Characteristics of farm managers in Poland and selected

Characteristics of farm managers in Poland and selected no 84.1 Warsaw 2013 Central-Eastern European Countries

Characteristics of farm managers in Poland and selected Central-Eastern European Countries

Characteristics of farm managers in Poland and selected Central-Eastern European Countries Authors: Cecilia Alexandri, PhD Paweł Chmieliński, PhD Jan Drlík, Ing. Michał Dudek, MSc Bożena Karwat-Woźniak, PhD Nina Koteva, Ass. prof. PhD Witalij Krupin, PhD Anna Maksymenko, PhD Daniela Spná, PhD Monica Mihaela Tudor, PhD Agnieszka Wrzochalska, PhD Warsaw 2013

Changes in the socio-economic structure of rural areas as a competitive factor of rural areas Human capital in the structural transformation process of rural areas and agriculture prof. Nona Malamova, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia Joanna Gozdera Joanna Gozdera Contact Language Services AKME Projekty Sp. z o.o. Instytut Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki ywnociowej Pastwowy Instytut Badawczy ul. witokrzyska 20, 00-002 Warszawa tel.: (22) 50 54 444 faks: (22) 50 54 636 e-mail: dw@ierigz.waw.pl http://www.ierigz.waw.pl

Contents Introduction (Bożena Karwat Woźniak, PhD) 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of farm managers in the European Union (Michał Dudek, MSc) 2. Women farm managers in the European Union (Agnieszka Wrzochalska, PhD) 3. Socio-economic characteristics of farm managers in the Czech Republic (Jan Drlík, Ing., Daniela Spěšná, PhD) 4. Managing the agricultural production of Ukraine: social and economic characteristics of the management staff (Witalij Krupin, PhD, Anna Maksymenko, PhD) 11 26 34 47

5. Analysis of the socio-demographic profile of the farm managers in Bulgaria (Nina Koteva, Assoc. Prof., PhD) 6 Socio-economic characteristics of farm managers in Romania and their implications upon farm performance (Monica Mihaela Tudor, PhD, Cecilia Alexandri, PhD) 7 Transformation of socio-demographic characteristics of Polish managers of private farms in the conditions of growing competition in the light of field studies (Bożena Karwat-Woźniak,PhD) 8 Economic activity of managers of individual farms in Poland 59 67 86 (Paweł Chmieliński,PhD) Conclusions 118 References 120 108

Introduction, Znaczenie wiedzy i wykształcenia w rozwoju rolnictwa, Czynniki produkcji w agrobiznesie, Encyklopedia Agrobiznesu, Aktywność zawodowa ludzi młodych, Agriculture in New Global Economy Employment Dynamics in Rural Europe The Cap and the Regions, The Territorial Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy

Bożena Karwat-Woźniak

Chapter 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of farm managers in the European Union 1.1. Introduction Sustainable food consumption and production in a resource-constrained world The new rural paradigm: policies and governances Polityka rolna wobec konkurencyjności ekonomicznej i społecznej

Model zachowań gospodarstwa rolnego w warunkach endogenicznych i egzogenicznych Optimal timing of farm transfer from parent to child Farm succession and retirement: some international comparisons

1.2. Management of agricultural holdings in the European Union holdermanager The economics of agricultural decollectivization in east Central Europe and the former Soviet Union

1.3. Age structure The future of young farmers in the European Union et al.study on employment in rural areas (SERA). Final deliverable

Likelihood of succession and farmers attitudes towards their future behaviour: evidence from a survey in Germany Transition and enterprise restructuring: the development of individual farming in Romania Subsistence farming in transition economies: lessons from Bulgaria The role of small farms in Italy: between subsistence and diversification

Przemiany w strukturze agrarnej indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych Obrót ziemią a przemiany agrarne w indywidualnym rolnictwie Ageing of the agricultural workforce in relation to the agricultural labour market Demografia Rural development in the EU. Statistical and Economic Information Farm succession patterns in Austria

Young farmers with future ICT and Mobile Phone Use for Agricultural Knowledge Sharing by Cypriot Farmers Part-time farming. The Cyprus case Family farm inheritance in Slaviona region Entry to and exit from farming in the United Kingdom

