (Bemisi ti Genndius) undne [8]. When grown s ompnion to lettue, it ontriuted to n inrese in the numer of Syrphide lrve [13]. In hikpe ultivtion, it enhned the - Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ Journl of Reserh nd Applitions in Agriulturl Engineering 2017, Vol. 62(3) 124

Injured leves [%] tivity of the prsitoid Cmpoletis hloridee Uhid [16]. Fennel, on the other hnd, rnks mong the plnts flowering in the lter period of the vegettion seson most frequently visited y Dipter from the hoverfly fmily [3, 14]. In ddition to the enefits mentioned ove, the plnts my lso hinder herivores from loting the host plnt y produing deeptive visul nd romti stimuli. The im of the study ws to ssess the impt of interropping White Windsor rod ens with orinder (Corindrum stivum L.) nd fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.) on the dynmis of dult pe weevils (Siton spp.) feeding nd the degree of dmge used to root nodules y the Siton spp lrve. 2. Mteril nd methods The experiment ws onduted in the period 2011 2012 t the Prusy Experimentl Sttion, whih elongs to the University of Agriulture in Krkow. The experiment ws set up in three replitions, y the method of rndomized loks. The oservtions were onduted on rod en (Vii f L., ssp. mior) of the Windsor Biły ultivr. The experiment involved the following ojets: rod ens in homogeneous rop (ontrol); rod ens interropped with orinder; rod ens interropped with fennel. The evlution of the feeding intensity of dult pe weevils ws onduted on 25 rndomly seleted plnts from eh plot, y mesuring the surfe re of eten leves (using plotting pper), ounting injured nd non-injured leves nd lulting the loss of lef lde s the result of their feeding. The dmge nlysis ws onduted four times in eh experimentl seson, from the moment of notiing first dmges, in weekly intervls. For the determintion of lrve hrmfulness, the underground prts of the plnts were nlyzed fter prior wshing, y ounting the generl numer of nodules nd the numer of dmged nodules. The nlysis ws onduted one, t the end of June. The signifine of differenes etween mens ws tested vi onduting single ftor vrine nlysis (ultivtion method) nd two ftor vrine nlysis (ultivtion method x yer) with the use of the Sttisti 12.0 Softwre. The mens were differentited using the NIR Fisher test t level p < 0.05. 3. Results nd disussion In 2011, Siton spp. eetles dmged pproximtely from 28% to more thn 80% of leves (Fig. 1). In the initil phse of feeding, signifintly fewer leves with dmges were noted in the ojets where rod ens were interropped with hers, s ompred to homogeneous rop. The pests feeding tht tkes ple etween the plnt emergene nd the development of 4 true leves hs the gretest impt on the lter rop yield [18]. The oservtions rried out in the following weeks reveled n inrese in the numer of dmged leves in ll ojets under study. At the sme time, it ws notied tht the presene of orinder deresed the perentge of dmged leves for longer time ompred to fennel. Strting from the seond hlf of My, no signifint differenes were reorded etween the ojets under study. In the 2012 seson, pe lef weevils dmged fewer leves (from 35% to out 75% of ll leves). For lmost the entire reserh period, oth orinder nd fennel ontriuted signifintly to reduing the perentge of leves dmged y pe lef weevils. Our erlier studies involving the use of the sme ompnion plnts to White Hngdown rod ens did not revel signifint effet of fennel nd orinder on the perentge of leves dmged y pe lef weevils [9]. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 04 05 13 05 20 05 27 05 11 05 18 05 25 05 01 06 2011 2012 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne Fig. 1. Leves of rod en injured y Siton spp. dult (perent of totl numer of leves) depending on ultivtion method. Men followed y the sme letter in given dte respetively re not signifintly different t p<0.05, ftor: ultivtion method. Control - rod ens in homogeneous rop; Corindrum - rod ens interropped with orinder; Foeniulum - rod ens interropped with fennel Rys. 1. Liśie ou uszkodzone przez hrząszze oprzędzików (odsetek ogółu liśi) zleżnie od sposou uprwy. Średnie oznzone tkimi smymi litermi odpowiednio dl dnego terminu, nie różnią się istotnie przy p<0,05, zynnik: sposó uprwy. Control ó jko uprw jednorodn; Corindrum ó uprwiny współrzędnie z kolendrą siewną; Foeniulum ó uprwiny współrzędnie z koprem włoskim Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ Journl of Reserh nd Applitions in Agriulturl Engineering 2017, Vol. 62(3) 125

