Analysis of slaughter value and muscle fibre thickness of selected muscles in geese broilers as related to feeding applied during the rearing period

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1 Animal Science Papers and Reports vol. 24 (2006) Supplement 2, nstitute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzębiec, Poland Presented at the Conference Genetic and environmental possibilities of adjusting the slaughter value and meat quality of animals to consumers requirements 7-8 September 2006, Lublin-Krasnobród, Poland Analysis of slaughter value and muscle fibre thickness of selected muscles in geese broilers as related to feeding applied during the rearing period Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga 1, Janusz Górski 1, Alina Górska 2 1 Department of Poultry Breeding, University of Podlasie, B. Prusa 14, Siedlce, Poland 2 Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Evaluation, University of Podlasie, B. Prusa 14, Siedlce, Poland Used were 180 White Koluda W31 geese divided into three groups, 60 birds each, reared as broilers in an intensive system up to the age of 10 weeks. Feeding, which included partial replacement of soybean post-extractive meal with rapeseed or sunflower post-extractive meals and yellow lupin meal, did not significantly differentiate final body weight and the weight of breast and leg muscles of birds. Moreover, it did not significantly affect the superficial breast muscle diameter of the geese, simultaneously changing, however, the diameter of their thigh biceps muscle. KEY WORDS: feeding geese / geese broilers / muscle fibres / slaughter value / post-extractive meals The muscle fibres, which constitute muscle fibre bundles, are basic structural units of striated muscle tissue making up skeletal muscles. Eating value of poultry 37

2 Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga et al. meat depends mainly on the size of muscle fibres and the amount of connective and fatty tissue in a muscle. According to Kłosowska [1975], the muscle structure is directly related to the meat characteristics which are important from the consumer s point of view, i.e. tenderness, juiciness and colour. Witkiewicz [1999] reported that meat quality is higher when the muscle structure is made up of smaller, but more numerous fibres. Relatively numerous Polish and foreign studies show that the diametre of muscle fibre in poultry is determined, among others, by species, age, sex and environment [Górski 1977, 1995, Prost 1987, Biesiada-Drzazga 1998, Kłosowska et al. 1998], feeding being the most important factor. The present investigations aimed at determining the fibre thickness of selected muscles in White Koluda W31 intensively raised geese broilers. Moreover, an attempt was made at determining the effect of partial substitution of the post- extractive soybean oil meal in concentrated mixed ration with rapeseed and sunflower post-extractive meals or yellow lupin meal on the diameter of superficial breast and thigh biceps muscle fibres. Material and methods The experimental material consisted of 180 White Koluda W31 geese divided into three groups, 60 birds each (30 males and 30 females). The birds were reared as Table 1. Scheme of geese broiler feeding during rearing Rearing period Group feed mixture (week) (control) Standard MR-Ł1 MS-Ł1 0-3 KG-1 type rapeseed meal and 25% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine 4-8 Standard KG-2 type 9-10 Standard KG-3 type MR-Ł2 rapeseed meal and 50% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine MR-Ł2 rapeseed meal and 50% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine sunflower meal and 25% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine MS-Ł2 sunflower extracted meal and 50% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine MS-Ł2 sunflower extracted meal and 50% post-extractive soybean meal replaced by yellow lupine 38

3 Adjusting the slaughter value and meat quality of animals to consumers requirements broilers in an intensive system up to 10 weeks of age. The rearing conditions followed the generally accepted technology [Bieliński 1981]. The geese were fed ad libitum the concentrate mixed rations differing in composition. Group (control) was fed with standard concentrate mixture of KG type, while groups and (experimental) with the mixtures in which soybean post-extractive meal was partially replaced with rapeseed post-extractive meal and yellow lupin meal or sunflower postextractive meal and yellow lupin meal. Geese feeding schemes are presented in Table 1 and the nutritive value of the concentrate mixtures applied is shown in Table 2. At the age of 10 weeks the birds were weighed and from each group five males and five females were sampled for slaughter. Sampling was carried out according to Trętowski and Wójcik [1991] in the way to obtain representative material. Altogether 30 birds were slaughtered. After evisceration, the carcasses were cooled and the dissection of the whole carcasses was carried out. After taking samples of superficial breast muscle and biceps thigh muscle, carcasses were preserved by freezing at the temperature of -80 C. The muscle fibre thickness was determined by the Nesseni and Müller [1955] method. The measurements were taken by means of the MP-3 projection microscope, at a total magnification of 250 and the value of scale bar being 4 μm. Only the fibres without visible mechanical injuries were selected for measurements. A hundred individual muscle fibres were measured in each sample. The following formula was applied in order to determine fibre thickness: Table 2. Chemical composition of mixtures in geese broiler feeding during rearing Week 0-3 Week 4-8 Week 9-10 group group group group group group group group group Component mix KG-1 mix MR-Ł1 mix MS-Ł1 mix KG-2 mix MR-Ł2 mix MS-Ł2 mix KG-3 mix MR-Ł2 mix MS-Ł2 Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) Crude protein (g) Crude fat (g) Crude fibre (g) Ca (g) P-available (g)

