FOLIA POMERANAE UNIVERSITATIS TECHNOLOGIAE STETINENSIS Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin. 2013, Agric., Aliment., Pisc., Zootech.

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1 FOLI POMERNE UNIVERSITTIS TECHNOLOGIE STETINENSIS Foli Pomer. Univ. Tehnol. Stetin. 2013, gri., liment., Pis., Zooteh. 304 (26), *Ireneusz OCHMIN, Józef GRJKOWSKI, Piotr CHEŁPIŃSKI, Romn STRZELECKI THE IMPCT OF CUTTING ND MULCHING GRPEVINE REGENT ON YIELDING ND FRUIT QULITY WPŁYW CIĘCI I MULCZOWNI N PLONOWNIE I JKOŚĆ OWOCÓW WINOROŚLI ODMINY REGENT Deprtment of Hortiulture, West Pomernin University of Tehnology, Szzein Streszzenie: dni przeprowdzono w lth , w Prowni Sdownitw Zhodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Tehnologiznego w Szzeinie. Określono wpływ mulzowni gley orz lizy ltorośli n łozie n jkość i wielkość plonu winorośli odminy Regent. Krzewy posdzono w gleie glinistej, III klsy onityjnej, zsonej w skłdniki minerlne. Śiółkownie gley okzło się niekorzystne ze względu n pogorszenie jkośi owoów. Winogron zwierły mniej ekstrktu (14,1%), więej kwsów orgniznyh (0,90 g) i zotnów (83 mg) orz niŝszym odzynem soku (3,25) w porównniu z roślinmi nie śiółkownymi. Cięie łozy n sześć ozek wpłynęło n uzyskiwnie większyh gron, dłuŝszyh (16,4 m) i o większej msie (208 g) w porównniu do gron zernyh z roślin prowdzonyh n dziesięć pędów. Prowdzenie krzewów n krótsze łozy powodowło lepsze doświetlenie roślin, o wpłynęło n zwiększenie zwrtośi ekstrktu w owoh (15,8%) i oniŝenie zwrtośi zotnów (71 mg). Owoe yły równieŝ jędrniejsze (186 G), iemniejsze (prmetr L* 23,54) i o większej zwrtośi sustnji odpowiedzilnyh z rwę nieieską (prmetr * 12,19), wymgły ntomist większej siły do oderwni owou od szypułki (119 G). Key words: hemil omposition, ultivtion, fruits olor, Vitis, yield. Słow kluzowe: rw owoów, plon, skłd hemizny, uprw, Vitis. INTRODUCTION The qulity of fruits nd, s result, the qulity of wine is determined y lrge numer of ftors, strting from the topogrphy, soil, limte nd even the mirolimte in given region of ultivtion nd ending with the ompetenes of the winemker, who is ple of seleting pproprite vrieties nd the pproprite tehnology for ultivtion nd proessing of the rw mteril (Csmyor 2008). The idity, the extrt, the type of rom, the ility of the wine to ge depend lrgely on lol onditions (osk 2004). In Polnd, grpevines re ultivted nerly ll over the ountry, however, the leding regions inlude Surpthin, Luuskie, Lower Silesi nd Lesser Polnd Provines (ieńzyk nd ońkowski 2008). Corresponding uthor dres do korespondenji: dr inŝ. Ireneusz Ohmin, Lortory of Pomology, West Pomernin University of Tehnology, Szzein, Juliusz Słowkiego 17, Szzein, Polnd, e-mil: ireneusz.ohmin@zut.edu.pl.