1.4. Age of managers and the area and economic size of farms in the European Union Potencjał konkurencyjny polskiego rolnictwawybrane aspekty konkurencyjności rolnictwa Ekonomiczne przesłanki zdolności konkurencyjnej polskich gospodarstw rolnychsytuacja ekonomiczna i aktywność inwestycyjna różnych grup gospodarstw rolniczych w Polsce i innych krajach unijnych w latach 2004-2005

r XY Wpływ struktury agrarnej rolnictwa na intensywność i efektywność wytwarzania w rolnictwie Polski i Unii EuropejskiejDeterminanty transformacji struktury agrarnej w rolnictwie polskim

r XY 1.5. Level of agricultural education Przemiany w rolnictwie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przemian strukturalnych Polska wieś 2012. Raport o stanie wsi

1.6. Participation in vocational education

r XY

1.7. Use of advisory services

1.8. Summary

Chapter 2. Women farm managers in the European Union 2.1. Scale of the phenomenon

EU 28 3 432.51 28.0 23.268.86 6.8 EU 15 1 269.44 24.3 15.127.23 11.9 EU 10 778.74 30.4 4.954.36 6.4 EU 3 1 384.33 31.0 3.187.27 2.3 Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data.

Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data. 2.2. Age structure and level of agricultural education Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data.

Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data.

2.3. Indicator of demographic potential of farm managers in the EU

1,6000 1,4000 1,2000 1,0000 0,8000 0,6000 0,4000 0,2000 0,0000 EU 28 EU 15 EU 10 EU 3 female male Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data. Metoda unitaryzacji zerowanej

3,0000 2,5000 2,0000 1,5000 1,0000 0,5000 0,0000 female Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data. male 3,0000 2,5000 2,0000 1,5000 1,0000 0,5000 0,0000 female male Source: Own compilation based on EUROSTAT data.

2.4. Summary

Chapter 3. Socio-economic characteristics of farm managers in the Czech Republic 3.1. Introduction 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Green Reports (1994-2013). natural legal Total

3.2. Data, methodology 3.3. Number of agricultural holdings in Czech agriculture and their structure

80% 70% 60% 10% 15 1 0% Small (I-V) Med. (VI-IX) Great (X-XIV) Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010). 50% 40% 30% 20% 68 31 37 48 natural legal

4500 4002 4000 3500 3398 natural legal 3000 2649 2500 2388 2268 2000 1819 1500 1300 1291 1000 500 0 395 362 45 68 107 106 124 155 209 382 275 221 321 413 246 107 46 27 13 2 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010). 12 000 10 000 9 925 natural legal 8 000 6 000 6 355 4 000 3 296 2 000 384 447 621 446 659 526 151 47 7 0 Employment: 1 2-3 4-10 11-20 21-50 51 + Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010)

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% Agricult. Industry 40 32 23 29 20% 15% 17 13 10% 5% 5 5 4 5 3 5 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6+7 8 9 1. Managers, 2. Professionals, 3. Technicians and associate professionals, 4. Clerical support workers, 5. Service and sales workers, 6. Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, 7. Craft and related trades workers, 8. Plant and machine operators, and assemblers, 9. Elementary occupations. Source: Czech Statistical Office, Structure of Earnings Survey 2012. 6 2 5 6

3.4. Age, education and gender of farm managers Age structure of managers

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 2000 2010 10% 5% 0% Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2000, 2010. 30% up to 24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + 25% 20% 15% 10% Total manag. 5% 0% up to 24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010).

40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% Total manag. 10% 5% 0% up to 24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010). 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% natural legal 10% 5% 0% up to 24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010). Agricultural education of farm managers

60% Agricult. 50% Industry 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 11 8 Primary 55 49 23 1 2 9 9 1 2 Source: Czech Statistical Office, Structure of Earnings Survey 2012. 80% 30 Sec. without A-l. Sec. with A-l. ex. ex. Post-sec. nontert. Higher education Unknown 70% 60% 50% 40% natural 75 legal 30% 47 20% 31 10% 18 22 7 0% Only pract. Basic Full Source: Czech Statistical Office, Farm Structure Survey 2010 (AGC 2010).

