Ewa ROSZKOWSKA Marzena FILIPOWICZ-CHOMKO

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Ewa ROSZKOWSKA Marzena FILIPOWICZ-CHOMKO ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLISH VOIVODESHIPS BETWEEN 2005 AND 2013 IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH THE USE OF THE TOPSIS METHOD prof. Ewa Roszkowska, PhD Unversty of Balystok Marzena Flpowcz-Chomko, PhD Balystok Unversty of Technology correspondence address: Faculty of Economcs and Management Warszawska 63, 15-062 Bałystok e-mal: e.roszkowska@uwb.edu.pl OCENA ROZWOJU SPOŁECZNEGO WOJEWÓDZTW POLSKI W LATACH 2005 2013 W KONTEKSCIE REALIZACJI KONCEPCJI ZRÓWNOWAŻONEGO ROZWOJU Z WYKORZYSTANIEM METODY TOPSIS STRESZCZENIE: Celem badań była ocena zróżncowana rozwoju społecznego województw Polsk w latach 2005 2013 w kontekśce realzacj koncepcj zrównoważonego rozwoju. Oceny zróżncowana pozomu rozwoju społecznego regonów z podzałem na obszary tematyczne oraz zman trendów w ujęcu przestrzennym czasowym dokonano z wykorzystanem mary syntetycznej TOPSIS ze wspólnym wzorcem rozwoju. W badanach wykorzystano dane BDL GUS. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: zrównoważony rozwój, rozwój społeczny, zrównoważona produkcja konsumpcja, włączene społeczne, zmany demografczne, zdrowe publczne, bezpeczeństwo publczne, TOPSIS

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 95 Introducton Implementng the concept of sustanable development n a regon s the result of multple processes and soco-economc phenomena. The analyss regardng the level of sustanable development of Polsh vovodeshps 1 and specfc ssues related to socal development of the regons were the subject of many studes and quanttatve analyses. They concerned sustanable producton and consumpton 2, transport 3, energy 4, socal ncluson 5, employment 6, demographc changes 7, publc health 8, publc safety 9, the qualty of lfe 10, and ncome convergence 11. 1 E. Roszkowska, E. Msewcz, R. Karwowska, Analza pozomu zrównoważonego rozwoju województw Polsk w 2010 roku, Ekonoma Środowsko 2014 No. 2(49), pp. 168 190; D. Perło, E. Roszkowska, Zastosowane wybranych metod klasyfkacj do analzy zrównoważonego rozwoju, Zeszyty Naukowe 176, Wzrost Gospodarczy. Teora. Rzeczywstość 2011, pp. 372 399. 2 A. Borowska, Społeczeństwo konsumpcyjne charakterystyka, Zeszyty Naukowe Poltechnk Bałostockej 2009 No. 14, pp. 7 18; B. Kryk, Zrównoważona jakość życa a zrównoważona konsumpcja zachowana ekologczne polskch konsumentów, Handel Wewnętrzny 2013, November December (A), Vol. 2; E. Lorek, A. Lorek, Rozwój rynku dóbr usług ekologcznych jako podstawa wdrażana zrównoważonej konsumpcj produkcj, Optmum. Studa Ekonomczne 2014 No. 4(70). 3 A. Przybyłowsk, Pomar zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu w polskch województwach, Optmum. Studa Ekonomczne 2014 No. 3(69). 4 A. Pultowcz, Przesłank rozwoju rynku odnawalnych źródeł energ w Polsce w śwetle de zrównoważonego rozwoju, PAN. Komtet Człowek Środowsko 2009 No. 24(1). 5 B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, B. Bartnczak, Ocena realzacj koncepcj zrównoważonego rozwoju w województwach w zakrese włączena społecznego, Econometrcs 2013 No. 2(40), p. 48 61. 6 Raport montorujący z 2011 r. w sprawe strateg zrównoważonego rozwoju UE, www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu [02/12/2013]; R.B. Dylkewcz, Czynnk ekonomczne determnujące rynek pracy w ujęcu teoretycznym emprycznym, Optmum. Studa Ekonomczne 2014 No. 2(68). 7 J. Wlk, T. Bartłomowcz, Welowymarowa analza zman demografcznych w Polsce w śwetle koncepcj zrównoważonego rozwoju, Studa demografczne 2012 No. 2(162), pp. 57 86. 8 B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, B. Bartnczak, Pomar postępów województw w kerunku zrównoważonego rozwoju w zakrese zdrowa publcznego, Econometrcs 2012 No. 3(37), pp. 83 92. 9 J. Kudełko, Pozom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego województw Polsk, Zeszyty Naukowe Akadem Ekonomcznej w Krakowe 2004 No. 651, pp. 75 90. 10 B. Kryk, Środowskowe uwarunkowana jakośc życa w województwe zachodno pomorskm na tle Polsk, Ekonoma Środowsko 2015 No. 3(54). 11 J. Batóg, Analza krańcowej ponowej konwergencj dochodowej typu β w krajach Un Europejskej w latach 1993 2010, Studa Prace Wydzału Nauk Ekonomcznych Zarządzana 2013 No. 31, pp. 29 48.

