J. Elmntol. 2008, 13(4): 589-596 589 EFFECT OF MANGANESE DEFICIENCY ON GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERS, LEAF GREENNESS (SPAD) AND YIELD OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.) AND ORCHARD GRASS (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.) Mrznn Olszwsk, Stfn Grzgorzyk Chir of Grssln Mngmnt Univrsity of Wrmi n Mzury in Olsztyn Astrt Th ojtiv of this stuy ws to trmin th fft of mngns fiiny in soil on th rt of photosynthsis n trnspirtion, wtr us ffiiny, lf grnnss n th yil of slt ultivrs of prnnil rygrss (Lolium prnn L.) n orhr grss (Dtylis glomrt L.). During th growing sson, th rt of photosynthsis n trnspirtion ws msur using LI-COR 6400 gs nlyzr (Portl Photosynthsis Systm), n lf grnnss ws stimt with Minolt SPAD-502 hlorophyll mtr. Wtr us ffiiny (WUE) ws lult s on instntnous vlus of photosynthsis n trnspirtion. Dry mttr yil ws trmin y grn mttr rying to onstnt wight t 105 o C. Th rsults of th stuy init tht th rspons of grsss to mngns fiiny in soil ws pnnt on plnt spis n ultivr. In th prsnt xprimnt prnnil rygrss ultivrs show strongr rspons to mngns fiit thn orhr grss ultivrs. Thir rspons involv rs in th rt of photosynthsis n trnspirtion, n in th hlorophyll ontnt of lvs. Among th tst ultivrs, prnnil rygrss v. Mj ws foun to most snsitiv to mngns fiiny in soil, s onfirm y th highst rs in th vlus of ll xmin prmtrs. Ky wors: mngns fiiny, prnnil rygrss, orhr grss, photosynthsis, trnspirtion, wtr us ffiiny (WUE), lf grnnss (SPAD), yil. r in. Mrznn Olszwsk, Chir of Grssln Mngmnt, Univrsity of Wrmi n Mzury, pl. ózki 1/8, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poln, phon: (089) 523 35 01, -mil: mrznn. olszwsk@uwm.u.pl
590 WP YW NIEDOBORU MANGANU NA WSKA NIKI WYMIANY GAZOWEJ, INDEKS ZIELONOŒCI LIŒCI (SPAD) ORAZ PLONOWANIE YCICY TRWA EJ (LOLIUM PERENNE L). I KUPKÓWKI POSPOLITEJ (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.) Astrkt Clm pry y³ on wp³ywu niooru mngnu w gli n intnsywnoœæ fotosyntzy i trnspirji, wspó³zynnik wykorzystni woy, inks zilonoœi liœi orz plonowni wyrnyh omin yiy trw³j (Lolium prnn L.) i kupkówki pospolitj (Dtylis glomrt L.). W okrsi wgtji mirzono intnsywnoœæ fotosyntzy i trnspirji z pomo¹ prznoœngo nliztor gzowgo LI-COR 6400 orz inks zilonoœi liœi z pomo¹ optyzngo hlorofilomtru Minolt SPAD-502. N postwi hwilowyh wrtoœi fotosyntzy i trnspirji wylizono wspó³zynnik wykorzystni woy (WUE). Plon suhj msy okrœlono przz wysuszni zilonj msy w tmprturz 105 o C, o st³j wgi. Wykzno, rkj trw n nioór mngnu w gli zl y o gtunku roœliny i ominy. Wiêksz¹ rkjê n fiyt mngnu, polgj¹¹ n ogrnizniu prosu fotosyntzy i trnspirji orz zmnijszniu zwrtoœi hlorofilu w liœih, wykzyw³y ominy yiy trw³j ni kupkówki pospolitj. Njrzij wr liw n nioór mngnu w gli y³ omin yiy trw³j Mj, u którj stwirzono w njwiêkszym stopniu ogrnizni wszystkih nyh prmtrów. S³ow kluzow: nioór mngnu, yi trw³, kupkówk pospolit, fotosyntz, trnspirj, WUE, inks SPAD, plonowni. INTRODUCTION Mngns is ssntil for th growth n vlopmnt of plnts (JANKOWSKI t l. 2000, CIOROI, FLOREA 2003). This lmnt is growth stimultor n n tivtor of numrous nzymti prosss. It lso prtiipts in nitrogn ssimiltion, th synthsis of protins n vitmin C, rspirtion, s wll s in th rtions of splitting wtr to lirt oxygn uring photosynthsis (GRZYŒ 2004). Morovr, mngns ffts hlorophyll prsistn, n its fiiny uss hlorophyll rkown unr th influn of strong light. Mngns fiit isturs norml growth n vlopmnt of plnts. Th symptoms of mngns fiiny in grsss inlu lf hlorosis, slowr growth rt n filur to rspons to nitrogn n iron (FALKOWSKI t l. 1990). Mngns fiiny ours most oftn in rops grown on nutrl ront soils n on soils with high humus ontnt (KABATA-PENDIAS, PENDIAS 1999, JODE KA t l. 2000, HALASOVA t l. 2001, KOPITTKE, MENZIES 2004). Th ojtiv of this stuy ws to trmin th fft of mngns fiiny in soil on th rt of photosynthsis n trnspirtion, wtr us ffiiny, lf grnnss n th yil of slt ultivrs of prnnil rygrss n orhr grss.
