J. Elementol. 29, 14(1): 91-1 91 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASS-LEGUMES SWARD Mriusz Kulik Deprtment of Grsslnd nd Lndscpe Forming University of Life Sciences in Lulin Arct The iologicl vlue of fodder is eimted on the sis of its content of prticulr mcroelements (N, P, K, C, Mg). Concentrtion of these components in fodder depends on mny fctors, minly on the properties of soil, type of lnd use nd growth phse of crops. The im of this pper ws to eimte the effect of soil properties, lnd use nd species composition of sw mixture on the content of mcroelements, totl protein nd cid detergent fire in grss-legumes sw. In 22-25 field udy ws crried out on minerl nd orgnic soil in Sosnowic (ner the Wieprz-Krzn Cnl). Two lnd use types were teed: pure (sw grzed y cttle) nd simulted (sw frequently cut, proportionlly to the grzings). Six grss-legumes mixtures were sown, including the following species: Po prtensis, Feulolium runii, Feulolium loliceum (2 rins), Lolium perenne nd Feuc prtensis. Tetrploid hyrids of Feulolium loliceum [Feuc prtensis (4x) x Lolium perenne (4x) were otined t the Initute of Plnt Genetics PAS in Poznñ. Pure sw ws grzed y Limousine cttle 5-6 times during the grzing seson, while the simulted sw ws cut t the sme time. Chemicl composition of fodder (totl protein, ADF, P, K, C, Mg) ws eimted. Sw on orgnic soil ws chrcterized y significntly higher content of totl protein, phosphorus, clcium nd mgnesium s well s significntly lower content of potssium in comprison to sw on minerl soil. Moreover, significntly higher content of potssium nd significntly lower content of mgnesium in pure sw were oserved. Sw ws of perfect qulity (content of ADF) nd hd n optimum content of sic mcroelements. No influence of the exmined species in the mixtures on feed qulity ws oserved. Consequently, compred to the other species, Feulolium loliceum hyrids prove to e suitle for to pure mixtures in pooggy hitt.. Keywos: ADF, mcroelements, soil, totl protein, utiliztion method. dr Mriusz Kulik, Deprtment of Grsslnd nd Lndscpe Forming, University of Life Sciences, Akdemick 13, 2-95 Lulin, Polnd, e-mil: mriusz.kulik@up.lulin.pl
92 WP YW RÓ NYCH CZYNNIKÓW NA SK AD CHEMICZNY RUNI TRAWIASTO-MOTYLKOWATEJ Arkt Wrtoœæ iologiczn¹ pszy ocenin siê n podwie zwrtoœci poszczególnych sk³dników pokrmowych, zw³szcz mkroelementów (N, P, K, C, Mg). Koncentrcj tych sk³dników w pszy zle y od wielu czynników, tkich jk wrunki gleowe, sposó u ytkowni, fz rozwojow roœlin. Celem dñ y³ ocen wp³ywu wrunków gleowych, sposou u ytkowni i sk³du gtunkowego miesznki n zwrtoœæ mkroelementów, i³k ogólnego i kwœnego w³ókn detergentowego w runi trwio-motylkowtej. Bdni przeprowdzono w ltch 22-25 w Sosnowicy (rejon Kn³u Wieprz-Krzn) n gleie minerlnej i orgnicznej. Pondto uwzglêdniono pwiskowe u ytkownie runi (nturlny wyps zwierz¹t) orz symulowne, czyli czêe, koszenie, proporcjonlne do iloœci wypsów. W doœwidczeniu wysino 6 miesznek trwio-motylkowtych z gtunkmi teownymi (Po prtensis, Feulolium runii, Feulolium loliceum 2 rody, Lolium perenne i Feuc prtensis). Tetrploidlne mieszñce Feulolium loliceum [Feuc prtensis (4x) x Lolium perenne (4x)] wyhodowno w Inytucie Genetyki Roœlin PAN w Poznniu. Ruñ wypsno yd³em rsy miêsnej Limousine 5-6 rzy w ci¹gu sezonu pwiskowego, ntomi ruñ w u ytkowniu symulownym koszono w tym smym czsie. W dnich okreœlono sk³d chemiczny pszy: i³ko ogólne, ADF (kwœne w³ókno detergentowe), P, K, C i Mg. Ruñ n gleie orgnicznej zwier³ iotnie wiêcej i³k ogólnego, fosforu, wpni i mgnezu orz iotnie mniej potsu, w porównniu z runi¹ n gleie minerlnej. W wrunkch u ytkowni pwiskowego znotowno iotnie wy sz¹ zwrtoœæ potsu, ntomi w u ytkowniu symulownym iotnie wy sz¹ zwrtoœæ mgnezu. Ruñ odzncz³ siê doskon³¹ jkoœci¹ (zwrtoœæ ADF) orz optymln¹ zwrtoœci¹ podwowych mkrosk³dników. Nie zoserwowno