EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME INSECTICIDES IN LEAF BEETLE LARVAE CONTROL IN WINTER WHEAT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SEED YIELD AND ECONOMIC INDICES

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 12(2) 2013, 45-53 EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME INSECTICIDES IN LEAF BEETLE LARVAE CONTROL IN WINTER WHEAT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SEED YIELD AND ECONOMIC INDICES Zdzisław Kaniuczak Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute in Poznań 1 Abstract. Cereals are exposed to considerable losses caused by harmful insects. In the years of the study of production and economic effects of pest control in winter wheat, leaf beetle larvae damaged from 31.6 to 49.8% of leaf blade area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and economic efficiency of the insecticides applied in leaf beetle larvae control in winter wheat. The assessment of wheat damage by leaf beetle larvae was made by determination of a percentage of leaf blade area damage. Each combination of protection against pests used in this study contributed to a significant reduction of the percentage of leaf blade area damage, in relation to the combination without treatments. Insecticides used to control Oulema spp. larvae showed a good efficiency on the level on average from 70.3 to 90.9%. The value of production saved as a result of applying plant protection treatments ranged from 54 to 532 PLN ha -1, on average 221 PLN ha -1. Cost of protection of one hectare of winter wheat against leaf beetle larvae was low and ranged from 76 to 118 PLN ha -1. Cost covering ratio ranged from 0.6 to 7.0 depending on the year of conducted investigation. Treatment profitability index was on average 1.4, and percentage index of costs ranged from 1.2 to 4.1. Keywords: cost covering ratio, insecticide effectiveness, leaf beetles, leaf damage, production efficiency of insecticides, winter wheat INTRODUCTION Cereals constitute a dominating group of crops in the cropping system. Their proportion in recent years exceeds 70%. Winter wheat is a cereal species of wide economic use. Wheat protection against agrophages is one of the fundamental practices in cultivation of this crop, many times determining the success of its production. During growth, this species, like the other cereal crops, is exposed to considerable losses caused by harmful insects [Miczulski 1973, Beiger 1989, Wałkowski 1991, Kaniuczak 1993, Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: dr inż. Zdzisław Kaniuczak, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów, Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute in Poznań, Gen. Langiewicza 28, 35-101 Rzeszów, e-mail: Z.Kaniuczak@iorpib.poznan.pl

46 Z. Kaniuczak Walczak 2010]. The particularly negative effect on grain yield height is exerted by leaf beetles, cereal aphids and thrips, occurring in the period from earing to the milk maturity of grains [Miętkiewski et al. 1991, Kaniuczak and Lisowicz 1992, Wałkowski et al. 2000, Mrówczyński et al. 2005]. Annual damaging wheat plants by leaf beetles larvae results in a reduction of leaf blade area, which consequently leads to considerable losses in grain yields and lowering of its quality. Therefore it becomes necessary to continue studies of controlling the most dangerous pests at their different intensity, as well as an annual analysis of the achieved economic effects of performed plant protection treatments [Jańczak et al. 1990, Kaniuczak and Matłosz 1999, Lipa 1999, Wałkowski et al. 2000]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effectiveness and economic efficacy of insecticides applied for leaf beetle control in winter wheat cultivation during field experiments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out in 2008-2010 in cultivation of winter wheat cv. Smuga, at the Podkarpacie Agricultural Consulting Centre in Boguchwała (49 o 59 N; 21 o 