The influence of the mixture type on the productive and economic results of fattening of hybrid pigs

Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego, t. 5 (2009), nr 3 The influence of the mixture type on the productive and economic results of fattening of hybrid pigs Anna Rekiel, Dorota Olejniczak Warsaw University oflife Sciences (SGGW), Faculty of Animai Sciences Unit ofpig Breeding, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw The effect 01'two \ines of full-ratlon mixtures - EURO (E) and STANDARD (S) on the resujts of fattening and slaughter value of crossbred fatteners Topie x Stock (E - 1920 animals and S - 1920 animals) and Naima (E - 2700 animals) was examined. Three-stage fattening was conducted from body weight of ca. 24 ± 1 kg to final BW equal to 112 ± 1 kg. The Dutch hybrids fed the feeds of E versus S \ine had by 13.1 % higher daily gains, by 5.1 % better feed conversion, by 4.23% higher dressing percentage (DP) and by 4.0% higher meatiness. Very good parameters ot' fattening and slaughter value of French hybrids, receiving E feeds, were obtained: daily gains - 871 g; feed conversion - 1.82 kg/kg; dressing percentage - 78.17 % and meatiness - 56.6%. Production and financial resuts confirmed the rightness of employing intensive nutrition programme in fattening of animals with a high growth and meatiness potential. KEY WORDS: pigs / fattening / type of mixture / effectiveness of fattening The profitability of pork meat production or its lack is decided by difference, obtained between the incomes from sale of fatteners and the cots born on their production. The main items of costs are constituted by the animals, bought for fattening and the consumed feed [7, 10], therefore, the relations between the unitary price of livestock and feed have a special meaning for effectiveness of pig production [8]. mport of pigs from the EU countries has contributed to the development of the offer for sale of pigs, intended for fattening for Polish producers. At present, they are able to fatten and sell the crossbred animals coming from Polish Landrace and Polish Large White sows and Duroc, Pietrain, Hampshire and 990!ine boars as well as Dutch, French and American hybrids, after earlier purchase abroad of piglets for fattening, or their production in own farm [1,4,8]. The correct contents of energy and nutrients in the mixtures for growing animals and the correct balancing of the mixture in respect of energy-protein eontent [6, 8] play 53

the important role in the nutrition of pigs with a high genetic potential of quick growth, good feed conversion and high meatiness. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of the type of mixtures on the results of fattening, slaughter value and economics of fattening of the crossbred pigs. -1 lj Materiał and methods i i, i The studies were performed in the years 2006-2007 in the individual farm, situated in the Łódzkie voivodeship. During the research period, the form of production on the pig farm was changed frorn an open production cyc\e (fattening of purchased pigs) into a c\osed cyc\e (multipication of the breeding material and fattening). Within the frames of the experiment, piglets (sows and boars) of Topie x Stock breed (Dutch hybrids) were purchased and reared in the farm from the body weight of ca. 8-10 kg to 20-25 kg, employing full-ration mixtures of,,s" and "E" line (l: l) (Tab, ). For specific fattening, 3840 piglets were selected (exc\uding weak and starveling animals) and they were divided into 8 groups (Tab. 2). The piglets fed,,s" line mixtures were aocated to groups l, 3, 5 and 7; the same line of feeds was maintained in their nutrition; the piglets, receiving "E" mixtures were found in groups 2, 4, 6 and 8 and in their nutrition, the full-r ation mixtures of "E" line were employed (Tab, l). After completion of fattening, the preliminary analysis of the obtained results was carried out. Better indicators of fattening were obtained by the animals, fed the mixtures of "E" line as compared to line,,s"; therefore, the decision was undertaken on appication of mixtures ofeuro line in nutrition of growing hybrid piglets and fatteners of Nairna breed (GALLA x RED ONE) - see Table l. After the preliminary rearing of the piglets and selection of sows, 6 groups for fattening were created (groups 9-14). They inc\uded barrows and the sows, not qualified for further breeding. Dutch hybrids (groups 1-8) and French groups (groups 9-14) were fattened by 3-stage system. The body weight of the growing pigs was determinant of the change of the mixture: stage - 20-35 kg; stage - 35-60 kg and stage - 60-110 kg. During the period of fattening, the contral weighing of the representative number of animals for the gro up s was carried out; on the ground of it, the optimum moment of the mixture's change was estabished. Ad libitum nutrition from automatic feed dispensers was ernployed; the animals consumed on dry-granulated mixture. Fattening was conducted in pig house with the area of2075 m 2 (83 x 25 m), divided into 8 chambers. Each of them was divided into 4 pens, each of the area of 62.4 m 2 (12 x 5.2 m). n a single box, 60 animals were kept (1.04 m 2 of area per one individual covered with fattening). The standards of welfare in the field of management, nutrition and drinking were satisfied [12]. Fattening of the Dutch hybrids was carried out in two stages: stage inc\uded the animals aocated to groups 1-4 and stage - the animals from groups 5-8. Then, fattening of the Dutch hybrids was commenced, successively placing the pigs in free chambers (groups 9-14). l! i! 54

