TIpHMJbCHO:

Transkrypt

1 D. Tpyiah: IIEMfOWKE I1,[(EJE ETJEHA KAEEA nopne rrvrnu Y411TCJbCKH akyntct COM6op IIPErJIE~HJfqJIAHAK UDK: 37(091) BIBLID: , 8 (2001) 3, p TIpHMJbCHO: IIE~AromKEJf~EJE ETJEHA KAEEA - CA KPATKHM OCBPTOM HA )J,EJIOflYT Y HKAPHJY - Pe3HMe: Haicojc Oil ynosnaaau.a ca IICl\arOWKHM Hl\cjaMa Erjeua Ka6ca npourno MHoro BpCMCHa, OBC cy HMaIlC ociuonrpajyhn yrnuaj na BaclIHTHo-o6pa30BBc TOKOBC H BHCy Y notllyhocth HCKOpmuhcne. VI 1I0pC.~ reuncoha MHorc 01\ ~bhx cy cc yrpanane, KaKO y BacnHTHo-o6pa30BHc 3aKOBH TOCTH, TaKOH y HOBC BaCIIl1TBO-06pa30Bllc npasue H MCTOI\C. ETjCII Ka6c HHjC 6HO cavo npezicra BIIHK CHHTC3C Hlrcjc COllHaIlYTOllHCTa nero H ~bhxob I\CMOHCTpaTOp KOjH je y raj CKcnepHMCHT YJIO)KHO CBY CBOjy cnary, 3HaIbCH cnoj )KHBOT. Kfuy'lHe pe-nt: jcl\liakoct, 6paTCTBO, CJ106011a, jci\hhctbo, MOpM, 6JIarocTa~bc, sacrurrau,c, 06 pa30ba~c, pci\, Pall. on YTOnHJE )J,O PEAJIH3Al.(MJE Ilourryjyhn,IlCJlO H pan xymahhctc Erjeaa Ka6ca, MHCnl1M,I\a 6H 6Hno ymc CHO n04cth YBO,I\OM y npearonop KfbHrc Ilym y Hxapujy, xojn je cam Ka6c nanncao. "Kana cc Y3MY y 063Hp 60raTcTBa KojnMa je 6naroTBopHa npnpona ofiacyrra JbY,IlCKH po,i\, H Mon cxaaran.a ann pa3ym KOjHM ra je OHa ofinapana na My cnyxor xao opyhe H nyrosoha, HCMorync jc npnxbathth MHllIJbCfbC,Ila je 40BCKy onpehena cyn 6HlIa na 6y,I\C necpehan na 3CMJbH. A Ka,II cc Y3MC y 063HP na jc OH cyurracrseao,ilpyllltbch, npesra TOMC npnjaraa H Cp,I\a4aH, join MafbC je Morync ycbojhth MHlllrseu,e,Ila je OH no nphp0,i\h phas. MC1)yTHM, ncropaja HaM H3na)KC y CBHMa BpCMC HI1Ma H y CBHM 3CMJbaMa, cane PaJ,I\0PC n HCpC,I\e, nopoxe n 3n04IIHC, patobc II PCBOnyunje, MY4Cfba 11 nokojbc, xaracrporpe II HCBOJbC, ann ako OBII nopoun H abc HCC-

2 HOPMA, VIII, pehe HHCy ~ejio nphpo~he BOJbe, OH~a je norperino na ce IbI1XOB y3pok rrotpmki1 na npyrosr MecTy. He HaJIa311 JII1 ce raj y3pok y phaaou ypehea.y ~pyil1tba? A na JIH rjiabhi1 nopox Tor ypehen,a naje aejennaxocr, soja My CJTy)K11 xao OCHOBa" (Ka6e, 1952, crp. 1). I10TaKHyT OBaKBI1M TyMa'lelbeM ~pywtbehi1x OKOJIHOCTI1, noxyurahy Kafieone nneje rrp116jii1)ki1ti1 OBOM spesreay H OBOM npocropy. ETjeH Ka6e je, nopen npecynnor mrraa,a rsyncxor )KI1BJbeIba na xoje HI1 OH HH MI1, no caaa, HI1CMO ycnenn ~a ~amo onrosope, y MHOroue ~Onpl1HeO passojy xyrrrype, COI~110JIOrl1je 11 nenaroraje. Kao 'lobek BeJTI1Ke enepmje 11 nanaxnyha, Ka6e je y CBOjl1M Crrl1CI1Ma H KIbl1raMa nohy~l1o MHore KOpl1CHe onrosope, KOjl1 ce, rrpe caera, TI1'lY npotineua xyvanor 11 npaxra-nror )KI1BJbelba. OCHOBHI1 npnauarm KOjl1Ma ce PYKOBO~110 y peruasaa.y OBHX npofinexa 611JTH cy na ce, najnpe, 3a~OBOJbI1 JbYJl,CKa Hy)KHOCT, rrotom ~OBOJbHOCT y HajBl1weM creneny, rra TeK OH~a npajarnocr. Ka6e je ~o TI1X KOMYHI1CTI1'IKI1X CXBaTaIba ztoruao y CBOjOj MJTa~OCTI1, jep ce nanajao pebojiyl\110haphi1m TOKOBI1Ma y 3ana~Hoj Espona, xojaje 611JTa saxsahena HOBI1M pe BOJTYl\l1oHapHI1M TaJIaCOM. Pa~11 60Jber paayuesaa,a ziena Erjena Ka6ea, 11'menCMO HeKOJII1KO noaaraxa 0 IberOBOM )K11BOry KOjl1 he Hac npi16.jii1)ki1ti1 upexreay 11 npo CTOpy y KojeM je pa~110, crsapao 11 OCTaBI10 MOpaJIHy 11 