57 E). The experiments were established in the randomized block design with four replications. Wheat sowing was made in the brown soil of IIIa class. The previous crop was legumes. Cultivation practices and herbicidal applications were performed according to recommendations of IUNG PIB and IOR PIB. Grain sowing was performed in the first ten days of October, sowing 450 grains m -2. Grain was dressed with the dressing Oxafun T 75 DS/WS (carboxin 37.5 g dm -3, thiram 37.5 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 200 g 100 kg -1. The following fertilization was applied: N 120 kg ha -1, P 26,2 kg ha -1, K 74,6 kg ha -1. Weed control was carried out with the following preparations: in 2008 Tolurex 500 SC (chlorotorulon 500 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 2.0 dm 3 ha + Maczuga 75 WG (chlorsulfuron g dm -3 ) in a dose of 12 g ha -1, in 2009 Huzar 05 WG (iodosulfuron g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.2 kg ha -1 + Esteron 564 EC (2,4 D 564 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.5 dm 3 ha -1, and in 2010 Mustang 306 SE (florasulam 6.25 g dm -3, 2,4 D 300 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.6 dm 3 ha -1. Observations and analyses comprised larvae of leaf beetles Oulema spp. Intensity of occurrence of leaf beetles was analyzed during cereal growth according to the method described by Kaniuczak et al. [1992]. At the plant development stage of opening the sheath of the flag leaf to the full earing stage 47-55 BBCH acc. to Adamczewski and Matysiak [2002], the most often applied insecticides were used to control leaf beetle larvae: Karate 050 CS (lambda- -cyhalothrin 50 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.1 dm 3 ha -1, Sumi-Alpha 050 EC (esfenvalerate 50 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.25 dm 3 ha -1, Fastac 100 EC (alpha-cypermethrin 100 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.1 dm 3 ha -1 and Talstar 100 EC (bifenthrin 100 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.1 dm 3 ha -1, Cyperkill Super 25 EC (cypermethrin 25 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.1 dm 3 ha -1, Nurelle Max 515 EC (chlorpyrifos 500 g dm -3, alpha-cypermethrin 15 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.6 dm 3 ha -1, Bi 58 Nowy (dimethoate 400 g dm -3 ) in a dose of 0.5 dm 3 ha -1. Treatments were made using a high-pressure sprayer for compressed air Ap/1 Np, using 300 dm 3 of liquid per hectare. Evaluation of wheat damage by leaf beetle larvae was made by determination of the percentage of damage area of two upper leaves: flag and underflag, on 100 stems from each experimental combination. After the plants Acta Sci. Pol.

Effectiveness of chemical... 47 achieving the full maturity, grain harvest was carried out with a plot combine harvester. Grain moisture was determined and the obtained yields were converting into 15% moisture. The significance of differences between the means was assessed with Duncan s test at 5% significance level. In the economic analysis of chemical pest control profitability the following indices were calculated: W pk cost covering ratio (determining the ratio of production value of the saved yield to the treatment costs), E 1 treatment profitability index (which determines the number of Mg of the protected product balancing the costs of protective treatments), E 2 percentage index of costs (accounting for the percentage of yield of a protected plantation, which must be allotted to balancing the treatment costs) [Mierzejewska 1985, Golinowska 2002, 2009]. The average prices of wheat grain and the applied plant protection preparations were used to calculate the above mentioned indices, and the cost of performing the treatments was adopted from the Information and Commercial Bulletin of PODR Boguchwała [Biuletyn 2008, 2009, 2010]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The course of meteorological conditions in those parts of the