Analysis of application of concentrated mixtures containing soybean extracted meal and sunflower meal in goose broiler feeding

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1 Arch.Geflügelk., 74 (2). S , 2010, ISSN Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart Analysis of application of concentrated mixtures containing soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose broiler feeding Untersuchung des Einflusses von Mischfutter mit Soja- und Sonnenblumenextraktionsschrot auf die Leistung von Mastgänsen Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga 1, Agata Grużewska 2, Alina Janocha 3 Maria Markowska 4 Manuskript eingegangen am 22. Oktober 2008, angenommen am 23. Januar 2009 Introduction Polish research on goose broiler rearing is scarce (BIELINSKA et al., 1980; BIESIADA-DRZAZGA, 2006; FARUGA MAJEWSKA, 1982). Proper nutrition is a basic condition of obtaining good production results for these birds. Due to a relatively short rearing period, lasting 10 weeks, goose broiler feeding is based solely on concentrated mixtures. Apart from cereals, the mixtures always contain soybean extracted meal which is the most valuable industrial feeding stuff the best protein source. Its dry matter contains 32.1 to 45.0% total protein (with good amino-acid composition, according to requirements of geese) 1.0 to 1.8% crude fat (LIPIEC, 1991; CHACHULOWA, 1996). Moreover, the meal contains small fibre amounts its share in a ration may reach even 30%. It seems that, apart from soybean extracted meal, sunflower may be a good alternative protein source in concentrated mixtures. However, it should be pointed out that the protein content in sunflower extracted meal undergoes considerable fluctuations depending on whether thermal processing (dehulling) was applied or not. Protein digestibility of defatted sunflower meal for poultry is relatively high amounts to about 85%. Although its lysine content is low, the meal is rich in sulphur containing amino acids. It is widely believed that lysine is the basic amino acid limiting meat production. In this respect, the lysine share in sunflower extracted meal is insufficient, whereas, in soybean extracted meal protein the lysine share considerably exceeds this dem. As a result, partial addition of soybean extracted meal to a ration which also contains sunflower meal can reduce lysine deficiency associated with the latter feeding stuff. Although no anti-nutritional factor limits the application of sunflower meal, its share in mixtures for slaughter poultry is restricted by the low energetic value. Thus, dehulling of sunflower meal is applied very often to increase its energetic value for poultry its protein content by about 200 kcal/kg 4%, respectively (LARBIER LECLERQ, 1985). 1 Dept. of Breeding Methods, Poultry Breeding Small Ruminants, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Pol 2Dept. of Agricultural Experimentation, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Pol 3 Dept. of Animal Nutrition, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Pol 4Dept. of Foreign Languages, University of Podlasie, Pol There is a lack of research data on an influence of an application of sunflower or raw materials obtained from sunflower processing in concentrated mixtures for poultry. Studies by NIEMIEC et al. (1996) showed that feeding of chicken broilers based on a mixture supplemented with sunflower oil improved slaughter performance. According to LIPIEC (1991) sunflower extracted meal can be used in monogastric animal feeding in the amount of 5 to 15% dry matter of a ration fed to birds. It results mainly from the low lysine level the variable content of hulls, which in turn significantly affects energy concentration. Lack of research on the use of mixtures containing sunflower extracted meal in goose broiler feeding was the stimulus to undertake the present studies. The aim was to determine the effect of a partly substitution of soybean extracted meal by sunflower extracted meal in concentrated mixtures for broiler geese on slaughter performance, carcass tissue composition as well as on some meat quality criteria. Material methods Studies were carried out on 120 W31 line geese of the White Koluda breed divided into two research groups. Each group was further divided into three sub-groups of males three sub-groups of females, 10 birds each. The geese were reared as broilers under an intensive system up to 10 weeks