EFFECT OF TRIACONTANOL ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF YELLOW LUPIN (Lupinus luteus L.) PLANTS

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1 Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture, 2011, 12(4), p DOI: /JCEA01/ EFFECT OF TRIACONTANOL ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF YELLOW LUPIN (Lupinus luteus L.) PLANTS WPŁYW TRIACONTANOLU NA PRODUJCYJNOŚĆ ROŚLIN ŁUBINU ŻÓŁTEGO (Lupinus luteus L.) Mgdlen BOROWSKA, Jnusz PRUSIŃSKI Deprtment of Seed Production, University of Technology nd Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Polnd, phone (48) , fx (48) , e-mil: Astrct A two-fctor field experiment under strict conditions ws mde over nd imed to evlute the pplicility of tricontnol (TRIA) to Mister yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seed production. TRIA ws pplied t two development stges: t the eginning of min-stem nd lterl-shoot looming t the concentrtion of 0.5; 1 nd 2 mg. dm -3. Plnt sprying with wter constituted the control. Tricontnol significntly incresed yellow lupin yielding. Under more fvourle moisture conditions it ws sufficient to pply mg. dm -3, nd under less fvourle conditions 2 mg. dm -3. A higher yellow lupin productivity ws due to the effect of tricontnol on the increse in the vlue of the coefficient of the use of iologicl potentil of the plnts. There ws identified significnt effect of the TRIA ppliction dte neither on the yellow lupin yielding nor on the structurl seed yield components. Keywords: yellow lupin, tricontnol, iologicl yielding potentil of plnts Streszczenie Ścisłe dwuczynnikowe doświdczenie polowe wykonno w ltch w celu określeni przydtności tricontnolu (TRIA) w uprwie nsiennej łuinu żółtego (Lupinus luteus L.) odminy Mister. TRIA zstosowno w dwóch fzch rozwojowych roślin n początku kwitnieni kwitów n pędzie głównym i n pędch ocznych w stężeniu 0,5; 1 i 2 mg. dm -3. Oprysk roślin wodą stnowił kontrolę. Tricontnol wpłynął n istotny wzrost plonowni łuinu żółtego. W korzystniejszych wrunkch wilgotnościowych wystrczjąc okzł się dwk 0,5 1,0 mg. dm -3, w mniej korzystnych 2 mg. dm -3. Wyższ produkcyjność łuinu po zstosowniu tricontnolu wynikł ze zwiększeni wykorzystni przez rośliny potencjłu iologicznego. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu terminu zstosowni TRIA n plonownie łuinu i strukturlne elementy plonu nsion. Słow kluczowe: łuin żółty, tricontnol, iologiczny potencjł plonowni roślin 673