growth period in which they exerted the largest effect on wheat health in 2008-2010 was shown in Table 1. Table 1. Meteorological conditions in 2008-2010 Month April May June July August 10 days Mean air temperature, o C Rainfall total, mm 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 I 7.97 11.3 7.9 9.5 2.5 13.9 II 9.81 9.8 8.4 32.1 1.2 34.2 III 10.0 12.0 10.3 3.9 0.0 0.1 mean/total monthly 9.26 11.0 8.8 45.5 3.7 48.2 I 11.3 12.6 14.3 30.3 1.6 43.9 II 14.7 13.5 13.3 45.6 56.0 101.9 III 14.4 13.7 15.0 29.4 45.0 31.2 mean/total monthly 13.4 13.2 14.2 105.3 102.6 177.0 I 17.9 14.9 18.0 1.4 17.8 102.6 II 16.2 15.5 18.7 40.0 77.9 20.9 III 19.7 19.3 16.9 45.3 50.7 2.6 mean/total monthly 17.9 16.5 17.8 86.7 146.4 126.1 I 17.8 20.0 19.2 35.9 65.4 73.5 II 19.2 20.1 23.7 43.3 9.0 9.2 III 19.0 19.8 19.3 38.4 23.6 117.5 mean/total monthly 18.6 19.9 20.7 117.6 98.0 200.2 I 19.6 19.6 20.7 21.2 8.1 4.7 II 19.9 18.2 20.6 18.2 0.8 33.7 III 17.3 18.3 17.0 15.9 12.9 60.2 mean/total monthly 18.9 18.7 19.4 55.3 21.8 98.6 In 2008, in spite of spring coolness and rainfalls, a distinct improvement of the weather occurred in May and June, which created favorable conditions for plant development and their colonization by pests. During the conducted study, the most Agricultura 12(2) 2013

48 Z. Kaniuczak favorable weather conditions for the occurrence of leaf beetle larvae and leaf damage on wheat occurred in 2009. In that year, mean monthly air temperatures in April, May, June and July amounted to 11.0, 13.2, 16.5 and 19.9 o C, respectively; and monthly total precipitations: 3.7, 102.6, 146.4 and 98.0 mm. Later improvement of thermal conditions favored plant growth and winter wheat leaf damage by leaf beetle larvae. In 2010, mean monthly air temperatures in April May, June and July amounted to: 8.8, 14.2, 17.8 and 20.7 o C, respectively; and monthly total precipitations 48.2, 177.0, 126.1 and 200.2 mm. Between 16-19 May after intensive rainfalls, there were numerous floodings and floods, hence disturbances in winter wheat plant growth were observed. The biological effectiveness of some insecticides and their impact on winter wheat grain yield was presented in Table 2. Table 2. The effectiveness of insecticides in leaf beetle larvae control in winter wheat in 2008-2010 Insecticide growth stage 47-55 BBCH Dose -1 dm 3 ha % damage of leaf blade Oulema spp. effectiveness % TGW g Mg ha -1 Yield increase Mg ha -1 % 2008 Control 39.4 51.82 8.23 Fastac 100 EC 0.1 8.8 77.7 53.66 8.99 0.75 9.21 Karate Zeon 050 CS 0.1 10.0 74.7 52.22 8.54 0.31 3.75 Sumi-Alpha 050 EC 0.25 9.6 75.7 55.24 8.71 0.47 5.79 Cyperkill Super 25 EC 0.1 7.6 80.8 53.39 8.39 0.16 1.96 Talstar 100 EC 0.1 7.4 81.3 52.75 8.67 0.43 5.33 LSD 0.05 6.25 2.13 0.74 2009 Control 49.8 36.30 7.80 Fastac 10 EC 0.1 7.6 84.8 36.08 8.34 0.53 6.88 Karate Zeon 050 CS 0.1 9.2 81.6 37.31 8.18 0.53 4.84 Cyperkill Super 25 EC 0.1 6.4 87.2 37.40 8.34 0.54 6.95 Nurelle Max 515 EC 0.6 4.5 90.9 37.75 8.37 0.57 7.31 Talstar 100 EC 0.1 10.7 78.6 36.91 8.11 0.31 3.97 LSD 0.05 3.51 1.32 0.30 2010 Control 31.6 33.76 4.83 Bi 58 Nowy 0.5 9.6 69.7 33.33 4.93 0.09 2.04 Karate Zeon 050 CS 0.1 8.0 74.7 32.89 4.97 0.14 3.00 Sumi-Alpha 050 EC 0.25 8.6 72.8 33.56 5.31 0.48 9.97 Talstar 100 EC 0.1 9.4 70.3 33.55 5.14 0.31 6.41 Fastac 100 EC 0.1 8.4 73.5 33.07 5.02 0.19 3.97 LSD 0.05 1.07 0.51 In 2008, wheat leaf area damage in the control combination amounted to, on average, 39.4%. Each of the combinations of protection against leaf beetle larvae with the use of insecticides applied in the experiment contributed to a significant reduction in the percentage of leaf area damage in relation to the combination without the treatment. The applied insecticides showed a good effectiveness ranging from 74.7 to 81.3%. An increase in wheat grain yield in relation to the control in the studied combinations was on average 0.42 Mg ha -1 (5.1%). The 1000 grain weight in the protected combinations Acta Sci. Pol.