of age. Throughout the whole experimental period the geese were kept in confinement raised on bedding up to the 3 rd week later on a wire mesh. They were offered ad libitum concentrated mixtures in which the nutrient content met the requirements according to the POULTRY FEEDING STANDARDS (1996). The broiler growing period was divided into three feeding phases: 0 3, weeks. During the period of rearing, group I (control) birds were fed mixtures in which the share of soybean extracted meal in consecutive phases was 25.5, %, respectively, whereas, the share of sunflower meal amounted to 5.0, %, respectively. The geese of group II were fed the mixtures in which the shares of the aforementioned extracted meals during consecutive phases were 22.5, 11.5, 4.5%, 10.0, % for soybean sunflower meal, respectively. The composition nutrient content of the mixtures used in goose feeding are presented in Table 1. At the end of the experiment, five male five female representatives of each group were selected for slaughter. Twenty birds were killed altogether. Selection of broilers was carried out following individual weighing of birds

2 110 Biesiada-Drzazga et al.: Use of soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose feeding Table 1. Composition nutritional value of concentrated mixtures applied in goose broiler feeding over the growing period Zusammensetzung und Nährstoffgehalte der Versuchsmischungen in der Mastperiode Period of feeding (wk) group kind of mixture I (control) II I (control) II I (control) II MS-1 MS-4 MS-2 MS-5 MS-3 MS-6 Corn Wheat Wheat bran 3.00 Soybean extracted meal Sunflower extracted meal Soybean oil Dicalcium phosphate Coarse-grained chalk L-lysine 99% DL-methionine 99% Fodder salt NaCl Premix 1% 1.00 * 1.00 * 1.00 ** 1.00 ** 1.00 ** 1.00 ** Ronozyme WX Ronozyme VP Ronozyme P kg mixture contains: Metabolizable energy MJ Crude protein % Crude fibre % Lysine % Methionine % Total Ca % Available P % Manufacturers Roche Vitamins Pol * per 1 kg: Vit. A ( j.m.), D 3 ( j.m.), E (2 500 mg), K (160 mg), B 1 (120 mg), B 2 (400 mg), B 6 (300 mg), B 12 (1 600 mcg), Niotin (3 200 mg), Pantothenic acid (600 mg), Folic acid (100 mg),biotin (7500 mcg), Choline ( mg), Fe (4000 mg), Mn (7 000 mg), Cu (800 mg), Zn (4 000mg), J (80mg), Co (80mg) Antioxydante ** per 1 kg: Vit. A ( j.m.), D 3 ( j.m.), E (2 000 mg), K (150 mg), B 1 (1200 mg), B 2 (300 mg), B 6 (150 mg), B 12 (1 600 mcg), Niotin (3000 mg), Pantothenic acid (500 mg), Folic acid (80 mg), Biotin (7500 mcg), Choline ( mg), Fe (4 000 mg), Mn(7 000 mg), Cu (800mg), Zn (4 000mg), J (80mg), Co (80mg) Antioxydante organising body weight data in an increasing sequence. After slaughter, bleeding plucking, slaughter analysis was carried out according to the methodology described by ZIOLECKI DORUCHOWSKI (1989). Electronic scales were used to weigh giblets (heart, liver gizzard, separately), inedible viscera, head, legs, wing ends. Then slaughter performance was determined. The carcasses were cooled at a temperature of about 8 10 C dissected after 24 hours. The skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, breast muscles, thigh shank muscles the carcass remainders (remaining muscles bones) were separated from each carcass weighed, samples for chemical analyses were taken. The analyses included: determination of chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash) of breast muscles, thighs shanks by the stard Weende method of HENNE- BERG-STOHMANN (SKULMOWSKI, 1974) determination of the fatty acids profile in breast muscles, thigh shank muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat by means of gas chromatography conducted on a Chrom 5 apparatus. The chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionising detector (air-water). A glass column fitted with Silar 5 CP which was 2.5 m long was used. The injection chamber detector temperature was 250 C column temperature was 192 C. The results obtained were statistically analyzed according to stard methods (TRETOWSKI WÓJCIK, 1991). A one-way analysis of variance was applied means were compared by the Tukey test. Significance of differences was checked between groups (i.e. in columns) in successive weeks of rearing (A, B at P 0.01 or a, b at P 0.05) between sexes within groups ( ** at P 0.01 or * at P 0.05). Results Table 2 presents average values of the slaughter analysis results of 10-week-old goose broilers. Group I (control) geese, offered in consecutive rearing phases (0 3, wk) concentrated mixtures containing respectively 25.5, % soybean extracted meal, 5.0, % sunflower extracted meal, reached the final