2 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... Streszczenie szczegółowe Ścisłe dwuczynnikowe doświdczenie polowe wykonno w ltch w Mochełku, w Stcji Bdwczej Wydziłu Rolnictw i Biotechnologii Uniwersytetu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego w Bydgoszczy. Celem dń ył ocen przydtności tricontnolu (TRIA) w uprwie nsiennej łuinu żółtego (Lupinus luteus L.) odminy Mister. TRIA zstosowno dwukrotnie: n początku kwitnieni kwitów n pędzie głównym (odpowiednio w ltch dń: 9., 12. i 26. czerwc) i n pędch ocznych (odpowiednio w ltch dń: 19. i 20. czerwc orz 10. lipc) w stężeniu 0,5; 1 i 2 mg. dm -3. Oprysk roślin wodą stnowił kontrolę. Okres dń chrkteryzowł się odmiennymi dl rozwoju roślin i plonowni łuinu żółtego wrunkmi meteorologicznymi. W ltch 2007 i 2009 ciepł i deszczow pogod w okresie rozwoju wegettywnego i genertywnego sprzyjł ofitemu kwitnieniu i związywniu strąków, zś posuszne wrunki w końcu lipc i n początku sierpni dojrzewniu roślin. Z kolei wrunki pogodowe w 2008 roku yły dl łuinu wyjątkowo niekorzystne, zwłszcz w początkowym okresie wzrostu, nstępnie w fzie genertywnej (t. 1). Zróżnicownie liczy kwitów n jednej roślinie w ltch dń whło się od 38,4 do 57,5 średni w ltch dń współczynnik wykorzystni potencjłu iologicznego n roślinch kontrolnych (ez stosowni TRIA) wynosił 25,6% n pędzie głównym (rys. 1) i 5,4% n pędch ocznych (rys. 2). Zstosowne dwki TRIA wpłynęły n zwiększenie jego wrtości odpowiednio do 32,2% i 6,71% orz istotny wzrost plonu nsion, głównie w wyniku korzystnego wpływu tricontnolu n podniesienie współczynnik wykorzystni potencjłu iologicznego roślin n pędzie głównym. W korzystnych wrunkch wilgotnościowych wystrczjąc ył dwk 0,5-1 mg. dm -3, w niekorzystnych 2 mg. dm -3 (t. 3). Wzrstjące dwki TRIA wpływły też n istotny wzrost wrtości strukturlnych elementów plonowni łuinu (oprócz pędów ocznych) (rys. 3-5), z wyjątkiem msy 1000 nsion. Njkorzystniejsze efekty uzyskno po użyciu TRIA w njwyższym stężeniu. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu terminu zstosowni TRIA n plonownie łuinu żółtego i strukturlne elementy plonu nsion. Większość dń nd wykorzystniem TRIA w uprwie roślin rolniczych, wrzywnych i ozdonych wykonno w Azji, gdzie regultor ten stosowny jest n szeroką sklę produkcyjną. W Polsce wykonno szereg dń nd wykorzystniem różnych regultorów wzrostu w celu zwiększeni wykorzystni potencjłu produkcyjnego przez rośliny strączkowe, jednk żden z nich nie wszedł do prktyki rolniczej. Wyjątkowo oiecujące wyniki dń nd tricontnolem w uprwie nsiennej łuinu żółtego wymgją zpewne dlszych doświdczeń, tkże nd innymi gtunkmi roślin strączkowych i w różnych wrunkch gro-klimtycznych. Introduction The key role in the control of the numer of flowers nd pods per legume plnt is plyed to numer of fctors demonstrting comprehensive effect; most importntly, the wether conditions pttern [9,17], plnt nutrition [1], competition for ssimiltes etween vegettive nd genertive plnt prts [12] nd their hormonl economy [2]. 674

3 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... Tricontnol (TRIA) is 30-cron sturted lcohol cting s growth regultor [8]. Applied t very low concentrtions for legumes, it ffects mny physiologicl processes, e.g. it triggers net ssimiltion nd the ctivity of nitrte reductse, increses the contents of leghemogloin in nodules nd N in leves nd in seeds [11], which enhnces yielding [3,6,10,13,18]. The working hypothesis of the present reserch ssumes tht folir ppliction of tricontnol will increse the plnt supply with nitrogen, nd thus limit flower nd podsets shedding in yellow lupin plnts, enhnce yielding nd the iologicl use of the plnt potentil. The im of the present reserch ws to determine the optiml dose nd dte of tricontnol ppliction in yellow lupin seed production. Mterils nd methods A two-fctor field experiment under strict conditions in rndomised lock design in 4 reps ws mde over t the Mochełek Experiment Sttion of the Fculty of Agriculture nd Biotechnology, the University of Technology nd Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz (Polnd). The reserch investigted trditionl (non-selfcompleting) yellow lupin cultivr, Mister. Tricontnol (TRIA) ws pplied t two plnt development stges: t the eginning of looming on the min stem nd on lterl shoots t three concentrtions determined ccording to literture reports: 0.5 mg. dm -3 low, 1 mg. dm -3 verge nd 2 mg. dm -3 high. The control involved plnts sprying with wter t oth development stges [3,10]. The experiment ws set up fter corn grown for silge on the soil of good rye complex, of n verge content of phosphorus nd high content of potssium nd ph 5.6. In spring there were pplied phosphorus potssium fertilistion t the doses of 80 kg P 2 O 5. h -1 nd 100 kg K 2 O. h -1 s well s Nitrgin for lupin. The Srfun 65 DS-dressed-seeds were sown in successive reserch yers on April 4, 7 nd 8, 3-4 cm deep t the 20 cm row spcing using the Oyord plot drill. The sowing plot re ws 16.8 m 2 nd the hrvest plot re 13.2 m 2. Directly fter sowing Aflon 450 SC ws used to control dicotyledonous weeds t the dose of 1.25 dm 3. h -1, nd fter plnt emergence, t the 3-4 lef stge hrrowing ws performed twice cross the rows. In 2007 nd in 2009 t the udding phse the plnts were spryed with Srfun 500 SC ginst nthrcnose. Sprying with tricontnol followed the experiment design t the eginning of looming on the min stem (respectively in the reserch yers: on June 9, 12 nd 26) nd on lterl shoots (in respective reserch yers: on June 19 nd 20 s well s July 10) in 400 dm 3. h -1 of wter. For the control plots the flowers were counted for 20 plnts, twice for ech plot: t full looming of the min stem nd then on lterl shoots. Prior to hrvest from ech plot there were rndomly smpled 20 ech to define the structurl yielding components, nmely the numer of pods nd seeds, the seed weight, the seed numer nd weight per pod s well s the 1000 seed weight. The seed hrvest ws performed with 675