Effectiveness of chemical... 49 was higher in comparison with the combination without the treatment, but only in one combination the difference was significant. Wheat leaf area damage in 2009 was relatively high during the conducted study and amounted to 49.8%. The applied insecticides to a substantial degree reduced leaf damage in comparison with the combination without the treatment, and their efficiency ranged from 78.6 to 90.9%. An increase in wheat grain yield in relation to the control amounted to, on average, 0.46 Mg ha -1 (5.9%). The 1000 grain weight in combinations with leaf beetle larvae control was significantly higher in relation to the combination without the treatment only in one combination. In 2010, the observed damage of wheat leaf area by leaf beetle larvae reached up to 31,6%. Each of the combinations of protection against leaf beetle larvae used in the experiment contributed to a significant reduction in the percentage damage of leaf area in relation to the control. The applied insecticides showed the efficiency amounting to on average 72,2%. An increase in wheat grain yield was on average 0.24 Mg ha -1 (5.0%). The 1000 grain weight in combinations with protection was not significantly higher in relation to the control combination. Economic effects of insecticide application in protection against leaf beetle larvae in winter wheat were presented in Table 3. Table 3. Economic efficiency of insecticide control of Oulema spp. larvae in winter wheat in 2008-2010 Insecticide growth stage 47-55 BBCH Costs of protection PLN ha -1 Increase in yield Index Mg ha -1 PLN ha -1 W pk E 1 E 2 2008 Fastac 100 EC 76.0 0.75 532 7.0 1.0 1.2 Karate Zeon 050 CS 81.0 0.31 217 2.6 1.1 1.3 Sumi-Alpha 050 EC 79.0 0.47 329 4.1 1.1 1.3 Cyperkill Super 25 EC 76.0 0.16 112 1.4 1.0 1.3 Talstar 100 EC 79.0 0.43 308 3.8 1.1 1.9 2009 Fastac 10 EC 76.0 0.53 265 3.4 1.5 1.9 Karate Zeon 050 CS 81.0 0.53 185 2.2 1.6 1.9 Cyperkill Super 25 EC 76.0 0.54 270 3.5 1.5 1.8 Nurelle Max 515 EC 120.0 0.57 285 2.3 2.4 2.8 Talstar 100 EC 118 0.31 155 1.3 2.3 2.9 2010 Bi 58 Nowy 90.0 0.09 54 0.6 1.6 2.9 Karate Zeon 050 CS 89.0 0.14 80 0.9 1.6 3.2 Sumi-Alpha 050 EC 87.0 0.48 265 3.0 1.5 2.9 Talstar 100 EC 118.0 0.31 170 1.4 1.9 4.1 Fastac 100 EC 87.0 0.19 105 1.2 1.6 3.1 W pk cost covering ratio E 1 treatment profitability index E 2 percentage index of costs Agricultura 12(2) 2013

50 Z. Kaniuczak The value of saved yield in 2008 was on average 299 PLN ha -1. The cost of controlling leaf beetle larvae per 1 ha stayed on a level of 78.2 PLN ha -1. The cost covering ratio was on average 3.7. This index was more than one for most combinations and it means that the treatments were profitable and highly profitable. The treatment profitability index was on average 1.0. In 2009 the value of saved yield was lower than in the previous year and on average it amounted to 232 PLN ha -1. The cost of protection per 1 ha stated on a level of 94.2 PLN ha -1. The cost covering ration ranged from 1.3 to 3.5. The treatment profitability index was on average 1.8. In 2010 the lowest mean value of saved yield during the conducted study was obtained, which on average amounted to 134 PLN ha -1. Also a low cost covering ratio was obtained, on average 1.4. Changes in this profitability index were affected by a low grain yield per hectare, caused by the unfavorable weather