3 Biesiada-Drzazga et al.: Use of soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose feeding 111 Table 2. Average values (x in g) variation coefficients (V % ) of slaughter analysis in 10-week-old goose broilers Mittelwerte (x in g) und Variabilitätskoeffizienten (V % ) der Ausschlachtung bei Mastgänsen im Alter von 10 Wochen Statistic measures I Group sex II Body weight before slaughter x 5350 * * V % % Blood feathers x a b V % % a b Giblets x V % % Inedible viscera x V % % Post-slaughter remainders (blood, feathers, head, legs, wing ends) x V % % a, b significant differences between groups at P 0.05, * significant differences between males females within a group at P body weight of 5160 g, giblet weight of 336 g, inedible viscera weight of 371 g, post-slaughter remainder weight of 1073 g. In turn, group II geese, fed mixtures containing respectively 22.5, % soybean extracted meal, 10.0, 17.5, 21.0% sunflower extracted meal, were characterised by the following average values of the analysed traits: 5266, 324, g, respectively. Goose feeding with mixtures containing different levels of soybean sunflower extracted meals did not significantly influence the analysed traits in the geese. In both groups males had significantly higher body weight prior to slaughter than females. The share of blood feathers in body weight was significantly higher the inedible viscera share was slightly higher in group I (control) geese as compared to group II birds (Table 2). The remaining traits of slaughter analysis (giblet post-slaughter remainder weights) were similar in both goose groups. Carcass weight slaughter performance were similar in both groups amounted to respectively 3389 g 65.7% in group I (control) 3742 g 66.1% in group II (Table 3). The weight of analysed carcass elements (breast, thigh shank muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat abdominal fat) was similar in group I II. Compared with females, males were characterised by higher slaughter performance, significantly higher weight of eviscerated carcass, predominantly higher weight of individual tissue components. When compared to group II birds, carcasses of control group (I) geese had a higher share of skin with subcutaneous fat of abdominal fat, a similar share of muscles a lower share of so-called carcass remainders (remaining muscles bones). No statistically significant influence of sex on carcass fatness musculature in goose broilers was found. Breast muscles of group I geese had significantly higher dry matter, crude protein crude fat contents than breast muscles of group II geese. Similarly, thigh shank muscles of group I geese contained more dry matter crude fat but less crude protein than group II geese (Table 4) Differences were not statistically significant. Breast muscles of geese of both groups contained more dry matter crude protein compared with thigh shank muscles. It was observed that, compared with thigh shank muscles, breast muscles were characterised by a higher share of unsaturated fatty acids a lower share of saturated fatty acids, irrespective of goose feeding during the rearing period (Table 5). Group I geese were characterised by a higher share of saturated fatty acids a lower share of unsaturated fatty acids in skin with subcutaneous fat, as compared to group II geese. Due to a lower content of saturated fatty acids a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, skin with subcutaneous fat in the geese of both groups had a distinctively more favourable composition of fatty acids than the subcutaneous fat (Table 5). As far as unsaturated fatty acids were concerned, in all the analysed tissues the highest share was observed for oleic acid C 18:1 ( %), linoleic acid C 18:2 ( %) palmitoleic acid C 16:1 ( %), whereas, for saturated fatty acids the order was as follows: palmitic acid C 16:0 ( %) stearic acid C 18:0 ( %). In comparison with group II geese fed mixtures with an increased content of sunflower extracted meal a reduced share of soybean meal, group I (control) geese, which were fed mixtures with an increased content of soybean extracted meal, were characterised by higher significantly higher share of palmitic, palmitoleic oleic acids, a significantly lower share of linoleic acid in all the examined tissues.