wp³ywu gtunku teownego w miesznce n jkoœæ pszy, w zwi¹zku z tym, n tle innych gtunków, mieszñce Feulolium loliceum potwiezj¹ swoj¹ przydtnoœæ do miesznek pwiskowych w siedlisku pogiennym. S³ow kluczowe: ADF, i³ko ogólne, mkroelementy, sposó u ytkowni, gle. INTRODUCTION One of the mo importnt fctors which determine the qulity of grsslnds is the chemicl composition of sw, which conditions determines the vlue of feed produced from the grss. Content of different nutrients, prticulrly mcroelements (N, P, K, C, Mg), s well s the digeiility nd the ADF (cid detergent fire) determine the iologicl vlue of sw. The concentrtion of the ove components in fodder depends on mny fctors, minly on soil conditions, lnd use nd growth phse of plnts (BORAWSKA- -JARMU OWICZ 23). On pure, the mo importnt is the influence of cttle s feces on undnce of soil nutrients nd their vilility to plnts (ROGALSKI et l. 2). The nutritive vlue of fodder is lso dependent on species composition of sw. In their serch for etter species of pure grss, reeders focus on intergeneric hyrids. Recently, Feulolium loliceum (Huds.) P.V. Fourn hyrids [Feuc prtensis x Lolium perenne] hve een
red t the Initute of Plnt Genetics PAS in Poznñ. They re now ville for further reserch (KULIK et l. 25). The im of this pper ws to eimte the effect of soil conditions, lnd use nd species composition of sw mixture on the content of mcroelements, totl protein nd cid detergent fire in grss-legumes sw. 93 MATERIAL AND METHODS The udy were crried out in 22-25 in Sosnowic (ner thewieprz- Krzn Cnl). The experiments were set up in 4-repliction split-plot design on minerl soil (deged lck soil) nd on orgnic soil (pet-muck soil). Chemicl properties of the soils were vried, depending on the type of soil, lnd use nd yer of the udy (Tle 1). Specifictiom M Chemicl properties of soil 21 23 24 O Tle 1 M O M O S P S P S P S P ph 1n KCl 5. 3 4. 8 5. 6 6. 5. 5. 2 6. 5. 3 5. 2 5. 7 P (mg 1 g- 1 soil) 4. 1 27. 3 4. 7 4. 1 2. 7 3. 5 7. 5 2. 6 19. 5 32. K (mg 1 g- 1 soil) 6. 7 2. 7 6. 8 7. 5 18. 9 19. 9 3. 7 2. 1 14. 1 16. 6 M g (mg 1 g- 1 soil) 6. 4 34. 4 7. 8 13. 6 116. 5 176. 5 3. 9 13. 3 159. 1 281. 2 M minerl soil; O orgnic soil; S simulted use; P pure Two types of grsslnd use were considered: pure (5-6 grzings y Limousine cttle) nd simulted (frequent cuts t pure mturity, proportionlly to the numer of grzingz). In the udy, 6 grss-legumes mixtures including such species s Phleum prtense cv. Or (35%), Dctylis glomert cv. Ared (1%) nd Trifolium repens cv. Romen (25%) were sown. Every mixture contined 3% shre of the teed species s follows: 1. Po prtensis cv. SKIZ, 2. Feulolium runii cv. Felop, 3. Feulolium loliceum I rin spreding type, 4. Feulolium loliceum II rin erect type, 5. Lolium perenne cv. Solen nd 6. Feuc prtensis cv. Skr. The initil hyrids etween tetrploid forms of Feuc prtensis nd Lolium perenne were otined t the Initute of Plnt Genetics PAS in Poznñ. During the whole udy controlled minerl fertiliztion ws pplied, including: N 75, P 31 nd K 75 kg h -1 (in spring N 24, P 31, K 6 kg h -1 ; fter 2 nd regrowth N 17, K 15 kg h -1 ; fter 3 nd 4 th regrowth N 17 kg h -1 ). The re of pure plot ws 3 m 2 nd tht
94 of simulted grsslnd ws 15 m 2. Before every regrowth, yield of pure sw ws ssessed y mowing prt of plot covering 5.5 m 2. Representtive smples of plnts were collected in oer to determine the chemicl composition of fodder: protein, ADF cid detergent fire, P, K, C nd Mg. Chemicl nlyses were performed t the Szelejewo Plnt Breeding Sttion (protein nd ADF) nd t the Dirict Chemicl-Agriculturl Sttion in Lulin (P, K, C nd Mg). The content of protein ws determined with Kiejdhl s method, while the mount of ADF ws mesured on n Americn Ankom Fier Anlyzer (Ankom Technology 1/99). Phosphorus ws determined colorimetriclly, potssium nd clcium were teed y flme photometry, nd mgnesium ws detected y the ASA method. The results underwent tiicl nlysis of vrince with Tukey s te. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ech grss-legumes sw contined the species sown in mixture, hers nd weeds s well s grss species which hd not een sown in the mixture. The sw vlue of the teed mixtures ws ssessed on the sis of the content of totl protein, cid detergent fire (ADF) s well s mcroelements (phosphorus, potssium, clcium nd mgnesium). In this pper, the men results of 23-25 re presented, nmely 1 nd 3 regrowths nd the men of oth regrowths. The content of the prticulr components in the sw ws dependent on the soil type nd grsslnd use. No significnt differentition depending on the sown mixture ws oserved, which is why these results were not put in the figures. However, it should e noticed tht the Feulolium loliceum rins compred fvourly to other vlule pure species. The sw with the teed hyrids ws chrcterized y good qulity, which ws confirmed y n ppropritely good content of totl protein, ADF s well s the sic mcroelements with respect to nimls nutritionl needs. The udy confirms suitility of these hyrids for pure mixtures in pooggy hitts. The content of totl protein ws vried depending on the type of soil. The sw on the orgnic soil ws chrcterized y higher content of totl protein compred with the sw on minerl soil. However, significnt vrition ws oserved only in the 3 regrowth nd the men of regrowths (orgnic soil (o) 23.76% d.m; minerl soil (m) 2.77). This is undoutedly connected with higher content of nitrogen in orgnic soils (BARY A 1992). In contr, the grsslnd use did not significntly ffect the totl protein content in sw (Figure 1). In our udy, more protein ws found in the 1 regrowth thn in the 3 one. Another nlyzed mcronutrient ws phosphorus, which plys n importnt role in the photosynthesis process, rething, metolism of fts s
95 3 25 2 LSD.5 * totl protein 15 1 5 men minerl soil orgnic soil simulted utiliztion pure utiliztion Fig. 1. Men content of totl protein in the sw in 23-25 well s nitrogen trnsformtions. It is n essentil mcroelement, whose optiml content in feed, ccoing to nimls nutritionl needs, is pproximtely.3% of dry mtter (FALKOWSKI et l. 199). The nlysis of phosphorus concentrtions showed the sme tendencies s those noticed for the totl protein content. Significntly more phosphorus ws determined in the 3 regrowth nd the men of the regrowths of sws on pet-muck soil (.4). This could e ttriuted to the etter moiure conditions of such soils. Accoing to FALKOWSKI et l. (199), phosphorus content in dry mtter sw is lower in hitts where there is shortge of wter. There were no significnt differences in the phosphorus content with respect to the grsslnd use type. Anlogously to other udies (ÆWINTAL 1999, KRZYWIEC 2), the feed we nlyzed contined on verge more phosphorus when produced from the fir regrowth (.43) thn the thi one (.34) Figure 2. Another mcronutrient which is importnt for the growth nd development of plnts is potssium, which hs positive impct on photosynthesis nd plys n importnt role in the plnt wter mngement. The optimum content of this element in sw is out 1.7 (FALKOWSKI et l. 199). In our udy, sw on minerl soil contined significntly more potssium thn tht growing on orgnic soil (Figure 2). Such reltionship is confirmed y other reserchers (ÆWINTAL 1999, KRZYWIEC 2). Orgnic soils re chrcterized y lower vilility of potssium thn minerl soils (Guz 1982). In ddition, the nlyzed sw contined more potssium when mintined s pure (men 2.18) thn when cut (men 1.96) Figure 2. This ws cused y lrge concentrtion of this element in spots covered y nimls feces (ROGALSKI et l. 2). Enrichment of soil in nutrients derived from excrements of grzing nimls increses potssium in dry mtter of pure sw (WARDA 1994).