2 88 I. Ohmin et l. Wine growing in the West Pomernin Provine strted in the 13th entury. Vineyrds were situted round the Pomernin dukes' stle in Szzein, Shwerin, Gustrow nd Strgrd (Chełpiński et l. 2009). The mjority of the West Pomernin Provine nd Meklenurg-Western Pomerni elong to the sme zone of plnt frost resistne. This is zone 7 on the Heinz nd Shreier's "Mp of zones of plnt resistne to frost". Miniml tempertures rnge from 15ºC to 17ºC here. However, in the re of Szzein nd in the nery northern region, miniml tempertures rnge from 12ºC to 15ºC, whih orresponds to vlues typil of zone 7. Plnts whih re not found in ny other Polish regions n e enountered in Szzein nd its viinity. efore World Wr II, grpevine were ultivted in Połzyn-Zdrój nd in Szzein (Chełpiński 2009), whih is onfirmed y old photogrphs showing vineyrds on the hill tht used to e lled Wzgórze Winne (Wine Hill, Weinerg in Germn). Cutting is n importnt nd neessry omponent of grpevine re, used to hieve high yields nd fruits of optiml size with proper olour nd with optiml extrt ontent. To prevent urdening grpevines with too mny fruits nd to prevent redution in the qulity of fruits, the numer of shoots left needs to e regulted (Myśliwie 2006). In the Polish limte, due to the thret of insuffiient tempertures nd insultion whih my prevent the hievement of high qulity fruit, this tretment plys signifint role (Lisek 2011). The seletion of the optiml form of shping the vine nd its lod, i.e. the numer of uds left nd the pproprite density of plnting gurntees optiml yields. In Polnd, no more thn 10 tonnes of grpes should e hrvested from 1 hetre of vineyrd to otin high qulity mteril. Similr quntities of grpes re olleted in some wine-mking ountries in the Europen Union (Lisek 2007). The optiml lod for one shoot is g fruits, whih usully orresponds to the weight of one luster (Sentor 2007). Mulhing should not e forgotten either, s this is one of the most importnt grotehnil tretments determining the qulity of the fruit (Msklnie 1995, Ksperuer 2000). This tivity inhiits weed development, inreses the effetiveness of wtering nd influenes the soil temperture (Neuweiller 1997). Orgni (rk, swdust, strw, pet) or syntheti mterils n e used for mulhing (Myśliwie 1992). However, disdvntgeous effet of using lk nonwoven rop over is lower extrt ontent in fruit y over 4% (Grjkowski et l. 2010). The Lortory of Pomology in the West Pomernin University of Tehnology hs een onduting experiments in the re of grpevine growing for severl yers. The im of this reserh is the determintion of the influene of soil mulhing nd the method of utting nd shping the grpevine on the qulity nd size of the yield. MTERILS ND METHODS The tests were performed in the Hortiulture Deprtment of the West Pomernin University of Tehnology, Szzein. The Reserh Sttion is loted in the Szzeińsk Lowlnd. In this re, there re numerous hills of m SL, the remnnts of the frontl morine. This ffets the distriution of rinfll intensity, numer of hours of sunlight, temperture nd wind speed. The limte of this re is lso signifintly ffeted y the presene of lrge wter sins (Szzein Lgoon, Dąie Lke, the Odr River), whih provide dditionl moisture in the period of plnt vegettion. The plnt mteril ws the vines of Regent ultivr, grfted to the rootstok Koer (V. erlndieri x V. ripri).

3 The impt of utting nd mulhing Shrus were plnted in 2006 t sping of 2.3 x 1.2 m in three replitions on three shrus in rndom sulok system in rown podsoli soil rih in the nutrients (Tle 1), thus only nitrogen fertiliztion ws performed t the totl dose of 60 kg N per h nd mgnesium sulphte of 50 kg per h. dditionlly, the plnts were spryed three times with 1% mgnesium sulphte. The doses of wter nd the dtes of their pplition were estlished y using tensiometer. Sution fore of the soil ws mintined t out pf. Plnts were trined in the form of single Gujot system. Tle 1. The ph nd the ontent of the omponents in the soil