4 112 Biesiada-Drzazga et al.: Use of soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose feeding Table 3. Average values (x in g) variation coefficients (V % ) of dissection analysis results in 10-week-old goose broilers Mittelwerte (x in g) und Variabilitätskoeffizienten (V % ) der Schlachtkörperzerlegung bei Mastgänsen im Alter von 10 Wochen Statistic measure I Group sex II Carcass weight x V % % Slaughter performance without giblets X V % Skin with subcutaneous fat x * V % % Abdominal fat x V % % Skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat x V % % * Breast muscles x V % % Thigh shank muscles x V % % Muscles in total x V % % Carcass reminder (remaining muscles bones) x 1499 * V % % Meat : fat 1:1.2 1:1.2 1:1.2 1:1.2 1:1.1 1:1.1 * significant differences between males females within a group at P Discussion Body weight reached by geese in the present study was higher than the weight reported by other authors (BOGEN- FURST et al., 1997; MAZANOWSKI, 1999; BAKOWICZ, 2004). Numerous Polish foreign studies (eg.: BOCHNO et al., 1990; JANISZEWSKA, 1993; WIEDERHOLD PINGEL, 1997) showed that the older the birds get, the higher the body weight the weight of particular carcass tissue components are. Moreover, the reciprocal proportions of these tissues change. In the research by BOCHNO (1985) breast muscles of eight-week-old geese amounted to 13.9% of the eviscerated carcass in 11-week-old birds the share rose to 30%. In earlier studies by one of the authors of the present paper (BIESIADA-DRZAZGA, 1998) the share of breast muscles, thigh shank muscles in the carcass of 10-week-old goose broilers was %, respectively. The results proved to be similar to the results of this research. Geese are distinguished by considerable carcass fatness. According to JANISZEWSKA (1993) WAWRO et al. (1987), the fatness begins to increase markedly from the 12 th week of life. In the present study goose broilers reared to 10 weeks of age showed similar fatness compared to the reports of other authors. In 10-week-old geese reared under an intensive system, skin with subcutaneous fat amounted to 18.5% (BAKOWICZ, 2004), whereas, skin with subcutaneous abdominal fat amounted to 25.5% (BIESIADA- DRZAZGA, 1998). Similar results of body eviscerated carcass weight carcass tissue composition show that diverse bird feeding based on an application of mixtures containing, respec-

5 Biesiada-Drzazga et al.: Use of soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose feeding 113 Table 4. Chemical composition of breast, thigh shank muscles of 10-week-old goose broilers Chemische Zusammensetzung der Brust-, Schenkel-, und Unterschenkelmuskeln bei Mastgänsen im Alter von 10 Wochen Group Dry matter Ash Crude protein Crude fat Breast muscles I 27.6 a a II 25.5 b b Thigh shank muscles I II a, b statistically significant differences between groups at P Table 5. Content of fatty acids in goose breast muscles, breast shank muscles after rearing termination Fettsäurengehalte in Brust-, Schenkel- und Unterschenkelmuskeln bei Gänsen nach am Ende der Mastperiode Fatty acid Breast muscles Thigh shank Skin with Abdominal fat muscles subcutaneous fat I II I II I II I II saturated: C 14: C 15: C 16: C 17: C 18: total a 25.2 b unsaturated: C 14: C 15: C 16: a 2.68 b a 2.87 b C 17: C 18: A 51.3 B 55.1 b 55.1 b 59.5 a 57.3 b 59.0 A 55.9 B C 18: B A A A A 8.29 B A C 18: C 20: C 20: C 20: total remaining fatty acids: a, b statistically significant differences between groups at P 0.05, A, B statistically significant differences between groups at P tively, 25.5, 17.0, 9.0% soybean extracted meal 5.0, 9.0, 14.0% sunflower extracted meal (group I control), or 22.5, 11.5, 4.5% 10.0, 17.5, 21.0%, respectively, of the discussed extracted meals (group II) in consecutive weeks of rearing (0 3, wk) did not have a significant influence on slaughter traits in goose. Meat quality assessment includes chemical composition of breast muscles leg muscles, the composition depends on many factors (BATURA et al., 1998; 1999). Some investigators have proved that bird feeding is one of those factors (BIELINSKA et al., 1975; BIESIADA-DRZAZGA GÓRSKI, 1998; FARUGA, 1976; JANISZEWSKA et al., 1999; MIGDA L et al., 2000; OSEK et al., 2002; PAKULSKA et al., 