96.5.4.3 LSD.5 * phoshorus.2.1 men 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 LSD.5 * potssium 1..5 men 1.2 1..8.6 LSD.5 * clcium.4.2 men.5.4.3.2 LSD.5 * mgnesium.1 men minerl soil orgnic soil simulted utiliztion pure utiliztion Fig. 2. Men content of mcroelements in the sw in 23-25
Clcium is nother essentil mcronutrient. It plys selective regultory function in the uptke of minerl slts y plnt roots. The optiml clcium content in grsslnd plnts is out.7% of dry mtter (FALKOWSKI et l. 199). Significnt vrition ws oserved only in the 3 regrowth, when sw on orgnic soil chrcterized y higher clcium content (1.3% d.m.) thn sw on minerl soil (.88) Figure 2. Similr results were otined y ÆWINTAL (1999), lthough more intensive minerliztion process on orgnic soil reduces the mount of clcium sored y plnts ( ÊKAWSKA 1989). However, higher clcium content in the dry mtter of sw on orgnic soil ws cused y lrger shre of Trifolium repens s well s hers nd weeds, especilly species with lrge ility to ccumulte clcium (TRZASKOŒ 1997). Another fctor which led to higher clcium content ws the improved wter tus of soil, which ffects the uptke of clcium y plnts (FALKOWSKI et l. 199). Being component of chlorophyll mgnesium, life essentil element, ffects photosynthesis, phosphorus mngement nd the formtion of protein compounds in plnts. The optimum content of mgnesium in niml feed, ccoing to nutritionl needs, is out.2% of the dry mtter (FALKOWSKI et l. 199). While nlyzing the effect of soil, it should e noticed tht sw on orgnic soil hd significntly higher content of mgnesium (.38) thn sw on minerl soil (.24). The sw on pet-muck soil comprised more Trifolium repens s well s hers nd weeds, especilly species such s Rnunculus repens or Trxcum officinle, which re mrkedly etter t ccumulting mgnesium (TRZASKOŒ 1997). Significnt differences were lso oserved in the content of mgnesium depending on the lnd use (simulted.33% d.m, pure.29) Figure 2. The differences were minly due to higher shre of hers nd weeds in the simulted grsslnd, especilly species cple of ccumulting much mgnesium, such s Achille millefolium or Trxcum officinle (TRZASKOŒ 1997). For ssessment of feed digeiility, it is importnt to know the content of the ADF. The cid detergent fire comines cellulose nd lignin, which re ulk compounds, only incidentlly digeed y monogric nimls. The content of the ADF rnges from 18 to 44 (DUFRASNE et l. 1998, GUT- MAN, ADAMOVICH 24, HARASIM 21). The content of this fire frction is growing very quickly during the growth nd susequent phses of plnt development (KRZYWIECKI, KOZ OWSKI 23). In our udy, sw ws cut on optimum dtes, i.e. during the phse of pure mturity, so it ws chrcterized y good prmeters. The results reging the ADF content were not processed tiiclly s n nlysis of n verge smple from 4 replictions ws performed. Nonetheless, the ADF levels formed prt of the feed qulity ssessment. The content of the ADF in the sw rnged etween 24.74 (1 regrowth minerl soil) to 28.63 (3 regrowth minerl soil) Figure 3. Compring these results to the Americn rnges of the ADF 97