I1HTeJIeKTyaJIHy TeKOBI1HY ~a xao Hxap l\i1kjii1'lho Y3JIene 11 nana ~OK He nponahe MY~POCT sa csoje MeCTO nozt cynnew, Ka6e ce PO~ romme y )J,11)KOHy, xao CI1H 3aHaTJTl1je. 3aBpwl10 je npaao 11 nocrao a~bokat, a npe rora ce sparxo 6aBI10 YLJI1TeJbCKI1M rr03i1bom. Kao MJIa~ a~bokat I1CTaKaO ce CMeJII1M 0~6paHaMa MHomx Penytinnxanana 11 YLJeCHI1Ka y PeBOJIYl\l1jl1. Y TO spene CTyrra y rajay nojii1ti1'lky opraansaunjy Kaptiouapa y KOjOj I1Ma I1cTaKHyTy ynory, riojii1ti1ljki1 pa3bi1tak E. Ka6ea KapaKTepl1CTI1LJaH je aa passoj rrojti1ti1'lki1x npl1jii1ka y <DpaHl\ycKoj y nepaozry O~ 20-l1x ~O xpaja 40-l1x ro~i1ha XIX aexa, To je nyr on pebojiyl\110haphor JII16epapHo-6yp)KOaCKOr peny6jii1kahctba no KOMyHI13Ma. Cse nojii1ti1'lke nponene xoje cy ce zteinasane y TOM nepnony yti1 uane cy na Ka6ea 11 n.eroaa rrojii1ti1ljka CXBaTaIba opl1jehti1cajia y JIeBO. ro~i1he Ka6e, ~a erao sarsop 360r CBOjl1X rrojti1ti1'lki1x akti1bhocti1, eml1rpl1pa y EHrJIecKy, rne ce ynosnaje ca 'lapti13mom 11 OBeHOBI1M npi1ctajil1l\ama. Ty rrpoyljaba I1CTOpl1jy 11 zipynrraeae npofineve. Ka6e ce non yrauajev Mopa, OBeHa 11 npyrnx COl\l1jaJIyTOrrI1CTa, spaha ro~i1he y <DpaHl\ycKy. MCTe ronnae 113J1,aje Ilonynapuy ucmopujy (/JpaHlfycKe peeonyuuje y 'letl1pl1 TOMa, a Ilym y Huapujy. Katieose cy nneje y pa~hi1'lki1m spyronava BpJIO 6P30 notl1chyjie 6a6yBI13aM 11 OH je no 110

3 n. I'pyjah: ITE,I:\AfOlliKE I1)lEJEETJEHAKAEEA Mapxcosoj II EHrCJICOBoj O~CHll, rroctao aajnonynapnnja naxo aajnonpnmajn npen CTaBHllK KOMyHII3Ma. Manusea,a CaM.I\a je TaKBa KplITIIKa rtpe csera ocyhnsana qm JI030<pCKY II TCOpCTCKy HcnOTKOBaHOCT a.erosnx.i\cjia HC yaascaaajyhn nparsrarn-nry ynory xojy je Ka6c IIMaO II xojy Mll cana y MHorlIM 06JIaCTlIMa )l(llbjbciha npouana 3IIMO II npenosaajeao: y sacnnraa.y II 06paJOBaIhy, MCHTaJIHOj XlIrIIjCHII, 3.I\paBcTBy, CO~lIjaJIHOj nonarnun II y MHOrIIM.I\pyrIIM 06JIaCTllMa. Y OBOM pa.i\y ak~chat ie CTaBJbCH, npe csera, na TYMaqCI-bC Ka6cOBIIX li.i\cja 0 sacrnrraa.y II 06pa30BaIhy, pcjiiiriijcki1m 11 KyJITypHIIM npo~cciima, xoje je 113JIO)l(II0 Y CBOMC Hajn03HaTI1jCM.I\CJIY - Ilym y Hxapujy. BACOHTHO-06PA30BHE H,ll.EJE ETJEHA KA6EA Bacrnrran,e jc, no Karieoson MIIWJbCIhY, TCMCJb 11 OCHOBa ~CJIOKynHor.I\PYw TBCHor II nojii1tliqkor CIICTCMa. OHO je.i\cjiiimliqho nop0.i\liqho a npctc)i(hllm.i\cjiom.i\pyilitbcho. 3ajC.I\HI1~a nacrojn.i\a CI1CTCMaTCKII no.i\ii)i(c HIIBO nenaromxe xyrrrype P0.I\I1TCJba, TC CC Y 'ry CBPXY 113.I\ajy pasne nyfinaxauaje II opramnyjy KypCCBII. O.I\ rrctc.i\o CC.I\aMHaCcTc ro.i\iihc, sa.i\cbojkc, II ocasmaecre, sa MJIa.I\lInC, Tpajc onurre, 06aBc3HO II 6CCIInaTIlO mxononaa,e, ann ynora nopozmue Y sacnaraa.y HII rana HC npecraje. TCK xacnnje, IIOqllIhC cnennjanao, npotpecaonanno sacnaran,e II rpahan CKO aacmrraa,e y y)l(cm CMIICJIY pe-nt. Y Katieosoj 3aMllCJII1 aacrnrraor CIICTCMa xap MOHHqHO cy 3aCTYIlJbCHll CBH CJICMCHTI1 sacmrrarsa. OHO CC.I\CJIll na <Pll3llqKO, llhtc JICK'rYaJIHO, MOpaJIHO, I1H.I\YCTPl1jCKO II rpahancxo sacrnrran,e, II HII jc.i\ah O.I\ TI1X CJICMCHaTa CC HC noruen.yje HIITII sanocraarsa. 