4 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... Wintersteiger plot comine. For the prmeters reserched there ws mde the nlysis of vrince nd the significnce of differences ws tested with the Tukey test t α = The reserch period recorded different wether conditions for the yellow lupin plnt development nd yielding (Tle 1). In 2007 nd 2009 wrm nd riny wether over the vegettive nd genertive development enhnced undnt looming nd pod setting, while semi-dry conditions t the end of July nd t the eginning of August - plnt ripening. However, n lmost two-fold higher totl rinfll, s compred with the multi-yer period, in July 2009 prolonged the plnt ripening nd the period of the vegettion to 145 dys. The wether conditions in 2008 were extremely unfvourle to lupin, especilly t the initil growth period nd then t the genertive stge. Strting from the third decde of April to mid July semi-drought nd drought occurred; the verge totl rinfll t tht time ws much lower thn the multi-yer men. Under such conditions lupin plnts ripened lredy fter 115 dys of vegettion. Results A vried wether conditions pttern over the reserch yers ffected considerly the genertive growth of yellow lupin plnts nd their yielding. Under fvourle moisture conditions in 2007 nd 2009 the coefficient of the use of iologicl potentil expressed s the quotient of the numer of pods on the hrvest dy nd the numer of flowers developed on the min stem ws, respectively, 28 nd 29%, nd in worse conditions, s fr s precipittion is concerned, in 2008 only 20% (Fig. 1). On lterl shoots, its vlue rnged from 0 in 2008 to 12.3% in 2009 (Fig. 2). Interestingly, the verge numer of developed flowers did not differ considerly nd it ws, respectively, on the min stem nd lterl shoots in successive reserch yers: 28.5 nd 20.2; 26.7 nd 11.7 s well s 32.5 nd However, irrespective of the moisture conditions in ll the reserch yers, incresing TRIA doses incresed the vlue of the coefficient of use of the iologicl potentil, especilly on the min stem. % ,5 1,0 2,0 mg. dm -3 TRIA Fig. 1. Effect of TRIA on the iologicl potentil use on min stem in yellow lupin Rys. 1. Wpływ TRIA n wykorzystnie potencjłu iologicznego n pędzie głównym łuinu żółtego 676

5 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... A similr use of the iologicl potentil y lupin plnts in 2007 nd 2009 resulted in high nd lmost the sme verge seed yields (Tle 2), nd in 2008 the seed yield exceeded 1t. h -1 slightly only. Only in 2007 lter use of TRIA (t the eginning of looming on lterl shoots) significntly incresed the seed yield; in the other two yers the dte of its ppliction did not differentite the yellow lupin seed yield significntly. Neither did the tricontnol ppliction dte ffect the vlue of structurl yield components significntly. In ll the reserch yers fter the use of TRIA there occurred n increse in the seed yield (Tle 3), however the most fvourle nd significnt effects towrds the control were reported in the unfvourle yer 2008 fter sprying the plnts with the ioregultor t the concentrtion of 2.0 mg. dm -3 (41.0% higher seed yield nd in 2007 nd 2009, 1 nd 0.5 mg. dm -3 (the seed yield increse, s compred with the control, y 27.2% nd 20.5%) were sufficient, respectively. % ,5 1,0 2,0 mg. dm -3 TRIA Fig. 2. Effect of TRIA on iologicl potentil use on yellow lupin lterl shoots Rys. 2. Wpływ TRIA n wykorzystnie potencjłu iologicznego n pędch ocznych łuinu żółtego All the yellow lupin structurl yield components investigted in the present reserch vried lot s ffected y tricontnol. It ws found tht n incresing TRIA concentrtion significntly incresed the verge numer of pods per min stem, remining with no effect on the numer on lterl shoots (Fig. 3). For the entire plnt the est effect ws recorded due to the ppliction of high concentrtion which incresed the verge numer of pods, s compred with the control plnts, y 31%, while the effect of the ppliction of vried TRIA doses ws significntly similr. The numer of pods on lterl shoots did not depend significntly on the TRIA dose. The significntly highest numer of lupin seeds per min stem ws recorded fter the ppliction of the highest tricontnol concentrtion (Fig. 4). The numer of seeds on lterl shoots did not depend significntly on the TRIA concentrtion. The lowest concentrtion of tricontnol incresed significntly, s compred with the control, 677