conditions in the spring period (intensive rainfalls, flooding). The treatment profitability index ranged from 1.5 to 1.9. A growth in value of saved wheat grain yield was achieved during the conducted study, but not each year it allowed covering protection costs and ensuring profit. In 2010 the calculated cost covering ratios in the combinations where Bi 58 Nowy and Karate Zeon 050 CS were applied reached a relatively low value, less than one. However, high treatment profitability indices for the analyzed combinations indicate an increasingly less favorable relation between protection costs and the market price of wheat grain, which is confirmed by earlier studies [Juszczak and Krasiński 1998, Kaniuczak 2000, Falger et al. 2009]. According to many authors [Jańczak et al. 1990, Kaniuczak 1997, 2000, 2008, Korbas 1998, Kaniuczak and Matłosz 1999, Kurowski and Hruszka 2004], the application of proper cereal protection, appropriately chosen time of a treatment, as well as efficient insecticides, ensure a considerable increase in yield and improvement of grain parameters (TSW). CONCLUSIONS 1. In the years of the study, in south-eastern Poland leaf beetle larvae posed a high threat to wheat, damaging from 31.6 to 49.8% of leaf blade area. 2. The weather conditions in individual years, differentiating a degree of plant damage by leaf beetle larvae, affected the production and economic efficiency of application of plant protection treatments. The use of insecticides in winter wheat cultivation resulted in an increase in yield by 5.3% in relation to the control (from 54 to 532 PLN ha -1 ). 3. Cost covering ratio in the case of insecticides application ranged from 1.7 to 5.2 depending on the weather conditions in the individual years of the study. Its average value for the years of the study exceeded 3.3. 4. Quantity of production saved as a result of application of plant protection treatments ranged from 0.36 to 0.69 Mg ha -1. Due to the application of insecticides the costs of protection were low and in consequence, the treatment profitability index ranged from 1.1 to 3.0, depending on the year. Percentage index of costs was on average 2.4. Acta Sci. Pol.

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52 Z. Kaniuczak Kaniuczak Z., Matłosz I., 1999. Efekty produkcyjne i ekonomiczne zwalczania szkodników w zbożach [Effects of the economical profitability of chemical pest control in cereals]. Pam. Puł. 114, 159-165 [in Polish]. Korbas M., 1998. Choroby i Szkodniki Zbóż [Diseases and Pests of Cereal Crops]. Wyd. MULTUM Poznań [in Polish]. Kurowski T.P., Hruszka M., 2004. Zdrowotność i plonowanie pszenżyta ozimego w łanie chronionym zabiegami chemicznymi i proekologicznymi [Health state and yielding of winter triticale protected with chemical and pro-ecological treatments]. Prog. Plant Protection/Post. Ochr. Roślin 44(2), 896-899 [in Polish]. Lipa J.J., 1999. Nowoczesna ochrona zbóż [Modern protection of cereal crops]. Pam. Puł. 114, 241-259 [in Polish]. Miczulski B., 1973. Studies on the bionomics of Oulema spp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Poland. Rocz. Nauk Rol., seria E, Ochrona Roślin 3, 61-86. Mierzejewska W., 1985. Metody badawcze i miary oceny ekonomicznej efektywności chemicznych zabiegów ochrony roślin [Research methods and the assessment measurements of economic effectiveness of chemical