3aKOHoM cy 6IIJIC rrponncane pa3j1liql1tc BpCTC aacnnrarsa rro.i\cjbchc y BllWC 06naCTH: <P1I3HqKO,.I\YXOBHO, MOpaJIHO, I1H.I\yCTpHjCKO H rpahancxo BaCrrHTaIhC. 3a caaxy BpCTy aacmrran.a O.I\pCfjCHO jerpa.i\hbo, BpCMC H nporpan yseu,a, xao 11 MC T01-lC liactabc. Ilpeva TOM saxony CBII Hxapnjna, 6C3 063llpa aa non II npodiccnjy,.i\06hjajy IICTO onurre HnlI OCHOBHO nacmrran,e, KOjC ofiyxsara CJICMCHTC CBIIX rsyn CKHX saaa,a. Csn KOjl1 CC fiase IIH.I\YCTPlIjCKOM I1Jm HayqHOM CTpyKOM, nopezt Tor aacrnrraa,a.i\o6lijajy cneuajanno IIJIII CTPyqHO, xoje ca.i\p)l(1i CBY rr03haty TCOPl1jy II npaxcy TC CTpyKC. Ka6c je TCMCJbHO 11 orriiiiipho ofijacmro CBaKI1 O.I\ TIIX CJICMCHaTa sacmrraa.a y Ilymy y Hxapujy. <l>u3uqiw BaCIIUTaIhe.I\CTCTa no-nm,e jour y najpaanjeu.i\ctliibctby, y nopo.i\ii~ii, 11 OHO CC nenpesnznro.i\ajbc nponyscaaa, a ~I1Jb My je na PaJBlIjC 3.I\paBJbC, <p1i- III

4 HOPMA, VIII, 3/2001 3lFIKY cnary, nenory 11 enactwihoct rena, OHO ce HerrOCpe,I\HO nacnaa,a na Me,I\l1 nl1hcky aery, aanonyssasajyha je. Y nporpav tpi1311qkor nacmrrarsa ybo,i\11 11 eneueare asysaeaa,a npeaaranaor passoja zrerera, rrpoyaasaa,a TPY,I\HOne, xao 11 pane tpa3e tpi1311qkor paasoja aerera. OC0611TO npnnaje ana-raj rhmhactl1nl1, rpaas.y, nnasarsy, jaxaisy, nrpaa.y, KJII13alhY, MaqeBalbY 11 BOjHl1qKI1M 06yKaMa. 113 aaopojaanx akti1bhocti1 BI1,I\1I ce jenaa cseo 6yxBaTHoCT rne,i\i1111ta, jep CBe Te aktiibhoctii cy ce II,I\O ztanannser ztana sanpxane y CBIIM BacrrIiTHO-06pa30BHI1M npouecmaa y unconava.,li,yxobho nacmrran-e ce pasanja aajxacnaje no nere ronnae, y xpyry nopo,i\line, a no 17. II 18. ro,i\iihe y unco.naaa, rne ce aki~ehat CTaBJba na oanazraaan,e jean KOM, nprarseu, nacarseu, pasyno«11 reonerpnjou, rrebalbem II canpaa.est, a y xac HlIjlIM rrepiio,i\iima, rrojborrpiibpe,i\om, MexaHIiKOM 11 IIHP,yCTpIIjOM. Y 17. ro,i\iihli noqlilbe noztynasarse, cneunjanno IInli CTpyqHO aacmrran,e, xoje I1Ma aa un,n, zta CBa KOM,I\il. norpefiaa reopnjcxa 11 npaxrn-raa snaa,a y OKBliPY crpyxe aa xojy ce onpenenno, C TI1M na ce He npexuna npouec 06pa30BaIha, Hero ce nyreu xypcesa 06aBJba,I\006pa30Balbe 1I306nacTI1 KlblI)I(eBHOCTlI, orrurre ncropaje, anarouaje II xarnjene, MOpaJIHO aacmrrau,e. Kao II nperxonaa,i\ba ceruerrra aacmrraa.a II OBO je, oner, noaepeno noponnna, I1apOQIITO MajIjl1. U,IIJb MopanHor sacrnrratsa je,i\a ce KO,I\ zrerera passnjy.n.yfian II nosepea,e, ocehaj aa 6paTCTBO 11 je,i\hakoct, aa QeMy je Ka6e noceono I1HCIiCTlIpao. BeOMa cy sazcne II npyre spnane kao spezmoha, MapJbIIBOCT, nourrea,e II OCTane n03iiti1bhe Bpe,I\HOCTII xoje p0,i\litejb y capana,n ca 3aje,I\HlInOM MO)l(ena npeuece na zteuy, II na TO licto osexyje O,I\ lblix. Haxanocr, MIl Hli aanac He MO)l(eMO -rax Hli na ce rrp1i6nl1)1(i1mo l1p,eajii1ma xoje Ka6e noctabi10 jour '0,I\I1He. Beoxta je Ba)l(HO, no Ka6ey, npnsmcaaaa,e neue 11 OMna,I\lIHe na onurreaazcehe nopve nonanraa,a, BnaCTI1Te,I\y)l(HOCTI1 II 06aBe3e. 11 ry noponaua lima BeJII1KY ynory, Ha POQI1TO y crsapaa-y HaBI1Ka YQTI1BOCTI1 II MapJbIIBOCTI1 jour O,I\ panor,i\etl1lbctba. Y unconaxra ce, y OKBI1PY MopanHor sacnaraa.a, noceouo I1CTI1'le ynora y yxnanarsa II )I(l1BJbelba ca YQeHI1'lKIiM