Citation for published version (APA): Chindine, S. (1999). De poetica van Osip Mandelstam: Het metatekstuele aspect. Amsterdam: in eigen beheer.

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) De poetica van Osip Mandelstam: Het metatekstuele aspect Chindine, S. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Chindine, S. (1999). De poetica van Osip Mandelstam: Het metatekstuele aspect. Amsterdam: in eigen beheer. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) Download date: 26 Oct 2019

rjiaba BOC bmah "CTHXH O HEH3BECTHOM COJI^ATE" B KOHTEKCTE Xy^OJKECTBEHHOrO MHPA MAH^EJIbUITAMA "CTHXH O HeM3BecTHOM coimate" npeactabjihiot CO6OH apnahuimh npnmep rnnepcemhothheckoh oprahh3auhm TeKCTa, He npe^nojiaraiomeh cymectbobahhfl TaKoro HayHHoro onhcahhh, KOTopoe oxbatbibano 6bi Bce acnektbi ceiviahthheckoro npocrpahctba npoh3bejiehhh, B H3BCCTHOM CMbicjie BbicTynaa B pojih "OKOHHaTeJlbHOro". BO MHOrOM 3TO CBH3aHO C HaJIHHHeM B coaep)katejibhom CTpoe TeKCTa HeCKOJIbKHX OCHOBHblX TeM, Ka>KaaH M3 KOTOpblX oôjiajiaet onpejejiehhoh He3aBHCHMOCTbK) H MO>KCT paccmatphbatbch Kan ÄOMHHHpyiomaa. B TO >Ke BpeMa, B rpahhuax TeKCTa KaacHbifl H3 3JieMeHTOB H30JinpoBaHHOH TeMbi MJIH BCTynaeT B CeMaHTHHeCKOe B3aHM0 ehctbhe C KOHCTpyKTHBHbIMH eühhhuamh #pyrnx TeM, HJIH. öojiee Toro, no Mepe pa3bhth5i TeKCTa TpaHcnoHHpyeTca H3 CMbicjiOBoro npocrpahctba ojmofi TeMbi B CMbicnoBoe npoctpahctbo apyrofl. HivieHHO TaKoro po.ua ctpyktypho-cemahthheckaa oprahh3auha "CTHXOB o HeM3BecTHOM cojiäate" npe/ionpeaejuiet KaK H3BecTHyio M03aHHHOCTb, KOJUia>K- HOCTb camoro TeKCTa, TaK H MHOiKecTBeHHOCTb ero HCCiieaoBaTejibCKHx HHTepnpe- TaUHH, Ka>KJiaH H3 KOTOpblX, O^HaKO, CXO^HTCH B OJHOM - B OCMbICJieHHM 3TOrO CTHXOTBOpeHHfl KaK OßHOrO H3 TJiaBHblX H cambix "3araüOHHbix" npoh3be,nehhh He TOJibKO BO BceM TBopHecTBe MaHjejibiiiTaMa, HO H B pycckofi H eßponefickoh no33mh Booöme (o6myk) xapaktephcthky TeKCTa CM. B: [JleBHH 1979]) '. OCHOBHOH Haöop TeM, peryjiapho BbwejiaeMbix npn ahajih3e "CTHXOB O HeH3BecraoM COJiaaTe", CBOJIHTCfl K HeCKOJIbKHM CMbICJIOBblM ÔJIOKaM. Bo-nepBbIX, 3TO co6ctbeh- HO ahtmboehhaa, naum(j)hctckah TeMa, peajih3yemaa B camom wnpokom KyjibTyp- HO-HCTopH4ecKOM njiahe (CM.: [CeMeHKO 1986: 102-126]; cp.: [HßaHOB 1990: 363, 361-363], [MaH^enbLUTaM 1990: 292-294] H ap.). Bo-BTopbix, STO actpohomhieckaa TeMa, BKJiioMaioiuaa B ceöa KaK COGCTBCHHO KOCMOJiornnecKHe 3neMeHTbi, TaK H HenocpcucTBeHHO cbïoahhbie c HHMH,aocTH>KeHHfl apyrux HaynHbix jihcuhnjimh (CM.: [PoHeH 1979], [MßaHOB 1990], [PeHCJ)HJXn 1994]). B-TpeTbHX, STO scxatonorhhe- CKH-anoKajinnTHHecKaa TeMa, TpaKiyeMaa B pamkax COCHHHCHHH yhhbepcajibhoro, 167

oômenejiobeheckoro H HH,a.HBM,nyajibHoro, JIHHHOCTHOITO onbita (CM.: [KaijHC 1991; 1994; 1995], cp.: [POHCH 1979], [>KHBOB 1992], [racnapob 1994b: 213-240], [CTpyBe 1994: 82-84, 197-207] H ap.) 2. HaKOHeu, B camoe nocne,zmee BpeMa noabhjiacb HOBaa ToiKa 3peHHH Ha "CTHXH O HeH3BecTHOM cojiaate", TpaKTyiomaa HX KaK Ha 330TepHHecKHH - B camom ujhpokom CMbicjie 3Toro cjioba - TeKCT (CM.: [>KHBOB 1992], - H ocoôehho: [Mefijiax 1994]) 3. H XOTH Bce BbmejiaeMbie TeMbi 3aTparHBaK)T ochobhyio nactb cojiep>katejibhoro CTpoa MaH^ejibuiTaMOBCKoro craxotbopehhh, OHH He OöTJHCHHKIT HH otflejibhbix ero coctabjiaiomhx, OTHOCHLUHXCH K ctj)epe 06pa3H0-MeTa(])0pH4HeCK0H OpraHM3aUHH, HH CnOCOÔOB KOHCTpyHpOBaHH» CMbICJIOBOrO ypobhfl B UeJIOM, HTO OCTaBJiaeT B03MO)KHOCTb JIH HOBblX HHTepnpeTauHH. B nacthoctm, 3TO OTHOCHTca K camomy o6pa3y Heu3eecmHozo c o n- d a m a H OKpy>tcaK)ineMy ero OTHeTjmBOMy JiHHHOCTHOMy opeojiy 4, - CM. CBHjieTejibCTBO H.iï.MaH^ejibujTaM: "51 cnpochjia O.M.: "Ha HTO Te6e onajica STOT HeH3BecTHbiH conjat?" B Te rojibi MM nphbbtkhh nwkhmatb njienamh, robopa npo HeH3BecTHoro coimata: xah>kectbo 6yp>Kya3HH... OH OTBCTHJI, HTO, MO>KeT, OH cam - HeH3BecTHbifi cojiaat. ÜHHHaa TeMa, nohbhbiuaaca B nocjieahen CTpo(J)e, HaHHHaeTca HMCHHO C HeH3BecTHoro cojiaata" [MaHaejibuiTaM 1990b: 294]. MO>KHO npe^nojioikhtb, HTO nohbjiehhe 3Toro o6pa3a MOTHBHpoBaHO He CTOJibKO oômeiï ahthboehhoh HanpaBJieHHOCTbIO "CTHXOB O HeH3BeCTHOM COJI^aTe", CKOJIbKO HeKOTOpbIMH ÖOJiee rjiyöokhmh 3aKOHOMepHOCTJIMM pa3bhth3 nosthheckoro MHpa MaH^ejibiiiTaMa, H B nepbyio onepcnb - TCMOH BMCOKOH C M e p m U xy d o OK HU- K a 5. BnepBbie ziahhaa TeMa o6o3haneha B CTaTbe 1915 roja "CxpaÔHH H xphcthahctbo", OTpa>KaK>meH BayKHefiuiHH 3Tan CTaHOBJieHHH TBopnecKoro MHpoB033peHHa MaHjejibuiTaMa H nphmo CBjnaHHOH c uejibim pantom TeopeTHnec- KHX nonovkehhh akmeh3ma: H xony zoeopumb o cmepmu CKPHôUHU KüK O ebiciuem axrne ezo meopuecmea. Mue Katernen, CMepmb xydootchuka ne cnedyem ebikjhouamb us u,enu ezo meopueckux docmiimcemtü, a paccmcimpueamb KüK nocjiednee, 3aKJiK)HumejibHoe 3eeuo [II, 201]. He MeHee Ba>KHO TO oöctoatejibctbo, HTO B STOH *e CTaTbe MannejibiuTaM CBJObiBaeT CMepTb CnpaOHHa co CMepTbio nyuikhha, Kan 6bi npoeunpya ee Ha npezniiectbyiomhh "BbicoKHii" KyjibTypHbift npeucreht. Müea CMepTH xyj[o>khmka, Haxozwmefica B npamoh 3aBHCMMOCTH OT ero >KH3HeHHoro nyra H TBopnecKOH 6norpa(])HH. OTHCTJIHBO Bbipa>KeHa H B 3aMeTKe 1922 rojia "A.BJIOK", rue MaH^ejibuiTaM robopht o nocmepraom cymectbobahhh nosta H MapKHpyeT jiaty ero c\iepth. Te\i ca\ibim nphjiabaa en npabo Ha camoctoatejibhoe nphcytctbhe B KyjibTypHOM Kajiennape: Tlepean zodoemuua CMepmu EJIOKü dojimcha ôbimb CKpoMHoù: 7 aezycma mojibko Hcmunaern Mcumb e pyccxom Kcmendape. TlocMep- 168

