PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON GAMASID MITE AND THE ACTIVITY OF SELECTED SOIL ENZYMES IN THE KARKONOSZE NATIONAL PARK

SCIENTIARUM POLONORUMACTA Act Sci. Pol. Silv. Colendr. Rt. Ind. Lignr. 5(2) 26, 51-61 PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON GAMASID MITE AND THE ACTIVITY OF SELECTED SOIL ENZYMES IN THE KARKONOSZE NATIONAL PARK Driusz J. Gwizdowicz 1, Grżyn Olszowsk 2, Piotr Rokowski 1 1 Agriculturl University of Poznń 2 Forest Reserch Institute, Ktowice Astrct. The undnce of mites from the order Gmsid nd the ctivity of soil enzymes were investigted in reltion to ltitude, seson of the yer or distnce from the tree trunk. The ctivity of soil enzymes depended on seson of the yer nd ltitude. The undnce of the Gmsid popultion ws higher closer to the tree. Aundnce nd species composition of the investigted Gmsid popultion chnged with seson of the yer, ltitude, nd distnce from the trunk, however, it ws not significntly ffected y the ctivity of the enzymes. Key words: mites, Acri, Gmsid, enzymtic ctivity, Krkonosze Ntionl Prk INTRODUCTION Mites from the order Gmsid re used s ioindictors of chnges in the nturl environment [Gwizdowicz nd Doies 1999]. Their distriution, undnce, s well s species composition depend on temperture, precipittion, stnd reconstruction s prt of the silviculturl or conservtion opertions, s well s direct fctors connected with the food resources. In Polnd, the order Gmsid includes pproximtely 8 species, nd mong them predtors, sprophges, nd mycetophges. A smller group is composed of prsites of plnts nd nimls. Most of species from the order Gmsid inhit the soil environment, primrily the litter lyer. Orgnic compounds such s crohydrtes (sugrs, cellulose), orgnic cids, mino cids, protein, lignin, fts, wxes nd tnnins dominte in the chemicl composition of litter. As result of the ctivity of soil microorgnisms secreting enzymes, series of processes is initited which provide nutrients for plnts. The ctivity of enzymes is dependent on the physico-chemicl properties of the soil, i.e. the mechnicl composition, temperture, moisture, texture, ph, sorption complex, orgnic mtter content nd Corresponding uthor Adres do korespondencji: Dr inż. Driusz J. Gwizdowicz, Deprtment of Forest nd Environment Protection of Agriculturl University of Poznń, Wojsk Polskiego 71C, 6-625 Poznń, Polnd, e-mil: dgwizd@u.poznn.pl