KoneKTIIBOM. Ilopen rora, CBaKI1 rpahaaan,i\bahaect 1'0,I\I1Ha noxaha xypc npyurrneaor Mopana. Kao IIITO HaM je n03hato, lbel'obi1 CTaBOBli cy nponauma csoja yresrerseisa y HeKI1M conlijanl1cti1qki1m 11 KOMYHlICTI1QKI1M,I\PYIIITBI1Ma 11,I\p)l(aBaMa. Fpahancxo nacmrran,e, y y)l(em csnrcny pe-m, noqiilbe y ocasmaecroj 1'0,I\I1HI1 11 cacrojn ce y TeMeJbHOM npoysaaarsy nannoaanne acropnje,i\pyilitbeho rroni1t11'lkor ypehea,a, yctaba, Ba)l(Hl1jl1x 3aKOHa, npaaa 11 p,y)l(hocti1 rpahana, Kao IIITO BII,I\IIMO 11 TI1 CTaBOBIi cy nponaunra csoje MeCTO II y caapeaeaosr BII,I\y sacnaraa,a

5 n. Tpyjah: ITE,l.(AfOIilKE YI):(EJE ETJEHA KAEEA 06pa:30BaIha. Kon Ka6ea CBH rpahaan on OCaMHaeCTe no,nba,necet npse ronnae CtH1.JY BOjHH1.JKO 06pa30BaIhe. "po41echohajiho nacnaraa,e. IIocJIe ocaanaecre rozmne, sa MYllIKap~e, ozt HOCHO cenasraaecre, sa»cene, rr01.jhihe nporpecaoaanao oopasoaarse. IIJIaHcKH opraan CBaKe ronnne ofijaersyjy nonarxe 0 norpeonoj KOJIH1.JHHH panae cnare aa pasne rpane npoaaaozm,e, a nojezmana ce,n06pobojbho onpeztersyjy aa pasae crpyxe. Kao liito BH,nHMO H aaure,npyilltbo ce na BpJIO CJIH1.JaH Ha1.JHH, MHoro ronnna xacanje, py KOBO,nH Ben,naBHO rroctabjbehhm npnaunrraaa. YKOJIHKO ce na osaj Ha1.JHH He rrocthmy norperine nponopuaje, y OHHM rpanava rzte je 6poj perpnexraaara neha on norpe6a, spura ce H360p rryreu xonxypca H ncnnra. H rrpo<j.jechohajiho 06pa30BaIhe je reopnjcxo H rrpakth1.jho. IIHTeJIeKTyaJIHO otipaaoaan.e y norneziy canpxcaja y OCHOBH je rrpabhjiho rroctabjbeho. Ka6e je rrphctajih~apeannor npaaua y cpe,nihoillkojickom 06pa30BaIhy H THMe CTaBJba axnenar na npaponne nayxe xao OKOCHH~y canpxcaja 06pa30BaIha. Kao IhHXOBy rrpakth1.jhy,norryhy, Ka6e ybo,nh rrpoy1.jabaihe OCHOBHHX ejiemehata norsonpaapemre H nanycrpajcse npoasaoznse H TO He cavo TeopeTCKH Hero H rrpak TH1.JHO. Onnrre ofipaaonaa,e THMe nenocpezmo npanpeva rrpo<j.jechohajiho. BeJIHKa ce Ba)KHOCT npnnaje ynosaanan.y enevenara ymethocth H npnuersene ymethocth, naxrre, OHO IllTO 6HCMO MH ztaaac Ha3BaJIH ectetckhm 06pa30BaIheM. Ka6e je O,nJIy1.JHO rrpothb zioraarcrorx MeTo,na y IllKOJIH, Y KOjOj ce rrachbho H HeKpHTH1.JKH npaxra ca,np)kaj HaCTaBe, jep TaKBa IllKOJIa, no IherOBOM MHIllJbeIhY, ykojihko H ztaje snaa,e, He passaja MHcao. WKOJIa 'rpefia,na pasnaja pa,n03hajioct H )I(eJbY sa CTH~aIheM snan,a, cnoc06hoct BJIaCTHTOr paasnnnrsas-a H HaBHKy KpHTH1.JKOr pacylursaa,a, a TO 3Ha1.JH na ce Mopa 3aCHHBaTH aa MaKCHMaJIHoj akthbhoctii H CBeCHOCTH Y1.JeHHKa. Taxohe, naacan je MeTo,nCKIi npmman noseanaaa,a reopnje H npaxce. o HKAPHJH H HKAPHJIJ,HMA HaKO 6H MHore rroctabke MOrJIH nonsprnyra KPHTH~H, CKJIOHHjH cam na ca BeJIHKHM yaazcaaaa.ea H HaKJIOHoIllny nocvarpaa H TyMa1.JHM,neJIOBaIhe Ii nncan,e Erjena Ka6ea. Ka6e je 6HO jezraa on petkhx, xpafipnx H HCTpajHHx CO~HjaJIHCTa KOMyHHcTa, KOjH je CBOj can H can CBOjHX rrphctajih~a noxymao H, Ha)l(aJIOCT, cano,nejihmh1.jho OCTBapHO craapau.ev KOJIOHHje Hxapnje. Oa je rozmne y CBOM 1.Jaconncy 06jaBHo rr03hb Ilohuuo y Hxapujy rpaxeha,na ce jane,n06pobojb~h, nno HHpH HOBor ztpyurrsa, KOjH he CBOjHM nphmepom noka3ath nyr OCTaJIOM zteny 1.JOBe- 113