rrihoe cyufecmeoeanue EJIOKCI, noecm cydböa, Vita Nuova, nepemcueaem ceoü MJiadeHHecKuü eo3pacm [II, 252]. Bo3HHKaioinHM B.naHHOM KOHTCKCTC MOTHB H O e o ü Mc u 3 H u, nocmepthoro cymectbobahhfl HanojiHfleTCfl y MaHflejibiuTaivia cobepiuehho cneuhcj)hheckhm coaepxahhem: CBfl3breafl nocmepthoe öbinie xyao>khhka c npncytctbhem ero Hacjie,inifl B KyjibTypHofi Tpa/omHH, MaHaejibiiiTaM HMeeT B BHgy He CTOJibxo HHTaTejibCKoe, CKOJibKO HaynHoe ocboehhe 3Toro HacJie^HH. OTHeTJiMBee Bcero 3Ta Mbicjib Bbipa>KeHa wviehho B 3aMeTKe "A.BJIOK": Eojiommie ucnapemn pycckoü xpumuxu, mnmceiibiü ndoeumbiü my MüH MeaHoea-Pa3yMHUKa, Aüxeuecuibda, 3opzehxppex u dp., czycmuewuüch e npouuiom zody, euçe ne paccewicn. - JlupuKci o nupuxe npodojimcaemcx. COMMù dypnoù eud jiupuneckozo mojikoecihun. JJOMUCJIM. IJpou3eojibHbie nocbuiku. Mematftiamecxue dozadxu. - Bce marriko, ecuiko: CWIOIUHCIX omceónmuha. - He no3aeudyewb numamemo, Komopbiü nodkenaem noneprinymb 3 H a H u e o E/ioxe U3 numepamypbi 1921-22 zz. - Paôombi, umehho "paóomu" 3üxen6ayMa u )KupMyucxozo monym e smoü numanuu, cpedu ôojiomhibix ucnapenuü nupmecxoü KpumuKu. - Eufe c nepeux Jice uiazoe ezo nocmepmuoü ZKU3HU MM donokhbi uaymimbcn no3haeamb EJIOKCI <...>. YlocmeneHHO pacumpnh oôjiacmb 6e3ycjioehozo u o6u{eo6x3ame/ibhozo 3HCIHUH O nosme, MU pacnuiuaem dopozy ezo nocmepmnoü cydbôe [II, 252]. K 3TOMy >Ke acnekty nocmepthoro cymectbobahhh xyao>khhka MaH^ejibuiTaM oôpamaetca B TOM (j)parmehte CTaTbH Toro K ro/ia "JiHTepaTypHan MocKBa", rjxe roboputca o CMepTH XneÖHHKOBa: H.A.Axcenoe, e cxpomheüuiem U3 cxpommix numepamyphbix coöpanuü, eo3jiookwi na Mozwiy ywedwezo eenuxozo apxauuecxozo nosma npekpachbiü eenok ahojiummecxoü KpumuKu <...>, - e mo epemh, xax e Uemepöypze npoceeufehhbiü "BecmnuK numepamypu " cyme/i mojibxo omxnuxhymbch cxydoymhoü, ebicoxomepnoü 3aMemxoü na eenuxyw ympamy [II, 257] 6. B STOH >Ke CTaTbe MaH^e- JibuuTaM "npoeuhpyet" coöctbehhoe OTHOiiieHHe K HaynHOMy ocmbicjiehhio xyao)kectbehhoro TBopnecTBa Ha nosthneckhh MHp IlacTepHaKa: M3o6pemenbe u eocnomunahbe - dee cmuxuu, xomopbimu deumcemcn no33ux IJacmepHaxa. EydeM Hadenmbcn, nmo cmuxu ezo 6ydym myuenbi e COMOM HenpodojiMcumenbHOM epemenu u o Hux ne öydem nazoeopeno cmoiibxo Jiupmecxux nenenocmeü, cxomxo npuuuiocb na domo ecex pyccxux nosmoe, Hanunan c Enoxa [II, 259]. 3aKJiiOHHTejibHafl <])pa3a 3Toro (JjparMeHTa no3bojmet npezuiojio/khtb, I ITO noa pycckhmh nostamh MoryT noapa3ymebatbch B nepbyro onepe^b Te, KTO K MOMeHTy HanHcaHHa CTaTbH yxe yiiieji H3 jihtepatypbi H >KH3HH, - Kax ynomhhaeivibie BJIOK H XJICöHHKOB, TaK H He Ha3BaHHbifi FyMHJieB 7. 3aecb xe yiviectho HanoMHHTb y>ke HeoAHOKparao npmbojihbiueeca MaHflejibUJTaMOBCKoe pa3rpahh i iehhe JiMTepaTypbi H (jjhjiojiorhh: Jlumepamypa - nenenue oöiuecmeehhoe, tpiuiojiozun - mjienue domaiunee, xaöunemhoe 169

<-..>; (fiwiojiozuh - yhueepcumemckuù cemuhcipuù, cembh. <...> <Pwionozun - 3tno cembh, nomomy nmo echkan cembh depmcumcn Ha unmonaifuu u na ifumame, na xaebihkax [I, 223]. AKTyajiH3npyfl c])hjiojiormheckyk) ochoby nosthheckoro HCKyccTBa, Manne- JlblIJTaM nphpabhmbaet CTMXOTBOpHblH TeKCT K HeKOeMy MHKpOMHpy - cboeo6pa3- HOH KBHHT3CCeHUHH XyüWKeCTBeHHCTO H 3K3HCTeHUHajIbHCTO onbita nosta, - CM. y>ke UHTHpoBaBiiJHHCfl nacca>k CTaTbH "O nphpojie cnoba": OmuiyMum eex, ycnem Kyjibmypa, nepepodumcn napod, omdae ceou Jiymuue cwibi HoeoMy oôiifecmeennomy KJiaccy, u eecb smom nomok yenenem 3a coöoü xpynxyto Jiadbw nenoeeueckozo cnoea e omkpbimoe Mope zpxdyufezo, zde Hem conyecmeehhozo nonumanusi, zde yhbuibiù KOMMenmapuù samennem ceemcuù eemep epamcdbi u couyecmeuh coepemennukoe. KaK jfce MOOKHO chapndumb smy nadbio e dajibhuü nymb, ne cnaôdue ee ecem HeoôxoduMbiM dnx cmojib nystcozo u cmonb dopozo numameiih? Eufe pa3 R ynodoômo cmuxomeopemie ezunemckoù nadbe Mepmebix. Bee dim JKU3HU npunaceno, numno ne 3aôbimo e smoü nadbe [I, 230-231]; cp. xapaktepncthky anohckoh TaHKH B cratbe "/3,eB5iTHa^.uaTbiH Ben": TaHKa - u3jiho6nehhafi qbopma amomucmuneckozo ucnyccmea, - oha ne MUHuamwpna, u öbuio 6bi zpyöoü OIUUôKOù ônazodapn. ee KpamKocmu CMeiuueamb ee c MiiHuamwpoù. <...> Ona HUKOK ne omnocumcn K Mupy, nomomy umo ecmb coma Map u nocmorhhoe enympennee euxpeeoe deumcenue enympu amoma [II, 269]. nph TaxoM nohhmahhh H xyflokectbehhoro TeKCTa, H cneuh(})hkh ero peuemjhh cobpemehhhkamh H TpajmuHeH ocoöyw ponb npnogpetaet cjwrypa KyjibTypHoro "H a c JI e d H U K a", OT KOToporo B onpejiejiehhom CMbiane 3aBHCHT nocmepthoe cymectbobahhe xyao>khhka; CM. B CTaTbe "O coôece^hhxe": Mopennaeame/ib e KpumunecKyw Munymy ópocaem e eodbi okeana 3anenamaHHyK> óymbuiky c umenem ceoum u onucanuem cydbóbi. <...> Human anuxomeopenue EopamuHCKOzo, H ucnbimbieaio mo Mee uyecmeo, KOK ecnu 6bi e MOU pyku nonajia maxan ôymbuixa. <...> UucbMO, paeho u cmuxomeopenue, HU K KOMy e nacmnocmu ne adpecoeanbi. TeM He Menée o6a UMewm adpecama: nucbmo - mozo, Kmo cnyuaüho 30Memwi ÓymbuiKy e necke, cmuxomeopenue - "numamejix e nomomcmee" [I, 184]. C nohflraem Haane,no- BaHMH Mysore- nosthheckoro onbita CBjnbiBaeTca Hjien CBoeo6pa3Horo KyjibTypHOro npcnctatejibctba 3a xyüokhhka - CM. coe/uihehhe 3THX MOTMBOB y>ke B CTHXOTBopeHHH 1914 rojia "51 He cjibixaji paccka30b OccHaHa...": H nonynun ó.iamcehhoe Hacnedcmeo - Hyj/cux neßifoe ónyotcdafoiuue chbi; <...> M cnoea ckojibd nydkyw nechw cnookum M KOK ceoio ee npousnecem [I, 103]. Eme OTHeTJiHBee 3Ta unesi Bbipa>KeHa B "LUyMe BpeMeHH": flseumejibho-eezkjiuebiü nemepóypmceu, zoeopyn no3dnux cumeonuueckux canonoe, <...> Hedoôpoeo nonensuicn ecrody numamb Thonweea, KüK öbi npedcmame.nbcmeoeamb 3a nezo [II, 390], - H B UHKJie CTHXOB 170

namhth A.Bejioro, r^e OHa nojiynaet HBHoe JTHHHOCTHOC 3BynaHHe; CM. OJTHH H3 BapnaHTOB craxotbopehha 'Tojiy6bie rjia3a H ropfliaa jioôhaa KOCTb...": M ocmainbch e OKueux 3a meôn eemmauiuan necmb [III, 325]. BepoaTHO, MeTanosraHec- KHH nojitekct, peajih3yiomhh Ty >Ke npoôjiemaraky, B onpe^enehhom CMbicne npmcytctbyet H B 3aKJnOHHTeJIbHOM H3 "OipblBKOB yhhhtoxehhblx CTHXOB" - CTpoKM: H zoeopw 3ci ecex c makoio cwioù, Hmo6 neôo cmano nëôom, nmoôbi zyóbi TlompecKCuiucb [III, 57], - KaxeTca aonycthmbim OTHOCHTb K TOMy JiHTepaTypHOMy nokojiehhio, KOTopoe K Hanajiy TpnjmaTbix roaob MO>KHO 6biJio Ha3BaTb yxojiammm s. Bce nepehhcjiehhbie CMbicjiOBbie KOHCTPVKHHH CKOMÔHHHpoBaHbi B "Craxax o HeH3BecTHOM coimate", coaep>kamhx H URHO nosraneckoro npe#ctatejibctba (M 3a JlepMOHmoea Muxaiuia H omdom meöe cmpozuü omnern [III, 123]), H MOTHB ßOCTOHHOH CMepTH, 04)0pMHHeMbIH BOeHHOH CHMBOJIHKOH, COejHHHeMOH c MeTaTe- KCTyajibHOH oöpa3hocmbk> (Xopomo ymupaem nexoma, M noem xopoiuo xop HOHHOü [III, 125]), H CKpblTyiO CJJOpMy MOTHBa B03pO>KHeHHfl (CM. OÄHH H3 BapHaHTOB.' H - duhok ucnyzaemuücn ceema, Cmanoenwcb pndoebim moù cmpanbi y Komopoü nonpocrtn coeema Bce KMO okumb u eockpecnymb donotcubi [III, 357]). Ha MeTanco- TMHecKyio nphpofly "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM cojiäate" yka3bibaiot H pahhhe pejakuhh 3Toro TeKCTa, He cbh3bibaiomhecfl npamo c BOCHHOH MeTac^opHKofi; co6ctbehho robopa, H B okohnatenbhoh pe^akhhh TeMa BOHHbi npe^ctabjieha He CK»KeTHO, a nocpe^ctbom MyjibTHnJiHHHpoBaHHfl Haöopa cootbetctbyiomnx o6pa30b. XapaKTepHo, HTO pnn KmoneBbix juin "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM coji^ate" MOTHBOB H o6pa30b HO 3TOrO HCnOJIb30BaJICfl MaHfleJIblHTaMOM B npflmoh HJTM onocpeaobahhoh CBH3H C TCMOH BbicoKOH CMepm no3ta H pa3jihhhbimh acnektamh MeTanosTHHecKOH npo6nemathkh. TaK, o6pa3 o K e a H a, nphcytctbyiomhh B HCKjnoHHTejTbHO "akchojiorhheckom" KOHTeKCTe CTaTbH "O co6ece,hhhke" (B KOTopoH OH BbicTynaeT CBoeo6pa3HOH MeTacJjopon Toro xpohojiorn'ieckoro "pacctohhhh", KOTopoe otflejwet xy«o)khhka or ero HHTaTeiw, HTO conoctabhmo c ahajiorhhhbim ynotpeôjiehhem o6pa3a npoctpahctba B CBH3H C c})hrypoh AHHCH- CKoro), nobtophetcfl B KOMÔHHauHH c o6pa3amh e e c m u H c o nu B nephobbix 3anncax K "nyteuiectbhio B ApMeHHw", me MaHjejibUiTaM nnuiet: e Cyxyjue, e anpe/ie H npuhsui okeauuneckym eecim o cmepmu ManKoecKOZo. KOK eodanafi zopa <...> cmechwia àuxanue u ocmaewia conenbiü ekyc eo pmy [III, 380]. Henocpcucr- BeHHO B CBH3H C H3BeCTHCM O CMepTH MaHKOBCKOID, BepOflTHO, nohbjwetch B 3THX >Ke 3aMeTKax H npeziejibho MeTano3TH3HpoBaHHaa 3anncb. me K o6pa3am OKeaHCKOH conn, ^bixahha H pta nphcoejmhhkitca o6pa3bi ne p e na w K p o e u, - CM.: B xopou/ux cmuxax cnuiuno, KQK uibmmcn uepennue mebi, KüK naôupaem enacmu 171