591 MATERIALS AND METHODS Th xprimnt ws onut in grnhous of th Univrsity of Wrmi n Mzury in Olsztyn. Kik-Brukmnn pots wr fill with 10 kg of soil vlop from loos sn, hrtriz y low ontnt of phosphorus (31 mg kg -1 ), potssium (42 mg kg -1 ), mgnsium (13 mg kg -1 ) n mngns (8.7 mg kg -1 ). Soil rtion ws slightly ii ph 5.8 m -3 in 1 mol KCl. Th xprimnt ws prform in four rplitions. In h pot, 2 to 3 ss of grss wr sown t 10 points, n th plnts wr thinn immitly ftr mrgn, lving 7 plnts pr pot. Th xprimnt involv two ultivrs of prnnil rygrss (Lolium prnn L.): ttrploi Mj n iploi Argon, n two ultivrs of orhr grss (Dtylis glomrt L.): ttrploi Dl n iploi Ar. Control pots wr frtiliz with nutrint solution ontining 1.00 g N s CO(NH 2 ) 2, 0.25 g P s KH 2 PO 4, 1.00 g K s K 2 SO 4 n 0.50 g Mg s MgSO 4 7H 2 O. A mironutrint solution (30 ml pot -1 ), ompos of 2.65 g F in EDTA, 0.09 g MnCl 2 4H 2 O, 0.1 g ZnCl 2, 0.03 g CuCl 2 2H 2 O, 0.12 g H 3 BO 3 n 0.01 g (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 4H 2 O pr kg of soil, ws lso ppli. Th rmining pots wr not frtiliz with mngns. During th growing sson lf grnnss ws stimt with Minolt SPAD-502 hlorophyll mtr, whil th rt of photosynthsis n trnspirtion ws msur using LI-COR 6400 gs nlyzr (Portl Photosynthsis Systm), t ir tmprtur of roun 25 o C, onstnt CO 2 onntrtion of 400 ppm n illumintion of 1000 µmol m -2 s -1. Four msurmnts wr prform for h rgrowth. Mn vlus for rgrowths r prsnt in th ppr. Wtr us ffiiny (WUE) ws lult s on instntnous vlus of photosynthsis n trnspirtion. Th ovgroun prts of plnts wr ut thr tims ovr th growing sson. Dry mttr yil ws trmin y grn mttr rying to onstnt wight t 105 o C. Th rsults wr pross sttistilly with th us of Sttisti softwr. Th signifin of iffrns ws vrifi y Tuky s tst t p = 0.99. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th tst ultivrs show low intnsity of photosynthsis, rnging from 5.58 to 8.88 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 on vrg (Tl 1). Cv. Argon ws mrk y th highst rt of photosynthsis. Mngns fiiny in soil signifintly limit photosynthsis intnsity in ll tst ultivrs. Th prsnt rsults r onsistnt with th finings of othr uthors (OHKI 1985, SIENKIEWICZ-CHOLEWA 2002) who lso osrv lowr rt of photosynthsis in mngns-fiint trtmnts. In th prsnt xprimnt th rt of photosynthsis rs y 23% unr mngns fiit onitions, om-
592 Ar Dl Argon Mj Ar Dl Argon Mj Cultivrs Control ojt Mngns fiiny Intnsity of photosynthsis (µmol CO2 m- 2 s - 1 ) ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny Frtiliztion mngns mngns mngns mngns ut 5.98 6.49 7.16 5.55 9.46 5.81 6.30 3.07 Mn for ultivrs 6.23 6.36 7.63 4.68 Mn for frtiliztion 7.22 5.23 2 n ut 9.17 7.43 8.39 8.69 10.25 8.00 10.43 8.13 8.30 8.54 9.13 9.28 9.56 8.06 3 r ut 7.38 4.62 5.92 6.59 6.93 4.51 9.00 f 5.53 6.00 6.26 5.72 7.28 7.31 5.31 Tl 1 Mn 7.51 6.18 7.16 6.95 8.88 6.11 8.58 5.58 6.84 7.05 7.49 7.08 8.03 6.20 Mn for uts 6.23 8.81 6.31 7.12 *homognous sttistil groups (vlus mrk with sm lttr i not iffr sttistilly) pr to ontrol trtmnts. Th rspons of prnnil rygrss ultivrs to mngns fiiny ws strongr thn tht of orhr grss ultivrs, s onfirm y highr rs in photosynthsis intnsity. This oul u to th ility of orhr grss to umult n stor lrg quntitis of mngns (DOBOSZYÑSKI, WASILEWSKI, 1983, M YNARCZYK, OLKOWSKI 1986, JARGIE O t l. 1991). Cv. Mj ws foun to lst rsistnt to mngns fiiny. Th rt of photosynthsis rs y 35% in this ultivr. In oth spis n in ll ultivrs th highst rt of CO 2 ssimiltion ws ror in th son rgrowth. Mngns fiiny limit wtr trnspirtion pr unit lf r. Th vlu of this initor ws on vrg 24% lowr in mngns-fiint trtmnts, in omprison with ontrol trtmnts (Tl 2). Orhr grss rspon only slightly to mngns fiiny th rt of trnspirtion in th tst ultivrs of this spis i not iffr signifintly sujt to th lvl of mngns frtiliztion. On th othr hn, th vlu of this prmtr rs y 34% n 42% in prnnil rygrss ultivrs not frtiliz with mngns. Th highst rt of trnspirtion n th highst rution in wtr vportion unr mngns fiit onitions wr not in v. Mj. Ths rsults ontrit th finings of OHKI (1985) who postult tht mngns fiiny h no fft on trnspirtion in ommon wht. It shoul lso strss tht prtiulr rgrowths iffr with rspt to th rt of trnspirtion pr unit lf r. Th highst rt
593 Ar Dl Argon Mj Ar Dl Argon Mj Cultivrs Control ojt Mngns fiiny Intnsity of trnspirtion (m mol H2O m -2 s - 1 ) ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny Frtiliztion mngns mngns mngns mngns ut 0.90 1.32 1.04 1.05 1.21 0.81 2.03 1.05 Mn for ultivrs 1.11 1.05 1.01 1.54 Mn for frtiliztion 1.29 1.06 2 n ut 0.92 0.68 0.77 0.80 1.31 f 0.81 1.19 0.76 0.80 0.78 1.06 0.97 1.04 0.76 3 r ut 0.52 0.28 0.53 0.51 0.38 0.28 0.36 0.26 0.40 0.52 0.33 0.31 0.45 0.33 Tl 2 Mn 0.78 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.96 0.64 1.19 0.69 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.94 0.93 0.71 Mn for uts 1.18 0.90 0.39 0.82 Explntions, s Tl 1 of trnspirtion ws ror in th first rgrowth, n thn it grully rs. Mngns fiiny in soil h no onsirl influn on wtr rltions in th invstigt spis n ultivrs of grss. In th ultivrs Argon n Mj wtr us ffiiny rs only slightly, y 3% n 5% rsptivly, whil in th ultivrs of orhr grss WUE inrs to slight gr (Tl 3). A omprison of wtr us ffiiny in th tst ultivrs rvl tht it rh th highst lvl in v. Mj. In ll ultivrs th highst wtr us ffiiny ws osrv in th thir rgrowth, whih rsult from low rt of trnspirtion. Lf grnnss msurmnts show tht orhr grss ultivrs ontin lss hlorophyll in lvs thn prnnil rygrss ultivrs (Tl 4). Among th ultivrs of prnnil rygrss, v. Mj h signifintly highr hlorophyll ontnt (44.83 SPAD units on vrg). Mngns fiit rsult in rs in hlorophyll onntrtions, y 5.5% on vrg. Cv. Mj show th strongst rspons to mngns fiiny, lthough th hlorophyll ontnt of lvs rs in this ultivr y only 8% on vrg. Litrtur on th sujt provis no informtion on th impt of mngns frtiliztion on th hlorophyll ontnt of grsss, whih mks til isussion of th rsults impossil. Howvr, in stuy onut-