Lef lde loss [%] Totl eten re per plnt [mm2] Likewise, other uthors who nlysed the effets of using ly pheli s ompnion plnt did not detet n unequivol trend with regrd to the perentge of leves dmged y pe lef weevils [21]. Aprt from the perentge of dmged leves, nother importnt inditor of the degree of Siton feeding is the surfe re of the eten leves nd the resulting loss of lef lde. The lulted men surfe re of eten leves inresed s the dult pe lef weevils ontinued their feeding, espeilly in the 2011 seson (Fig. 2). As ws the se with the perentge of dmged leves, signifintly smller surfe re of eten leves in the ojets with ompnion plnts ws reorded in the initil stge of pests feeding; in lter stges the differenes eme lurred. In 2012, the surfe re of leves eten y pe lef weevils ws smller nd the enefiil effets of orinder nd fennel were visile during ll phses of oservtion, exept for the lst one. Our erlier tests involving the Hngdown White vriety did not revel suh enefiil effets of the hers under study [9]. The loss of lef lde ws reltively low nd rnged from 0.5% to 3.5%, depending on the phse of oservtion (Fig. 3). 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 04 05 13 05 20 05 27 05 11 05 18 05 25 05 01 06 2011 2012 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne Fig. 2. Totl eten re per plnt (mm 2 ) used y Siton spp. dult depending on ultivtion method. Men followed y the sme letter in given dte respetively re not signifintly different t p<0.05, ftor: ultivtion method. For tretments explntion see fig. 1 Rys. 2. Powierzhni wyżerek z rośliny (mm 2 ) spowodownyh przez hrząszze oprzędzików zleżnie od sposou uprwy. Średnie oznzone tkimi smymi litermi odpowiednio dl dnego terminu, nie różnią się istotnie przy p<0,05, zynnik: sposó uprwy. Ojśnieni oiektów jk n rys. 1 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 04 05 13 05 20 05 27 05 11 05 18 05 25 05 01 06 2011 2012 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne Fig. 3. Lef lde loss of rod en (perent of totl lef re) used y Siton sp. dult depending on ultivtion method. Men followed y the sme letter in given dte respetively re not signifintly different t p<0.05, ftor: ultivtion method. For tretments explntion see fig. 1 Rys. 3. Uytek lszki liśiowej ou (proent ogólnej powierzhni liśi) spowodowny przez hrząszze oprzędzików zleżnie od sposou uprwy. Średnie oznzone tkimi smymi litermi odpowiednio dl dnego terminu, nie różnią się istotnie przy p<0,05, zynnik: sposó uprwy. Ojśnieni oiektów jk n rys. 1 Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ Journl of Reserh nd Applitions in Agriulturl Engineering 2017, Vol. 62(3) 126

During oth reserh sesons, the loss of lef lde s result of Siton feeding ws smller in those ojets where rod ens were interropped with orinder or fennel, espeilly in the initil period of plnt growth. In the 2012 seson, the effets persisted until the third dede of My. Bsed on the men vlues for prtiulr reserh sesons (Fig. 4), it ws demonstrted tht the method of ultivtion hd signifint impt on the perentge of dmged leves nd the loss of lef lde (Tle 1). The lst prmeter ws lso signifintly ffeted y oth the method of protetion nd the yer of reserh. As regrds the surfe re of eten leves, it ws signifintly influened y the onditions previling in prtiulr yer of reserh. The dt onerning the effet of interropping on pe lef weevil feeding is vried. It ws notied tht the dmge to pe ws smller when the plnt ws interropped with whet [10, 17], while the dmge to field ens inresed when the plnt ws interropped with rley or whet [5]. The numer of root nodules produed y rod ens ws signifintly dependent on the yer of reserh, wheres the presene of ompnion plnts did not hve signifint impt on tht prmeter (Tles 1 nd 2). Also, no signifint dependene ws deteted etween the method of rod ens ultivtion nd the perentge of root nodules dmged y Siton lrve. Similr result were otined in previous experiments involving the use of the hers under study [7]. Other ompnion plnts, e.g. mustrd, were found to derese the dmge suffered y rod ens from Siton lrve [20]. 90 1400 Injured leves [%] 80 70 60 50 Totl eten re per plnt [mm 2 ] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 40 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Tretments 0 Yer 2011 Yer 2012 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Tretments Yer 2011 Yer 2012 3,0 2,8 2,6 Lef lde loss [%] 2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 Control Corindrum Foeniulum Tretments Yer 2011 Yer 2012 Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne Fig. 4. Dmge of rod en used y Siton sp. dult depending on ultivtion method (men in the yers of experiment). Men followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different t p<0.05, ftors: ultivtion method x yer. For tretments explntion see fig. 1 Rys. 4. Uszkodzeni ou przez hrząszze oprzędzików zleżnie od sposou uprwy (średnio w lth dń). Średnie oznzone tkimi smymi litermi nie różnią się istotnie przy p<0,05, zynniki: sposó uprwy x rok. Ojśnieni oiektów jk n rys. 1 Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ Journl of Reserh nd Applitions in Agriulturl Engineering 2017, Vol. 62(3) 127