[u HyecmeeHHOù zopeuu] pom u [eo3dyxa noôhbie na3yxu, KCIK u3haiuuea)omch aopmbi] xo3hühunaem OKeancKoü cojibw Kpoeb [III, 381]. ^ahhbih cj)parmeht Bnoime conoctabhm co CTHxaMH nammth A.Bejioro, r#e BCTpenaiOTca H o6pa3bi JIOôHOH Kocra H nepena, CBjnaHHbie OöLUHM snntetom (CM.; Tonyôue zna3a u zopnnan noöhcir Kocmb [III, 82], - u BapnaHT/ II3 zopnnezo nepena Jibemcn u Jibemcx nci3ypb [III, 325]), H o6pa3 Bec (IJpRMU3Ha nauieü peuu ne mojibko nyzan dnn demeti - He oy-mûmchbie decmu, a eecmu cnacawm modeü [III, 82]), H, B HCCKOJIBKO HHOM 3HaneHHH, o6pa3 COJIM (EM} : coneïi mpexbnpycmixpacmeopbi <...> Tlpedcmaeiuiucb e noneexa, e nomaca [III, 83]). BcTpenaiomMeca B nphbcnehhbix KOHTeKcrax 3neMeH- Tbi He npocto nobtopaiotcfl B "CTHxax o HeH3BecTHOM coimate", HO CTaHOBHTca TaM uehtpajibhbimh CMbicjioo6pa3yK>mnMH 3BeHbHMH, HTO npeactabjiaetch Aonoji- HHTenbHbiM noatbep>khehhem ocoöoro MeTaTeKCTyajibHoro CTaTyca STOTO TeKCTa. TaK, HCKJnoHHTenbHo Ba>KHaa xapaktepncthka CTOXOB nepe3 o6pa3bi nepena, aoptbi H KpoBH (npn TOM, HTO nepbbim jbym cootbetctbyet akthbhoe ^eflctbehho Hanajio: poct, pa3bhthe jum o6pa3a nepena n H3HauiHBaHHe, TO ecu npe^ejibhoe "cj)yhkuhohhpobahhe", jznx o6pa3a aopt) MO>KeT HMeTb CBOH nphmbie CMbicjiOBbie cootbetctbmji B "Craxax o HeH3BecTHOM cojinate". Bo-nepBbix, Heoôxo^HMO OTMeTHTb MOTHB pocta nepena (Pci3eueaemcx nepen om DKU3HU BO eecb J106 - om 6UCKC1 do euckci, - Hucmomoü ceoux uieoe OH dpci3hum meön [III, 125]), - npn TOM, HTO BepoflTHbiM nojtbep>kiiehhem CMbicjioBOH BKJnoHeHHOCTH o6pa3a nepena B MeTano3THHecKVK) nepcnekthby \io>ket cjry>khtb TOT (j)akt, HTO npejniiectbyiomaa npoumtnpobahhomy cj)parmehty CTpoc])a: JJJIH mozo jib do/imcen Hepen pci36umbch Bo eecb.106 - om eucxa do euckci, - Hmoô e ezo dopozue zna3huubi He Moznu ne enueambch eoücka? [III, 125], - Bnojme conoctabhma c O^HHM H3 BapiiaH- TOB "3a6jiyzniJica a B He6e - HTO #ejiatb?...", reheraneckh CBjnaHHbiM co "CTHxaMH o Hen3BecTHOM cojmate": Hepci3Hxmb Meun c Mcmmw: eü cnumcr Yôueamb u ceïmac Mee.lacKamb, Hmoöbi e yuiu, e z.ici3a u zjio3hutfbi <PjiopeHmuücKan 6wia mocxa [III, 129]; npn 3TOM Henb3a He oöparatb BHHMaHHe KaK Ha H3BecTHyio CMHTaKCHnecKyio 6jIH30CTb nocjie^hhx CTpOK Ka)KHOH H3 npouhthpobahhblx CTpO(}), Tax H Ha HX pwcjjmyemoctb jxpyv c.apyrom. B TO >Ke BpeMH, npo^oji^kehhe nphbe^ehhoh CTpocJibi "CTHXOB o HeH3BecTH0M cojiaate". BBO/wmee apxwtektyphbie accounauhh (Pa36ueaemcH nepen om DKU3HU <...> Hucmomoü ceoux meoe om dpci3hum meóa, nodhiwaioiuiw KynojiOM ncuumch, Mbic.ibio nenumcx, COM ceôe cmimcn., - Hanta natu u ommi3ha ommi3he [III, 125]) Haxo^niT cootbetctbne BO BTopoM BapnaHTe "3a6jiy- JHJICJI a B He6e - HTO aejiatb..." (Ecmt imi eimohepnuù u HüIUHUK - JJaü MHe cwiy 6e3 nenbi nycmoü Bbinuim 3Öpaebe KpyoKaiueücH oaiunu [III, 130]). B no^oöhom "aahtobcko-cjmopehthhckom" OKpy>KeHHH o6pa3 CJDJIOpeHTHHCKOH TOCKH H3 172

nepboro BapnaHTa "3a6jiyannca a B He6e - HTO ßenaTb?.." BnojiHe MOxeT 6bm> conoctabjieh c o6pa30m HCHOH TOCKH, B cootbetctbyiomem cemahthheckom okpy>kehhh Hcnojib3yeMbiM B "He cpabhhban: >KHByiuHH HecpaBHHM..."»HBapa 1937 ro.ua: M HCHüH mocica Meun ne omnyckoem Om Monodbix eiue eoponezkckux xojimoe K eceuenoeeueckum, HCHewufUM e TocKcine [III, 112], - HTO, B CBOIO onepe^b, MOJKeT Béera K "CTHxaM o HeH3BecTHOM cojiaate" - cp. B CTpocj)e, cjiejiyioiueh cpa3y >Ke 3a TeMH ppywr CTpocJmMH, KOTopbie BBOOTT H pa3pa6atbibak)t MOTHB pocta nepena: HcHocmb nceheeax, 3opKocmb neopoean [III, 125]. KaacercH.nonycraMbiM paccmatphbatb MOTHB TOCKH KaK CBoeo6pa3Hyio cj)opmy "camonpoekuhh" aahtobckoro H3rHaHHa H3 OnopeHUHH (ahajiorhmhyio ynomhhabiiiemyca Bbiiue "camooto>khectbjiehhio" c OBHjmeM), HTO MO>KeT noatbep>knatbca pjmom AonojiHHTejibHbix cewiahthheckhx 3JieMeHTOB. TaK, HanpHMep, nphcytctbyroiuhh B "He cpabhhban: >KHBymHH HecpaBHHM..." o6pa3 Kpyra KaK cboero po#a "KBHHT3cceHHHH" no3thheckoh Heco6o,ibi (M neôa Kpyz 6buiMHe HedyzoM [III, 112]), nobtopaetca B HHBapcKOM»e CTHXOTBopeHHH "Oibiiuy, cjibiujy pahhhh Jie#..." B KanecTBe MeTatj)opbi OjiopeHunn: Kpyz &jiopemçuu ceoeü Anuzbepu nen Moiuneü YmoMJieHHbUAu zyôomu [III, 116] 9. OflHOBpeMeHHO c 3THM, H um CMbicjioBoro npoctpahctba, (jjopmnpykuueroca nocpeactbom coe,n,hhehhfl o6pa30b OKeaHCKOH COJIH, KpOBH H aoptbr cemahthheckhe COOTBeTCTBHH OÔHapy>KHBaiOTCa KaK coôctbehho B "CTHxax o HeH3BecTHOM coimate", TaK H B rpahhuax Bcero no3ahero TBopnecTBa MannejibiuTaMa. B nepbom TeKCTe 3TOT KOMnjieKC peajih30bah cpabhhtejibho y3k0 (HajiueawmcH Kpoebw aopmrn [III, 126]); 6onee pa3bephytaa ero MaHH(j)ecTauHa, OTHCTJIHBO Bocxo^man K MeTanosTHnecKOH TeMe, coaepwhtch B "Pa3roBope o ^ahte" nph xapaktephcthke "OancceeBOH nechh": 3ma nechb o cocmaee nenoeeueckoù Kpoeu, codepmcaiueu e ceöe okeanckyw conb. HüHOJIO nymeuiecmeur 3cuioMceHo e cucmeme KpoeenocHbix cocydoe. Kpoeb njicmemaphci, connpna, conohci... <...> OÖMeH eemecme CCIMOü nnauembi ocyiuecmenfiemch e Kpoeu [III, 238]. H 3^ecb CHOBa nohbjraotca ochobahh» BKjnoHHTb B paccmatphbaembih pan CTHXOTBopeHHe "He cpabhhban: >KHBymHH HecpaBHHM...", rje o6pa3 nyteiuectbha, KaK 3TO peryjiapho 6biBaeT B MaHnejibWTaMOBCKOM MHpe, HBHO HanoJiHaeTca 3K3HCTeHHHaJIbH0-MeTan03THHeCK0H cemahthkon; CM.: H <...> coôupajich ruibimb, u njiaecm no dyze HeHcmuHawuiuxcsi nymeiuecmeuü [III, 111]. HaKOHeu, H o6pa3 Becra nohbjmetca B "CTHxax o Hen3BecraoM cojiaate" (Becmb nemum ceemonbuihou oöhoeow [III, 124]), BBO^fl MOTOBbi CBeTa H Jiyna, ahanh3hpyembie.aajiee H KoppennpywiHHe c TCMOH TBopnecTBa; npn STOM aahhbih o6pa3, KaK H uejibin paa JipyrHX 3HaHHMblX JUW "CTHXOB O HeH3BeCTHOM COJiaaTe" CMblCTOBblX 3JieMeHTOB, OKa3biBaeTca "npejbocxhmeh" craxotbopehhem "He cpabhhbafi: >KHBymHH HecpaB- 173