52 D.J. Gwizdowicz... minerl composition [Burns 1978, Trojnowski 1973]. In spite of numerous fctors modifying the ction of soil enzymes (for exmple soil temperture, humidity, ph) their ctivity in the opinion of mny uthors is relile indictor of the fertility nd qulity of soils [Blick 1986, Jnuszek 1993] nd they re sensitive ioindictors of erly chnges in the soil environment [Olszowsk 1998, 21]. Aundnce of mites nd ctivity of soil enzymes depend on soil climte conditions i.e. ir temperture nd soil humidity. In mountins climte prmeters significntly chnge with the ltitude ove se level (.s.l.) e.g. in the Krkonosze Mts., the vlue of men nnul temperture increses y.7 C nd men nnul precipittion y 6 to 7 mm with the growing ltitude per ech 1 m [Puchlski nd Prusinkiewicz 199]. In the present study we compred undnce nd species composition of Gmsid, s well s ctivity of soil enzymes etween different ltitudes, sesons of the yer, nd distnces from the trunk. We did not find ny informtion out potentil reltionship etween undnce of Gmsid, their species composition nd ctivity of soil enzymes. However, it my e hypothesized tht enzymtic ctivity in soil incresed with growing numer of Gmsid specimens, which cn secret enzymes decomposing forest litter. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study re Four study res, ech of.25 h, were estlished in the Krkonosze Ntionl Prk. Two study plots were locted t the lower mountinous forest elt t pprox. 8 m.s.l. Acidophylic mountin eech wood with Pice ies Krst. dominted in the first storey, with mountin sh Sorus ucupri L. em. Hedl. in the undercrop nd eech Fgus sylvtic L. in the understorey. The cid rown soils were the most frequent. Two other study res were situted t the ltitude ove 1 m.s.l., t the sulpine forest elt. Norwy spruce ws the dominnt species in these res. The study res were chrcterized y low stnd density nd numerous ded stnding trees. Gleypodzolic soils were predominnt. Smpling design In ech re four reference points were chosen, which were trees or stumps. Smples were collected using proe of 2 cm 3 t the distnce of 3 cm nd over 1 cm from the fixed point (tree stem). The depth of soil proing ws 1 cm from the surfce of litter. Smples were collected twice in the lte spring (14.6.1999; 12.6.2) nd twice in utumn (7.1.1999; 22.9.2). 128 soil smples were used for nlyses. Acri nd other invertertes were driven wy from the soil smples with high irrdince provided y Tullgren funnels. Then, the specimens of Gmsid were prepred in lctophenol for microscopic oservtions. The used dry soil smples were screened through sieve with mesh size of l mm prior to determine the ctivities of the following enzymes: urese, using the colorimetric method, expressing the ctivity in mg NH 3 per 1 g soil [Głstjn 1978], Act Sci. Pol.

Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite... 53 sprginse, using the colorimetric method, expressing the ctivity in mg NH 3 per 1 g soil [Głstjn 1978], cid phosphtse, using the colorimetric method, expressing the ctivity in mg phenol per l g soil [Russel 1972], dehydrogenses, using the colorimetric method, expressing the ctivity in mg TF (triphenylphormsne) per 1 g soil [Głstjn 1978, Russel 1972]. These enzymes were chosen for nlyses ecuse their concentrtions re highest compred with other soil enzymes. Totl enzymtic ctivity ws clculted s the men vlue from ctivities of four enzymes. The percentge of orgnic cron ws determined in the SC-132 nlyzer y LECO. The rection of the soil ws determined using the potentiometric method ph in ln KC1 nd H 2 O. Dt nlyses Liner nd non-liner regressions were performed to exmine the reltionship etween enzymtic ctivity in soil nd the numer of individuls, nd species of Gmsid. The effects of the dte (the yer nd the seson of the yer), the locliztion of smples (the low mountinous forest elt or the sulpine forest elt, close to tree or in gp) on enzymtic ctivity in soil s well s the numer of individuls nd species were evluted y multivrite nlysis of vrince (MANOVA ccording to GLM procedure) followed y Tukey s posteriori tests ssuming the results to e sttisticlly significnt when p <.5. All the sttisticl nlyses were crried out with Sttistic 5.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The structure of Gmsid popultion (numer of individuls nd species) ws sttisticlly independent of enzymtic ctivity in soil. Only wek, non-liner reltionship ws found etween the enzymtic ctivity in gps nd the numer of individuls (R 2 =.225, p =.5). Totl enzymtic ctivity in soil relted to four enzymes: sprginse, dehydrogense, phosphtse nd urese did not significntly differ etween utumn nd spring (Fig. 1 ) ut the interction etween seson of the yer nd ctivity of the investigted enzymes ws sttisticlly significnt (p =.1). Post-hoc comprison showed tht the ctivity of phosphtse ws considerly higher in utumn thn in spring (p =.1; Fig. 1 ). The ctivities of the enzymes did not differ when compred the soil smples collected close to tree nd in gps (p =.523). The ctivities of phosphtse nd urese were higher t the lower mountinous forest elt thn t the sulpine forest elt (p <.1, p =.35, respectively; Tle 1). The upper lyers of the investigted soils were strongly cid s indicted y ph in KC1 2.81-3.18 nd ph in H 2 O 3.57-3.89. No significnt differences in ph were oserved etween smples collected t vrying distnces from the tree. Orgnic cron testing showed tht soil smples collected in the sulpine forest elt contined more orgnic cron on verge from 38.9 to 44.4% thn smples from the low mountinous forest elt on verge 18.9-35.%. In the sulpine forest elt Silvrum Colendrum Rtio et Industri Lignri 5(2) 26