6 HOPMA, VIII, qahctba. HaKOje y rnenan-y H KBaJIHqlHKOBaIhY Jby,nH 6HO H sanecersax H ajitpyhcta, IIITO ra je yoctajiom H O,npe,nHJIO na ya TO 6y,ne H yronncra, Ka6e je CXBaTHO na je KOJIOHHjy HeMoryne ycnenmo OpraHH30BaTH 6e3 TeMeJbHHX npnnpeaa. Taxo je ro,nhhy nana rrpe rrojiacka rnaanaae KOJIOHHCTa noseo ca npanpenaaa. Y TOMe My je ncuorao H cam OBeH. CeJIH,n6a je H3BpIIIeHa nocreneao, re je nperxonanna on 69 qjiahoba OTHIIIJIa janyapa ronane,na CTBOpH OCHOBHe ycjiobe aa npaxsar rnas HHHe. H nopen CBHX aacrojaa,a, rrpnnpeue HHCy ycnetuao maenene. Hsaopano Me CTO y Texcacy 6HJIO je neonrosapajyhe,,najieko on CBHX KOMYHHKa~Hja. Ilpoveaa KJIHMe, rroiiiact aapasaax 60JIeCTH, HeHaBHKHyTOCT KOJIOHHCTa aa norsonpnnpenae rrocjiobe, yqhhhjih cy,na nperxonnana He H3BpIIIH CBOj saaarax. Cneztehe rozmae y MapTy,,l.\OJIaCKOM rnaaanae Hicapajaua rrphjihke cy ce rr060jbiiiajie jep ce KOJIOHHja HaCeJIHJIa y HarryIIITeHoM MOpMOHCKOM HaCeJbY HOBO y HJIHHOHCy. IloIIITo ce KOJIo HHja HaJIa3HJIa aa 06aJIH Macacannja y BpJIO rrjio,l.\hom xpajy, ycnena je pejiathbho 6p30,l.\a ce KOHCOJIH,l.\yje. Tpytio <PH3HqKO rrpecerserse H rpaacerse 6HOJIOUlKOr npocropa aa O)KHBJbasaa,e nneja, qhhh rnaaay MalhKaBOCT Ka6eOBe <phji03o<pcke rroctabke. Moryhnocr sa ocrnapen,e nzteja naje rpeoano TPa)KHTH anrne npyrne, Ben najnpe y,l.\yxobhom, MOpaJIHOM H 06pa30BHOM cran.y OHHX KOjH cy 6HJIH IheroBH HCTOMHUlJbeHH~H. Hazca JIOCT, y HeMorynHocTH na ce raj npouec aaoxpyxor, Ka6e npaxsara MyqaH nyr H XBaTa ce y KOUlTa~ ca rrp06jiemhma norsonpaspenae npoasaona,e, BpJIO CKpOMHe rprobhhe y CeHT JIyHCy H OCTaJIHM nparehau rrp06jiemhma y crsapaa.y )KHBOTHOr npocropa, Ka6e, yronncra, npenosnaje ce H y norpeunnrv nporaosaaa 0 6pojy KOJIOHH CTa KOjH he nohn y HOBH CBeT (OKO ). CTBapHOCT nnje 6HJIa HaKJIOlheHa OBOMe noxony H y rrpsoxr 'ranacy aa nyr je rrouljio 485 Hxapajana. 360r pebojiy~hohaphhx norahaa.a ronane y <DpaH~ycKoj, CKOpO rrojiobhha KOJIOHHCTa je neaeprnpana, IhHX 218, H BenHHoM ce spahana y <DpaH~ycKY, a MHOrH on IhHX cy 611JII1 I1CKOpanrhean y nponaraazme cspxe rrpothb nneje 11 KOJIOHl1je Erjena Ka6ea. To cauo rosopn,l.\a MeTO,l.\e cne~l1jajihi1x oncrpyxunja,,l.\a He ynotpe6hm npejaxy pes - parosarsa rrpothb nporpecasnax uzteja, HHCy TeKOBHHa HOBor apevena. Ilon TaKBHM nphthc~hma 6poj KOJIOHHCTa ce BpeMeHOM Melhao, ajih HHKa,l.\a HHje HMao BHUle on 600 qjiahoba, HaKO je cam Ka6e y CBOM zteny naseo OTITHMaJIaH 6poj CTaHOBHHKa np )KaBe Hxapnje , qak je HMao H nporpaue,,l.\ohcta yronncrmxe, sa UlHpen.e csoje nneje Me~y,l.\PYrHM pacana H,l.\aJIeKHM aaponaua. 114

7 n. Fpyjnh: rie)..(arollike YI):J:EJE ETJEHA KAEEA Ha OCHOBy MHOrHX nonaraxa KOjH ce Mory Harm y KlhH3H, MO)Ke ce BH,L\eTH MHoro nponycra KOjH y CYIlITHHH HHKa,L\a HHCy 6HJUI H3 sne HaMepe H noilihx rro 6Y,L\a, Hero cy 6HnH sanara HnH HCTOpHjCKHM TpeHyTKoM, Ka6eOBHM nwihhm BaCIIH TalheM, CrrO.JbHHM qhhhou,hma HnH HeKHM,L\PYrHM HeMorynHocTHMa o6jekthbhe npnpone. Ilorpeuma je Ka6eOBa ncropnjcxa rroctabka xojy OH TyMaqH xao aenpexn,l\ah nponec, ann nnje cnpevaa na 6Hno KaKBe peaonyuaonapae H HaCHnHe npexpe THHu,e y THM HCTOpHjCKHM