HHM...", nte o6pa3 BecTH conojio>keh c MOTHBOM nyteiuectbha: H oôpaufcuicx K eo3dyxy-cjiyze, )Kdaii om nezo yaiyzu wiu eecmu, M coôupanch njibimb, u rmaean no dyze HeHanuHciwuiuxcM nymeiuecmeuù [III, 111], B pe3yjibtate, Ka>KeTca BnojiHe aonycthmbim npeanojio>kehhe o TOM, HTO o6pa3 BecTH B OAHOM H3 CBOHX HH^HBH-.nyajibHbix juin ManrejibiiJTaMOBCKoro MHpa 3HaneHHH abjiaetca SKBHBaneHTOM nosraneckoro (xy^okectbehhoro) TeKCTa; no,htbep>ka,ehhem stomy MOweT cjiy>khtb He TOJibKO HBHoe o6pamjiehhe 3Toro o6pa3a MeTaTeKcryajibHOH CHMBOJIH- KOH, HO H yxe nphboähbihhech cjiynan MeTaqbopHHecKoro "KOMnpeccnpoBaHHa" cjioba H / HHM TeKCTa B HeKHX o6pa3ax - jia^be MepTBbix ("O npnpo^e cnoba"), nncbme B 6yTbinKe ("O co6ecejmhke"), KpHCTaiuiorpac})HHecKOH qbnrype ("Pa3roBop o JXaHTë') H T.n. Iü ECJIH MOTHB BblCOKOH (#0CT0HH0H) CMepTH Xy,HO>KHHKa H BeCb KOMnJieKC nphmo Hjm onocpe^obahho cba3bibaiomhxca c HHM coaep>katejibhbix e^hhhu MOJKeT BbiCTynaTb B CJ^HKHHH Hanajia, MOTHBHpyiomero rjiyöhhhbiß 3aMbicen "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM cojmate" (ecjih He KaK rjiabhbifi xyaoxectbehhbiw cramyji, TO KaK o^ha H3 pabhonpabhbix ero coctabjuuoiühx), TO H juin OCHOBHHX o6pa3ho- MeTatj)OpHHeCKHX JIHHHH TeKCTa MO)KeT 6bITb BblHBJieHa HBHaa HJIH KOCBeHHaa coothecehhoctb c MeTanosTHiecKOH ccj)epoh. 3TO oraochtca HK B o e H H o H CH- M B O Ji H K e, 3aHHMaK)uueH cymectbehhoe MecTO B CTpyKType "CTHXOB O Hen3BecT- HOM cojijate". OrnpaBHOH TOHKOH jxjin HeKOTopbix conoctabjiehhh MOxeT cjiyxhtb MaHaeribiiiTaMOBCKHH nepeboä craxotbopehha MaKca EapTejia "Hen3Be- CTHOMy conaaty". BKJnoneHHbiH B c6ophhk "3aBOK»eM MHp!" (MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaj 1925) H y>ke Ha ypobhe 3amaBHa itonyckaiomhh conoctabjiehhe co "CraxaMH o HeH3BeCTHOM COJIjaTe". CßOeH 6e3yCJIOBHOH SMOHHOHaJIbHOH Bbipa3HTejIbHOCTbK> H n03thmeckoh JOCTOBepHOCTbK) 3TO CTHXOTBOpeHHe 3aMCTHO OTJIHHaeTCH OT TpyrHX CTHXOB KHHITI, HTO jtaet ochobahha npeanojio)khtb ero oco6yk> 3HaHHMOCTb ana MaHaejibUJTaMa; BnojiHe Bepoarao, HTO HCXOJHHH TCKCT CTaji juia Hero OmyTHMbIM TBOpneCKHM HMnyJlbCOM, n03b0jihbuihm BOnHOTHTb HeKOTOpbie xy^ovkectbehhbie BO3MO>KHOCTH, B CHJiy onpe^ejiehhbix nphhhh HepeajiH3yeMbie B coöctbehhoh nosraneckoh npakthke ". HecMOTpa Ha abhyio HeaaeKBaTHOCTb nepebojiob abtopckhm TeKCTaM, OTMenaBiuyioca cobpemehhhkamh (cp., HanpHMep: [repiueh30h 1925], [3anpoBCKaa 1926]), CTHXOTBOpeHHe Ha nepbbin B3rjiaa He HMeeT nphmbix CTpyKTypHO-ceMaHranecKHX napajuiejiefi c xyao>kectbehhbim MHpoM camoro ManziejibUJTaMa; B TO >Ke BpeMa, OHO y^hbhtejibhbim o6pa30m HanoMHHaeT CTHXH TyMHJieBa, nocbamehhbie BOHHe 1914 ro/ia. B jahhoh CBH3H OCO6VIO potb npnoopetaet xopouio lobecthoe MaHjiejibiuTaMOBCKoe OTHOiueHHe K nepebo^am, nohhmabuihmca HM ropa3,no iunpe neivi npocto ozwa H3 qbopm THTepaTypHOH ^eatejibhocth, - CM. B 3aMeTKe 1926 roaa ">KaK pojhjica H ymep": 174

JJciMce ccimbiù mufameiibhbiù nepeeod unocmpahhozo aemopa, ecjiu OH ne eu3eah enympenneù HeoôxoduMocmbK), He mummen Mcueoù nepexjiuhkoù Kyjibtnypbi napodoe, ocmaennem epedheùumù c.ied e nodco3hamesibhoù MacmepcKOÙ H3biKCi [II, 445]. OcOÔeHHO Ba>KHO TO 06CT0HTeJlfeCTB0, HTO 3Ta >Ke CTaTbfl COflep>KHT COBepilieHHO npo3pahhyio HMnjiHKaurao HMCHH TyMHJieBa - CM.: Bbicutax nazpada dnn nepeeodnu- KCi - smo yceoehue nepeeedennoü UM eeiuu pycckoü numepamypoü. MHOZO JIU MU MOjfceM Hü3eamb mcikux npumepoe nocsie EcuibMOHma, Epwcoea u p y c c K u x "DMcuieù u KOMeü" Teo<pwiH rombe? [II, 445] 12. Bo3MO>KHbiM KJDOHOM K BbiaBJieHHio oöiuero rjryôhhhoro CMbicjia MaHjienbiiJTaMOBCKoro nepebojia MoryT cjiy>kmt 3aKJiK)HHTejibHbie CTpoKH nepboh CTpo(})bi: Ha KJiadßuufe euùdy nojieeoe, rde 3apum MOU mmeecmhbiü dpyz [II, 173], - xopomo H3BCCTHO, HTO CBOHM.npyroM w ejihhombiiijnehhhkom MaHaenbiiJTaM Ha npota>kehhh Bcefi >KH3HH CHHTaji TyMMJieBa l3. KpoMe Toro, STH CTpoKH H HX npoaojdkehme (Kmo ZHuem e cupoü u mennoù mie? HenoeeK, xomem cydbôu cpa^cen [II, 173]) BnojiHe conocrrabhmbi c "FlbflHbiM ^epbhiuem" TyMHneBa: Bom udy n no MOZIUIOM, zde neokam MOU dpy3bn. O Jimôeu cnpocumb y Mepmemx neyxcejiu MHe nenb3h? M Kpunum U3 HMU nepen maùny zpoôa ceoezo: "Mup nuiub nyu om JIUKü dpyza, ece unoe - mem ezol [rymhjieb 1991 : T. 1, 335]; B CBOK) OHepe^b, cp. npozioji)kehhe nepebojja: Onwiacb 3ejvuiH meoew KpoebK), Moü xopowuü, MOU noxomcuü 6pam. Ax, npudemcn MHe c Moeü Jiwôoebw OnycmumbCH e memhbiü cmepmnbiù cad [II, 173] l4. ECJIM 6jiH30CTb nepebo.ua "FlbflHOMy XtepBHIiiy" HOCKT CKOpee 3MOUHOHajIbHbIH, HSM COÖCTBeHHO nekchkoceiviahtmieckmh xapaktep, TO ero TeKCTyajibHbie cobnajiehhfl co craxamm TyMHJieBa o BOHHe 1914 ro.ua npeactabjiaiotcfl 6onee GeccnopHbiMH. TaK, HCKjnoHHTejibHbie no CBoefi Bbipa3HTejibHOCTH CTpoKH MaHAeJibiiJTaMOBCKoro nepebo.ua: Peymcx nauiu coimeumie KOHU. Tyuu oznenanbie nsibieym [II, 173], - "BOCXOZWT", BepoHTHO, K rymmjiebckomy CTOXOTBopeHHio 1915 ro.ua "CiviepTb": dyuiy my EejiocnezKHbie KOHU puuym B ocjienume.ibhyjo ebicomy. TOM <...> K cmapuhhoü ôpannoù nomexe OzneKpbuibix 3oe mpyöaneü [rymhjieb 1991: T. 1, 192] l5. OjiHOBpeMeHHO c STOM, npouhtopobahhbie CTpoKH nepeboja conocrabhmbi co CTHXOTBopeHHeM TyMmieBa 1914 roaa "HacrynneHne": M 3ajiumbie xpoebm nedenu OcnenwnejibHbi unezku, Hado MHOK) peymch uipanhenu, Umuif ôbicmpee e3jiemaiom KJIUHKU [rymhjieb 1991: T. 1, 191] 16 ; 3,necb >Ke MO>KeT 6biTb ynomhhyto eme O^HO rymmjiebckoe CTMxoTBopeHne 1915 vom - "CoJiHue jiyxa". PHTMHHCCKH H cemahtoieckh (CBoefi orhehhocojmphom CHMBOJIHKOH) 6jiH3Koe MaH/iejibiiiTaMOBCKOMy nepeboay: Km MOZJIU MM panbuie okumb e nokoe <...>, He Menmamb 06 ozne3aphom 6oe <...>, Connue dyxa ônazocmno u zpo3ho Pa3Jiwiocb no HCIWUM neôecom [I""yMHJieB 1991: T. 1. 187] ' 7. KpoMe Toro. "CojiHue ayxa" nepe3 Hcnoiib30BaHHe pacthtenbhofi o6pa3hocth 175

(CM.: Hyecmeyw, umo ckopo ocem 6ydem, CojiHenmie KomamcR mpydbi M om dpeea dyxa chumym niodu 3ojiombie, 3penue rwodbi TyMHJieB 1991: T. 1, 187]) CBH3biBaeTCH co CTMXOTBopeHHeM 1914 ro^a "BoHHa", r^e TyMHJieBbiM npe,nejibho pa3bephyto apxahheckoe H oömekyjibtyphoe ivietacj)oph4eckoe yno^oönehhe BoeHHbix aeftct- BHH paöote 3eMJieaeJibueB: TpyxcenuKoe, Meduenno udyiuux Ha nonnx, omonennux e Kpoeu, Hodeuz cetoufux u cjiaey Mcnyufux, Hbiue, rocnodu, ônazocnoeu [TyMMJieB 1991: T. 1, 172], - HTO, B CBOK) onepeab, nepekuhkaetca c OäHHM H3 HCMHCTHX "npoboehhbix" CTHXOTBopeHHH MaH^ejibiuTaMa (o B03MO>KHbix nepekjimikax KOToporo c axmatobckoh no33heh robophjiocb Bbiuie): B 6enoM paw ne^cum ôozambipb: IJaxapb eoùhbi, nozwwiou MyztcuK [I, 108]. OaHOBpeiweHHO c 3TMM cjiaôbie cjie^bi "BoHHbi" MOMO npeanojio>khtb u B nepebo^e H3 EapTejw; cp.: Ha nonnx, OMoneHHbix e Kpoeu [[TyMHJieB 1991: T. 1, 172], - y TyMHJieBa H: Onwiacb 3eMJin meoero Kpoebto [II, 173], - B CTHXOTBopeHHH "HeH3BecTHOMy coimaty"; cp. npo^oidkehhe nocjieüheh CTpoKH: Mod xopoiuuü, MOü noxootcuü ôpam [II, 173], - OTTiajieHHO HanoMMHaiomee HacTpoeHHe (j)hhajibhofi CTpo(})bi "BoÖHbi": Ho momy, o Focnodu, u cwibi, H noôedbi uapckuù HOC dapyü, Kmo noeep^cennomy CKaoxem: "Mnibiù, Bom, npumu MOü ôpamckuù nouejiyü!" [TytAwieB 1991: T. 1, 172]. HaxoHeu. c BCTpenaromeMca B "BOHHC" o6pa30m cepac})hmob (CepacpuMbi, HCHU U Kpbuiambi, 3a nnenomu eounoe euànu [rymhjieb 1991: T. 1, 172]) cp. 3aKJnoHHTejibHbie eipokh MaaneJibiiiTaMOBCKoro nepebo.ua: A HCI ceexcem, na MozwibHOM depue, Tde KpyoKum- CH 3onoman Mzna, Kmo-mo eenunaeeù u ôeccnopneu Hoeoù MCU3HU pa3eepnem Kpbuia [II, 173] is. nocjieahha uhtata H3 MannejibiiiTaMOBCKoro nepeboaa ocoôehho Ba>KHa TeM, ITO OHa CHOBa B03BpamaeT K MOTHBy nocmepthoro cymectbobahhfl B HHTaTeJIbCKOM BOCnpuaTHH. 3TOT MOTHB y>ke 6bIJI 3KCnJIHUHpOBaH B CBA3H c (j)iirypoh BjiOKa - CM.: nocmepmnoe cyufecmeoeanue EJIOKCI, noeax cydbôa, Vita Nuova, nepexcueaem ceoù MnadeHuecKuü eospacm [II, 252]; STO TCM ôojiee HHTepecHo, nockonbky B "Pa3roBope o /JaHTe" MaHaenbiiiTaM HCHBHO OTHOCHT BjiOKa K HHCJiy "HecocTOflTejibHbix" HacjiejHHKOB aahtobckoro TBopnecTBa, uurapya: Y EjioKa: "Tem JJanma c npocpwiem op.iuhbw o Hoeoù DKU3HU Mue noem [III, 405]. Ka>KeTca BnojiHe BepoHTHbiM, MTO onpeziejiehhoe "coe/ijihehhe" HMCH TyMHJieBa H EjioKa B TaKOM CMMCJIOBOM KOHTCKCTC Morno 6biTb oôycjiobjieho KaK H3BeCTHbIM npotmboctoahhem 3THX I103TOB nocjie pebojnouhh, TaK H CBM3aBUJHMH- CH B co3hahhh cobpemehhhkob Hx TparHHecKMMH KOHHHHaMH B abrycte 1921 roaa. OimaKO nockonbky.nomhhhpyroinee 3HaneHne mw MaHjjejibiiJTaMa HMena JiHHHOCTb TyMMneBa, ôojiee BepoHTHbiM Ka>KeTCfl npeano^o>kehhe 06 onpeaejiehhoh o6pamehhocth "Hen3BecTHoro coimata" HMCHHO K (jîakty ero 176