Table 1 - Tabela 1 Mixtures employed in the experiment Mieszanki użyte w doświadczeniu Body weight - Masa ciała 10-20 kg 20-35 kg 35-60 kg >60 kg 10-20 kg 20-35 kg 35-60 kg >60 kg Parameters Mixtures of STANDARD line (S) Mixtures of EURO line (E) Parametry Mieszanki linii STANDARD (S) Mieszanki linii EURO (E) T-204 T-220 T-221 T-222 SPRNTER STARTER GROVER FNSHER SPRNTER+ STARTER GROVER FNSHER T-306 EURO EURO EURO STANDARD STANDARD STANDARD T-340 T-341 T-342 Min. energy (MJ ME) 13.30 12.68 12.68 12.68 13.55 12.94 12.94 12.94 Energia min. (MJ EM) Min. net energy (MJ ME) 9.50 9.06 9.06 9.06 9.68 9.24 9.24 9.24 Energia netto min. (MJ EM) Min. crude protein (% calculated) 18 17 15 14 21 18 16 15 Białko ogólne min. (% kalkulowane) Min. crude protein (% guaranteed) 17 16 14 13 20 17 15 14 Białko ogólne min. (% gwaruntowane) Crude fibre rnax. (%) 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 4.2 6.9 7.4 8.0 Włókno surowe maks. (%) Crude ash min.-max. (%) 4.9-6.9 4.1-6.1 3.6-5.6 2.8-4.8 Popiól surowy min.-maks. (%) Crude fat min. (%) 5.1-7.1 3.8-5.8 5.1-7.1 3.7-5.7 Tluszcz surowy min. (%) Ca min. (%) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.77 0.80 0.70 OSO Digestible P min. (%) 0.35 0.28 0.24 0.18 0.45 0.33 0.24 0.18 P strawny min. (%) Na min. (%) 0.20 015 0.14 0.14 0.30 0.15 0.14 0.14 Lysine min. (%) 1.13 0.93 0.87 0.77 1.50 1.01 0.95 0.85 Lizyna min. (%) Methionine min. (%) 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.48 0.34 0.31 0.28 Metionina min. (%) Met. + Cyst. min. (%) 0.70 0.59 0.54 0.48 093 0.64 0.60 055 Tryptophane min. (%) 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.31 0.22 0.20 0.18 Tryptofan min. (%) Treonine min. (%) 0.69 0.60 056 0.51 0.93 0.65 0.61 0.56 Ul Treonina min. (%) Ul

The animals were clinically healthy and stayed under the control of veterinary surgeon throughout the whole period of research. The vet implemented the prophylactic program, specific of the herd. The following indicators we re controlled: fattening parameters (daily gains and feed conversion), scale of losses of animals in fattening (deaths) and dressing percentage and meatiness of fatteners which was estimated by ultrasound equipment in meat factory. Financial result obtained from the sale of fatteners was subrnitted; the mean market prices from 2007 were adopted. Results and discussion Production results of the Dutch fatteners fed the mixtures of "S" and "E" line have been presented in Table 2. The mentioned results are very good. As it is folowed from the data found in literature [2, 5, 9, 15] the excessive concentration of animals in pen may have an unfavourable effect on daily gains and level of losses in rearing and fattening. The requirements concerning the conditions of management of the fattened animals were consolidated, correct and consistent with the recommendations, contained in the Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development [12] what indicates that the differences in the indicators of fattening and slaughter quality of fatteners were caused by the effect of the nutritional factors (Tab. 2); they were dependent on the type of the employed mixtures. Daily body weight gains in the groups, receiving the mixtures of EURO line, as compared to the animals fed the mixtures of STANDARD line were by 13.1 % higher and feed conversion per one l kg of gain was lower by 5.1 %. The fatteners consumed the mixtures of two ines in the quantities which determined the intake of the specified amount of energy, protein and lysine. n groups "E" and "S", in average, it was as follows (per one unit of body weight gain): 35.84 and 37.03 MJ ME (in groups "E" vs. "S" less by 3.3%),410.9 and 403.8 g of protein (in "E" vs. "S" more by 1.8%) and 25.0 and 24.2 g of lysine (in "E" vs. "S" more by 3.2%). There are many relationships existing between nutrition (feed quality and the level of energy, protein and amino acids), intake and conversion of feed, results of fattening and carcass qualities. Obtaining of good results in production of pork meat is possible when fattening of the animals with modern genotypes, with a quick growth, well-converting feed and with potentially good meatiness. The necessary condition of production success includes optimum balancing of energy and protein in the mixtures, fuli coverage of dem and on energy, protein and amino acids and macro- and microelements and vitamins [6, 8]. n the groups of fatteners, receiving "S" vs. "E" mixtures, dressing percentage (DP) was by 4.23% lower, what is a significant value for the producer and slaughter house. The fatteners, fed with the "E" line mixtures as compared to "S" line, were characterized by favourably higher meatiness (+4.0%). n groups "S" and "E", the 53% threshold of meatiness, obligatory in most of slaughter houses in Poland has been averagely exceeded (Tab. 2). As a result of intensive breeding work, and application of different methods of herd improvement, including the employment of multi-breed hybridization 56 1 1 ) J j. : j 1 J, J