4 Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga et al. where: d = [ (A-1) + (s 1 : n) λ ] x W d mean thickness of muscle fibres; A the midpoint of the first numerical class interval; W value of one division of a lanameter; s 1 sum obtained after cumulating the number of measurements; λ size of class interval. On the basis of the numerical data, computed were means of the traits analysed and their variation coefficients. Moreover, correlation coefficients between the studied traits (body weight, muscle weight, diameter of muscle fibres) were calculated. The obtained values of examined traits were analysed according to the following linear model: Y ijl = m +A i + B j + AB ij + E ijl where: Y ijl value of the trait; m population mean; A i effect of i-th group (i=1,, 4); B j effect of sex; AB ij effect of interaction between both factors; E ijl random error. Results and discussion Table 3 presents mean values of traits analysed. Final body weights in the control group () and in the experimental groups ( and ) were similar and amounted to 5363, 5168 and 5110g, respectively. However, differences were found in final body weight between males and females within the particular groups, the former being heavier (P 0.05). Final body weight of geese was higher than that reported for geese broilers by Faruga [1976], Bielińska et al. [1979] and Janiszewska [1993]. Muscle weight of the geese examined in the present experiment was similar in the individual groups, although slightly higher weight of breast muscles was found in the control group, and thigh and shank weights were a little higher in experimental groups (no significant inter-group differences). The means for breast muscles weight of group, and were 446, 437 and 428 g, while the weight of thigh and shank muscles was 566, 576 and 579, respectively. From the above it can be concluded that varying geese feeding during their rearing period, based on partial substitution of post-extractive soybean meal with rape or sunflower post-extractive meal and yellow lupin meal, neither significantly increased nor reduced the final body weight, the weight of breast muscles and the weight of leg muscles of geese broilers. 40

5 Adjusting the slaughter value and meat quality of animals to consumers requirements Table 3. Means for traits analysed in geese broilers at week 10 of age Group Body weight (g) Weight of breast muscles (g) Weight of superficial breast muscles (g) Weight of thigh and drumstic muscles (g) Diametre of superficial breast muscle fibres (um) Diametre of thigh biceps muscle fibres (um) Sex males females sexes pooled 5613 a 5468 a a b b b 4880 b b a a * * ab Within groups differences between males and females significant at P *nter-group differences significant at P The diametres of superficial breast muscle fibres and thigh biceps fibres of the control group geese fed standard concentrate mixture were 39.4 and μm, respectively. n geese fed the mixtures in which post-extracted soybean meal was partially substituted by post-extractive rapeseed oil meal and yellow lupin meal (group ) the respective mean fibre diametres of two muscles in question were and μm. n geese fed the mixtures including post-extracted sunflower oil meal and yellow lupin meal which partially replaced soybean post-extracted oil meal (group ), the respective mean diametres reached and μm. These figures show that the geese feeding applied in group and did not lead to significant changes in the diametres of their superficial breast muscles, but it significantly changed the diametres of thigh biceps muscle of the birds. t can be concluded that, compared with standard mixtures fed to the geese of the control group (), the application of concentrate mixtures including sunflower post-extracted oil meal and yellow lupin meal (group ) slightly reduced the diametres of fibres of broiler thigh biceps muscle. On the contrary, the 41