THÔenM. TaKHM o6pa30m, KajKeTca ßOBOJibHO y6e,hhtejibhbim npcojiojioacehhe o TOM, HTO nepebofl craxotbopehhfl BapTejM BÖnpaeT B ce6a Haôop raabhbix 3JieMeHTOB BOeHHOH MeTa(})OpHKH TyMHJieBa, CTaHOBHlUeHCfl KOHCTpyKTHBHOH ochoboh TeKCTa MaHAeJibuJTaMa. /}a>ke ecjih ophehtauna Ha BOcnpoH3BeaeHHe HeKOTopbix CTHUHCTHHecKHX H CMbicJiOBbix AOMHHaHT rymmjiebckoh nosthkh 6bina 6ecco3HaTejibHOH H B 6ojibiueH CTeneHH onpe^ejifljiacb xapaktepom caiworo nepebojmmoro TeKCTa. CBH3biBaHHe BOCUHHO o6pa3a HeH3BecTHoro cojinata H (jmrypbi TyMHneBa BecbMa CHMnTOMaTHHHO. OTHacra STO cöjihxehhe Morjio npohcxofljitb H noji BJIMAHHCM xapaktephefiujero juin HHTaTeubCKoro co3hahhh ÄecaTbix rojiob BoenpHflraa JinpHHecKoro repoa rymmjiebckoh no33hh (H, cjiejiobatejibho, camoro abtopa) KaK "nosta" H "BOHHa" o^hobpemehho. B JIK>6OM cjiynae BbicKa3aHHoe npeonojiovkehhe cnymit KOCBeHHbiM no,ntbep>tcnehhem Mbicjm o TOM, HTo o6pa3 HeH3BecTHoro cojmata B "Craxax o HeH3BecTHOM coji^ate" MaHjiejibuuTaMa MO/KeT HMeTb H COôCTBCHHO nosraneckhe (H uihpe - 6Horpac})HHecKHe) o6ochobahhfl, Koppejinpya, B 4acTHOCTH, c JiHHHOCTbio TyMHJieBa. AHajiorHHHoe conojiowehhe CMbicjiOBoro crpoa "CTHXOB O Hen3BecTHOM coiwate" c TBopnecTBOM H jinnhoctbio TyMHneBa o6hapy>khbaetch n juw HX "H e - 6 e c H o ü" o6pa3hocth. TaK, ABHMH actpajibhbin xapaktep TeKCTa, BbwejwiomHH 3TO npoh3be^ehhe «axe Cpe^H HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHO "KOCMOJIOrH3HpOBaHHbIx" n03^hhx cthxotbopehhh MaH^ejibiiiTaMa, MoweT 6biTb conoctabjieh co CBHneTejibCTBOM B^OBbi nosta o TOM, 4TO B nephon. pa6otbi najx "He6ecHOM" nactbio "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM conuate" MaHaejibiHTaM "BCHOMHHJI cjioba TyMHJieBa o TOM, HTO y Ka>Kjioro nosta CBoe othoiuehhe K 3Be3^aM, H CKa3an, HTO y Hero 3Be3,a,bi nohbji5hotc>i, Koraa KOHHaeTca MaTepnaji" [MaH^enbiuTaM 1990b: 292]. B STOH CBH3H Ka>KeTca B03MO>KHbiM conoctabhtb CTpoKHi JJo nezo 3tnu 3ee3dbi u3eerruiuebi! Bce UM HyjKHO zjifidemb <...> B okecm 6e3 OKHCI [III, 123], - c TeM (j)parmehtom "3Be3ÄHoro y>kaca" fymhjreba, rjxt HanojiHfliomHe ne6o 3Be3,nbi ynofloöjiaiotch onam! rope! Fope! Cmpax, nemm u HMCI JJJIH inozo, Kino HCI 3eMJie podwicx, IJomoMy nmo cmojibkumu OHOMU Ha Hezo esupaem c He6a nepubiù M ezo ebicmcimpueaem maùhbi [rymhjieb 1991: T. 1, 308] ' 9. C rymhjiebckhm cpabhehnem, B ochobe KOToporo JIOKHT yhhbepcajibhaa MH(j)ono3THHecKaa MeTac[)opa He6ecHbix onen, cxo)k o6pa3 H3 CTHXOTBopeHMfl MaHüejibUJTaMa BecHbi 1937 ro.ua 'ToHHapaMH BenHK octpob CHHHH...": Bbi3dopaejiueaù xce, mjiynaùch, BOJIOOKOZO Heôa seesda [III, 133] 20 ; cp. B TeKCTe Toro >Ke nepno^a MeHee HBHoe yka3ahhe Ha 3paHecTb He6a: YIodMuzHye, na nonycjioee 3armyjiacb sapnuua [III, 137]. C6nn>KeHHe o6pa30b 3Be3a H rjia3. xapakteph3yiomee CTHXH 3Toro roua, B MeHee HBHOH (JiopMe "npejicka3aho" B cj)ebpajibckom (TO ectb reheraneckh CBfl3aHHOM co "CraxaMH o HeH3BecTHOM 177

cojxnate") TeKCTe: Ebuiu OHU ocmpee momimoü Kocbi <...>, - M edea HCiyuunucb OHU eo eecb poem Pa3Jimamb odunokoe MHOMcecmeo 3ee3d [III, 122]; cp. B eine 6onee pahhem - HHBapcKOM - CTHXOTBopeHHH eme öojiee MeTa(})opHHecKoe cocmihehhe o6pa3a He6a H 3panKa: Teoù 3panoK 6 neôechoù Kopice <...> 3aufumawm ozoeopxu Cnaôbix, nytoufux pechuif [III, 107] 21. HaKOHeu, npeactabnehha o 3panecTH He6a B coeahhehhh c ahajiorhhhbim KanecTBOM, nphcbahbaembim 3eMne, OTpaxeHbi B "nyteuiectbhh B ApMeHHio": 3eMnn u m6o e KHuze "UIûX-HûMS" ôojibmi 6ci3edoeoü 6ojie3HbK> - OHU eocxumumenbho nyuezjia3bi [III, 205]. no KOHTpacTy c MOTMBOM 3paHero He6a COOTHOCHM MOTHB He6a cuenoro, yctohhhbo npmcytctbywmhh B MaHaeJibuiTaMOBCKOM MHpe: O, He6o, ne6o, mu Mue ôydeuib chumbcn! He Mo^cem 6bimb, nmoô mu coecem ocnenno [I, 70]; Mcepmebi He xomnm cnenbie ueôeca [I, 127]; H meôn HUKOZôCI ne yeumcy, Enmopyxoe apmhhckoe He6o [III, 39] H ap. 2: npothbonoctabjiehiie cnenotbi H 3peHna, aktyajibhoe juin xyaoxectbehhoh CHCTCMM MaH^ejibiuTaMa, MMeeT HBHO BbipaxeHHbifi MeTaTeKcryajibHbifi acnekt, nockojibky OKa3bmaeTCfl HanpaMyio CBH3aHO c TCMOH TBopnecTBa, no3thheckoro HCKyccTBa: Ebieawm Menemu OKueue - M H dozadcuicx ceühcic: Ebitm MOMcem, Mbi AùH-CocpuH C oechucjiehhbim MHOOKecmeoM zna3 [III, 79]; Hmo, ecnu Apuocm u Tacco, oôeopomcaioiuue HOC, Hydoeuiua c nci3yphbim MO3ZOM U ueuiyeu U3 ejiaokhbix ZJIÜ3? [Ill, 73]; K MOTHBy cjienotbi CM. ywe OTMenaBiueeca Bbiiue cneuhcjjhheckoe abtopckoe camoomymehhe: COM ceôe nemwi, neeedom - M cnenoü u noeodbipb [III, 109]; TIOZJIHOU, KCIK R xpenuy u cnenny [III, 136] 23. ÜOHBJiinomiiHCfl B STOM KOHTeKCTe o6pa3 HeuiyH nepekjimkaetch c 6onee pahhhm cjiynaem ero ynotpeônehhfl B CTHXOTBopeHHH "51 no necem<e npnctabhoh...", rue OH KOCBCHHO cockhhfletch c o6pa30m He6a H HBHO - c TCMOH TBopiecTBa: He ceoeü ueiuyeù luypuium, npomue luepcmu Mupa noem. Jlupy anpoum, cnoeno cnemum Oôpacmu KOCMambiM pyhom [II, 40] :4. 3,necb we zion>khbi 6biTb ynomhhy «Ba BXOAHBUJHX B oöiuhh uhkji CTHXOTBopeHHH - "A He6o 6y.a.ymHM 6epeMeHHO..." H "BeTep HaM yteuiehbe nphhec...", B KOTopbix MaKCHMajibHO 3KcnjiHHHpoBaHbi CMbicjiOBbie OTHOiiieHHH MOKny TCMOH TBopHecTBa H o6pa3amh He6a, neuiyn, rna3. Tan, nepbbih TeKCT co^ep/kht cnejiyiouiee oôpainehhe K He6y: A mm, znyôokoe u cbimoe, 3a6epeMeneeuiee nasypbrn, KCIK neiuyn MHOzoonumoe, <...> nywcoe u 6e30poeoe [II, 49], - HTO aonycthmo paccmatphbatb KaK yka3ahhe Ha MeTa(j)opHHecKoe ocmbicjiehhe 3%t3jx B KaiecTBe He6ecHbix owen. Eme 6ojiee otnetuhba CBH3b Ha3BaHHbix cemahthheckhx 3JieMeHTOB BO BTopoM TeKCTe, coaepxamem KOMÖHHauHKi MOTHBOB cuenoro He6a (Earn e ncaypu cnenoü yzonok [II, 40]) H neujvh (B neiuye uckasieuehhbix Kpbui nod ebicoxyw pyxy 6epem nooeokaennym meepdb A3pawi [II, 40] 25 ); B CBH3H c nohbjiehhem o6pa3a KpbiJi, KOCBCHHO 178