54 D.J. Gwizdowicz... 6 Totl enzymtic ctivity, mg/1 g Cłkowit ktywność enzymtyczn, mg/1 g 5 4 3 2 1 p =.69 Enzymtic ctivity, mg/1 g Aktywność enzymtyczn, mg/1 g 8 6 4 2 Asprginse Asprginz Dehydrogense Dehydrogenz Phosphtse Fosftz Urese Urez Spring Wiosn Autumn Jesień Fig. 1. Totl men vlues (± SD) of enzymtic ctivity in soil () nd enzymtic ctivity of the individul enzymes () in spring nd utumn. The soil smples were collected twice: in 1999 nd 2. MANOVA followed y Tukey s posteriori test t p <.5 were pplied to evlute the effects of the dte nd plce of smples collection ( distnce from the tree) on enzymtic ctivity in soil. The different letters indicte tht the men vlues significntly differ ccording to Tukey s test Rys. 1. Średnie wrtości cłkowitej ktywności enzymtycznej gley (± odchylenie stndrdowe) () i ktywność poszczególnych enzymów () wiosną i jesienią. Z pomocą wieloczynnikowej nlizy wrincji i testu Tukey n poziomie istotności p <,5 oceniono wpływ dty i miejsc zerni pró (odległości od drzew) n ktywność enzymtyczną gley. Różne litery wskzują, że wrtości średnie różnią się sttystycznie istotnie n podstwie testu Tukey Act Sci. Pol.

Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite... 55 Tle 1. Men vlues (± SD) of enzymes ctivities t the low mountinous forest elt nd t the sulpine forest elt. Two-wy ANOVA in generl liner model followed y Tukey s posteriori test t p <.5 were pplied to compre the men vlues (n = 64) Tel 1. Średnie wrtości (± odchylenie stndrdowe) ktywności enzymtycznej w reglu dolnym i w reglu górnym. Do porównni średnich zstosowno dwuczynnikową nlizę wrincji według ogólnego modelu liniowego i test posteriori Tukey n poziomie istotności p <,5 (n = 64) Enzyme Enzym Low mountinous forest elt Regiel dolny Sulpine forest elt Regiel górny Asprginse Asprginz 8.8 ±4 11.5 ±5.3 Dehydrogense Dehydrogenz 9.8 ±7 7. ±5.6 Phosphtse Fosftz 43.9 ±17 58.5 ±19 Urese Urez 31.7 ±15 4. ±29 the distnce from the tree trunk did not hve significnt effect on the orgnic cron content, s it ws on verge: 3 cm 44.4%; over 1 cm 4.8%, respectively. In the low mountinous forest elt more orgnic cron ws found in the smples collected t the distnce of 3 cm 32.1% thn over 1 cm 21.3%. Enzymtic ctivity, orgnic cron content nd ph my influence the species composition nd undnce of Gmsid in soil. A totl of 973 mite specimens from the order Gmsid elonging to 46 species were found in the soil smples. Remrkle differences in the numer of species nd the size of Gmsid popultion were oserved etween the ltitudes. In the res locted t the low mountinous forest elt in ll the soil smples (humus nd litter) 577 specimens were found, elonging to 39 species, wheres t the sulpine forest elt 396 specimens elonging to 31 species (Tle 2). The species found most frequently ws Veigi nemorensis, of which 23 specimens were found t the low mountinous forest elt nd 84 specimens t the sulpine forest elt. At the low mountinous forest elt, the men totl numer of individuls of Gmsid per 2 cm 3 of humus nd litter ws 12 close to tree nd 6 in gps compred to the sulpine forest elt 8 nd 4 individuls, respectively. Numer of specimens nd species composition of Gmsid were more undnt in utumn thn in spring (p =.5; Fig. 2, ). Moreover, numer of individuls of Gmsid, in prticulr numer of individuls of Veigi nemorensis ttined higher men vlues in the soil smples collected close to trees compred to those collected in gps (p =.3 nd p <.1, respectively; Fig. 3, ). The numer of species ws greter t the low mountinous forest elt compred to the sulpine forest elt (p =.5) ut did not significntly chnge with the distnce from tree (Fig. 4 ). The numer of Veigi nemorensis individuls ws higher t the low mountinous forest elt thn t the sulpine forest (p =.3; Fig. 4 ). Inversely, the ctivities of phosphtse nd urese incresed t the higher ltitude (Fig. 4 c). To sum up, our results indicted tht the numer of Gmsid individuls nd species composition differed etween the sesons of the yer, the ltitudes nd the smples collection plces (close to the trunk or in gp). However, the determined prmeters of Gmsid popultion were independent of soil enzymtic ctivity. Silvrum Colendrum Rtio et Industri Lignri 5(2) 26

