J. Elementol. 9, (): - CONTENT OF COMPONENTS IN SOME GRSS SPECIES IRRIGTED WITH PURIFIED SEWGE Ryszrd ry³, Jolnt Swick, Mriusz Kulik, Hlin Lipiñsk Deprtment of Grsslnd nd Lndscpe Forming University of Life Sciences in Lulin District Chemistry-griculture Sttion in Lulin strct Soil is unique lortory of trnsformtions nd energy flow, nd in prticulr of iologicl sorption nd synthesis of minerl components tht cn originte from vrious sources. The introduction of iomss or sewge into soil contriutes to its nutrient enrichment. This cn led to periodicl excess of these elements in soil nd cuse their migrtion from the soil system to underground wters, nd eventully to open wters. Grss communities elong to group of plnts tht mke excellent use of nutrients present in soil nd perform very importnt role in dditionl purifiction of sewge fter its mechnicl purifiction. Grsses demonstrte resistnce to the presence of lrge quntities of hrmful compounds in sewge; they ccumulte nd neutrlise them physiologiclly, thus preventing their dissemintion. The im of this pper ws to evlute content of some mcro- nd microelements s well s hevy metls in chosen grss species irrigted with purified sewge. In 997- -, reserch ws conducted ner the Hjdów Sewge Works, using purified sewge for irrigtion of grss communities. Three rtes of irrigtion ( control without irrigtion; irrigtion in quntity 6 mm nd c irrigtion in quntity mm) s well s two grss mixtures were tested. Content of sic mcroelements (N, P, K, C, Mg), microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn) s well s hevy metls (Cd, P) in dominnt grss species (lopecurus prtensis, Phlris rundince, Festuc rundince, Festuc prtensis nd Phleum prtense) were determined. The content of the nlyzed components in iomss ws vried nd depended on the grss species in the nlyzing mixtures s well s on the pplied rtes of irrigtion. Festuc prtensis nd Festuc rundince were chrcterized y the lrgest cpcity to tke up clcium (C) nd mgnesium (Mg), Phlris rundince phosphorus (P) nd zinc (Zn), while lopecurus prtensis cdmium (Cd) nd led (P). iomss of lopecurus prtensis ws chrcterized y the lowest content of most of the ele- prof. dr h. Ryszrd ry³, Deprtment of Grsslnd nd Lndscpe Forming, University of Life Sciences in Lulin, kdemick, -9 Lulin, Polnd, e-mil: mriusz. kulik@up.lulin.pl
6 ments, especilly nitrogen, phosphorus, clcium nd mgnesium. The pplied irrigtion, especilly the mm rte significntly incresed potssium content nd decresed mngnese content in iomss of the nlyzed grss species. The most useful grss species used to estlish medows irrigted with sewge re Phlris rundince, Festuc rundince nd Festuc prtensis. Keywords: mcro- nd microelements, hevy metls, irrigtion, purified sewge. ZWRTOŒÆ SK DNIKÓW W WYRNYCH GTUNKCH TRW NWDNINYCH ŒCIEKMI OCZYSZCZONYMI strkt Gle jest specyficznym lortorium przemin i przep³ywu energii, zw³szcz iologicznej sorpcji i syntezy sk³dników minerlnych, które mog¹ pochodziæ z ró nych Ÿróde³. Wprowdzenie do gley iomsy lu œcieków powoduje jej wzogcenie w sk³dniki pokrmowe. Mo e to yæ przyczyn¹ okresowego ndmiru tych pierwistków w gleie i powodowæ ich przemieszcznie poz uk³d gleowy do wód gruntowych, w koñcowym etpie do wód otwrtych. Do grupy roœlin doskonle wykorzystuj¹cych sk³dniki pokrmowe z gley orz spe³nij¹cych w n¹ rolê w doczyszczniu œcieków po mechnicznym ich oczyszczeniu nle ¹ ziorowisk trwiste. Trwy wykzuj¹ odpornoœæ n oecnoœæ w œciekch du- ych iloœci zwi¹zków szkodliwych, kumuluj¹ je i neutrlizuj¹ n drodze fizjologicznej, zpoiegj¹c ich