6 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... Tle 1. Men ir temperture nd totl rinfll ccording to the Mochełek Experiment Sttion Tel 1. Średni tempertur powietrz orz sum opdów według Stcji Bdwczej w Mochełku Specifiction Wyszczególnienie Men ir temperture Średni tempertur powietrz, C Yer Rok Men ir temperture over Średni tempertur powietrz w ltch , C Totl rinfll, Sum opdów, mm Men totl rinfll over Średni sum opdów w ltch , mm Month Miesiąc IV V VI VII VIII IX ,4 12,4 13,7 7, ,6 20,2 34,4 28, Tle 2. Effect of the TRIA ppliction dte on yellow lupin seed yield, t.h-1 Tel 2. Wpływ terminu zstosowni TRIA n plonownie łuinu żółtego, t.h-1 TRIA ppliction dte eginning of looming Yer Termin zstosowni TRIA początek kwitnieni kwitów Men Rok on the min stem on lterl shoots Średni n pędzie głównym n pędch ocznych B 2.22 A A 1.17 A A A 2.09 Men Średni Mens followed y the sme letters did not differ significntly t = 0.05 cc. to Tukey test Średnie oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie różniły się istotnie przy = 0,05 wg testu Tukey 678

7 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... the seed weight per plnt y out 15% (Fig. 5), however the effect of the high concentrtion ws lso more fvourle to the seed weight from lterl shoots. The thousnd yellow-lupin seed weight did not vry significntly s result of the ioregultor concentrtion nd it ws, in successive reserch yers, 135, 133 nd 134 g d c 2 0 npms npls npp mg. dm -3 TRIA Fig. 3. Effect of TRIA concentrtion on the numer of pods per min stem (npms), lterl shoots (npls) nd per plnt (npp) in yellow lupin. Mens followed y the sme letters did not differ significntly t α = 0.05 cc. to Tukey test Rys. 3. Wpływ stężeni TRIA n liczę strąków z pędu głównego (npms), pędów ocznych (npls) i z jednej rośliny (npp) łuinu żółtego. Średnie oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie różniły się istotnie przy α = 0,05 wg testu Tukey c c c nsms nsls nsp mg. dm -3 TRIA Fig. 4. Effect of TRIA concentrtion on the numer of seeds per min stem (nsms), lterl shoots (nsls) nd per plnt (nsp) in yellow lupin. Mens followed y the sme letters did not differ significntly t α = 0.05 cc. to Tukey test Rys. 4. Wpływ stężeni TRIA n liczę nsion z pędu głównego (nsms), pędów ocznych (nsls) i jednej rośliny (nsp) łuinu żółtego. Średnie oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie różniły się istotnie przy α = 0,05 wg testu Tukey 679

8 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... 7 g c c 1 0 wsms wsls wsp mg. dm -3 TRIA Fig. 5. Effect of TRIA concentrtion on the weight of seeds per min stem (wsms), lterl shoots (wsls) nd per plnt (wsp) in yellow lupin. Mens followed y the sme letters did not differ significntly t α = 0.05 cc. to Tukey test Rys. 5. Wpływ stężeni TRIA n msę nsion z pędu głównego (wsms), pędów ocznych (wsls) i z jednej rośliny (wsp) łuinu żółtego. Średnie oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie różniły się istotnie przy α = 0,05 wg testu Tukey Tle 3. Effect of TRIA concentrtion on yellow lupin seed yield, t. h -1 Tel 3. Wpływ stężeni TRIA n plonownie łuinu żółtego, t. h -1 Yer TRIA concentrtion Stężenie TRIA, mg. dm 3 Men Rok 0 0,5 1,0 2,0 Średni c Men Średni Mens followed y the sme letters did not differ significntly t = 0.05 cc. to Tukey test Średnie oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie różniły się istotnie przy =0,05 wg testu Tykey Discussion Yellow lupin yielding undergoes gretest fluctutions due to wether conditions, especilly the mount of precipittion nd its distriution [9]. The totl precipittion optiml for lupin in the vegettive period rnges from 350 to 400 mm [17], while the gretest wter requirements, esides the seed germintion stge, coincide with looming nd pod-setting, nd the drought over tht period hs very unfvourle effect on the yielding of ll the legumes. Under precipittion deficit in 2008 the plnts set less pods (no pods on lterl shoots t ll), which did not mke full use of the production potentil possile nd resulted in very low yielding (1.14 t. h -1 ). The yers 680