Gender structure of farm managers Earnings of farm managers

70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 66 216 Agricult. Industry 20 000 10 000 35 242 22 859 19 210 21 387 21 803 15 452 16 354 0 managers Skilled workers machine operators unqualified Source: Czech Statistical Office, Structure of Earnings Survey 2012. 3.5. Characteristics of young farm managers entering the sector from agricultural universities

3.6. Summary

Chapter 4. Managing the agricultural production of Ukraine: social and economic characteristics of the management staff 4.1. Introduction Source: Ukraine statistical yearbook 2012, Kiev, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2013, p. 552.

4.2. Family farms Relacje płci w rodzinie ukraińskiej

Source: Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2012, p. 80. Population of Ukraine in 2011 (demographic yearbook) Ukraine Act on measures of statutory guarantee of the retirement system reform

Source: Key agricultural characteristics of family farms in rural areas in 2009 (statistical bulletin), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2009, p.81; Key agricultural characteristics of family farms in rural areas in 2010 (statistical bulletin), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2010, p.81; Key agricultural characteristics of family farms in rural areas in 2011 (statistical bulletin), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2011, p.81; Key agricultural characteristics of family farms in rural areas in 2012 (statistical bulletin), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2012, p. 81. Ukrainian Act on retirement insurance

Source: Agriculture of Ukraine 2009 (statistical summary), Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2010, 375 p.; Agriculture of Ukraine 2010 (statistical summary), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2011, 374 p.; Agriculture of Ukraine 2011 (statistical summary), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2012, 386 p.; Agriculture of Ukraine 2012 (statistical summary), Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2013, 402 p.

# Sources of income On average, per month, per family farm: EUR* % Total monetary income (p. 1.1 + p. 1.2 + p. 1.3 + p. 1.4 + p. 1.12 1.5 + p. 1.6 + p. 1.7 + p. 1.8 + p. 1.9 + p. 1.10 + 1.11) 310.61 85.5 2.4 Total non-monetary income (p. 2.1 + p. 2.2 + p. 2.3) 42.66 11.8 3 Total monetary and non-monetary income (p. 1.12+2.4) 353.27 5 Total resources (p. 3 + p. 4) 363.16 100.0 Source: Expenses and resources of family farms in Ukraine in 2012 (according to the survey data on the living conditions of the Ukrainian family farms), Part 1, Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2013, 377 p.

# Items of expenditure On average, per month, per family farm: EUR* % 1 Consumers expenditure 269.56 88.0 2 Non-consumers expenditure 36.83 12.0 3 Total expenditure 306.39 100.0 Source: Expenses and resources of family farms in Ukraine in 2012 (according to the survey data on the living conditions of the Ukrainian family farms), Part 1, Kiev: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2013, 377 p. 4.3. Business family farms Ukrainian Act on business family farms

Index Years 2010 2011 2012 All business family farms, units 41524 40965 40676 Area of agricultural land used, thousand ha 4313.5 4369.1 4389.4 Number of employees, persons 57662 59596 59192 Net income from the sale of agricultural products and services, EUR million* 990.25 1211.86 1672.8 Profitability of agricultural production, % 32.4 33.4 27.8 Source: Ukraine s agriculture in 2010 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2011, pp. 374; Ukraine s agriculture in 2011 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2012, pp. 386;Ukraine s agriculture in 2012 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2013, p. 402.

4.4. Agricultural enterprises Plant production Osobliwości socjalno-psychologiczne działalności menadżerów przedsiębiorstw rolniczych Ekonomika APK

Type of economic activity Total trained thousand people Years 2010 2011 2012 Percentage of Percentage of managers, % managers, % Total trained thousand people Total trained thousand people Percentage of managers, % Source:Ukraine s employment in 2012 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2013, pp. 321.; Ukraine s employment in 2011 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2012, pp. 354.; Ukraine s employment in 2010 (statistical survey), Kiev: Ukrainian State Statistical Survey, 2011, p. 324. Osobliwości socjalno-psychologiczne działalności menadżerów przedsiębiorstw rolniczych How do owners of agricultural land and farmers treat the land use reform?,