56 D.J. Gwizdowicz... Tle 2. A list of gmsid mites found in the surfce in low mountinous forest elt nd sulpine forest elt Tel 2. Wykz roztoczy Gmsid stwierdzonych w reglu dolnym i górnym Species Gtunek Low mountinous forest elt Regiel dolny division oddził 14d division oddził 31j Sulpine forest elt Regiel górny division oddził 2f division oddził 71h Amlyseius sp. 1 Celenopsis dius 1 1 Eviphis ostrinus 2 9 2 Gmsellus montnus 9 24 53 2 Geholspis longispinosus 3 1 4 1 Geholspis mndiulris 2 Geholspis puperior 4 1 Holoprsitus clcrtus 17 1 Holoprsitus sp. 4 Hypospis culeifer 2 1 Hypospis revipilis 2 1 Leioseius mgnnlis 2 Leptogmsus oesus 31 9 11 Leptogmsus prvulus 37 12 55 18 Mcrocheles gler 1 1 Mcrocheles montnus 4 1 Pchylelps ellicosus 7 1 Pchylelps furcifer 6 7 4 3 Pchylelps longisetis 5 2 Pchylelps suecicus 1 3 Prgmsus crssicornutus 1 5 Prgmsus homopodoides 1 4 Prgmsus rostriforceps 1 Prgmsus runctellus 2 Prgmsus vgundus 1 2 Prsitus et 1 Prsitus fimetorum 1 Przercon rditus 6 1 1 Pergmsus revicornis 5 8 4 3 Polyspinus cylindicus 15 3 Porrhostspis lunult 1 2 Prozercon kochi 1 Rhodcrus sp. 1 Trchytes egrot 9 12 19 17 Trchytes irene 27 1 Trchytes puperior 9 1 4 9 Trichouropod ovlis 1 Urodispis tect 3 Uropod minim 2 2 Uropod misell 3 1 Veigi cervus 4 2 5 12 Veigi kochi 3 2 4 1 Veigi nemorensis 83 12 41 43 Veigi propinqu 2 1 5 7 Vulgrogmsus krepelini 2 4 4 4 Zercon tringulris 2 Numers of specimens Licz osoników 321 256 231 165 Numers of species Licz gtunków 39 31 Act Sci. Pol.

Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite... 57 25 2 Numer of individuls per smple Licz osoników w próie 15 1 5 Numer of species per smple Licz gtunków w próie 6 4 2 Spring Wiosn Autumn Jesień Fig. 2. Men vlues (± SD) of the numer of individuls () nd the numer of Gmsid species () in spring nd utumn. MANOVA followed y Tukey s posteriori test were crried out t p <.5. The different letters indicte tht the men vlues sttisticlly significntly differ ccording to Tukey s posteriori test Rys. 2. Średnie wrtości (± odchylenie stndrdowe) liczy osoników () i liczy gtunków z grupy Gmsid () wiosną i jesienią. Do porównni średnich zstosowno wieloczynnikową nlizę wrincji i test Tukey n poziomie istotności p <,5. Różne litery wskzują, że wrtości średnie różnią się sttystycznie istotnie n podstwie testu Tukey Silvrum Colendrum Rtio et Industri Lignri 5(2) 26

58 D.J. Gwizdowicz... 8 Numer of individuls Veigi nemorensis Licz osoników Veigi nemorensis 6 4 2 2 Numer of individuls Licz osoników 15 1 5 Close to tree W poliżu drzew Gp Luk Fig. 3. Men vlues (± SD) of the numer of Gmsid individuls () nd the numer of Veigi nemorensis individuls () determined in the soil smples (2 cm 3 ) collected close to trees nd in gps (in distnce over 1 cm from tree). For further explntions see Figure 2 Rys. 3. Średnie wrtości (± odchylenie stndrdowe) liczy osoników z grupy Gmsid () i liczy osoników Veigi nemorensis () określone w próch gleowych o ojętości 2 cm 3, które zerno w poliżu pni drzew i w lukch (w odległości 1 cm od drzew). Pozostłe ojśnieni ptrz rysunek 2 Act Sci. Pol.

Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite... 59 Gmsid species per smple Gtunki z rodzju Gmsid w próie Veigi individuls per smple Osoniki z rodzju Veigi w próie Enzymtic ctivity, mg/1 g Aktywność enzymtyczn, mg/1 g 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 8 Phosphtse Fosftz Urese Urez 6 4 2 Low forest elt Regiel dolny Close to tree W poliżu drzew Gp Luk Sulpine forest elt Regiel górny c Fig. 4. Comprison of the numers of Gmsid species (), the numers of Veigi nemorensis individuls per soil smple (2 cm 3 ) () nd enzymtic ctivity (c) in the soil smples collected t the low mountinous forest nd the sulpine forest zone in the Krkonosze Mts. MANOVA (ccording to GLM procedure) followed y Tukey s posteriori test were pplied t p <.5 Rys. 4. Porównnie liczeności gtunków z grupy Gmsid (), liczeności osoników Veigi nemorensis w przeliczeniu n próę gleową o ojętości 2 cm 3 () i ktywności enzymtycznej (c) w próch gleowych zernych w reglu dolnym i górnym Krkonoszy. Zstosowno wieloczynnikową nlizę wrincji (według ogólnego modelu liniowego GLM ) i test Tukey n poziomie istotności p <,5 Silvrum Colendrum Rtio et Industri Lignri 5(2) 26