96 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 The study presents a mult-dmensonal assessment of the dfferentaton of socal development of Polsh vovodeshps n the years 2005 2013. The analyss of the progress of the regons n mplementng the concept of sustanable development n the context of socal order was based on the rankngs of vovodeshps wthn the subject areas ndcatng the level of socal development, the level of terrtoral coheson, and the drecton and pace of changes n 2013 compared to 2005. Synthetc measures determned by the TOPSIS method wth the common pattern of development, through the overall analyss of the partal ndcators, made t possble to assess the overall level of development of the regons. In addton, they made t possble to sort and group the studed regons due to the consdered subject areas of socal development. Research methodology In order to compare the changes and evaluate the progress of ndvdual regons towards sustanable development n 2013 n comparson wth 2005, the TOPSIS procedure was used wth the common pattern and ant-pattern of development 12. The stages of ths procedure are as follows: 1) Selecton of ndcators based on substantve and statstcal premses. Constructon of a data matrx: X = [x kt ], where x kt s the k-th value of ndcator of sustanable development (k = 1,2,,m) for the -th vovodeshp ( = 1,2,,16) n the t-th year (t = 2005; 2013). 2) Normalzaton of the values of the ndcators n order to acheve ther comparablty: xkt mnx kt zkt, for stmulants: maxx kt mnx kt for dstmulants: max zkt max kt x kt xkt x mnx where: s the number of the vovodeshps ( = 1,2,, n = 16), k s the ndcator number of sustanable development (smple feature) (k = 1,2,,m), and t s the year (t = 2005; 2013). 12 C.L. Hwang, K. Yoon, Multple Attrbute Decson Makng: Methods and Applcatons, New York 1981. kt,

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 97 max x mn x kt kt s the maxmum value of the k-th ndcator of sustanable development n 2005 and 2013; s the mnmum value of the k-th ndcator of sustanable development n 2005 and 2013. 3) Calculaton of the Eucldean dstance between the vovodeshps from the pattern (z + kt) and ant-pattern (z kt) accordng to the formulas: d t m m 2 zkt zkt dt zkt zkt k 1 k 1 2, where: z + kt = (1,1,,1), z kt = (0,0,,0) for ( = 1,2,..., n = 16), (t = 2005, 2013). 4) Determnng the value of the synthetc measure of the -th vovodeshp, and t-th year: dt qt, dt dt where: ( = 1,2,..., n = 16), (t = 2005, 2013). 0 q t 1 occurs at ths. Hgher values of the measure q t ndcate a hgher poston n the rankng of the -th vovodeshp. 5) Establshng the vovodeshps rankng due to the value of the synthetc measure of sustanable development. Evaluaton of the stuaton of vovodeshps due to the value of the synthetc measure of development 13 : 0 < q t 0.2 represents a very unfavourable stuaton, 0.2 < q t 0.4 an unfavourable stuaton, 0.4 < q t 0.6 a moderate stuaton, 0.6 < q t 0.8 a favourable stuaton, and 0.8 < q t 1.0 a very favourable stuaton. On the bass of the measure, one determnes the predomnance of the vovodeshp for whch the value of the synthetc measure s greater than or equal to 0.6 and the lmtaton of the vovodeshp for whch the value of the synthetc measure s less than 0.4. In order to evaluate the progress of vovodeshps n the drecton of sustanable development, we adopted a dfference of no less than 0.2 n the case of clear progress and 13 B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, Gospodarcze aspekty zrównoważonego rozwoju województw welowymarowa analza porównawcza, Przegląd Statystyczny 2011 No. LVIII (3/4), pp. 304.