rozprzestrzeniniu. Celem dñ y³ ocen zwrtoœci niektórych mkro- i mikrosk³dników orz metli ciê kich w wyrnych gtunkch trw nwdninych œciekmi oczyszczonymi. W ltch 997- prowdzono dni z wykorzystniem wód poœciekowych (œcieków po mechniczno-iologicznym oczyszczeniu) z oczyszczlni œcieków mist Lulin do nwdnini ziorowisk trwistych. W dnich uwzglêdniono dwki nwodnieñ ( kontrol ez nwdnini; nwodnienie w iloœci 6 mm, c nwodnienie w iloœci mm) orz dwie miesznki trwiste. Dominuj¹ce gtunki w runi (lopecurus prtensis, Phlris rundince, Festuc rundince, Festuc prtensis i Phleum prtense) poddno nlizom chemicznym n zwrtoœæ podstwowych mkroelementów (N, P, K, C, Mg), mikroelementów (Cu, Zn, Mn) orz metli ciê kich (Cd, P). Zwrtoœæ mkro- i mikroelementów orz metli ciê kich w iomsie y³ zró nicown w zle noœci od gtunków w nlizownych miesznkch orz stosownych nwodnieñ. Njwiêksz¹ zdolnoœæ do poierni wpni i mgnezu mi³y Festuc prtensis i Festuc rundince, fosforu i cynku Phlris rundince, kdmu i o³owiu lopecurus prtensis. Njni sz¹ zwrtoœæ wiêkszoœci oznczonych pierwistków, zw³szcz zotu, fosforu, wpni i mgnezu, stwierdzono w iomsie lopecurus prtensis. Stosowne nwdnini, g³ównie dwk mm, wp³ynê³y istotnie n wzrost zwrtoœci potsu orz oni enie zwrtoœci mngnu w iomsie nlizownych gtunków. Gtunkmi njrdziej przydtnymi do miesznek ³¹kowych nwdninych œciekmi oczyszczonymi s¹ Phlris rundince, Festuc rundince i Festuc prtensis. S³ow kluczowe: mkro- i mikroelementy, metle ciê kie, nwdninie, œcieki oczyszczone.
7 INTRODUCTION Soil is specific lortory of minerl components, which comes from different sources, including sewge. Introduction of iomss or sewge into soil cuses its enrichment in nutrients. This my e the cuse of periodic excess of these elements in soil nd cuse their migrtion outside the soil system to groundwter nd eventully to open wters (RY, KLS et l. 7). Therefore, it my e necessry to grow plnts of high production potentil comined with high demnd for wter nd nutrients. Grss communities elong to group of plnts tht mke excellent use of nutrients present in soil nd perform very importnt role in dditionl purifiction of sewge following its mechnicl purifiction. Grsses demonstrte resistnce to the presence of lrge quntities of hrmful compounds in sewge; they ccumulte nd neutrlise them physiologiclly, thus preventing their dissemintion. The most frequent grsses in plnt communities irrigted with sewge re species from humid (Phlris rundince, lopecurus prtensis) nd modertely humid hitts (Phleum prtense Festuc prtensis, Festuc rundince, Po prtensis). Grss species sown on lnd irrigted with sewge should e selected in terms of their hitt requirements nd the ility to use of nutrients. The im of this pper hs een to evlute content of some mcrond microelements s well s hevy metls in severl grss species irrigted with purified sewge. MTERIL ND METHODS In 997-, study ws conducted in the ystrzyc River vlley, ner the Hjdów Sewge Works, in which purified sewge from Lulin ws used to irrigte grss communities. The study included three rtes of irrigtion ( control without irrigtion; irrigtion with 6 mm nd c irrigtion with mm) s well s two grss mixtures, which were sown in summer 996. The experiment ws crried out on minerl-muck soil of neutrl rection (ph 7.-7.) nd low content of mcronutrients. Wter used for irrigtion ws chrcterized y the following content of components: N., P 7.; K.; C 77.; Mg,; N 8. g m - nd Cd 7.; P 9,8; Cu,6; Zn 8. mg m -. Medow swrd ws mowed times during the growing seson. Species composition of the grss mixtures, especilly in the irrigted re, chnged systemticlly. However, lopecurus prtensis, Phlris rundince nd Festuc rundince were dominnt species in the swrd of mixture, wheres lopecurus prtensis, Festuc prtensis nd Phleum prtense previled in mixture (RY ). The con-