TOKOBHMa. Herrosnaaaa.eu ncropajcxe,l\hjanekthke, norpeilihhm O,L\HOCOM npeva npnaaraoj CBOjHHH re sanojen HCKOHCKHM KOMYHHCTHq KHM H,L\ejaMa, OH He npoaanaan npase O,L\rOBOpe aa peurasarse npofineaa KOjH My sanaje apexe y KojeM )KHBH. Ka6e HMa norpenran CTaB npeua 6yp)KOa3HjH H aphctpoxpannja, jep npenynrra BpeMeHy H npocsehea.y na ysnae y IhHMa KBanHTeTHe rrpo MeHe, aa onurry,l\o6po6ht. Cana, HaKOH TonHKO spesreaa, 3HaMO na TaKBa rnennurra, BepOBaTHO, HHKa,L\a nehe,l\06hth csoje MaTepHjanHo osannohea.e. Y CBOjOj reopercxoj aprynearauaja y npnnor KOMyHHCTHqKOr,L\pYIlITBa, OH je KOpHCTHO nnejy rrphp0,l\hhx npasa xoaexa, Hneja je spno crapa, HCTaKnH cy je joili H CTOHU,H sacmmajyha na a.oj MHcao 0 je,l\hakocth H Gparcrey.JbY,L\H. Y qhtaboj HO BHjOj HCTOpHjH ra nneja ce CTanHO jann,a y rotobo CBHM nanpennaa noxperaaa, aa n.oj ce, H3Me1)y ocranor, 3aCHHBa H syneaa "Ilexnapanaja 0 npaaava xonexa H rpahanana". Ka6eOBa reopnja 0 rrphp0,l\hhm npaaana je spno nonrsna H npapozma, ann BeOMaTeIlIKO OCTBap.JbHBa H OH Y KlhH3H HaBO,L\H: "3ap anje npnpona nana CBHM.JbY,L\HMa HCTy )Ke.JbY na 6y,L\y cpehnn, HCTO npaso na )KHBOT H na cpehy, HCTy.Jby6aB npeaa je,l\hakocth, Mon cxaararsa H pa3ym 3aTO,L\a opranmyjy cpehy,,l\pyilitbo H je,l\hakoct". OH je MHIlI.Jbelha zta CBH.JbY,L\H 'ra csoja npapozma npasa Mory OCTBapHTH cauo y KOMyHHCTHqKOM,L\PYIlITBY. Ka6e je KOMyHHCTHqKO.L\PYIlITBO 3aMHIlI.JbaO xao sajezmany y KOjOj he ce crporo npanpxaaarn npammna CBaKO rrpexra MorynHocTHMa H CBaKOMe npesra norpetiana. Y norneny OCHOBHHX )KHBOTHHX norpefia, n.eros nnean je najseha je,l\hoctabhoct H CKpOMHOCT, ann,l\a TO He npenasn y acketh3am ca KOjHMje OH ncnpasao packpctho. Ka6e YKH,L\a CBe HOBqaHe narpane aa Pa,L\ H npmnaje npenasae nepaone rro xojnaa ce y noserxy CBHM rpahanaaa najy y HCTHM KOnHqHHaMa H KBanHTeTy CBH rrotpoilihh apthknh, a YKH,L\a ce Y OKBHpy sajennnne CBaKa passreaa H TprOBHHa, re TaKBHM rrpe,l\bh1)alhhma y KlhH3H OH MHcnH na he sao 6HnH H npofinexre KOjH cy Be3aHH aa xannrannsaa H KarrHTanHCTHqKH HaqHH pasnene nooapa. 115

8 HOPMA, VIII, Ilpaso rrraca y I1KapHjH HMaJIH cy CaMO MywKapl.\H KOjH cy HaBpWHJIH 21 ro )J,HHY, )J,OK cy )I(eHe 6HJIe nornyno acxrsyseae H3 rrojihthqkor )I(HBOTa. OBO je, )J,OH CTa, rromajio sa-ryhyjyhe ako ce HMa aa ymy qmhehhl.\a )J,a ce H cam Ka6e O)J,JIyqHO 60pHO npothb poncxor nonozcaja xcena y KarrHTaJIH3MY, xao H TO na HX je l.\ehho H rrowtobao xao naprnepe y )I(HBOTy H Y cnposohea.y nneja xoje je cefia rroctabho sa unrs, Crora nnje cnysajao WTO je On03Hl.\Hja (ynyrap nospera) xao jenny O)J, CBOjHX naporra HCTaKJIa nornyny pabhonpabhoct»cena H na raj HaqHH nph)j,06hjia sehmry Hxapajana na CBOjy crpany (KOHaqHy nofieny On03Hl.\Hja ocrnapyje 1856/57). Kafieos O)J,HOC npeva noponmm 6HO je rroctabjbeh na anpase TeMeJbe. Ilopo )J,11l.\a je I1MaJIa aaxan, ako He 11 npecynaa, yrauaj aa sacmrran,e )J,el.