Tle 1. The results of sttistil nlysis of feeding intensity of dult pe weevils, numer of root nodules nd dmge of root nodules (sesonl mens) T. 1. Wyniki nlizy sttystyznej odnośnie intensywnośi żerowni hrząszzy oprzędzików, lizy wytworzonyh rodwek korzeniowyh i ih stopni uszkodzeni (średnie sezonowe) Effets SS* df MS F p Injured leves [%] Cultivtion method 31665 2 15832 28.490 0.000000 Yer 1378 1 1378 2.480 0.116041 Cultivtion method x yer 2496 2 1248 2.246 0.107074 Totl eten re per plnt [mm 2 ] Cultivtion method 4791201 2 2395601 2.7814 0.063064 Yer 12411932 1 12411932 14.4106 0.000168 Cultivtion method x yer 1444646 2 722323 0.8386 0.433001 Lef lde loss [%] Cultivtion method 61.147 2 30.574 15.5930 0.000000 Yer 1.660 1 1.660 0.8469 0.357954 Cultivtion method x yer 12.347 2 6.173 3.1485 0.043903 Nodule numer/plnt Cultivtion method 11654.5 2 5827.3 1.8494 0.161103 Yer 69780.7 1 69780.7 22.1461 0.000006 Cultivtion method x yer 6429.9 2 3215.0 1.0203 0.363106 Dmge of root nodules [%] Cultivtion method 682.62 2 341.31 1.5265 0.220843 Yer 21647.55 1 21647.55 96.8168 0.000000 Cultivtion method x yer 120.73 2 60.36 0.2700 0.763791 *SS sum of squres, df degrees of freedom, MS men squres, F Fisher Snedeor s test, p proility level Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne Tle 2. Totl numer of root nodules nd its dmge used y Siton sp. lrve (perent of totl nodule numer) depending on ultivtion method T. 2. Ogóln liz rodwek korzeniowyh orz ih uszkodzenie przez lrwy oprzędzików (proent ogólnej lizy rodwek) zleżnie od sposou uprwy Dmge of root nodules Nodule numer/plnt [ps] Tretments [perent of totl nodule numer] 2011 2012 2011 2012 Control* 51.30 ** 86.35 38.95 11.66 Corindrum 52.27 116.89 33.76 8.06 Foeniulum 44.63 80.89 37.26 14.54 * For tretments explntion see fig. 1 **Men followed y the sme letter for speifi prmeter re not signifintly different t p<0.05, ftors: ultivtion method x yer Soure: own work / Źródło: oprownie włsne 4. Conlusions 1. Interropping with orinder nd fennel signifintly redued the feeding of pe lef weevils on the White Windsor vriety of rod ens. The effet ws prtiulrly visile in the initil period of plnt growth, whih is importnt due to the gretest impt of pests feeding tivity during tht period. 2. The proximity of the exmined her speies did not ffet the numer of root nodules produed y rod ens, or the degree of dmge used to root nodules y Siton sp. lrve. 5. Referenes [1] Bone N.J., Thomson L.J., Ridlnd P.M., Cole P., Hoffmnn A.A.: Cover rops in Vitorin pple orhrds: Effets on prodution, nturl enemies nd pests ross seson. Crop Prot., 2009, 28, 675-683. [2] Corre-Hellou G., Crozt Y.: N2 fixtion nd N supply in orgni pe (Pisum stivum L.) ropping systems s ffeted y weeds nd peweevil (Siton linetus L.). Eur. J. Agronomy, 2005, 22, 449-458. [3] Colley M.R., Lun J.M.: Reltive ttrtiveness of potentil enefiil insetry plnts to phidophgous hoverflies (Dipter: Syrphide). Environ. Entomol., 2000, 29, 1054-1059. [4] Dor e T., Meynrd J.M.: On-frm pproh of ttks y the pe weevil (Siton linetus L., Col., Curulionide) nd the resulting dmge to pe (Pisum stivum L.) rops. J. Appl. Entomol., 1995, 119, 49-54. [5] Fernndez-Apriio M., Jørnsgård B., Ruiles D.: Effets of rop mixtures on pest of f en under orgni gritulturl onditions, In: Andlui, Junt de (Ed.) Interntionl Workshop on f en reeding nd gronomy, Vieonsejeri. Serviio de Puliiones y Divulgion. 2006,140-142. [6] Fitzgerld J.D., Solomon M.G.: Cn flowering plnts enhne numers of enefiil rthropods in UK pple nd per orhrds? Bioontrol Si. Tehn., 2004, 14, 291-300. [7] Gospodrek J., Gleń K., Boligłow E.: The effet of rod en ultivr Windsor Biły interropping with seleted hers Jnin GOSPODAREK, Elżiet BOLIGŁOWA, Ktrzyn GLEŃ-KAROLCZYK, Ntli KWIECIEŃ Journl of Reserh nd Applitions in Agriulturl Engineering 2017, Vol. 62(3) 128

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