8 tent of sic mcroelements (N, P, K, C, Mg), microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn) s well s hevy metls (Cd, P) in the dominnt species ws determined. Chemicl nlysis of plnt mteril performed in n ccredited lortory of the District Chemistry-griculture Sttion in Lulin, ccording to the Polnd Norm or stndrd procedure. The results were put to sttisticl nlysis of vrince with Tukey s test. RESULTS ND DISCUSSION The nlyzed species of grsses were chrcterized y diverse content of the elements. The ctul mounts of the elements determined in grsses were shped y the iologicl properties of prticulr species, irrigtion rtes s well s species composition of sown grss mixtures. Mcroelements. The nlyzed grss species considerly differed in their ility to ccumulte most of the mrked mcroelements in the prticulr mixtures (Figure ). lopecurus prtensis hd the smllest ility to tke up components from soil, especilly in communities with Festuc rundince nd Phlris rundince, which hve very strongly developed rdiculr system. In communities with these species,. prtensis showed the significntly lowest content of mcronutrients, with the exception of potssium. FLKOWSKI et l. (99) report tht the iomss of. prtensis ws chrcterized y low mgnesium content. Moreover, these uthors clssify these species s nitrophilous grsses, n oservtion which is not confirmed y the present study. y contrst, in communities with Festuc prtensis nd Phleum prtense, these species were only chrcterized y the significntly lowest content of clcium nd significntly lower content of mgnesium in reltion to F. prtensis. It should e dded tht the significntly highest content of clcium nd mgnesium ws found in the species of Festuc genus nd tht of phosphorus in the iomss of Phlris rundince. These results coincide with the dt reported y WLCZYN et l. (97) nd Flkowski et l. (99), who clssify F. prtensis nd F. rundince s elonging to grsses with high cpcity for clcium ccumultion. ccording to KOCHNOWSK (98), Phleum prtense is chrcterized y low mgnesium content, which is confirmed y the present study. iomss of P. prtense is lso chrcterized y low potssium content (WLCZYN et l. 97, RY 99), which is not verified y the reserch does not conducted y FLKOWSKI et l. (99). The irrigtion pplied in our study lso contriuted to vritions in the content of prticulr elements. Introduction of lrge quntities of mcroelements with sewge wters to the soil environment resulted in increse or reduction of these ingredients in the iomss of the nlyzed species. The irrigtion cused significnt increse of potssium in ll the grss species,
9 gkg nitrogen N gkg gkg phoshorus P gkg gkg potssium K gkg c 9 c c c 8 7 6 gkg clcium C gkg 6 7 6 c c gkg mgnesium Mg............... gkg c 6 Fig.. Men content of mcroelements in some grss species depending on irrigtion rte (men of yers): mixture: lopecurus prtensis, Festuc rundince, Phlris rundince, mixture: lopecurus prtensis, Festuc prtensis, Phleum prtense, irrigtion rtes:, 6 mm, mm
mg kg cdmium Cd...........8.6.. mg kg mg kg led P mg kg copper Cu 6 zinc Zn mg kg mngnese Mn.. mg kg.6..... mg kg... 7 6 mg kg mg kg mg kg c c c 6 Fig.. Men content of hevy metls nd microelements in some grss species depending on irrigtion rte (men of yers). Explntions like in Fig.