6 D.J. Gwizdowicz... CONCLUSIONS 1. In utumn the ctivity of soil enzymes ws higher thn in spring. The Gmsid undnce ws greter nd more vried s fr s species composition is concerned. 2. No sttisticlly significnt difference ws found etween enzymes ctivity nd the distnce from the tree trunk ut this ws shown etween the distnce from the tree nd undnce of Gmsid. The closer to the tree trunk, the more specimens were found. 3. At the sulpine forest elt fewer specimens nd species from the order Gmsid were found thn t the low forest elt. The ctivity of urese, sprginse, nd cid phosphtse ws higher t the sulpine forest elt thn t the low mountinous forest elt, which my e connected with the higher orgnic cron content in the soils t the sulpine forest elt. The ctivity of dehydrogense ws lower there thn t the low mountinous forest elt, which my decrese orgnic mtter decomposition processes. 4. No correltion ws found etween enzyme ctivity nd the undnce nd species composition of Gmsid. REFERENCES Blick N., 1986. Wykorzystnie wskźników mikroiologicznych w nlizie środowisk gleowego [Usge of microiologicl fctors in the nlysis of the soil hitt]. Post. Mikro. 25 (3/4), 289-291 [in Polish]. Burns R., 1978. Soil enzymes. Acdemic Press New York. Głstjn A.S., 1978. Opredelenie ktivnosti fermentov pocv metodiceskie ukznij [Significnce of soil enzyms ctivity methodology]. Erevn [in Russin]. Gwizdowicz D.J., Doies T., 1999. Przydtność dń krologicznych w ochronie przyrody i środowisk [Usefulness of crologicl reserches in nture conservtion nd environmentl protection]. Przegl. Przyr. 1 (3-4), 195-2 [in Polish]. Jnuszek K., 1993. Sesonl chnges of enzyme ctvity in mor, moder nd muli humus of selested forest soils in the Westrn Beskid Mountins. Fol. For. Pol. 35, 59-75. Olszowsk G., 1998. Wpływ pyłów kdmowo-cynkowych n ktywność wyrnych enzymów gleowych [The influence of cdmium nd zinc dust on specific soil enzymes ctivity]. Pr. Inst. Bd. Leśn. Ser. A, 847, 111-125 [in Polish]. Olszowsk G., 21. Monitoring efektów czynnej ochrony ekosystemów leśnych KPN dni iochemiczne gle [Monitoring of ctivity protection in Krnonosze Ntionl Prk forest ecosystems Biochemicl reserches of soil]. In: Somik prispevku z mezinrodni konference Geoekologicke prolemy Krkonos. Vol. 2, 499-55 [in Polish]. Puchlski T., Prusinkiewicz Z., 199. Ekologiczne podstwy siedliskoznwstw leśnego [Foundtions of silviculture upon ecologicl sis]. PWRiL Wrszw, 41-44 [in Polish]. Russel S., 1972. Metody oznczni enzymów gleowych [The methods of soil enzymes determintion]. Kom. Biol. Gle. PTG Wrszw, 64 [in Polish]. Trojnowski J., 1973. Przeminy sustncji orgnicznych w gleie [Chnges of orgnic sustrte in the soil]. PWRiL Wrszw, 78-91 [in Polish]. Act Sci. Pol.

Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite... 61 FAUNA ROZTOCZY (ACARI, GAMASIDA) I AKTYWNOŚĆ WYBRANYCH ENZYMÓW GLEBOWYCH NA TERENIE KARKONOSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO Streszczenie. Prc jest próą poszukiwni zleżności pomiędzy skłdem gtunkowym i liczenością roztoczy gleowych z rzędu Gmsid ktywnością wyrnych enzymów gleowych. Pondto nlizowno czynniki wpływjące n ogctwo roztoczy i ktywność enzymów, jk np. wysokość nd poziomem morz, por roku czy odległość od pni drzew. W wyniku przeprowdzonych prc nie stwierdzono ezpośredniej zleżności między ktywnością enzymów liczenością i skłdem gtunkowym roztoczy. Stwierdzono ntomist zleżności pomiędzy porą roku i wysokością nd poziomem morz krofuną i ktywnością enzymów gleowych. Zuwżono tkże, że liczeność roztoczy i ktywność dehydrogenz jest większ liżej drzew. Słow kluczowe: roztocz, Acri, Gmsid, ktywność enzymtyczn, Krkonoski Prk Nrodowy Accepted for print Zkceptowno do druku: 12.6.26 For cittion Do cytowni: Gwizdowicz D.J., Olszowsk G., Rokowski P., 26. Preliminry reserch on gmsid mite nd the ctivity of selected soil enzymes in the Krkonosze Ntionl Prk. Act Sci. Pol., Silv. Colendr. Rt. Ind. Lignr. 5(2), 51-61. Silvrum Colendrum Rtio et Industri Lignri 5(2) 26