6 Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga et al. concentrate mixtures containing post-extracted rapeseed oil meal and yellow lupin meal slightly increased the diameters discussed. The diametres determined for both analysed muscles were markedly higher than the values found in earlier studies by Biesiada-Drzazga [1998]. n an experiment carried out by Kłosowska et al. [1996] the diametres of pectoralis maior ßR muscle red and αw white fibres were and μm in males, and and μm in females, respectively. n the available literature the number of reports pertaining to an effect of feeding on the diametres of poultry muscle fibres is small. n earlier studies of the authors [Biesiada- Drzazga and Górski 2000] changes in the diametres of geese muscle fibres were found to depend on feeding birds during rearing. Also Kłosowska et al. [1998] emphasize that among other things, the type of fattening (i.e. different feeding) is a factor which differentiates diametres of geese breast muscle fibres. With no reference to feeding during the rearing period, males compared with females showed higher or significantly higher diametres of thigh biceps muscle fibres. n turn, the superficial breast muscle fibre diametres of the control males and females (group ) were similar, whereas in the experimental groups ( and ) males showed smaller fibre diametres than females (differences not significant). n each analysed group superficial breast muscle fibres were characterized by markedly smaller diametres than the fibres of thigh biceps muscle, which is in accordance with earlier report by Biesiada-Drzazga [1998]. Table 4. Correlation coefficients (r) between selected traits in geese broilers at week 10 of rearing tem Weight of superficial breast muscle Diametre of superficial breast muscle fibres Weight of thigh and drumstick muscles Diametre of thigh biceps muscle fibres Body weight 0,767 ** -0,010 0,737 ** 0,128 Weight of superficial - 0, breast muscles Weight of thigh and drumstic muscles ,161 The values of the correlation coefficients (r) between geese body weight and superficial breast muscle weight and weight of thigh and shank muscles (Tab.4) were at a medium level (0.767 and 0.737, respectively). The respective r values between body weight and the size of superficial breast muscle fibres as well as body weight and the size of thigh biceps muscle fibres were and A very low r value (0.067), was found between the weight of superficial breast muscles and the diametre of their fibres, whereas a correlation of was found between the weight of leg muscles and the diametre of thigh biceps muscle fibres. n their studies Kłosowska et al. [1996] did not find a linear relation between breast muscle weight in WD3 talian 42

7 Adjusting the slaughter value and meat quality of animals to consumers requirements White geese and the diametres of their muscle fibres. Low r values between the traits in question were also reported in ducks [Biesiada-Drzazga et al. 2001]. The lack of relation between the characteristics examined can be explained by the fact that muscle growth involves both the radial growth of fibres as well as their elongation, and is a result of increasing both the fibre diametre and the number of fibres [Kłosowska et al. 1996] REFERENCES BELŃSKA K., KASZYŃSK J., BELŃSK K., WCSŁO H., JESKE J., KOŁODZEJ L., 1979 Porównanie wyników tuczu i wartości rzeźnej oraz przydatności kulinarnej brojlerów i gęsi 4- miesięcznych (Fattening results, slaughter value and culinary indicators of broilers and 4-month old geese) n Polish, summary in English. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki 6. z. 2, BELŃSK K., 1981 Technologia produkcji brojlerów gęsich (Technology Manual for Production of Geese Broilers). nstrukcja wdrożeniowa (ntroductory leaflet). n Polish. Published by the National Reseach nstitute for Animal Production, Kołuda Wielka. BESADA-DRZAZGA B., 1998 Badania porównawcze odchowu i tuczu gęsi rzeźnych i brojlerów. Comparative studies on rearing and fattening slaughter geese and geese broilers. n Polish. Thesis. University of Podlasie, Siedlce. BESADA-DRZAZGA B., GÓRSK J., 2000 Wpływ żywienia i wieku na grubość włókien mięśniowych u gęsi rzeźnych (The effect of age and feeding on thickness of muscle fibers in slaughter geese) Scientific Messenger of Lviv State Academy of Veterinary 2, BESADA-DRZAZGA B., GÓRSK J., WTAK B., 2001 Wpływ żywienia na masę ciała i wartość wymiarów zoometrycznych u gęsi białych kołudzkich. (The effect of feding on body weight and body dimensions in White Kołuda geese). n Polish, summary in English Zeszyty Naukowe Przeglądu Hodowlanego 57, BESADA-DRZAZGA B., GÓRSK J., WTAK B., 2001 Effect of feeding and age on thickness of muscle fibre in meat ducks of the A44 breed. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 10/51, 3 (S), FARUGA A Wyniki odchowu i oceny rzeźnej brojlerów kaczych i gęsich żywionych różnymi mieszankami pełnoporcjowymi (Rearing results and slaughter evaluation of duck and geese broilers fed different full mixed rations). n Polish, summary in English. Zeszyty Naukowe AR-T w Olsztynie 12, GÓRSK J., 1977 Charakterystyka umięśnienia kurcząt przeznaczonych do produkcji brojlerów (Musculature traits in chicks assigned for production of broilers). Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych 98(3), GÓRSK J., 1995 Wpływ kojarzenia kaczek Pekin na masę ciała oraz grubość włókien niektórych mięśni (The effect of mating scheme on body weight and fibre thickness of selected muscles in Peking ducks). n Polish. Zeszyty Naukowe WSR-P w Siedlcach 40, JANSZEWSKA M Zmiany masy ciała i składników tkankowych u gęsi białych włoskich w okresie odchowu (Changes in body weight and tissue components in talian White geese during rearing). n Polish, summary in English. Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olsteniensis 37, Suppl. A. KŁOSOWSKA D O związku między strukturą mięśnia a właściwościami mięsa (On the relationship between the muscle structure and meat traits) Przegląd Hodowlany 20, 3-7. KŁOSOWSKA D Cechy histologiczne i histochemiczne mięśni świń, bydła i drobiu a jakość mięsa (Histological and histochemical traits of pig, cattle and poultry muscles and meat quality). Thesis. n Polish, summary in English. Rozprawa habilitacyjna opublikowana przez Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Prace Wydziału Nauk Przyrodniczych,