4.3. Summary Men and women in Ukraine (statistical survey)

Nina Koteva, Associated Prof., PhD Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia, Bulgaria Chapter 5. Analysis of the socio-demographic profile of the farm managers in Bulgaria 5.1. Overview of Bulgarian agriculture sector Bulgarian agriculture develops under the conditions of growing competition of the national and Common European market. Bulgaria has traditions in the food production and the sustainable development of the agrarian sector depends on the further increase of the production competitiveness. The favorable age structure, the good level of professional training and base ground are important conditions for the production modernizing and the innovations introduction which are at the root of its competitiveness. The higher human potential level would improve the farms adaptation to the natural conditions changes, the institutional and market environment. In the conditions of growing competition on the Common European Market, the improved social demographic profile of the farm managers leads to improved skills and capacity for finding of new business opportunities and application of innovative production practices, introducing the European standards and requirements. Referring to this, the aim of the survey is through analyzing of the social demographic profile of the farm managers in Bulgaria to draw up the trends and bring out the problems. Figure 5.1. Statistical regions in Bulgaria Source: National Statistics Institute. 59

Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro statistics.

Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics. 600000 545698 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 119850 285875 84347 men women 0 2003 2010 Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics. 5.2. Regional-level benchmarking by age, gender and education

100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 40% 20% 78,4 82,4 85,9 81,8 81,8 80,1 women men 60% 40% 20% 79,3 81,1 80,5 75,6 77,9 75,8 women men 0% NW NC NE SE SC SW Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics. 0% NW NC NE SE SC SW 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 40,5 37,4 25,5 25,3 18,4 18,4 65 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 24 20% 10% 0% 10,5 12,0 4,5 5,7 0,6 1,2 2003 2010 Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics and own calculations.

65 55-64 48,9 46,7 33,2 41,3 37,3 42,6 46,7 34,8 33,1 40,9 32,7 39,1 45-54 35-44 25-34 24 25,9 26,3 14,7 15,9 7,2 7,8 26,2 20,7 13,0 24,8 18,5 24,7 20,0 10,3 12,1 25,7 17,6 9,8 NW NC NE SE SC SW NW NC NE SE SC SW Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics and own calculations. - - 26,0 13,7 9,1 26,0 25,8 18,8 19,6 13,7 14,0 25,3 16,6 10,5 25,2 21,1 24,4 18,1 13,0 11,6

100% 90% 80% 0.6 1.3 college and 1.8 2.1 higher agricultural education 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 97.6 96.6 secondary special agricultural education only with practical experience 0% 2003 2010 Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics and own calculations. 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,4 1,9 2,2 3,2 1,6 1,2 0,9 1,0 2,0 2,1 2,4 0,9 0,5 1,9 3,8 3,9 2,4 1,4 0,7 97.3 97.3 96.0 97.7 98.2 98.7 97.1 94.2 94.0 95.2 97.7 98.8 college and higher education secondary special agricultural education only practical experience NW NC NE SE SC SW NW NC NE SE SC SW Source: Results from the counting of the agricultural farms in Bulgaria in 2003 and 2010, MAF, Agro Statistics and own calculations.

5.3. Summary - - - -

Chapter 6. Socio-economic characteristics of farm managers in Romania and their implications upon farm performance 6.1. Introduction

6.2. Demographic and social characteristics of the managers in the Romanian agriculture Age of managers and descriptive parameters of farms livestock unitlsu annual work unitawu

40 37.9 36.6 % 30 20 15.8 19.4 21.5 15.7 21.0 16.5 24.4 20.0 17.3 20.6 22.5 25.9 22.8 24.4 23.9 22.1 27.3 26.4 10 7.3 8.3 8.4 6.0 8.1 0 Less than 35 years From 35 to 44 years From 45 to 54 years age of manager From 55 to 64 years 65 years or over holdings UAA LSU AWU SO Source: Self-elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. standard outputso