9 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus nd 2009, on the other hnd, demonstrted optiml moisture conditions for lupin; hence the seed yields exceeding 2 t. h -1. From the point of view of seed producers, high iologicl potentil mesured with the numer of developed flowers is not used y the yellow lupin plnts enough since considerle prt of genertive orgns (flowers nd podsets) shed still efore ripening [1,2,12]. According to Byszewski [5], the verge numer of flowers per yellow lupin plnt cn rech even 65, while the numer of pods on the hrvest dy rrely exceeds 15 (e.g. 24% of flowers), nd the seed yield 2 t. h -1. Similrly the results reported y other uthors point to low use of the iologicl potentil of different lupin species [7,16]. In the present reserch the numer of flowers per plnt over the reserch yers ws strongly differentited y moisture conditions during vegettion period nd rnged from 38.4 to However the verge vlue of the coefficient of use of the iologicl potentil on control plnts (with no TRIA pplied) ccounted for 25.6% on the min stem nd 5.4% on lterl shoots nd ws. On verge the TRIA doses incresed its vlue up to 32.2% nd 6.71%, nd this effect ws oserved in ech yer of experiment. The externl ppliction of growth regultors cn, t lest prtilly, limit lupin flower nd podsets shedding [4,14,15]. Once tricontnol ws invented, mny reserchers found its significnt effect on the enhncement of yielding of vrious legume species, e.g. chickpe [18], common en [4,6], mung en [10], cowpe [11] nd lentil [13]. The results otined in the present reserch showed tht ppliction of TRIA t ll the concentrtions significntly incresed yellow lupin yielding. Under unfvourle conditions the highest seed yield ws otined following ppliction of 2.0 mg. dm -3 TRIA dose, wheres under wether-fvourle condition, the low (0.5 mg. dm -3 ) or medium (1.0 mg. dm -3 ) dose incresed the seed yield significntly s compred to the control. Similrly fvourle results of TRIA were reported y Biernum et l. [3], however the seed yield increse depended on the TRIA dose nd it ws cultivrspecific. Vried yield-forming effects, dependent on the concentrtion of tricontnol, were lso reported y Kumrvelu et l. [10] oserving significnt increse in the mung en seed yield fter the folir ppliction of TRIA t the concentrtion of 0.5 mg. dm -3, however, significnt decrese when 2.0 mg. dm -3 TRIA ws pplied. Significntly est yield-forming effects in growing chickpe [18] nd common en [6] were noted following the ppliction of 4.0 mg. dm 3 of tricontnol. In the present reserch there ws lso oserved significnt increse in the vlue of structurl yielding of plnt components the numer of pods nd seeds s well s the seed weight per plnt fter the ppliction of incresing TRIA concentrtions. However TRIA doses did not ffect vlues of seed yield elements on lupin rnches. The most fvourle effects on those chrcters were recorded fter the use of 2 mg. dm -3 TRIA, while Kumrvelu et l. [10] noted tht 0.5 mg. dm -3 TRIA significntly increses the numer of pods nd seeds per plnt s well s the seed weight per pod in mung en. Most reserch into the use of TRIA in growing griculturl nd vegetle crops s well s ornmentl plnts were mde in Asi nd it is where the regultor is 681