8 Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga et al. 13. KŁOSOWSKA D., ELMNOWSKA-WENDA G., LUTHER R., ROSŃSK A., BAEZA E., GUY G., SALCHON M.R., 1998 Mikrostruktura m. pectoralis superficialis gęsi białej włoskiej i landejskiej (Microstructure of m. pectoralis superficialis in talian White and Landeian geese). n Polish, summary in English. Zeszyty Naukowe Przeglądu Hodowlanego 36, KŁOSOWSKA D., ROSŃSK A., ELMNOWSKA-WENDA G., 1996 Cechy mikrostruktury m. pectoralis major w dwóch pokoleniach gęsi rasy białej włoskiej rodu WD3 ( Microstructure traits of m. pectoralis maior in two generations of talian White WS3 goose). n Polish, summary in English. Zeszyty Naukowe Przeglądu Hodowlanego 24, NESSEN R., MÜLLER Ch Uber die Muskelstarke von Klein und Großtieren. Zeitschrift fuer Tierzucht und Zuchtungsbiologie 65, PROST E Higiena mięsa (Meat Hygiene). n Polish. PWRiL, Warszawa. 17. TRĘTOWSK J., WÓJCK A Metodyka doświadczeń rolniczych (Methods of Experiments in Agriculture). n Polish. Published by University of Podlasie, Siedlce. 18. WTKEWCZ K Charakterystyka włókien mięśniowych m. pectoralis major u kaczek z dwóch grup zachowawczych (Traits of fibres of m. pectoralis in two preservation duck groups. n Polish, summary in English. Zeszyty Naukowe Przeglądu Hodowlanego 45, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga, Janusz Górski, Alina Górska Analiza wartości rzeźnej i grubości włókien wybranych mięśni brojlerów gęsich w zależności od żywienia ptaków w okresie odchowu S t r e s z c z e n i e Materiałem było 180 gęsi Białych Kołudzkich W31, przydzielonych do trzech grup po 60 ptaków. Ptaki odchowywano systemem intensywnym jako brojlery do wieku 10 tygodni. Żywienie w okresie wychowu, polegające na częściowym zastąpieniu śruty poekstrakcyjnej sojowej rzepakową lub słonecznikową oraz śrutą łubinu żółtego, nie wpłynęło istotnie na zróżnicowanie końcowej masy ciała, masy mięśni piersiowych i masy mięśni nóg, ani na średnicę mięśnia piersiowego powierzchownego gęsi. Spowodowało natomiast istotne zmiany średnicy mięśnia dwugłowego uda tych ptaków. 44