plant protection treatments]. Post. Nauk. Rol. 5/211 (32/37), 241-259 [in Polish]. Miętkiewski R., Żurek M., Stankiewicz C., Starczewski J., 1991. Występowanie wciornastków (Thysanoptera) w kłosach żyta, pszenicy i pszenżyta oraz wpływ ich żerowania na niektóre właściwości fizjologiczne i skład chemiczny ziarna [Occurrence of thrips (Thysanoptera) in ears of rye wheat and triticale and effect of their feeding on some physiological properties and chemical composition of grain]. Zesz. Nauk. WSRP Siedlce, Rolnictwo 29, 187-200 [in Polish]. Mrówczyński M., Wachowiak H., Boroń M., 2005. Szkodniki zbóż aktualne zagrożenia w Polsce [Cereals pests current threats in Poland]. Prog. Plant Protection/Post. Ochr. Roślin 45(2), 929-932 [in Polish]. Walczak F., 2010. Groźne szkodniki zbóż i terminy ich zwalczania [Dangerous cereal pests and dates of their control]. Wieś Jutra 4(141), 30-34 [in Polish]. Wałkowski W., 1991. Wzrost znaczenia szkodników zbóż [Increasing importance of cereal pests]. Ochr. Roślin 5-6, 17-20 [in Polish]. Wałkowski W., Mrówczyński M., Wachowiak H., Drzewiecki S., 2000. Badania ścisłe i wdrożeniowe nad zastosowaniem nowoczesnych insektycydów do zwalczania skrzypionek zbożowych (Lema melanopa L. et L. cyanella Voet.) [Plot and practical studies on the use of modern insecticides to control cereal leaf beetles (Lema melanopa L. et L. cyanella Voet.). Prog. Plant Protection/Post. Ochr. Roślin 40(2), 460-463 [in Polish]. SKUTECZNOŚĆ WYBRANYCH INSEKTYCYDÓW W ZWALCZANIU LARW SKRZYPIONEK W PSZENICY OZIMEJ ORAZ ICH WPŁYW NA PLON ZIARNA I WSKAŹNIKI EKONOMICZNE Streszczenie. Zboża narażone są na znaczne straty powodowane przez szkodliwe owady. W latach badań nad efektami produkcyjnymi i ekonomicznymi zwalczania szkodników w pszenicy ozimej larwy skrzypionek uszkodziły od 31,6 do 49,8% powierzchni blaszek liściowych. Celem była ocena skuteczności oraz efektywności ekonomicznej zastosowanych insektycydów w zwalczaniu larw skrzypionek w pszenicy ozimej. Ocenę uszkodzenia pszenicy przez larwy skrzypionek wykonano określając procent zniszczenia powierzchni liści. Każda z zastosowanych w badaniach kombinacji ochrony przed szkodnikami przyczyniła się do istotnego, względem kombinacji bez zabiegu, ograniczenia procentu uszkodzenia powierzchni blaszek liściowych. Zastosowane insektycydy do zwalczania larw Oulema spp. wykazały dobrą skuteczność na poziomie średnio od 70,3 do 90,9%. Wielkość produkcji uratowanej w wyniku stosowania zabiegów ochrony roślin wahała się od 54 do 532 zł ha -1, średnio 221 zł ha -1. Koszt ochrony jednego hektara pszenicy ozimej Acta Sci. Pol.

Effectiveness of chemical... 53 przed larwami skrzypionek był niski i wynosił od 76 do 118 zł ha -1. Wskaźnik pokrycia kosztów wahał się w zależności od roku prowadzonych badań od 0,6 do 7,0. Wskaźnik opłacalności zabiegów wyniósł średnio 1,4, a procentowy wskaźnik kosztów od 1,2 do 4,1. Słowa kluczowe: produkcyjna efektywność insektycydów, pszenica ozima, skrzypionki, skuteczność insektycydów, uszkodzenia liści, wskaźnik pokrycia kosztów Accepted for print Zaakceptowano do druku: 10.04.2013 For citation Do cytowania: Kaniuczak Z., 2013. Effectiveness of some insecticides in leaf beetle larvae control in winter wheat and its influence on seed yield and economic indices. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 12(2), 45-53. Agricultura 12(2) 2013