Regionalne ugrupowania integracyjne RTAs a reguły WTO Katarzyna Śledziewska k.sledziewska@uw.edu.pl www.wne.uw.edu.pl/~sledziewska
Outline Historia regionalizmu RTAs i reguły WTO Znaczenie RTAs Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Historia regionalizmu Pierwsze regionalne ugrupowania - w XIX wieku. W 1828 roku Prusy - unia celna z Hesja-Darmstadt. Następnie powstała Bawaria Wirtembergia Unia Celna, Middle German Commercial Union, Niemiecka Unia Celna (German Zollverein), Północno Niemiecka Unia Podatkowa (the North German Tax Union), the German Monetary Union w końcu II Rzesza Niemiecka Rzesza w 1871. Ta fala - Szwajcarii w 1848 w wyniku integracji rynków i unii politycznej. Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Historia regionalizmu RTAs stały się dominującą formą dopiero w XX wieku Po II WŚ nie wiadomo czemu został wprowadzony wyjątek od KNU skoro tak silnie dbano o wprowadzenie niedyskryminacyjnej liberalizacji. Początkowo w negocjacjach Keynes reprezentujący Wielką Brytanię chciał przeforsować dyskryminacyjną liberalizację ze względu na Imperium przeciwstawił się temu Hull. US zgadza się na unie celne unia Szwajcaria-Liechtenstein już funkcjonuje FTA przechodzi jako pierwszy krok ku CU ostatecznie jednak oba te typy ugrupowań - jednakowo Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Historia regionalizmu Wczesny regionalizm w Europie: European Economic Community and the treaty of Rome (1958) EFTA (1968): rola WB Wczesny regionalizm wśród krajów rozwijających się: ASEAN (1967): motywy bezpieczeństwa. Tripartite agreement pomiędzy Egiptem, Indiami, Jugosławią: motywy ideologiczne
Outline Historia regionalizmu RTAs i reguły pochodzenia Znaczenie RTAs Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Reguły WTO GATT Zasada niedyskryminacji centralna koncepcją Jednocześnie rozpoznaje potrzebę wprowadzenia współpracy pomiędzy państwami na zasadach dyskryminacyjnych Regionalizm- najważniejszy wyjątek od zasady niedyskryminacji Trzy podstawowe reguły pozwalają na RTAs: 1. Article XXIV of the GATT 2. the Enabling Clause 3. Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
WTO rules Article XXIV of the GATT lays down conditions for the establishment and operation of free trade agreements and customs unions covering trade in goods Paragraph 4 the purpose of a customs union or of a free-trade area should be to the purpose of a customs union or of a free-trade area should be to facilitate trade between the constituent territories and not to raise barriers to the trade of other contracting parties with such territories
WTO rules Article XXIV of the GATT Paragraph 8 Definitions A customs union» substitution of a single customs territory for two or more customs territories» duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated substantially» the same duties and other regulations of commerce are applied by each of the members of the union A free-trade area» a group of two or more customs territories in which the duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the constituent territories in products originating in such territories.
WTO rules Article XXIV of the GATT Paragraph 8 duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated with respect to substantially all the trade between the constituent territories of the union substantially the same duties and other regulations of commerce are applied by each of the members of the union to the trade of territories not included in the union
WTO rules Article XXIV of the GATT Paragraph 8 substantially all the trade It is commonly accepted that agriculture is excluded (EFTA) or only included selectively (EU with Mediterrean coutries Questions, doubts substantially all the trade 100% or 90%? an exception to MNF allowed as long as it is total (100 percent of trade) rather than partial (20 percent preference for parnet country)
WTO rules Article XXIV of the GATT Paragraph 5 the duties and other regulations of commerce ( ) shall not on the whole be higher or more restrictive than the general incidence of the duties and regulations of commerce applicable in the constituent territories prior to the formation of such union or the adoption of such interim agreement Interim agreements are also possible, provided they lead to a FTA (CU) within a reasonable time
WTO rules the Enabling Clause, formally the 1979 Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of developing Countries, permits regional agreements among developing countries on trade in goods The provisions of paragraph 1 apply to referential tariff treatment accorded by developed contracting parties to products originating in developing countries in accordance with the Generalized System of Preferences de facto unlimited discretion to coclude incomplete preferential agreements or any kind of FTAs
WTO rules Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Economic integration establishes conditions that permit liberalization of trade in services among regional partners for both developed and developing countries provides for the absence or elimination of substantially all discrimination between or among the parties through: elimination of existing discriminatory measures, and/or prohibition of new or more discriminatory measures,
WTO rules Article XXIV p. 10 The CONTRACTING PARTIES may by a two-thirds majority approve proposals which do not fully comply with the requirements of paragraphs 5 to 9 inclusive, provided that such proposals lead to the formation of a customs union or a free-trade area in the sense of this Article Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
WTO rules Article XXV p. 5 In exceptional circumstances not elsewhere provided for in this Agreement, the CONTRACTING PARTIES may waive an obligation imposed upon a contracting party by this Agreement; Provided that any such decision shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast and that such majority shall comprise more than half of the contracting parties. Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
WTO rules Inne umowy preferencyjne z udziałem krajów rozwijających się i rozwiniętych pozwolenie wymaga zgody trzech czwartych głosów członków WTO. the US Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA),he CARIBCAN agreement Turkey-Preferential treatment for Bosnia-Herzegovina the EC-ACP Partnership Agreement. Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Notifications of RTAs in force to GATT/WTO Enabling clause GATS Art. V GATT Art. XXIV Grand total Customs Union 6 8 14 Customs Union - Accession 0 6 6 Economic Integration Agreement 80 80 EIA- Accession 3 3 Free Trade Agreement 10 159 169 Free Trade Agreement - Accession 0 1 1 Partial Scope Agreement 14 14 Partial Scope Agreement - Accession 1 1 Grand total 31 83 174 288 Source: http://rtais.wto.org/ui/publicmaintainrtahome.aspx
Strefy wolnego handlu, umowy wielostronne
Unie celne, umowy wielostronne i bilateralne
Outline Historical perspective Regional Trade Agreements and WTO rules Significance of RTAs Dr Katarzyna Śledziewska
Significance Integration: Has affected most of the countries in the world Has become an unavoidable and powerful element in most national and international economic policy decisions Economic integration securing access to a wider market and reinforcing growth However past experience Negative in certain developing-country groups
Significance The number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has grown rapidly since WTO came into existence in 1995 The most significant exception to WTO s principal of non-discrimination More than 50 percent of world trade is conducted within these preferential trade arrangements
2004 2008 RTAs in force by date of entry into force 250 200 150 Establishment of WTO 100 50 0 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
Significance Number of RTAs 1990-27 1995-60 2000-102 2005 186 2009 266 2011-288 Regionalism is in fashion. It seems that every month brings news of yet another agreement among a group of countries, or between one group and another, to strength their economic links, particularly by removing barriers to trade and investment among themselves. Frankel (1997)
Wewnątrz i między regionalne umowy w Europie Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Wewnątrz regionalne umowy w Amerykach Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Między regionalne umowy Ameryk Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Wewnątrz regionalne umowy w Azji i Australii Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Między regionalne umowy Azji i Australii Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Wewnątrz regionalne umowy w Afryce Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Między regionalne umowy Afryki Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf
Przyszłość układów Źródło: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers12a_e.pdf