efore plnting shrus Tel 1. Odzyn orz zwrtość skłdników minerlnyh w gleie przed posdzeniem roślin Level of soil (m) Poziom gley ph KCl Need for liming Potrze wpnowni unneessry zędne unneessry zędne P K Mg mg 100 g soil mg 100 g gley Regent grpes re Germn ultivr medium frost resistnt (Lisek 2007), high-yielding nd with erly frutifition. It produes medium-sized lusters with densely pked, gloulr, smll erries whih re rrely of medium size nd higher resistne to fungl diseses (Eih nd Toepfer 2003, Fisher et l. 2004). The fruit peel is drk lue nd lk, nd the pulp is olorless. The erries eome disolored t the eginning of Septemer nd ripen in erly Otoer. Experiment pln: Ftor I soil tillge: mulhed soil (drk plsti), onventionl tillge (lk of over). Ftor II method of vine trining: vines trined to 1 fruit ne with 6 uds, vines trined to 1 fruit ne with 10 uds. The experiment onsisted in the omprison of: yield, the size of lusters nd fruit, their hemil omposition nd olor. The luster nd fruit weight, fruit dethment fore, firmness, olor, solule solids, titrtle idity were mesured on fresh erries soon fter eh hrvest. The fruit weight (three replites of 100 fruits) ws mesured with RDWG WPX 4500 eletroni sles (0.01 g ury). To otin juie, the erries (two replites of 500 g) were merted t 50ºC with the ddition of the PT 400 Pektopol enzyme t dose of 400 mg per kg of fruits for 30 minutes. fter the ompletion of the enzymti proessing, the pulp ws pressed using hydruli press t pressure of 3 MP. Titrtle idity nd ph were determined y titrtion of wter extrt of juie with 0.1 N NOH to n end point of ph 8.1 (mesured with multimeter Elmetron CX-732) ording to PN-90/-75101/04. Solule solids ontent ws determined y digitl refrtometer PL-1 (tgo, Jpn). Nitrtes ontent ws mesured with RQflex 10 refletometer (Merk). Fruit olor (three replites of 50 fruits) were mesured in trnsmitted mode through Koni Minolt CM-700d spetrophotometer in 1 m-thik glss trys. Mesurements were onduted in CIE L*** system [L* white (100) lk (0), * green ( 100) red (+100), * lue ( 100)

4 90 I. Ohmin et l. yellow (+100)], through 10º oserver type nd D65 illuminnt. CP Pigment nlyzer P1101 (Produed y Control in pplied Physiology GR., Germny) ws used for nondestrutive mesurement of qulity prmeters. Spetr olleted from CP P1101 were used for lulting Normlized nthoynin Index NI = (I780-I570)/(I780+I570). The firmness ws mesured with FirmTeh 2 pprtus (ioworks, US) of 50 rndomly seleted erries from three replites nd ws expressed s grm-fore using fruit surfe to end 1 mm, nd eh of the otined results hs een used in the sttistil nlysis. The results otined were sujeted to sttistil nlysis using Sttisti 10 (Sttsoft, Polnd). The results evluted y the Tukey test. The differenes etween the mens t P<0.05 were onsidered s signifint. RESULTS ND DISCUSSION The results of tests on the Regent grpevine ultivr indite tht pruning nd tillge ffet the yield (Fig. 1) sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni 2000 yield plon (g) soil gle mulh mulz men średni wy of growing sposó uprwy Mens mrked with the sme letter do not differ signifintly t α = 0.05 ording to Tukey test. Smll letters mrked signifint differenes ftors nd pitl men. Średnie oznzone tą smą literą nie róŝnią się istotnie według testu Tukey n poziomie istotnośi α = 0,05. Młymi litermi oznzone istotne róŝnie pomiędzy zynnikmi, wielkimi średnie. Fig. 1. The impt of tillge on the yielding of the Regent ultivr of vines Rys. 1. Wpływ sposou uprwy n plonownie winorośli odminy Regent It ws oserved tht mulhed vine plnts give higher yield (1950 g) thn the nonmulhed (1760 g). Likewise, the vines grown with more shoots yield hrvest of 2.2 kg of fruit per plnt. However, the lusters were igger when the vines were trined to 6-shoot nes in the non-mulhed soil 18.3 m (Fig. 2). In ddition, it ws determined tht the weight of single luster is higher for the vines plnted in the non-mulhed soil 225 g (Fig. 3).