2002; ROSINSKI et al., 2000). The discussed study confirmed this inference, especially, in respect of chemical composition of broiler breast muscles. An application of mixtures with an increased share of soybean extracted meal a lower content of sunflower extracted meal caused, first foremost, a statistically significant increase in the content of dry matter crude fat in the breast muscles of these birds. The results obtained in the present experiment are similar to the results reported by BATURA et al. (1998). Compared with the control (group I), diversified goose feeding based on an application of mixtures containing a reduced share of soybean extracted meal an increased amount of sunflower extracted meal (group II) reduced

6 114 Biesiada-Drzazga et al.: Use of soybean extracted meal sunflower meal in goose feeding the share of saturated fatty acids in thigh shank muscles in skin with subcutaneous fat. Simultaneously, it changed the profile of fatty acids because in all the examined tissues the linoleic acid content increased oleic acid content dropped. The results obtained are reflected in studies by other authors (BIESIADA-DRZAZGA GÓRSKI, 1998; JAMROZ et al., 1997; KARPINSKA BATURA, 1998). In both examined groups, goose skin with subcutaneous fat had a more favourable fatty acid composition than abdominal fat. Similar observations were made by KARPINSKA BATURA (1998) in their studies on White Italian geese. In turn, the share of individual fatty acids in goose broiler abdominal fat was in general quite similar to the results obtained for geese by ROSINSKI et al. (1999). Summary The aim of research was to analyse the effect of an application of concentrated mixtures containing a different share of soybean sunflower extracted meals in goose broiler feeding. In total, 120 White Koluda geese of the line W31 raised under an intensive system up to 10 weeks of age were used in the experiment. The studies showed that the body weight as well as carcass weight carcass tissue composition of 10-week-old broilers were not negatively influenced by substitution of soybean extracted meal with varying amounts of sunflower extracted meal in the concentrated mixtures. However, it did influence chemical composition of breast muscles the profile of fatty acids of breast muscles, thigh shank muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat. Key words Goose broilers, feeding, sunflower extracted meal, carcass Zusammenfassung Untersuchung des Einflusses von Mischfutter mit Soja- und Sonnenblumenextraktionsschrot auf die Leistung von Mastgänsen Das Ziel der Untersuchungen war, den Einfluss der Fütterung von Alleinfutter mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an Sojabohnen- und Sonnenblumenextraktionsschrot bei Mastgänsen zu analysieren. Das Versuchsmaterial bildeten 120 intensiv bis zur zehnten Lebenswoche gemästete Gänse W31 der weißen Rasse Koludzka. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Fütterung von Alleinfutter, in dem Sojabohnenextraktionsschrot durch größtenteils durch Sonnenblumenextraktionsschrot ersetzt wurde, keine negativen Auswirkungen auf das Körpergewicht der Gänse im Alter von 10 Wochen, auf das Schlachtkörpergewicht und seine Gewebezusammensetzung hatte. Allerdings wurden die chemische Zusammensetzung der Brustmuskeln und auch das Fettsäurenmuster der Brust-, Schenkel-, und Unterschenkelmuskeln, der Haut mit dem Hautfett und des Abdominalfettes beeinflusst. Stichworte Mastgänse, Fütterung, Sojaextraktionsschrot, Sonnenblumenextraktionsschrot, Schlachtkörper References BATURA, J., M. KARPINSKA, M. BOJARSKA, 1998: Warto sc odży- wcza i technologiczna miesa czterech rodów doswiadc- zalnych gesi. Zesz. Nauk. Prz. Hod. 36, BATURA, J., M. KARPINSKA, M. BOJARSKA, 1999: Sklad kwasów tluszczowych tluszczu miesni piersiowych gesi. Zesz. Nauk. Prz. Hod. 45, BAKOWICZ, A., 2004: Kierunki zmian w doborze rozwiazan techniczno-organizacyjnych stosowanych w tuczu gesi. Polskie drobiarstwo. 4, BIELINSKA, K., H. BIELINSKA, K. BIELINSKI, M. TROJAN, E. PAKULSKA, D. JAMROZ, 1980: Wplyw okresowego ograniczenia spożycia paszy na dojrzalo sc brojlerów gesich do uboju. Rocz. Nauk. Zoot. 7(2), BIELINSKA, K., K. PUJSZO, K. BIELINSKI, J. 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