coothocfliuhxcfl c o6pa30m BeTpa (Bemep HOM ymeuienbe npunec [II, 40]), CM. B y>ke UHTMpOBaBUieMCH CTMXOTBOpeHMH 1937 TOfla, HMnJIHUHpyiOmeM COOTHeceHHOCTb o6pa3a He6a c MOTHBOM 3paHecTn: Bemep öapxanmbiü, Kpbuiacmbiü [III, 137]. B 060HX TeKCTax o6pa3 He6a HcnbiTbiBaeT omyramoe B03,neHCTBne BOCHHOH MeTacjjopHKH, HTO B no3ähhx CTHxax TpaHC(j)opMHpyeTca B MOTMB Bpa^K^eÖHoro, "BoeHHoro" He6a H CBJoaHHyio c HHM n^eio 6opb6bi, npothboctohhna: He6o, KOK nanuua, zpo3hoe [III, 50]; CmeHooumnyro meepdb H jioenw. M nod KciMcdbiM ydapom mapcma OcbincuomcR 3ee3du 6e3 znae [III, 128-129]; CM. TaiOKe o6pa3 PyKonaiuhoü na3ypu luajibhoü [III, 130]; cp. pahhhh "MaHH(J)ecT": He6a nycmyw zpydb TOHKOü UZJIOW paub [I, 71]. HaHÖojiee nojiho 3TOT MOTHB pa3bopahhbaetca MMCHHO B "Craxax o Hen3BecTHOM carmate", cue He6o BbicTynaeT B KanecTBe noua 60a: Henodxyiwoe Heöo okonnoe - He6o Kpynnbix onmoeux CMepmeü [III, 124] 26. B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe cobepuiehho ocoöyio pojib nphoöpetaet o6pa3 nepena, HanonHjnomnHcfl BOCHHOH cemahthkoß: JJiiH mozo nb donotcen nepen pci36umbcr Bo eecb.106 - om eucka do eucka, - Hmo6 e ezo dopozue z,ict3huifbi He MOZJIU ne enueambcn eoüctca? [Ill, 125]; cp. B "A He6o 6y,nymHM 6epeMeHHO...": Ha Ji6y ebicokom nenoeenecmea BOUHM xonodubie jiadohu [II, 49]. BO3MO>KHO, B o6pa3e nepena aktyajuonpobah H MOTHB cjienotbi - CM. HaôpocoK 1937 ro.ua: Tatcue otce modu, KüK em, C zjicacimu edonôneh- HbiMu e nepen, Taxue Dtce cydbu, KüK eu, Jluiuwiu eac xo.ioda mymoebix nzod [III, 366]; c BCTpenaioiuHMCH B 3TOM cj)parmehte o6pa30m cyaeö cp. ahajiornihbih o6pa3hbih paß B "Cmxax o HeH3BecTHOM cojuate", CBiObiBaeMbiH co 3PHHHMH 3Be3jiaMH: 3ee3dbi meenuiuebi! Bce UM nymcno zsmdemb - djix nezo? B ocy^cdenbe cydbu u ceudemenn [III, 123]. K conojio>kehmo o6pa30b BOHHbi H rna3hhu CM. CTMXOTBopeHHe "He MynHHCTOH 6a6oHKOK> 6eji0H...": senumnbix mucnnu opyduü - Kapux /no 3panKoe unb zonyöbix [III, 89]; TaM >Ke ynomhhaiotcfl moeapuuju nocneduezo npmbiea no paoome e Mcecmxux neôecax [III, 89]; cp. B "BeTep HaM VTeuieHbe nphhec...": BOCHHOH rpo30h notemhen HH>KHHH CJIOH nompanehhbix He6ec [II, 40]. 3aecb *;e cp. BapHaHT 'TpHCJ)ejibHOH ow, cue ckomöhhhpobahbi TeMbi TBopHecTBa H BOHHbi H o6pa3 HOHHoro He6a: Honb <...> meoü OKenmoK Fjindum U3 KOMennozo Mcepna [II, 533]. B onpcnejiehhom CMbicjie o6pa3 nepena B "Craxax o Hen3BecTHOM coimate" MO>KeT OTOKÄecTBJiaTbca c He6oM! Pa38ueaemcx nepen om JKUSHU Bo eecb no6 - om eucka do eucka, - <...> Hawa nam u omnu3ua omnusne, 3ee3dnbiM pyönukom uiumbiü neneu, [III, 125]; cp. B HeoziHOKpaTHO ynomhhabuiemca B CBJOH c MeTaTeKCTyajibHOH H akmehcthheckoh npo6jiematmkoh CTMXOTBopeHHM MapTa 1937 roaa "MTO6, nphhtejib M BeTpa H Kanejib...": Mup, Komopuü KüK nepen zjiyöok [III, 132], - oco6eh- Ho ynntbibaa TO oöctoatejibctbo, HTO conojiaraembifi B 3TOM TeKCTe c o6pa30m 179

nepena MOTHB BepeiuaHba (M e npoufenbe omdae, e eepeiyanbe Mup [III, 132]) B CTHXOTBopeHHH "KoMy 3HMa - apak H nyhuj rojiy6orjia3bih..." nobtopaetca B HenocpejcTBeHHOH KOMÖHHaunn c o6pa30m 3Be3a (TO ectb B HeGecHO-acTpajibHOH nepcnekthbe); cp.: M eepeiycihbe 3ee3d ufekovem aiaóbiü cjiyx [II, 36]). Ocoöyio pojib 3jxecb npnoopetaet yxe uhthpobabinhhca o6pa3 nyaobhuj c Jia3ypHbiM M03roM: nockojibky B MaHAeJibiiJTaMOBCKOM MHpe Jia3ypb - yctohhhbbifi CHHOHHM He6a (CM., HanpHMep "BeTep HaM ytemehbe nphhec..." H "A He6o 6y,a.ymHM GepeMeHHO...", rae Jia3ypb KoppennpyeT c MOTMBaMH no33hh, BOHHbi, 3peHHa), o6pa3yembiö OT Hee 3nHTeT MOKT HecTH B ceöe He CTOJibKO ubetoboe, CKOJibKO "MaTepnajibHoe" 3HaneHHe, TeM cambim CBfl3biBaa M03r c HeöoM, a He6o - c Heuiyefi H3 raa3. TaKoe c6nh>kehhe no3bojiaet HHane B3rJi»HyTb Ha o6pa3 He6a B "Craxax o HeH3BecTHOM cojmate" H, B nacthocth, HHTepnperapoBaTb CTpoxy: 06a Heöa c ux myckjibim oznem [III, 125], - Kax.usa nonyniapna M03ra. B CBOIO onepeju., STO npeaonpeaejiaet MeTacj)opHHecKyH) HMnjiHKauHio o6pa3a nepena, nphoöpetaiouiero npoctpahct- BeHHbie, actpajibhbie neptbi: JJJIH mozo sib 3azomoeJieua mapa OoatmbH e npocmpcihcmee nycmom, Hmoôbi ôejibie 3ee3du oópamno Hymb-nymb upachbie MHonucb e ceoü dom?\v\\, 125-126], - npn TOM, HTO H 3,necb H nph noabjiehhh oöpa3a nepena Hcnojib3yeTca BBO^Haa BonpocnTejibHaa KOHCTpyxuna "juin Toro nb". B TO >Ke BpeMa aahhaa CHMBOJiHKa HMeeT OTHeTJiHBbin MeTaTeKCTyajibHbiH acnekt; Tan, o6pa3: 3ee3ÖHbiM pyöuukom mumbiü neneu, [III, 125], - B conetahhh co CTpoKofi: Hajiueammcsi Kpoebio aopmbi [III, 126], - OTCbinaioT K y^ke UHrapoBaBuiHMca ctpokam H3 MaTepnajioB K "IlyTeiijecTBHio B ApMeHHio": B xopouiux cmuxax csibiuiho, KüK uibkimcr uepenhtbie luebi, K(iK <...> u3haiuu6ak»nch aopmbi [III, 381]. nocncuhee o6ctoatejibctbo TeM HHTepecHee, HTO HMCHHO B "nyteiijectbhh B ApMeHHio" npohcxoaht HBHaa aktyajim3auhh o6pa3a nepena B nepcnekthbe xy^o>kectbehhoro Mnpa MaH^enbuiTaMa, - CM., HanpHMep: óojibiuepombie iimdu, c zna30mu, npoceepjiehhbimu npnmo U3 nepena [III, 191], - H: R <...> euden paubiue e 3pueaHCK0M My3ee cxpmnehhbiii e cudnnem nojiootcenuu cxe/iem <...> c dbipohkoü e nepene, npoceepnenhoü d.w 3nozo dyxa [III, 180]; nph STOM nepbbifi (j)parmeht coce^ctbyet c yxe nphbojuibiuhmca ynomhhahnem KapTHHbi BepeinarHHa (e B03HHKaK)IHHMH B 3T0H CBA3H CeMaHTHHeCKHMH KOHHOTaUHflMH C TBOpieCTBOM TyMHJieBa H XjieÔHHKOBa), a BTopoH - c onncahnem KJiaaönma H, B nacthocth, o6pa30m 6e3biMflHHbix (TO ectb HeH3BecTHbix) MorHJi; CM.: Becb ocmpoe <...> 6blM0U{eH OZHeHHO-pblDKUMU njllimomu 6e3bLMHHHblX MOZlUl [III, 1 80]. TaKHM o6pa30m, "CTHXH o Hen3BecTHOM coimate" oôhapy>khbaiot abhyio CMbicjiOBVK) coothecehhoctb c TeMOH CMepTH nosta H ero nocmepthoro cymectbo- BaHHfl B nosthheckoh H ujhpe - KyjibTypHOH Tpa^HUHH; TeMa 3Ta npamo CBjnaHa c 180