600000 variation (2010-2005) 100000-400000 -900000-1400000 Less than 35 years From 35 to 44 years From 45 to 54 years age of manager From 55 to 64 years holdings UAA LSU AWU SO ('000 euro) 65 years or over Source: Self-elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. Cum putem resuscita Renta viageră ca o măsură compatibilă cu Politica Agricolă Comună

6.3. Gender structure at farm management level in Romania Tendinţe sociale 2009

5000000 UAA (ha) Males Females 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Less than 35 years From 35 to 44 years From 45 to 54 years age of manager From 55 to 64 years 65 years or over Source: Own calculations based on EUROSTAT database. 6.4. Agricultural training level of Romanian managers basic agricultural training

% in total no. of managers Age groups of managers Total % of holdings according to managers agricultural training level Practical experience only* Basic training** Full agricultural training*** Total M F Total M F Total M F Total M F 0.59 0.47 0.10 0.53 0.14 21.13 16.80 67.65 2.11 only practical experience ** basic agricultural training *** full agricultural training Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. 80 60 Full agricultural training Basic training Practical experience only % 40 20 0 72 40 21 16 17 23 19 39 41 31 0.1 12 8.2 20 6.4 holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO < 2000 euros 2 000-7 999 euros 8 000-49 999 euros 50 000 euros standard output / holding Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database.

full agricultural training 6.5. Holder-manager relationships in Romanian agriculture 100 % in UAA of each holding type 80 60 40 20 0 92.4 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 43.8 37.9 2005 2010 14.0 27.4 47.9 74.5 60.4 2005 2010 2005 2010 <2 ha 2-4.9 ha 5-9.9 ha 10-19.9 ha 20-29.9 ha 30-49.9 ha 50-99.9 ha 100 ha TOTAL Farming by owner UAA / holding Farming by tenant Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database.

Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database.

80 70 0.2 Holding is legal entity Holder is manager 60 50 0.2 42.0 % 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 3.5 5.0 0.3 4.9 70 0.04 13 0.5 34 49 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.6 28 23 27 19 16 20 holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO holdings UAA LSU AWU SO 0.2 7.0 4.0 20.2 0 ha < 2 ha 2-4.9 ha 5-9.9 ha 10-19.9 ha 20-99.9 ha 100 ha UAA / holding Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database.

6.6. Performance of the farm management in Romania 6.7. Performance of managers according to their socio-demographic characteristics

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 < 45 years old 126 > 55 years od l 83 120 SO / holding ha UAA / holding 130 Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. 135 128 Average Romanian farm = 100 79 83 82 79 LSU / holding SO / AWU ha UAA / AWU

Manager Year UAA/ Holding LSU/ holding UAA / AWU LSU/ UAA SO/ UAA SO/ AWU (ha) (ha) (LSU/ha) ( /ha) ( /1AWU) TOTAL holdings, Males Females 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. Farm economic performance is closely linked to managers training level in agriculture Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database.

6.8. Performance of Romanian holdings according to their economic characteristics

the economic efficiency the social effectiveness, Exploitation of land resources in the Romanian agriculture - agricultural bipolarity and its consequences, Romania's natural resources. Evaluation, preservation, exploitation, efficiency

10000 1000 100 10 1 <10ha 7 100 ha 708 10-100ha 63 SO/ holding 163 3264 9 10 ha UAA/ holding 92 332 Average EU farm = 100 36 15 Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. 6.9. Final remarks 106 20 93 490 LSU/ holding SO/AWU ha UAA/ AWU 106 57 10 LSU/ ha UAA