10 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... pplied t the lrge production scle [8]. In Polnd numer of experiments hve een reported into the ppliction of vrious growth regultors to enhnce the use of the production potentil y legumes, however, none hs een lunched in griculturl prctise. Exceptionlly promising reserch results into tricontnol in growing yellow lupin for seed definitely cll for further experiments, lso into other legume species nd under vrious gro-climtic conditions. Summing up, tricontnol significntly incresed yellow lupin yielding, however, the TRIA yield-forming effect mostly depended on the totl precipittion nd its distriution. Under more fvourle moisture conditions the concentrtion of mg. dm -3 ws sufficient nd under less fvourle 2 mg. dm -3. A higher yellow lupin productivity resulted from fvourle effect of tricontnol on the increse in the vlue of the coefficient of use of the iologicl potentil of the plnts, especilly on the min stem. The incresing TRIA concentrtion lso significntly incresed the vlue of structurl lupin yielding components, except for the 1000 seed weight. There ws found significnt effect of the TRIA ppliction dte neither on yellow lupin yielding nor on the structurl seed yield components. References [1] Aufhmmer W., Nlorczyk E., Geyer B., Götz J., Mck C., Pluch S., Interctions etween nd within inflorescence in reltion to the storge cpcity of field ens (Vici f). J. Agric. Sci. (1989) 112: [2] Bngerth F., Dominnce mong fruits/sinks nd the serch for correltive signl. Physiol. Plnt. (1989) 76: [3] Biernum J.A., Houtz R., Ries S.K., Field studies with crops treted with colloidlly dispersed tricontnol. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (1988) 113(5): [4] Borowsk M., Prusiński J., Zstosownie Ekolistu i IBA w uprwie nsiennej łuinu iłego (Lupinus lus L.). Biul. IHAR (2005) 237/238: [5] Byszewski S., Wyniki dń nd iologią kwitnieni Lupinus luteus L. Wid. Bot. (1969) XIII, 3: [6] Chikksunn V., Ngrjpp H., Jyprsd K.V., Nnjundpp G., Effect of prehrvest sprys of tricontnol on the growth, yield nd storge ehvior of en. J. Mhrshtr Agric. Univ. (1995) 20(1): [7] Glek R., Klińsk H., Swick-Sienkiewicz E., Anliz wyrnych cech morfologicznych i struktury plonu w kolekcji łuinu wąskolistnego. Biul. IHAR (2006) 240/241:

11 Borowsk nd Prusiński: Effect Of Tricontnol On The Productivity Of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus... [8] Jnkiewicz L.S., Trikontnol i 9-β-L(+)-denozyn regultor II rzędu powstjący pod jego wpływem. W: Regultory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin. Włściwości i dziłnie (Red. J. Jnkiewicz). PWN Wrszw, 1997, pp [9] Kotecki A., Wpływ tempertury i opdów n rozwój i plonownie łuinu żółtego odminy Topz. Zesz. Nuk. AR Wrocłw, Rolnictwo (1990) 199: [10] Kumrvelu G., Livingstone V., Rmnujm M.P., Tricontnol-induced chnges in the growth, photosynthetic pigments, cell metolites, flowering nd yield of green grm. Biol. Plnt. (2000) 43(2): [11] Neem M., Khn M.N., Siddiqui M.H., Tricontnol stimultes nitrogen-fixtion, enzyme ctivities, photosynthesis, crop productivity nd qulity of hycinth en (Ll purpureus L.). Sci. Hort. (2009) 121: [12] Nlorczyk E., Biologiczne uwrunkowni produktywności roślin strączkowych. Frgm. Agron. (1993) 4: [13] Prsd M., Prsd R., Effect of plnt growth regultors sed on long chin liphtic lcohols on seed nd strw yield of lentil (Lens culinris). LENS Newsletter (ICARDA), Lentil Experimentl News Service (1990) 17(2): [14] Prusiński J., Effect of flurprimidol on nrrow-lef nd white lupins seed yield. EJPAU (2002) 5(2) html. [15] Prusiński J., Borowsk M., Impct of selected growth regultors nd Ekolist on yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seed yield. EJPAU (2001) 4(2), medi.pl/volume4/ issue2/gronomy/rt-04.html. [16] Prusiński J., Kszkowik E., Borowsk M., Produkcyjne efekty zstosowni IBA i Ekolistu w uprwie łuinu żółtego (Lupinus luteus L.), wąskolistnego (Lupinus ngustifolius L.) i iłego (Lupinus lus L.). Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol. (2010) 550: [17] Rojek S., Potrzey wodne roślin motylkowych. W: Potrzey wodne roślin uprwnych. Red. J. Dzieżyc. PWN Wrszw, [18] Singh K., Afri B.S., Kkrly B.L., Seed nd protein yield of mcrosperm chickpe in response to tretments with growth sustnces under field conditions. Indin J. Plnt Physiol. (1991) 34(2):