5 The impt of utting nd mulhing luster lengh długość gron (m) sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni 10 soil gle mulh mulz men średni wy of growing sposó uprwy Explntion see Fig. 1 Wyjśnienie ptrz Fig. 1. Fig. 2. The impt of the numer of shoots per ne nd soil row tillge on the length of the Regent ultivr of lusters Rys. 2. Wpływ lizy pędów n łozie orz sposou uprwy gley w rzędh n długość gron odminy Regent soil gle mulh mulz men średni 200 (g) sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów luster mss ms gron men średni 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni weight of 100 fruits ms 100 owoów Explntion see Fig. 1 Wyjśnienie ptrz Fig. 1. Fig. 3. The impt of the numer of shoots per ne nd soil row tillge on the luster weight nd weight of 100 fruit of Regent ultivr Rys. 3. Wpływ lizy pędów n łozie orz sposou uprwy gley w rzędh n msę gron orz msę 100 owoów odminy Regent The size of the fruit is of signifine in the proess of wine prodution nd dethment of the fruit from the pedunle. Knowledge of these prmeters is needed to determine the prmeters for the proess of seprting fruit from the stlk. s stted y Gemr (2008) nd Lisek (2011), the lusters of Regent ultivr re quite ompt, with densely pked erries, nd of medium size. Sentor (2007) determined tht the verge luster weight rnges from 120 to 140 g, nd tht suh lod is optiml for one ne, s ny greter weight would result in the deteriortion of the yield qulity.

6 92 I. Ohmin et l. sed on the nlysis of results (Fig. 3) relting to the soil tillge, it ws oserved tht the use of row over led to the redued luster weight (mulh 162 g, soil 190 g), the fruits were smller; weight of 100 fruit with mulh ushes 126 g nd non-mulh 144 g. ording to Myśliwie (1992), the pplition of lk plsti in rows is dvntgeous, prtiulrly to the growth of young plnts. It should e emphsized tht Polish winemkers strive to otin the highest ontent of extrt in fruit, whih is diffiult to hieve in Polnd due to the ountry's low tempertures nd insuffiient sunshine durtion. ording to Mrkowski nd Płohrski (2003), in ssessing the usefulness of fruit for proessing, n importnt ftor for onsidertion is the ontent of the extrt in fruit. It is ssumed tht non-sugr ompounds onstitute etween 2 nd 4% of the extrt. The vine fruit qulity, expressed in the ontent of extrt, s shown in Figure 4, depended on the tillge nd ws etter for non-mulhed soils. (g 100 ml) 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 soil gle mulh mulz men średni T (%) 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni soil gle mulh mulz men średni SS 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni 3,5 3,5 3,4 3,4 3,3 3,3 3,2 3,2 3,1 3,1 3,0 soil gle mulh mulz men średni ph (mg 1000 ml) 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni soil gle mulh mulz men średni NO 3 Explntion see Fig. 1 Wyjśnienie ptrz Fig. 1. Fig. 4. The impt of the numer of shoots nd method of soil row tillge on the hemil omposition of the fruits of Regent ultivr; T titrtle idity, SS solule solids Rys. 4. Wpływ lizy pędów n łozie orz sposou uprwy gley w rzędh n skłd hemizny owoów odminy Regent: T kwsowość, SS ekstrkt

7 The impt of utting nd mulhing The results of nlyses indite tht the highest onentrtion of extrt ws found in the vine fruits of Regent ultivr, derived from the vines ultivted in non-mulhed soil, trined to 6 shoots (16.9%) nd 10 shoots (16.1%). The lowest extrt ontent ws determined for the fruit of the sme ultivr, derived from the vine plnts trined to 10 shoots, plnted in mulhed soil (13.4%). The fruits of the plnts from mulhed rows were less ripe, s shown y their higher ontent of nitrtes 83 mg, higher idity 0.9 g in 100 g fruit (Fig. 4), lower lue dye ontent ( *prmeter 9,69) nd lower vlue of NVI 0.61, s ompred to the nonmulhed (Fig. 5) soil gle mulh mulz men średni sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni -10 L* * -15 0,80 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,50 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów soil gle mulh mulz men średni NVI Explntion see Fig. 1 Wyjśnienie ptrz Fig. 1. Fig. 5. Fruit olor nd NVI index of the Regent ultivr vines Rys. 5. rw orz indeks NVI owoów winorośli odminy Regent Cne pruning used the redution of the fruit mss (Fig. 3), owing to whih the fruit were firmer (186 G mm) thn the fruit derived from 10-shoot nes (145 G mm), nd higher fruit dethment fore ws required 119 G, ompred to 10-shoot nes 78 G (Fig. 6).