Table 2 - Tabela 2 Production results of fatteners (Topie x Stock) with the application of two feeding lines Wyniki produkcyjne tuczników (Topie x Stock) przy zastosowaniu dwóch linii żywieniowych Group - Grupa Specification 2 3 4 6 7 8 Total S Total E Wyszczególnienie Mixture - Mieszanka Razem S Razem E S E S E S E S E Weaners for fattening (heads) 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 1920 1920 Warchlaki do tuczu (szt.) nitial body weight (kg) 21.35 23.48 22.76 24.86 23.54 24.70 26.48 28.00 23.54 25.26 Początkowa masa ciala (kg) Farteners (heads) 466 470 466 469 469 473 468 471 1869 1883 Tuczniki (szt.) Final body weight (kg) 113.65 115.55 110.00 112.76 113.43 113.43 109.72 111.32 111.70 113.26 Końcowa masa ciala (kg) Deaths in fattening (%) 2.92 2.08 2.92 2.29 2.29 1.46 2.50 1.87 2.66 1.92 Upadki w tuczu (%) Feed conversion per kg of gain (kg/kg) 2.85 2.78 2.89 2.68 2.89 2.76 3.04 2.86 2.92 2.77 Zużycie paszy na kg przyrostu (kg/kg) Daily gains during fattening (g) 707 801 743 776 665 789 687 801 700 792 Przyrosty dobowe V tuczu (g) Dressing percentage (%) 76.66 7980 75.80 79.78 74.90 79.82 74.92 79.78 75.57 79.80 Wydajność rzeźna (%) Meatiness - Mięsność (%) 51.63 57.63 52.42 57.89 57.01 56.78 52.78 57.57 53.46 57.47 S - rnixture of STANDARD line - mieszanka linii STANDARD; E - mixture of EURO line - mieszanka linii EURO

in creation of hybrid lines, slaughter value of pigs has been improved. Genotype and environmental factors, fist of al! nutrition and maintenance, determine the rate of protein and fat deposition in the body and, in effect, also muscular tissue gain in growing ani mai s and meatiness of fatteners [14). PEN AR LAN hybrids are a population equalized in respect of meatiness which is estimated on 54-58% [4, 11). n commercial production, the animals com ing from Naima sows and boars P-76 [3) are fattened. Grześkowiak et al. [4) and Rybarczyk et al. [13) found a high meatiness of carcasses of the fatteners, derived from such mating. t was also confirmed by Strzelecki et al. [16), irrespectively of the body weight of the fatteners at slaughter. n the studies of Borzuta et al. [1], a high slaughter value of the fatteners of two compared synthetic lines, i.e. PEN AR LAN and 990, was found. They were characterized by meatiness on the level of 56%. The pigs of 990 line as compared to the fatteners of French line, had by ca 1-1.5% higher participation of especial!y valuable cuts i.e. loin and ham (part of a hind leg). n al! eight groups ("S" - 4; "E" - 4) the losses had place during fattening. The level of the losses was moderate, typical of the discussed stage of production (Tab. 2). When considering the body weight of fatteners, dressing percentage and the level of losses, the weight of pork carcasses, produced in the groups, receiving "S" ar,,e" mixtures, was caculated; the domination of,,e" vs. "S" was equal to 9017 kg, i.e. 6% (Tab. 4). From the fatteners which completed fattening and were fed with EURO line feeds, 97 798.06 kg of pure meat was obtained after ultrasound estimation of meatiness; from the animals which received STANDARD line feeds - 84 349.43 kg; the difference amounted to ca. 13 448.63 kg (+ 15.9% "E" vs. "S"). Table 3 - Tabela 3 Production results of Nairna fatteners Wyniki produkcyjne tuczników Naima Specification Total Group - Grupa Wyszczególnienie Razem 9 10 11 12 13 14 Weaners for fattening (heads) 2700 576 424 439 483 472 306 Warchlaki do tuczu (szt.) lnitial body weight (kg) 23.46 2380 21.77 21.91 26.56 21.75 25.13 Początkowa masa ciała (kg) Fatteners (heacls) 2674 569 417 434 481 469 304 Tuczniki (szt.) Finał body weight (kg) 112.16 104.59 120.05 109.77 113.32 112.04 117.24 Końcowa masa ciała (kg) Deaths in fattening (%) 0.96 1.22 1.65 1.14 0.41 0.64 0.65 Upadki w tuczu (%) Feed conversion per kg of gain (kg/kg) 2.82 3.04 2.57 2.82 2.78 2.83 2.81 Zużycie paszy na kg przyrostu (kg/kg) Daily gains in fattening (g) 871 755 936 853 923 894 903 Przyrosty dobowe w tuczu (g) Dressing percentagę (%) 78.17 76.05 78.09 79.65 78.56 79.25 77.85 Wydajność rzeźna (%) Meatiness (%) 56.64 55.68 57.23 56.84 56.95 56.58 56.92 Mięsność (%) 58