with the exception of Phleum prtense. Similr correltion ws oserved for the content of nitrogen nd phosphorus, ut it ws not sttisticlly proven. In contrst, the irrigtion resulted in decrese of clcium nd mgnesium in the tested species, ut significnt differences were recorded only in the content of mgnesium in the Phlris rundince iomss. The higher irrigtion rte ( mm) cused significntly lower Mg content in the iomss of this species in reltion to the control oject (Figure ). Hevy metls nd microelements. The iomss of the nlyzed grss species ws chrcterized y less diversity in the content of hevy metls nd microelements. reltively high content of hevy metls (cdmium nd led) ws determined in lopecurus prtensis. This species in the communities with Festuc prtensis nd Phleum prtense hd the significntly highest concentrtion of Cd. This is in ccord with the results reported y RY nd HRKOT (997). However, our ttention turned to the significntly lowest content of cdmium in Phlris rundince, F. prtensis nd P. prtense (Figure ). The irrigtion generlly decresed the content of hevy metls in the iomss of the nlyzed species, ut it ws only in the cse of. prtensis iomss in mixture tht the differences were proven sttisticlly. ccording to STÊPNIEWSK et l. () irrigtion with sewge wters leds to lower concentrtion of hevy metls in the iomss nd rdiculr system of grsses due to higher yields otined under such conditions. The content of microelements in the tested species ws less vrile, with the differences eing sttisticlly significnt only for the content of zinc. The iomss of Phlris rundince in mixture of nd Phleum prtense in mixture of ws chrcterized y the significntly highest content of this element (Figure ). In study y WLCZYN et l. (97), no significnt modifictions in the content of zinc were oserved. However, the irrigtion pplied in our study generlly decresed the content of microelements in the iomss of the nlyzed species, lthough sttisticlly proven modifictions concerned only the content of mngnese. The iomss of the nlyzed grss species (with the exception of lopecurus prtensis nd Phleum prtense in mixture ) contined significntly less Mn, versus the control, when grsses were irrigted with the higher rte of sewge (. mm) Figure. In contrst, differences in the content of copper nd zinc in the iomss of the grss species s correlted with the irrigtion rtes were within the limits of sttisticl error. CONCLUSIONS. The content of mcro- nd microelements s well s hevy metls in the iomss ws vried depending on the species nd pplied irrigtion.
. Festuc prtensis nd Festuc rundince were chrcterized y the highest clcium nd mgnesium content, Phlris rundince y the highest phosphorus nd zinc content, wheres lopecurus prtensis y the highest cdmium nd led content.. iomss of lopecurus prtensis hd the lowest content of most of the nlyzed elements, especilly nitrogen, phosphorus, clcium nd mgnesium.. dequte irrigtion, minly. mm, hd significnt influence on the increse of potssium nd decrese of mngnese in the iomss of the tested grss species. It lso cused decresed mgnesium content in Phlris rundince nd cdmium content in lopecurus prtensis.. Phlris rundince, Festuc rundince nd Festuc prtensis proved to e the most useful species in medow mixtures sown on lnd irrigted with purified sewge. REFERENCES RY R. 99. Zwrtoœæ niektórych pierwistków w wyrnych gtunkch roœlin ³¹kowych w zle noœci od zró nicownego nwo eni zotem. Wid. IMUZ, 7 (): 9-. RY R.. Ocen przydtnoœci oczyszczonych œcieków do nwdnini ziorowisk trwistych. nn. UMCS, sect. E, : -. RY R., HRKOT W. 997. Zwrtoœæ kdmu w niektórych gtunkch trw nwdninych oczyszczonymi œciekmi miejskimi. Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol., 8: 9-. FLKOWSKI M., KUKU K I., KOZ OWSKI S. 99. W³œciwoœci chemiczne roœlin ³¹kowych. Wyd. R Poznñ, ss.. KLS., GOTKIEWICZ W., CZPL J. 7. Modifictions of physico-chemicl soil properties following ppliction of sewge sludge s soil mendment. J. Elementol., (): 87-. KOCHNOWSK R. 98. Dynmik rozwoju i plonowni orz sk³d chemiczny niektórych gtunków trw w ró nych wrunkch siedliskowych. Rocz. R Poznñ, ss.. STÊPNIEWSK Z., RY R., KOTOWSK U., KUPCZYK J.. Poiernie metli ciê kich przez iomsê ziorowisk trwistych w wrunkch zró nicownego nwdnini gley œciekmi po III oczyszczni. ct grophysic, 7: -8. WLCZYN J., SPEK., KUCZYÑSK I., SMYJEWSKI K., SPEK. 97. Zwrtoœæ sk³dników minerlnych w w niejszych trwch i innych roœlinch ³¹kowych z gle torfowych. Zesz. Prol. Post. Nuk Rol., 7: 7-8.