HMeHaMH EjioKa, TyMHneBa, Xne6HHKOBa, MaaKOBCKoro H Benoro. flahhoe oôctohtejibctbo jjaet aoctatohhoe ochobahhe robophtb o ( )Hrype HeH3BecTHoro cojmata KaK 06 o6o6mehhom o6pa3e nosthheckoro nokojiehhji Hanajia BeKa. O/JHHM M3 nocjieahhx npe^ctabhtejiefi KOToporo MaHaenbiuTaM He Mor ceöa He omymatb; cp. ojwy H3 pahhhx pcnakhhh TeKCTa: H <...> Cmanoemocb pndoebm moü cmpcihbi, Y Komopoü nonpocxm coeema Bce, Kmo DKumb u eockpecnymb don^tchbi [III 357]. CM. npoaoidkehme, cojrep>kamee non aocjiobhyio untaty M3 nyuikhh- CKoro "riamhthhka": H cow3a ee zpcimcdcihuhom CmaHoentocb na npu3bie u yuem, M ecenehhoù ee cembxhuhom BCRK xcueyufuü Meun na3oeem [III, 357] 27. B TaKofi CHTyauHH "CTHXH O HetOBecTHOM cojinate" nojiynaiot jronojihhtejibhbie cewiahtmneckhe KOHHOTauHM, BO-nepBbix, 3HaHHTejibHO pacujhpaiomhe CMbicJiOBoe npoctpahctbo TeKCTa H, BO-BTOpbIX, nphhuhrihajibho H3MeH5HOlUHe ero CeMHOTH- HecKHH CTaTyc, nockonbxy TCKCT HaHHHaeT BbiCTynaTb H KaK craxotbophaa "BecTb" oahoro H3 npe^ctabhtenefi yxojtamero JiMTepaTypHoro nokojiehhh, H KaK peakuwa HOCHTeJia KyjibTypHoro co3hahha Ha Hcne3HOBeHHe HJIH BpeMeHHoe npekpaiuehhe onpeaejiehhoh noaraneckoh TpaßHUHH. MMCHHO lomehehme TCKCTOBOH crpaterhh nphboamt K TOMy, HTO "CTHXH O HeH3BeCTHOM COJIiiaTe", CTaHOBHCb CBoero po.ua sajiorom nocmepthoro cymectbobahhfl no3ta (B MaHJxejibiiiTaMOBCKOM nohhmahhh KyJIbTypHOrO B03pO>KIieHHH), OKa3bIBaK)TCfl CeMaHTHHeCKH CTepeOCKOnHHHbIMH, pa3bopahhbaiomhmhcfl H (JiyHKUHOHHpyiOIHHMH OaHOBpeMeHHO B HeCKOJIbKO He npothbopenaiuhx, a.nonojihhioiuhx /rpyr.apyra CMbicJioBbix npoctpahctbax. nphmehahhh I.CM., HanpHMep, TOiKy 3peHHa BaM.Bc.HBaHOBa: "CraxoTBopeHHe MaHAeJibuiTaMa octaetca o6pa3uom no33hh, co3/xahhoh Ha o6pa3hom H3biKe XX BeKa H Ha cymectbehhbie jum Hero TeMbi B OTJIHHHC OT 3HaHHTejibHOH nacth Toro, HTO B Te >Ke rojihi nhcajiocb /jpyrhmh no3tamh" [MBaHOB 1990: 364]. CM. O COOTHOIHCHMH TeKCTa c ochobonojiaraiomhmh nphhhhnamh MaHTejibiuTaMOBCKOH HOSTHKH: "Bce neptbi no3thkh MaanenbWTaMa, ctapbie H HOBbie, coöpahbi B 3TOM craxotbope- HHH H aobejehbi no npcuena. <...> f[o3thka accounauhh ocraetch OCHOBOH KOMno3HHHH <...>. f[o-npe>khemy B 3THX accounauhflx CMeJio nponyckaiotcfl CBsoyiomHe 3BeHbH <...>. HaKOHeu, cmbicjiobaa cbh3b o6pa30b Bce name nozikpenjiüetca HJIH nojimehjietcfl 3ByKOBOH CBH3bw" [racnapob 1993: 66]; cp.: "HaH6ojiee xapaktephbie nep craxotbopehha - xapaktep o6birpbibahhh HHTepTeKcryaJib- Hbix UHTaT, HajiHHHe anokajinnthmeckoro BHACHHH CO ccbijikamh Ha HOByio HayKy, HCTopHKO-(})HJioco( )CKHH oxbat uejioro nepho/ia HCTopHH H Bcero nokojiehha" [MßaHOB 1990: 364-365], - H: "B craxax npejictabjiehbi non Bce npnembi no3,zmeh 181

no3thkh MaH^eJibiiiTaMa: oöparamoctb noaraneckoh MaTepHH, MeTacJ>opbi B noctoahhom CTaHOBJieHHH, iiimpota cemahtmheckoro perhctpa, CHHTaKCHHecKne HapyuieHHa jvm yöbictpehh» TeMna, phtmhieckaa H30iupeHHOCTb <...>, MacrepcT- BO B o6hobjiehhh notehunajia ph(j)mbi, Bceraa ocmbicjiehhoe ychjiehhe (J)OHeTHHec- KOH SHeprnn H3biKa" [CTpyBe 1994: 204-205]. 2.CM., HanpHMep, OJIHO H3 TaKoro poaa TOJiKOBaHHÖ: "CTHXH O HeH3BecTHOM coimate npeactaiot <...> Kan CBoero po^a MHCTepnajibHbiH cnop o.nyiiie MOKjy )KH3HbK) H CMepTbK), B KOTOpOM npothbonojiaraiotch HenOBTOpHMOCTb JIHHHOCTH H 6e3biMaHHOCTb KOCMOca. 3TO oöycnobjihbaet H caiwo Ha3BaHHe craxotbopehha. /],ehctbhtejibho, HeH3BecTHbiH cojuat CTaBHT HCTopHHecKyio MbicjTb npe>kjie Bcero nepea npoôjiemoh JIHHHOCTH, CTajiKHBaa o6o6mehhyio CHHTeTHnecKyio JiniHOCTb (npeactabhtejifl Bcex norhômnx coiuiar) <...> H oxaejibhoro neuobeka c HenoBTopHMOH cyab6oh" [>KMBOB 1992: 419]; cp. B 6onee oöiuem nuahe: "HeCOMHeHHblM ÄOCTH>KeHHeM MaHÄeJIblUTaMa HBHJIOCb KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHOe H3JIOXeHHe B pamkax floctatohho KpaTKOrO TeKCTa OCHOBHblX HCTOpHHeCKHX B03MO)KHOCTeH H KOHCJ)JIHKTOB XX BeKa C HeTKHM H3JTO>KeHHeM COÖCTBeHHOH nporpammbi, jiahhoh OT JiHua uejioh connajibhoh rpynnbr" [HßaHOB 1990: 364]. HecKOJibKO B HHOM acnekte TpaKTyeT anokajinnthheckyio CHMBOJiHKy "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM caimate" H.CTpyBe. OCHOBHOH anueht nepehocamnfi Ha JIHHHOCTHO- 6Horpacj)HHecKHH MOMCHT: "B ochobe "CoJinaTa" JIOKHT abtoöhorpa(j)hheckaa MOTHBauHH <...>. CHOBa H CHOBa CMepTb npe^ctaet Kan HeH3Öe)KHaa njiata 3a BepHOCTb BejieHHHM My3bi" [CTpyBe 1992: 83]; CXOäHOH HHTepnpeTauHH nphjep>khbaetch M E.M.TacnapoB: [racnapob 1994b]. 3.CM. pa3rpahhhehhe nacten TeKCTa no HX TeMaranecKOH opnehrahhh: "CTHXH O HeH3BecTHOM coimate" - <...> CKopee Bcero CHMc])OHHHecKafl no3ma, rae cneayiot ojma 3a #pyron nacra - "reponneckan" (1), OHHpniecKaa (2), JinpHKO- MHCTHHecKaa (3-4), HpoHHnecKaa (5), (j)hjiococj3hheckaa (6), nosraneckaa (7) H TparnnecKaa (8). Ka»mbiH OTpbiBOK HMeeT CBOH KJHöH, He Hapymaa oömen TOHajibHOCTH uenoro" [CTpyBe 1994: 204]. 4.KaK npabhjio, Ka>K#biH H3 HCCJie^oBaTejieH "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM cojmate" HHTepnpeTHpyeT STOT o6pa3 B COOTBCTCTBHH C o6ujeh KOHuenuHeß CBoero ahajih3a - CM.. HanpHMep. B CBH3H CO B3rjm.noM Ha CTHXOTBopeHHe Kan Ha KOCMOJiorHHecKO-yTonHHecKVK) Mojejib: "MorHJibi HeH3BecTHoro cojmata, He BnncbiBaiomHecn B xpncraahckyio TpajinuHio c ee nphhnnnnajibhbim nepcohajno- MOM, - 3TO OJHO H3 Han60Jiee flpkhx CBH^eTejIbCTB 3aMeHbI >KHBOH OpraHHHeCKOH B3aHMOCBH3H oöwectba couhajibhoh aôctpakunen; 3Ta 3aMeHa JIOKHT y HCTOKOB 3aKaTa Eßponbi H HBJmeTca B TO >Ke BpeMfl OJHOH H3 coctabiunoiuhx pejihrno3horo vtonh3ma" [>KHBOB 1992: 419]. Cp. B KOHTCKCTC "BoeHHO-HHHHBHjiyajibHOH" 182

anokajmnthkh TeKcra: "3HaMeHHTaa" B CBoeB ahohhmhoctm MorHJia CHMBOJiH3HpyeT 6ecHHCJieHHbie H 6e3biMHHHbie öpatckwe MorHJibi, B KOTopbix JioKaT Bee HamejnuHe TOT HJIM HHOH BUR CMepTH - "ontobofl" HJIH HHÄHBHAyajibHOH: nexota, norhöaiomah npn 6oM6ap,rmpoBKe H ra30boö atane, nwiot cöhtoro camojieta. <...> HeH3BecTHbiH conaat H ero 6ecHHCneHHbie npotoranbi CTaHOBHTca»epTBaMH "HOBbix" BM^OB CMepTeH, CBH3aHHbix c peajibhoctbk) MHTJOBOH BOHHbi" [racnapob 1994b: 214], - H ^anee: "cen> o6pa3hbix accouhamih H conoctabjiehhh BbiCBeHHBaeT zum MaHjiejibuiTaMa no3thneckhh o6pa3 ero COöCTBCHHOH cy^böbi. AßTop "CTHXOB O HeH3BecTHOM cojmate" oco3haet CBOIO nphha;rjie>khoctb K nokojiehhk), norhôuiemy B MHPOBOH BOHHC; Tenepb, c ono3,nahhem Ha jnïaauatb JieT, rwöejib HacTHraeT H camoro no3ta" [racnapob 1994b: 230]. 5.0 pa3jihhhbix acnektax 3Toro cmbicjioboro KOMnneKca B xyaoaœctbehhom MHpe MaHaejibiiJTaMa CM., Hanprnviep: [Ronen 1977], [IlapHMC 1991], [racnapob 1992], [racnapob 1994a], [JICBHHTOH 1994]. - He HCKJUOHCHO, HTO cj)opmmpobahne MaHziejibuiTaMOBCKHX npeactabnehhh o XCOCTOHHOH CMepTH xy^o>khhka, HaxoaamHe cootbetctbne c camoh uinpokon KyjibTypHOH TpaaMunen, Morno, B HaCTHOCTH, HCnblTHBaTb H BJIHHHHe CO CTOpOHbl TBopnecTBa TyMMJieBa - cp., HanpHMep, B ero pahhem nporpammhom craxotbopehmh "BojnueOHaa CKpnnKa": Ha, enadeù eojiuieohoü cxpunxoü, nocmompu e zna3a nydoeuw, M HOZUôHU cnaenoù cmepmbk), cmpauthoù CMepmbio ckpunaia! [FyMHJieB 1991: T. 1, 82]. o.cjie^yet HanoMHHTb, HTO.naHHbiH (j)parivieht y*e nphbjiexajica B paccmatphbaemyio nepcnekthby MaHßejibuiTaMOBCKoro MHpa - H B CBH3H C (jwrypoh Xjie6HHK0Ba, M B CBH3M C "xphcraahcko-hobropo,hckoh" 06pa3H0CTbK), H B CBH3M c (j)mtypon roph(])ejibfla, - HTO He MoaœT He CBH/ieTejibCTBOBaTb o ero OCOôOM CMHCJIOBOM CTaTyce. 7.Ha B03MO)KHyiO HMnJIHKaUMK) B flahhom KOHTeKCTe HMeHH TyMHJieBa, BepoHTHO, HeaBHO yka3bibaet (})MHaj[ CTaTbH, rae MaH^enbinTaM nhinet: CMeium zoeopumb o MOCKO6CKOù numepamype, tncik Mce monno, xax u o ecemupnoü. üepean cyiuecmeyem mojibxo e eooöpaxcenuu o6o3peeamejih, max ^ce xax emopan - moiibxo e Ha36ûHuu nonmehhozo nemepôypzcxozo ladamejibcmea [II, 260]. Bpaa JIH MO>KHO npejmojio>kmtb, HTO MaHÄenbUJTaM He ynhtbibaji TOH pojra, KOTopyro Hrpajio jxo cambix nocjie^hmx jhew >KH3HH TyMHJieBa ynacrae B pa6ote "BceMHpHOH jihtepatypbi", KaK H Toro c )akta, HTO ca\i OH octabajica O,HHMM H3 akthbhehiiihx yhacthhkob H3XtaTeJIbCTBa. Oco6eHHO Ba>KHO TO 06cT0HTejIbCTB0, HTO CBOK) paöoty BO "BceMHpHofî JiHTepaType" TyMHJieB ouehhbaji He CTOJibKo üawe B co6ctbehho JiMTepaTypHOM, CKOJibKO B rpa/k^ahckom njiahe - cp. ero HeonyÖJWKO- BaHHbiH OTBeT Ha ockopöhtejibhbih Bbinaji Mepe>KKOBCKoro B a^pec H3jiaTejibCTBa: "BceMupHciH mimepamypa" - u3damenbcmeo ne nonumuuecxoe <...>, e xoimezuu 183