\e. OH He aernpa I1H)J,I1BH)J,yaJIHy nopoznruy, Ben je osaxon.yje xao 06aBe3Hy, safipaisyje CBaKO )J,06po BOJbHO He)l(eHCTBO, a aajcrpoxon«ka3hama cy3611ja cekcyajihi1 HeMOpaJI. Y nopo )J,11I~11, OH je sa paanorrpasnocr 6paqHI1X zrpyroaa, a 6paqHa ce aesa MO)l(epacKI1HyTI1. Iloponnua HeMa HI1KaKBe ynore y npoh3bo)j,lhl1, Ben je cavo 6HJIOWKO-eTHqKa aajennana. Ka6e CMaTpa Hy)l(HHM zra H )I(eHe y-recrsyjy y )J,pyWTBetIOj rrpoh3bo)j,ihh H na M TO ojaoryhao, npenanha zra ce ncxpaaa cano MalhHM )J,eJIOM 06aBJba y nopo )J,Hl.\H. TeopeTCKH, Ka6e je rtpaaaasao 3HaTHy ynory noponnue y sacmrrassy, ajih jy je y KOJIOHHjH, rrpaxravao, cacbhm anynnpao. )J,el.\a cy ce BpJIO paao O)J,BajaJIa O)J, PO )II1TeJba H nenoxyrmo lhhxobo ziarse aacrnrraa,e H )I(HBOT O)J,BHjaJIH cy ce y WKOJIH H lhehom H1ITepHaTy. Cxnanan,e 6paQHI1X aesa npertyurreno je JIHqHOM O)J,JIyql1BalhY 11 yrnuajy rroponnue, a 3a6palhHBaHe cy casro 6paqHe aese 60JIeCHHx. Mnoro zieran.aaje je paspahena ynora Me)J,I1l.\I1He H COl.\HjaJIHe xnrnjene, jep je OH C npasoxr OqeKHBaO )J,a he aaxnarsyjyha IhHMa y OflliiTHM YCJIOBI1Ma npesovepnor pana, 6e)J,e H HeMalIITHHe nocrnhn aanpenax y 3)J,paBcTBeHoM H y onurrev <PH3I1qKOM cran.y CTaHOBHI1IIITBa: BeJIHKO CMalhelhe 60JIeCTH - HapOqHTO enh)j,emhja, noaehan,e )J,y)l(HHe )I(HBOTa, 6P311 TeMno nopacra CTaHOBHHIIITBa H npousar TeJIeCHe JIenOTe. 360r rora je OH npabhjiho saxrsysaaao na HeKH HapOqHT yrnuaj BJIaCTH aa cxnanaa,e 6paKoBa anje neonxonan. Kana je y mrrarsy penarnja, Ka6e je MHCJIHO na KOMyHHCTHqKOM )J,pylIITBy anje norpefiaa HHKaKBa paspaheaa pejihm03ha )J,orMaTHKa HHTH <phji030<pcka MeTa <ph3i1ka, xoja 6H HMaJIa <PYHKl.\l1jy HOBor BI1)J,a pennruje sa 06pa30BaHe rsyne. 06aBe 3HHM je )J,p)l(ao cairo OCHOBHa xpmuhaacxa aaxena "]by6h 6JIH)I(lher csor, xao caxror ce6e", "He QI1HI1 npyrone 3JIO xoje He )I(eJ1HIII na OH Te611 qhhi1", )J,aKJ1e, sacryna MHIIIJbelhe zta rpeoa anpaopao CaHKl.\HOHHCaTH caxro OCHOBHe enrsxe nopxte na KOjasra ce 3aCHHBa )J,pYIIITBeHH nopenax, CBe OCTaJIO y pennrnja, <phj1030<phjh H Hay- 116

9 n. Fpyjah: nemfoluke H,L(EJE ETJEHA KAEEA KaMa TPe6a na 6y.ne IIJIO.n CJI060.nHor HCTpmKHBaIha H onnyaasaa,a Jby.nH. Y KIhH3H IIym y Hxapujy Ka6e HaBO.nH: "Xnrsane penarnja xoje nocroje aa 3eMJbH, CBe cy rsyztcxe ycraaose, H3MHIlIJbeHe H CTBOpeHe, 3aTO na ce rocnonapn H yrrpabjba napo.nhma... CBH OCHHBa'lH rjiabhhx penarnja KOHlpy'lHje y KHHH, JIaMa y Tarapcxoj, CHHTO y Janany, Epaaa H Byna y HH.nHjH, 30poaCTap y Ilepcnja,... H CBH npyrn y CBHM OCTaJIHM 3eMJbaMa rzte cy rehiljajihh Jby.nH, ann cano Jby.nH, 3aKoHo.naBUH, rrpocbethtejbh H ynpasrsaan CBOjHX napona, Hcyc XpHCTOC, xora cyrpahann HHCy rrph3hajih, a ocyzmna, xora cy <phji030<ph onrypayrrn BHIlIe on 300 rozuma, Tj. Hay 'lhh H npocsehena CBeT, O'leBH.nHO je, 'raxohe, caao -rosex, ajih 'lobek KOjH 3aCJIyxcyje npso MecTO y -roseuaucrny rro CBOMe no)kptbobaihy sa cpehy rsyncsor pona H rro CBOMe npornaruen.y naxena H jennaxocrn, 6paTcTBa H sajezmaue". I1oJIa3ehH ozt OBHX OIIlUTHX CTaBOBa, OH penarnjy cmatpa nphbathom craapn nojennnua, nornyao je ozmaja ozt.np)kabe, xoja rpefia no KJlaCH'lHOM JIH6epaJIHCTH'lKOM nphhuhily na HH TepBeHHIIIe y BepcKHM nwraihhma cane ako ce pazm 0 0.n6paHH cji060.ne neponcno BeCTH. Oryna, OH MO)Ke y nornezry TOJIepaHUHje.na nne no spaja H na.n03bojj,aba ateh3am. Kao II1TO BH.nHMO IlpHHI~HnH