8 94 I. Ohmin et l. (G mm) 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni soil gle mulh mulz men średni firmness jędrność (G) 6 sprouts 6 pędów 10 sprouts 10 pędów men średni soil gle mulh mulz men średni friut dethment fore sił odrywni owou Explntion see Fig. 1 Wyjśnienie ptrz Fig. 1. Fig. 6. Firmness nd fruit dethment fore (from the pedunle) Rys. 6. Jędrność orz sił odrywni owou od szypułki In ddition, suh fruit ontined less extrt (15.8%), hd higher juie ph (3.38) nd lower idity (0.79 g) (Fig. 4), ws drker in olour (L* 23.5), with higher ontent of lue dye (* prmeter 12.2) nd ws hrterized y higher NVI inditor (0.72) (Fig. 5). sed on severl yers of reserh, Grjkowski et l. (2010) rehed the onlusion tht mulhing the rows with the use of nonwoven rop over hs negtive impt on the qulity of fruit of the Regent ultivr. There ws derese in the extrt ontent y out 4% in omprison with the onventionl tillge. They onduted n experiment tht showed tht the lowest level of extrt ws determined in the smple derived from the tillge, for whih the vines were trined to 10 shoots nd overed with lk plsti, wheres the lowest results were hieved with respet to the non-over tillge, where the vines were trined to 6 shoots. Slightly different results were otined in the experiment rried out y

9 The impt of utting nd mulhing Ohmin et l. (2011). The mesurements were mde diretly fter the hrvest nd indited tht the ontent of extrt in the fruit of Regent ultivr ws 19.3%. Suh high ontent of extrt ould hve resulted from fvorle wether onditions t the time of fruit ripening. In the study of Lisek (2010) luster ws hrterized y lower weight (137 g) nd the greter weight of 100 fruits, nd mounted to 215 g. Extrt ontent ws lso higher (19.6%). CONCLUSIONS 1. In the vineyrd of Regent ultivr, the pplition of mulhing resulted in n inrese of yield, ut proved to e detrimentl to its qulity. 2. Trining of ne to six shoots led to the hievement of longer lusters of higher mss s ompred to the lusters of 10-shoot nes. 3. The trining of shorter nes results in etter light onditions for plnts, whih led to higher extrt ontent in the vine fruit nd redution of nitrte ontent, s ompred to the nes trined to 10 shoots. 4. The vines trined to 6-shoot nes hve drker fruit (L* prmeter), with higher ontent of lue dye (* prmeter), re firmer nd require the pplition of greter fruit dethment fore. 5. Mulhing resulted in the deteriortion of fruit ripening, whih in turn led to suh fruit hving higher idity, lower extrt ontent nd lower ph, s well s higher ontent of nitrtes, s ompred to the non-mulhed plnts. CKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work ws supported y the Opertionl Progrmme for ojetive 3 Europen territoril oopertion ross-order oopertion etween the federl sttes Meklenurg- -Vorpommern/rndenurg nd the Repuli of Polnd (Voivodeship West Pomernin) known s INTERREG IV, under grnt INT REFERENCES ieńzyk M., ońkowski W Przewodnik Win Europy Hhette Livre Polsk sp. z o.o. Wrszw. osk W Uprw winorośli i winirstwo w młym gospodrstwie n Podkrpiu. Związek Gmin Dorzez Wisłoki. Jsło. Csmyor P Wino 80 njwŝniejszyh pytń i odpowiedzi. Hhette Livre Polsk sp. z o.o. Wrszw. Chełpiński P Perspektywy uprwy winorośli w okolih Szzein, [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. I i II Seminrium Winirskie. Mteriły seminryjne, 25 styzni 2008 Sulehów, Chełpiński P., Gemr J., Ohmin I., Grjkowski J Uprw winorośli w okolih Szzein. [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. III Seminrium Winirskie. Mteriły seminryjne, 23 styzni 2009, Sulehów, Eih R., Toepfer R Suess in resistne reeding Regent nd its steps into the mrket. t Hort. 603,