3Kcnepmo6 <...> ecmb nwdu CCIMMX pci3hoo6pa3hbix yoezkdenuü <...>. OOHüKO ece OHu cxodnmcr na yöemcdenuu, nmo e naiue mpyôhoe u cmpauihoe epemh cnacehbe dyxoenoü Kyjibmypu cmpanu 603MODKHO mojibko nymem paôormi xaztcdozo e mou oôjiacmu, Komopyjo OH ceoóodno möpan ceöe npexcde [TyMHJieB 1991: T. 3, 234]; cp.: [THiueHHHK 1991: 336-337]. 8.C noaoöhbim nohhmahhem pojih no3ta cp. yxe uhtnpobabujhhca cjjparivieht rymhjiebckoro npejihcjiobhfl K nepebo^am EoiXJiepa: Uosm nonyecmeoecui ceör ecenenoeekom, Mupo3dameM da^ce, opzanom pemt ecezo cyucecmeyioiuezo u cmcui zoeopumb ne cmojibko om ceoezo coôcmeennozo Jiuua, ckojibko om Jiuua eooópamcae- Mozo, cyiuecmeyfoiifezo nuuib e eo3m03khocmnx [TyMHJieB 1991: T. 3, 204-205]. - BßHay ynomhhahhfl B jjahhom CMbrcjiOBOM paay CMepra Eejioro cp. npe,nctabjiehhe o 3aBepiueHHH c Heß onpcnejiehhoro KyjitTypHO-HCTopHnecKoro 3Tana, OTpa3HBmeecfl B nncbme ÜH(J)iUHua 3eHKeBHHy OT 14.01.34: "OöopBajiacb snoxa, c KOTOpOH Mbl 6bIJTH - XOTHM JIM MbI 3TO nph3hatb HJIH HeT, 6e3pa3JIHHHO, - TeCHO CBJi3aHbi. OÖHa>KHJiacb nponactb, Ky^a CTynHTb HacTaeT y>ke Haiu Hepen. <...> Ueno He B camom (j)akte CMepra <...> a B nyaobhiiihom ojthhonectbe noxonehhh, K KOTopoMy MM c BaMH nphhajxnejkhm H KOTopoe ropa3^o Kpenne CBjnaHO c npejujectbyromhm nokojiehhem, He^enn co CBoefi CMCHOH" [FlapHHC 1988: 263]. CM. CBHAeTejibCTBO H.5LMaH#ejibiiiTaM o "camonpoekuhh" CTMXOB namara Eejioro MaHjieJibuiTaMOM: M 3THMH CTHxaMH O.M. OTneBaji He TOJibKO Eejioro, HO H ceöa H _na>ke cka3aji MHe 06 STOM" [MaH/jejibuiTaM 1990b: 245]. 9.Cp. xax c )opmy ynotpeôjiehhe o6pa3a Kpyra HajiHHHe 3nHTeTa "Kpyrjibifi" B HeCKOJIbKO HHOM CMbICJIOBOM HanOJlHeHHH. HO B ahajiorhhhom KOHTeKCTC B CTMXOTBopeHHH nepboh TpeTH cj)ebpaju: Pa3pbieu xpyzjibix 6yxm, u xpxuf, u cuueea. Il napyc MedneHHbiù <...>. -He ecwupci3jiyneh, eac ouehue edea <...>... Hmo MC MHe nod zojioey dpyzoü necok nodnooken? [III, 120], - nphhem (JDHrypHpyroiuHH B TeKCTe o6pa3 xpama B03BpamaeT, B MacTHOcra, K MeTanosranecKOMy opeojiy ero Hcnojib30BaHHM B "1 AHBapn 1924", r/je OH, BO3MO>KHO, B H3BCCTHOH Mepe "npo/jmk- TOBaH" peueh3hefi TyMHJieBa Ha MaH/jejibiiiTaMOBCKHH "KaMeHb". - B STOH CBH3H HHTepecHbiM npe^ctabjiaetca BepoHTHoe HHTepTeKCTyajibHoe npe/ibocxhujehhe coe^hhehhh JiHHHOCTH TyMHJieBa H HTajibîiHCKOH TeMbi - cp. HaÖjnoaeHHe B.Xa3aHa 06 OTrojiocKax B MaH/jejibuiTaMOBCKOM CTHxoTBopeHHH "Kor.ua OKTaôpbCKHH HaM rotobhji BpeMeHiuHK..." (Enazocjioeumb meöh e dajiexuü ad coüdem Cmoncwu nezkumu POCCUH [I, 131]) c )HHajia rymhjiebckofi "OnopeHUHn" 1913 roja (HSZHCIHHUK ôeôhbiù, Anuzbepu, Cmonoü necneumoü exodum e ad [TyMHJieB 1991: T. 1, 366]) - CM.: [Xa3aH 1992a: 238], - c CHMnTOMaTHHHbiM B CBJBH

co CKa3aHHbiM Bbiuje 06 o6pa3ax öjiaroaara H ÔJiaxeHCTBa H HX Koppejwmin c JIMHHOCTbK) AxMaTOBOH B03HHKHOBeHHeM B TeKCTe MaH,HeJIbUITaMa MOTHBa ÔJiarocjiOBeHHH. - Cp. eme OJWH cnoco6 TpaHC(j)opMauHH o6pa3a Kpyra, npcactabjieh- HbiM B "Pa3roBope o /JaHTe": Cmapocmb e nohumcihuu Jfanma npexcde ecezo K.pyzo3opHocnib, ebicmaa oô^emhocmb, Kpyzoceemnocmb. B Oducceeeoù nechu 3eMJin yjfce xpyzjia [III, 238]. - O/iHOBpeMeHHO c 3THM, o6pa3 Kpyra B nphmehehhh K HTajibflHCKHM ropoaam nohbjiaetca B "Pa3roBope o J\&wie": ropodonioôue, zopodocmpacmue, zopodohenaeucmhimecmeo - eom MCimepuH inferno. Kojibua ada ne nmo uhoe, KCIK camypnoebi Kpyzu smuzpauuu. JJJIH U3ZHCIHHUKCI ceoù eduhcmeennbiü, 3anpeufeHHbiù u 6e3803epamHO ympaiehhbiù zopod pci36enh ecwdy - OH UM okpyoken. Mne xonemch CK03amb, umo inferno okpyotcen (pjiopenuueu. HmcuibHHCKue zopoda y Jlanma - Uu3a, <PjiopeHuux, JlyKKa, Bepona - smu Mwibie zpaztcdanckue nnanembi - ebimnnymbi e nydoeuiuhbie Kojibua, pacnrnnymbi e noxca, eo3epaiifehbi e mymcmnoe, zci30o6pci3hoe cocmohhue [II, 250]. Coe,OHHeHne o6pa3a ropo^a c "KOCMHHCCKOacTpajibHOH" CHMBOJiHKOH B cohetahhh c HaaejieHHeM ero nph3hakom HeaocTyrmc- CTH Bnojme conoctabhmo H CO "CraxaMM o HeH3BecTHOM cojinate" - cp.: M eucnm zopodamu ykpadeuhbimu, 3onombiMU oömonekümu, ndedcimu, Hdoeumozo xonoda HZodoMu - PacmaMcuMbix co3ee3duü uiampbi, 3onomue C03ee3duü Mcupbi [III, 124]. JllOÔOnblTHO H TO 06CT0HTeJIbCTB0, HTO K CpaBHeHHK) TOpO^OB C BHHOrpaflOM pahee oöpauiajica TyMHJieB B ynomhhaemom /xajiee CTHXOTBopeHHH "Hnrep": H na Kcipme Moeü nod nenyokhom cemxoü CouuueHHbix dnn CKyxe dojizom u luupom 3aMenafo, KOK nmo-mo vepneioufeü eemkoü, BunozpadHoü oôponennou eemxoü noji3em. A eoxpyz zopoda, monno zopcmb eunozpadun, 3mo - Eycca, u romôa, u u,apb TuMÔyKmy [rymhjieb 1991. T. 1, 286]; eme O#HH npn\iep "KyjibTypHO-aKMeHCTHHec- KOH" KoppejiauHH o6pa3a BHHorpaaa (co CTHxaMH KoMapoBCKoro) OTMeneH B: [THMeHHHK 1981: 67]; /ipyrne cjiynah CM. B: [LUHHJIHH 1991: 487-488]. - CKa3aHHoe, KaK Ka)KeTCH, MOxeT cjiy>khtb o6ochobahhbim ochobahhem äjih HecorjiacHH c npeanaraemoh M.CeMeHKO TpaKTOBKOH paccmotpehhoh "3Be3ÄHofl" CTpo({)bi "CTHXOB o HeH3BecTH0M coimate" - cp.: "BTopon c )parmeht <..> uejihkom COCTOHT H3 XapaKTepHCTHKH "3TOX" (^PyrHX, He3eMHbIX) "MHpOB". B Ka>KHOM H3 6-TH CTHXOB (Bcero MX 7) - camo/iobjieiomhe H cobepuuehho HeoöbiHHbie MeTa(j)opbi yrpo/kaiomero 3Be3üHoro He6a. He6o H3o6pa>KeHO i iy>khm. CTpaHHbiM H CTpaiiJHbiM <...>. CJIOBO "30Ji0Tbie" He npmjiaet rpoteckhoh KapraHe nojio>khtejibhoh OKpacKH, TaK KaK OTHeceHO K napaaokcajibhomy cjioboconetahhk) "co3be3.hhh VKHpbi". <...> "C03Be3JIHH >KHpbl" TaflT B Ce6e He TOilbKO HeHTO CTpaHHOe, HO HeHTO CTpaiUHOe. - CJIOBO ">KMpbi" - MMCHHO BO MHO>KecTBeHHOM HHCJie - MapKHpoBaHo. ßjw nokojie- HHH MaHjienbuJTaMa OHO HMCJIO onehb cnehh(j)hheckyk) H, BO BCHKOM cjiynae, 185