98 3 (ADF) Acid ADF Detergent Fier 25 2 15 1 5 men minerl soil orgnic soil simulted utiliztion pure utiliztion Fig. 3. Men content of cid detergent fier (ADF) in the sw in 23 (STEEVENS 1998), it cn e concluded tht the feed otined in our udy ws of lmo perfect qulity with respect to this component. CONCLUSIONS 1. Sw on orgnic soil ws chrcterized y significntly higher content of totl protein, phosphorus, clcium nd mgnesium s well s significntly lower content of potssium compred to sw on minerl soil. 2. Sw mintined s pure hd significntly higher content of potssium nd significntly lower content of mgnesium compred to sw on simulted grsslnd. 3. Regless of the fctors tken into ccount, the teed sw ws chrcterized y excellent qulity (the ADF) nd n optimum content of the sic mcronutrients with respect to the dietry needs of nimls. 4. No influence of the mixture species udied on feed qulity ws oserved, which proves tht Feulolium loliceum hyrids re suitle for pure mixtures in pooggy hitt. REFERENCES BARY A R. 1992. Zmiennoœæ plonowni ³¹k n glech orgnicznych w wrunkch zró nicownego wieloletniego nwo eni zotem. Wid. IMUZ, 17 (2): 297-37. BORAWSKA-JARMU OWICZ B. 23. Wrtoœæ pokrmow miesznek trw w u ytkowniu koœnym pierwszy pokos i pwiskowym drugi pokos. Biul. IHAR, 225: 183-191. ÆWINTAL H. 1999. Wp³yw roœlin motylkowtych n produkcyjnoœæ i wrtoœæ runi pwiskowej. AR Lulin, ss. 72 (prc doktorsk). DUFRASNE I., ISTASSE L., RASKIN P. 1998. Cttle production from grss in intensive res. Proc. of the 17 th Generl Meeting of the EGF, Derecen, 163-174.
FALKOWSKI M., KUKU KA I., KOZ OWSKI S. 199. W³œciwoœci chemiczne roœlin ³¹kowych. AR Poznñ, ss. 111. GUTMANE I., ADAMOVICH A. 24. Productivity nd yield qulity of Feulolium nd Lolium x ouchenum vrieties. Grsslnd Science in Europe, 9: 428-43. GUZ T. 1982. Zsonoœæ zmeliorownych torfowych gle ³¹kowych w fosfor, pots, mgnez i miedÿ orz potrzey nwo eni tymi sk³dnikmi w rejonie Kn³u Wieprz-Krzn. Nowe Rolnictwo, 8: 26-27. HARASIM J. 21. Wielkoœæ i jkoœæ plonu miesznek pwiskowych n u ytku przemiennym. Zesz. Pro. Po. Nuk Rol., 479: 111-117. KRZYWIEC D. 2. Miesznki koniczyny i³ej z trwmi sposoem ogrniczeni degcji u ytków zielonych w siedlisku pogiennym i zwiêkszenie wykorzyni pszy pwiskowej. AR Lulin, ss. 151 (prc doktorsk). KRZYWIECKI S., KOZ OWSKI S. 23. W³œciwoœci chemiczne Lolium perenne determinuj¹ce jej wykorzynie w ywieniu zwierz¹t. ¹krwo w Polsce, 6: 121-134. KULIK M., ZWIERZYKOWSKI Z., JOKŒ W. 25. Morphologicl chrcteriics to discriminte Feulolium hyrids (Feuc prtensis Lolium perenne). Proc. of the XX Int. Grsslnd Congress, Dulin, 121. ÊKAWSKA I. 1989. Wp³yw zró nicownych dwek nwo eni zotem n zwrtoœæ niektórych mkrosk³dników w sinie z ³¹k po³o onych n ró nych glech torfowo-murszowych. Wid. IMUZ, 16 (2): 13-3. ROGALSKI M., KRYSZAK J., KARDYÑSKA S., WIECZOREK A., BINIAŒ J. 2. Wp³yw odchodów ps¹cych siê zwierz¹t n zró nicownie sk³du otnicznego runi. Zesz. Nuk. AR Krków, 73: 263-268. STEEVENS B. 1998. Definitions of forge qulity their importnce to ruminnt performnce. Ag Connection, 4 (1). TRZASKOŒ M. 1997. Rol zió³ w runi trw³ych u ytków zielonych. Zesz. Pro. Po. Nuk Rol., 453: 339-348. WARDA M. 1994. Zwrtoœæ i osunki iloœciowe K, C i Mg w pszy pwiskowej w wrunkch zró nicownego nwo eni zotowego. Biul. Mgnezol., 5: 6-62. 99
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