10 96 I. Ohmin et l. Fisher.M., Slkhutdinov I., kkurt M., Eih R., Edwrds K.J., Töpfer R., Zyprin E.M Quntittive trit lous nlysis of fungl disese resistne ftors on moleulr mp of grpevine. Theor. ppl. Genet. 108, Gemr J Odminy winorośli do uprwy mtorskiej i przemysłowej w rejonie zielonogórskim. [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. I i II Seminrium Winirskie. Mteriły seminryjne, 25 styzni 2008, Sulehów, Grjkowski J., Chełpiński P., Ohmin I Jkość winogron odminy Regent uprwinyh w rejonie Szzein. [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. IV Konferenj Winirsk. Nowośi w uprwie winorośli i produkji win. Mteriły konferenyjne, 22 styzni 2010, Sulehów, Ksperuer M.J Strwerry yield over red versus lk plsti mulh. Crop Si. 40, Lisek J Winorośl w uprwie przydomowej i towrowej. Hortpress, Wrszw. Lisek J Frost dmge of grpevines in Polnd following the winter of 2005/2006. Foli Hort. 19 (2), Lisek J Frost dmge of uds on one-yer-old shoots of wine nd tle grpevine ultivrs in entrl Polnd following the winter of 2008/2009. J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt. Res. 17 (2), Lisek J Yielding nd helthiness of seleted grpe ultivrs for proessing in Centrl Polnd. J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt. Res. 18 (2), Lisek J Winorośl w uprwie przydomowej i towrowej. Wydnie drugie poprwione, Hortpress, Wrszw. Mrkowski J., Płohrski W Przydtność porzezek zrnyh i grestu do przetwórstw. Hsło Ogrod dostęp 25 mrze Msklnie T Wpływ śiółkowni truskwki n wilgotność gley i zhwszzenie w doświdzenih Wileńskiej WyŜszej Szkoły. Mter. Ogólnopol. Konf. Nuk. Nuk Prktye Ogrodnizej wrzesień Lulin, Myśliwie R Nowozesn winni. PWRiL, Wrszw. Myśliwie R Winorośl i wino. PWRiL, Wrszw. Neuweiller R Nitrogen fertiliztion in integrted outdoor strwerry prodution. t Hort. 439 (2), Ohmin I., Chełpiński P., Grjkowski J., Kruszewsk., Rozwrski R Wpływ sposou merji moszzu n rwę win. [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. V Międzynrodow Konferenj Winirsk. Mteriły konferenyjne, 25 mr 2011, Sulehów, Sentor M Cięie i prowdzenie winorośli systemy uprwy. [w:] Pre Instytutu Zrządzni i InŜynierii Rolnej Pństwowej WyŜszej Szkoły Zwodowej w Sulehowie. I i II Seminrium Winirskie. Mteriły seminryjne, Sulehów, strt. The tests were performed in the yers in the Lortory of Pomology t the West Pomernin University of Tehnology in Szzein. The tests onerned the impt of soil mulhing nd the numer of shoots per vine ne on the qulity nd yield of the vines of the Regent ultivr, grfted to the rootstok Koer 125 (125). Vines of the III vlution lss were plnted in ly soil. Soil mulhing turned out to e disdvntgeous, resulting in the deteriortion of fruit qulity. Grpes ontined less extrt (14.1%), more orgni ids (0.90 g) nd nitrtes (83 mg) nd hd lower ph (3.25) in the juie in omprison with the non-mulhed plnts. Pruning the ne to six uds resulted in lusters tht re igger in size (16.4 m) nd mss (208 g) thn those otined from ten-ud nes. Trining vines to shorter nes resulted in etter light onditions for plnts, whih in turn led to n inrese of the extrt ontent in fruits (15.8%) nd derese of nitrtes (71 mg); fruits were firmer (186 G), drker (L* prmeter; 23.54) nd ontined more sustnes giving lue olor (* prmeter; 12.19). However, they required higher fruit dethment fore 119 G (from the pedunle).