H CTaBOBH xoje je Ka6e noctabho npe TOJIHKO speveaa H nanac cy yrpahean y Haj.neMOKpaTcKHje ycrase H 3aKOHe xoje nosnaje name speue, Ka6eOB nporpec ce OCJIHKaBa H y TOMe UlTO nnje pejihmjckhm IIHTalbHMa npanasao BeJIHKH 3Ha'la;i, seh j e axueaar CTaBHO aa peuraaan.e Hay'lHHX npofi JIeMa, ymethocth, 're aacnnraa.a H snpaacrna y HKapHjH. Jenna on Kafieoanx rpe II1aKa, xana je y nhtaihy BaCIIHTaIhe, jecre TO mto je nperepnsao y )KeJbH.na HaCTaBy jenaa-nr ca HrpOM. Iberosu 3axTeBH cy na O.nHOC y-nrrersa H.neTeTa 6y.ne npncaa ca MHoro nosepen,a H Jby6aBH. MHIIIJbelba caa.na H osaj pan He 6HX Morao anexsaraaje 3aBpIIlHTH Hero II1TO je Ka6e sane-reo npsy crpany csoje KlbHre, je.nhoctabhhm, npocthm H Pa3YMJbHBHM pe'lhma xao II1TO cy: EPATCTBO - CBH aa jennora - COJIH.napHoCT - je.nhakoct - cji060j\a - H360pHOCT - jej\hhctbo - MHp - j eztan sa CBe - BaCIIHTaIhe - HHTeJIHreHUHJa - pa3ym - MOpaJIHOCT - pe.n - yjeznra.erse 117

10 HOPMA, VIII, 3/ rsyfian - npab~a - ysajanaa nomon - CBeOnUITa CHrypHocT - OpraHH30BaHH pa~ - MallIHHey KOpHCT CBHX - nosehaa,e npoh3bo~ihe - YHHIlITeIhe fiene - CBe seha nofiorsurarsa - 6paK H nopo~hl(a - HenpeKH~HH Hanpe~aK - H306HJbe - ymethoct OCHOBHO npano - )J(HBeTH CBaKOMe npeva CBOjHM notpe6ama OCHOBHa ~Y~HOCT - P~HTH O~ csasora npeaa COnCTBeHHM cnoco6hocthma OrrlIITA CPEllA JIHTEPATYPA: 1. )J(JIe6HHK, JI. (1955): Onha noeujecm neoaeoeuje, 3arpe6: Ilenarourxo-xaacse- BHH sfiop, 2. 3aHHHoBHn, M. (1988): Onha noeujecm neoaeoeuje, 3arpe6: Illxoncxa KIhHra. 3. 3aHHHoBHn, M. (1985): Ileoazouuca xpecmouamuja, 3arpe6: Illxoncxa KIhHra. 4. Ka6e, E. (1952): IIym y Hrapujy, Beorpan: Kynrypa, 5. <DpyMOB, C. A. (1946): Ka6e u nseeoee neoazouuce uoeje, Beorpaa: Ilpocaera. Summary: Although very old, pedagogical ideas of Etienne Cabet, their influence on education varied. However, these ideas have never been fully used. Despite many difficulties, some of these ideas found their place in educational standards, as well as in new ways and methods of education. Etienne Cabet was not only a representative of sublimated social utopist ideas, but their demonstrator as well. In this experiment, he invested all his knowledge, his power and his life. Key Words: equality, fraternity, freedom, unity, moral, wealth, education, order, labor. 118

11 n. Fpyjnh: ne):(ai'olilke J1,l(EJE ETJEHA KAEEA Pe31OMe: XOTH MbI yzce.1\abho 3HaKOMbI C ncaarorasecxaaa li.1\ehmii 3TbeHa Ka6e, IIX BJIIIHHlle aa aocnararensaue II 06pa30BaTeJIbHble npoueccu He 6bIJIO scerna nocjie.1\obatejibhbim II OHII He IICnOJIb30BaHbI nojihoctblo. HeCM<lTpH na pasuue TPY.1\HOCTII, MHOflle 113em li.1\eh CTaJIII 'IaCTblO II BOCIlIITaTeJ1bHO-o6pa30BaTeJlblIbIX npabiiji II HOBbIX BocnIlTaTeJIbHO-o6pa30BaTeJ1blIbIX nanpaanenati II MeTO.1\OB. 3TbeH Ka6e 6bIJI He TOJIbKO npe.1\ctabiitejiem CIIHTe3a li.1\eli yrona-rccxoro COUllaJIII3Ma, HO II liemohctpllpobaji CBOIO npe.1\aiiiioctb, OTlIaBWIIH 3TOMy axcncpaaeury scero cefis. CBOII CIIJIbl, 3HaIJIIC II JKII3Hb. Crepseneesre CJlOBa: pabciictbo, 6paTCTBO, ceoeona, CJIIIHCTBO, MOpaJIb, finaronony-rae, BOCIlIITaHI1C, 06pa30Ba1I1IC, 1l0pHIIOK, TPYII. 119