Agricultural life annuity scheme

Annex 1 average UAA / holding (ha) average AWU/ha UAA 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Males 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Males 2.7 2.0 4.1 3.1 3.6 2.7 4.6 2.7 5.7 3.2 5.9 2.6 4.0 2.0 4.9 2.0 2.6 Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. 2.0 2.4 1.5 3.3 3.4 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Less From 35 From 45 than 35 to 44 to 54 Females 0.20 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.17 0.15 age of manager 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.11 From 55 65 years TOTAL to 64 or over 0.25 0.18 0.11 0.16 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.11 0.15 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Less From 35 From 45 From 55 65 years than 35 years to 44 years to 54 years to 64 years or over Females age of manager TOTAL average LSU/ha UAA 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 average SO/ ha UAA Males 0.65 1000 500 0.42 0.45 0.25 0.54 0.31 0.47 0.38 0.37 0.29 0.34 0.30 0.48 0.46 0.36 0.36 0.61 0.40 0.56 0.40 0.50 0.39 0.42 0.36 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Less than 35 years 0 906 Females 778 801 625 From 35 to 44 771 634 858 799 619 From 45 to 54 From 55 to 64 age of manager 626 657 695 761 807 714 763 904 65 years or over 747 974 855 762 731 TOTAL 783 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 Less than 35 From 35 From 45 to 44 to 54 age of manager 783 From 55 65 years TOTAL to 64 or over Males Females

Annex 2 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Farm specialisation Non classifiable Mixed crops-livestock Mixed livestock Mixed cropping Specialist granivore Specialist grazing livestock Specialist permanent Crops Source: Own elaboration of data from EUROSTAT database. 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 % in no. of farms by category Specialist horticulture 6000000 5000000 0 ha < 2 ha 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-50 50-100 100 farm category / year [ha UAA] Fallow land - total (with and w/o subsidies) Other permanent crops Permanent grassland and meadow Fodder crops General field cropping Specialist cereals, oilseed and protein crops [no. heads] Sheep Goats Pigs Cattle Nb: Beehives 2000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 Kitchen gardens Nurseries Vineyards Fruit and berry plantations Seeds, seedlings and other crops on arable land Flowers and ornemental plants 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 < 2 ha 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-100 100 farm category / year Fresh vegetables, melons, strawberries Industrial crops Root crops Pulses Cereals 0 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 (b) (a) (c) 0 ha <2 ha 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-100 100 farm category / year

Chapter 7. Transformation of socio-demographic characteristics of Polish managers of private farms in the conditions of growing competition in the light of field studies 7.1. Introduction Niektóre problemy rolnictwa w świetle spisówzróżnicowanie regionalne rolnictwa,

linked with the level of other components of production assets 71, socio- -demographic characteristics of farmers 72 and the main objectives of agricultural activity 73. For this reason, it can be concluded that the studied population reflects the socio-economic structure of Polish agriculture. Map 7.1. Location of villages and IAFE sample size in 2011, in macro-regional terms [] The bold lines indicate the boundaries of the macro-regions, which include the following voivodeships: I Central-Western Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Wielkopolskie; II Central-Eastern ódzkie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Podlaskie; III South-Eastern witokrzyskie, Maopolskie, Podkarpackie, lskie; IV South-Western Opolskie, Lubuskie, Dolnolskie; V Northern Zachodniopomorskie, Pomorskie, Warmisko-Mazurskie. [ ] sample size (% of the real number of rural households). agriculture. In 2010, individual holdings had 88.1% of the total agricultural land used for agriculture, which comprised 86.6% of individual farms. 71 See M. Dudek, Kapita ludzki w rolnictwie oraz wybrane instrumenty wspierajce jego rozwój, Komunikaty, Raporty, Ekspertyzy issue 540, IAFE-NRI, Warsaw 2010, and B. Krawat-Woniak, Wyposaenie gospodarstw indywidualnych w techniczne rodki produkcji, Komunikaty, Raporty, Ekspertyzy, issue 554, IAFE-NRI, Warsaw 2011, p. 16-17, 23, 30, 37, 42, 46, 54. 72 See J. Buks, B. Buks, Cechy spoeczno-demograficzne i aktywno ekonomiczna kierowników gospodarstw rolnych, Komunikaty, Raporty, Ekspertyzy, issue 495, IAFE, Warsaw 2004, p. 7-11, 13-18, and M. Dudek, Kapita ludzki w rolnictwie op. cit. p. 18. 73 See A. Sikorska, Przemiany w strukturze agrarnej gospodarstw chopskich, IAFE-NRI, Warsaw 2006, p. 5-6. 8