The equalized, very good production results were obtained for a big group of fatteners (2700 animals in total) of French hybrids (Tab. 3). They confirmed a high genetic value of animals. A law level of losses during fattening indicates a high health status of the herd, being dependent on the conditions of management and the implemented prophyłactic programme. The app!ication of the mixtures of EURO!ine in the nutrition of the groups of Narma fatteners (9-14) similarly as in feeding of the Dutch hybrids (gro up s 2, 4, 6, 8) enabled the correct utilization of genetic potential of animals what was confirmed by the results submitted in Tab. 4. The app!ication of ful!-ration mixtures of "E" line in the nutrition as compared to,,5"!ine gave a favourable financial result for fatteners of twa genotypes. t resulted, first of al!, from the higher price per unit of carcass weight with a higher meatiness. Table 4 - Tabela 4 Financial result obtained from the sale of fatteners (Topie x Stock) - groups 1,3,5,7 fed the "S" mixtures, fatteners (Topie x Stock) - groups 2, 4, 6, 8 and fatteners Nairna - groups 9-14 fed the "E" mixtures Wynik finansowy uzyskany ze sprzedaży tuczników (Topie x Stock) - grupy l, 3, 5, 7 żywionych mieszankami S, tuczników (Topie x Stock) - grupy 2,4,6, 8 i tuczników Naima - grupy 9-14 żywionych mieszankami E Mixtures S Mixtures E - Mieszanki E Specification Mieszanki S groups groups Wyszczególnienie grou ps - grupy grupy grupy l. 3, 5, 7 2.4,6,8 9-14 Weight of carcasses (kg) 141 237.02 150254.06 209026.58 Masa tusz (kg) Number of fatteners sold (heads) 1869 1883 2674 Liczba sprzedanych tuczników (szt.) Basic price for l kg of carcass weight* (PLN) 4.25 4.57 4.50 Cena podstawowa za l kg masy tuszy' (zl) VAT (%) 3.0 3.0 3.0 Value of carcasses in total (PLN) 618265.04 707260.88 968838.18 Wartość tusz ogółem (zl) Per one pcs (PLN) - Za sztukę (zl) 330.80 375.60 362.32 Change (%) - Zmiana (%) O +13.54 +9.53 *Price for carcasses obtained frorn the fatteners from group E as compared to group S higher by = 0.08 PLN/l % of rneatiness above the basie level 53% - Cena dla tusz pozyskanych od tuczników z grupy E w porównaniu z S wyższa o = 8 gr/ % mięsności ponad poziom bazowy 53% The obtained financial result confirms the justness of employing the intensive nutrition programme in fattening of animals with a high growth potential and a very good meatiness. 59

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Anna Rekiel, Dorota Olejniczak Wpływ rodzaju mieszanki na wyniki produkcyjne i ekonomiczne tuczu świń hybrydowych Streszczenie Badano wpływ dwóch linii mieszanek pelnoporcjowych - EURO (E) i STANDARD (S), na wyniki tuczu i wartość rzeźną hybrydowych tuczników Topie x Stock (E - 1920 osobników, S - 1920 osobników) oraz Naima (E - 2700 osobników). Tucz trzyfazowy prowadzono od masy ciała około 24 ± l kg do masy końcowej 112 ± kg. Hybrydy holenderskie żywione paszami linii E vs. S miały większe o 13, 1% przyrosty dobowe, lepsze o 5, % wykorzystanie paszy, większą o 4,23% wydajność rzeźną (WR) i lepszą o 4,0% mięsność. Uzyskano bardzo dobre parametry tuczu i wartość rzeźną hybrydów francuskich otrzymujących mieszanki E: przyrosty dobowe - 871 g, wykorzystanie paszy - 2,82 kg/kg, WR - 78,17%, mięsność - 56,6%. Wyniki produkcyjne i finansowe potwierdziły zasadność stosowania intensywnego programu żywienia w tuczu zwierząt o wysokim potencjale wzrostu i mięsności. 61