594 Ar Dl Argon Mj Ar Dl Argon Mj Cultivrs Control ojt Mngns fiiny Wtr us ffiiny (µmol CO2 m- 2 s - 1 m mol H2O m -2 s - 1 ) ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny Frtiliztion mngns mngns mngns mngns ut 6.70 4.93 6.89 5.29 7.85 7.16 3.10 2.93 Mn for ultivrs 5.82 6.09 7.50 3.01 Mn for frtiliztion 6.13 5.08 2 n ut 10.02 10.96 10.93 10.90 7.84 9.88 8.78 10.78 10.49 10.91 8.86 9.78 9.39 10.63 3 r ut 14.26 16.64 11.28 12.93 18.38 15.99 24.86 g 21.07 f 15.45 12.11 17.18 22.96 17.19 16.66 Tl 3 Mn 10.33 10.84 9.70 9.71 11.36 11.01 12.25 11.56 10.58 9.70 11.18 11.92 10.91 10.79 Mn for uts 5.60 10.01 16.93 10.85 Explntions, s Tl 1 Ar Dl Argon Mj Ar Dl Argon Mj Cultivrs Control ojt Mngns fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny Lf grnnss inx Frtiliztion mngns mngns mngns mngns (SPAD) ut 36.13 34.45 35.43 36.43 39.95 37.80 44.98 40.45 Mn for ultivrs 35.29 35.93 38.88 42.72 Mn for frtiliztion 39.12 37.28 2 n ut 42.03 40.05 40.05 38.55 43.18 40.43 48.10 45.85 41.04 39.30 41.80 46.98 43.34 41.22 3 r ut 40.85 38.38 41.03 36.48 41.58 41.30 46.90 42.60 39.61 38.75 41.44 44.75 42.59 39.69 Tl 4 Mn 39.67 37.63 38.84 37.15 41.57 39.84 46.66 43.00 38.64 37.99 40.70 44.83 41.69 39.40 Mn for uts 37.83 42.05 41.62 40.50 Explntions, s Tl 1
595 Ar Dl Argon Mj Ar Dl Argon Mj Cultivrs Control ojt Mngns fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny ontrol ojt fiiny D ry mttr yil (g pot - 1 ) Frtiliztion mngns mngns mngns mngns Tl 5 y OHKI (1985) mngns fiit in soil ru hlorophyll onntrtions in th lvs of ommon wht, similrly s in th tst grss spis. In th urrnt xprimnt th lowst hlorophyll ontnt of lvs ws ror in th first rgrowth, rgrlss of ultivr. Th yil of orhr grss v. Ar ws foun to th lowst, whil th yils of th othr invstigt ultivrs rmin t omprl lvl (Tl 5). A lowr yil of this ultivr ws lso not in our rlir stuis (OLSZEWSKA 2004, 2005, 2006). Mngns fiiny rs th yil of grsss, y roun 7% on vrg. Th grtst fft of mngns fiit on yiling ws osrv in prnnil rygrss v. Mj, whos yil lin y pproximtly 14% in omprison with ontrol trtmnts. It shoul strss tht this ultivr show th strongst rspons to fiit in soil Mn, rflt y th highst rop in th vlus of ll xmin prmtrs. ut 7.43 6.80 8.15 8.18 7.50 8.05 8.73 6.48 Mn for ultivrs 7.11 8.16 7.78 7.61 Mn for frtiliztion 7.95 7.38 2 n ut 7.63 6.78 7.43 7.08 7.13 6.50 7.05 6.63 7.20 7.25 6.81 6.84 7.31 6.75 3 r ut 5.45 4.53 5.68 5.78 6.45 6.10 6.70 6.25 4.99 5.73 6.28 6.48 6.07 5.66 Mn 20.50 18.10 21.25 21.03 21.08 20.65 22.48 19.36 19.30 21.14 20.86 20.93 21.33 19.79 Mn for uts 7.71 7.06 5.87 20.64 Explntions, s Tl 1 CONCLUSIONS 1. Th rspons of grsss to mngns fiiny in soil ws pnnt on plnt spis n ultivr. Prnnil rygrss ultivrs show strongr rspons to mngns fiit thn orhr grss ultivrs. Thir
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