7.2. Demographic characteristics of managers of individual farms Pracujący w gospodarstwach rolnych, Wzrost gospodarczy i strategie rozwoju polskiego rolnictwa. Eseje 2, Mechanizmy restrukturyzacji rolnictwa,

active passive * Study adopted economic age groups used by the CSO: pre-working age - up to 17 years of age; working age - women aged 18-59 and men aged 18-64; post-working age - women aged 60 and over and men aged 65 and older. The working age distinguishes two groups: mobile age (younger working age) - persons aged 18-44 years and immobile (senior working age) - women aged 45-59 and men aged 45-64. Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 1992, 1996, 2000, 2005. Gospodarstwa rozwojowe w procesach dostosowawczych do gospodarki rynkowej Młodzi rolnicy i ich gospodarstwa. Wyniki ankiety z 1992 roku

The area of cultivated land as a factor determining economic potential of private farms Rola czynnika ludzkiego w rolnictwie indywidualnym na przykładzie gospodarstw emerytów i młodych rolników, Rola czynnika ludzkiego w rolnictwie op. cit. Gospodarstwa wysokotowarowe w rolnictwie chłopskim. Synteza wyników badań 2005-2009,

Zmiany zasobów pracy w rolnictwie indywidualnym w latach 2000-2005, Konkurencyjność oraz postęp w polskim rolnictwie i projekcja średnioterminowa,konkurencyjność gospodarki żywnościowej w warunkach globalizacji i integracji europejskiej, Wysokość i zróżnicowanie dochodów gospodarstw domowych oraz nierówności dochodowediagnoza społeczna 2011. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków

*Age groups as shown in Table 7.1. Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2000, 2011. Gospodarstwa bez produkcji towarowej w strukturach indywidualnego rolnictwa,

*Age groups as shown in Table 7.1. Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2011.

*Names of macroregions and voivodeships they cover identical to those on Map 7.1. Age groups as shown in Table 7.1. Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2011.

Cechy społeczno-demograficzne op. cit., Przemiany w strukturze agrarnej indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych, Gospodarstwa bez produkcji towarowej op. cit. Przemiany w strukturze agrarnej op. cit.

7.3. Level of education Zmiany aktywności rynkowej gospodarstw indywidualnych w latach 2000-2005, Zmiany w wielkości badanych wsi oraz mobilność rodzin,przeobrażenia w strukturze społeczno-ekonomicznej wsi objętych badaniem IERiGŻ-PIB w latach 2000-2005, Czynniki produkcji op. cit. Encyklopedia, op. cit., Znaczenie wiedzy i wykształcenia w rozwoju rolnictwa, Czynniki produkcji op. cit. Encyklopedia, op. cit., Rola czynnika ludzkiego w rolnictwie op. cit.

proportion of people with general education higher secondary and post-secondary basic vocational statutory 2.5 5.0 6.9 15.8 22.2 27.5 26.5 20.2 36.1 45.6 46.3 45.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % 2000 2005 2011. Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2000, 2005 and 2011.

Stopa zwrotu z inwestowania w wykształcenie na poziomie wyższym Diagnoza społeczna 2013. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków, Pracujący w gospodarstwach op. cit.

23.0 2000 27.0 50.0 2005 19.5 24.4 56.1 2011 16.9 24.1 59.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % percentage of people with vocational agriculture education: school training no education Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2000, 2005 and 2011.

area groups in ha Total 20.2 6.9 27.6 45.3 1-2 20.4 6.6 27.7 45.3 2-5 23.0 6.9 27.6 42.5 5-10 20.8 6.4 25.6 47.2 10-15 21.0 24.4 6.7 47.9 15-20 14.6 6.3 30.6 48.5 20-30 18.6 7.5 25.6 48.2 30-50 10.3 39.7 10.3 39.7 50 and > 3.8 9.4 41.5 45.3 0 10 20 30 40 % 50 percentage of managers with general education at the level: statutory** vocational secondary higher Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2011.

40.2 2000 4.4 55.4 2005 2.1 48.1 49.8 53.2 2011 1.9 44.9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % percentage of people with non-agricultural vocational education: school training no education Source: Prepared on the basis of IAFE-NRI survey data of 2000, 2005 and 2011.