98 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 a dfference of less than or equal to 0.1 n the case of a threat to the vovodeshp 14. The analyss was performed n each subject area n terms of tme and space. We carred out an evaluaton of the dfferentaton of vovodeshps due to the ndcators descrbng partcular areas n the years 2005 2013. In terms of the tme approach, we assessed the progress of vovodeshps towards sustanable development wth regard to the socal level n 2013 compared wth 2005. Selecton of dagnostc varables to assess the level of socal development wthn the subject areas n the context of sustanable development Accordng to the avalable data, we suggested a set of 37 potental dagnostc varables of socal development. The features can be dvded nto fve subject areas: sustanable producton and consumpton, socal ncluson, demographc changes, publc health, and publc safety 15. Selected ndvdual ndcators were the most sgnfcant n terms of the conducted research accordng to the formal and substantve crtera. They compled wth the relevant statstcal propertes, such as unversalty (unversally recognzed mportance and relevance of the ndcator), comparablty (presented n the form of ntensty ndcators), weak correlaton of varables wth each other (elmnatng duplcaton of nformaton), and adequate dversfcaton (a coeffcent of varaton hgher than 7%) 16. The choce of varables was also dependent on the avalablty, completeness, and contnuty of the occurrence of statstcal data from the regonal perspectve n 2005 and 2013. The ntal set of 37 dagnostc varables was reduced to 25 ndcators dvded nto subject areas. In addton, a set of accepted varables was dvded nto two subsets: stmulants and dstmulants. Hgh values of the stmulant (S) are desrable from the pont of vew of the synthetc measure. In the case of dstmulants (D), hgh values of the varables are undesrable and cause a decrease n the value of the synthetc measure: I. Sustanable producton and consumpton Z1: Electrcty consumpton [kwh] (D) Z2: Gas consumpton [m 3 ] (D) 14 Ibdem. 15 Lokal Data Bank, www.stat.gov.pl [24/06/2015]. 16 A. Młodak, Analza taksonomczna w statystyce regonalnej, Warszawa 2006.

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 99 Z3: Water consumpton [m 3 ] (D) Z4: Passenger cars per 1000 populaton (D) Z5: Average monthly consumpton of meat per capta (D) Z6: Average monthly consumpton of vegetables per capta (S) II. Socal ncluson Z8: Average monthly avalable ncome per capta n prvate households (S) Z9: Unemployment rate (BAEL Eng. LFS) [%] (D) Z10: The employment rate of dsabled people [%] (S) Z11: The share of people out of work aged 18 59 lvng n households n the total number of household members [%] (D) Z13: Chldren covered by pre-school educaton n percentage of the total number of chldren at the age 3-5 (n rural areas) [%] (S) Z17: Lfe-long learnng of persons aged 25-64 [%] (S) III. Demographc changes Z19: Natural ncrease per 1000 populaton (S) Z22: Demographc dependency rato: post-workng age populaton per 100 persons of pre-workng age [persons] (D) Z23: Rato of balance of permanent mgraton person at workng age (nternatonal mgraton) (S) Z24: Rato of balance of permanent mgraton person at workng age (ntervovodshp mgraton) (S) Z25: Average monthly gross retrement pensons from non-agrcultural socal securty system n relaton to average monthly gross wages and salary (S) IV. Publc health Z28: Deaths by selected causes of death n percentage of total (dseases of the crculatory system) [%] (D) Z31: Deaths by selected causes of death n percentage of total (dseases of the respratory system) [%], (D) Z32: Sucde rate for 10 thous. populaton (D) Z33: Enttled to practse doctors per 10 thous. populaton (S) Z34: Persons njured n accdents at work per 1000 employed persons (D) V. Publc Safety Z35: Ascertaned crmes n completed preparatory proceedngs per 1000 populaton (D) Z36: Rate of detectablty of the delnquents of ascertaned crmes [%] (S) Z37: Fatal vctms of road accdents per 100 thous. regstered motor (D)

100 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 The values of the synthetc measure for the vovodeshps determned by the TOPSIS method n the partcular areas n 2005 and 2013 are presented n Table 1. Assessng the dfferentaton of the level of socal development of Polsh vovodeshps n the years 2005 2013 Area: sustanable producton and consumpton The synthetc ndcator sustanable consumpton and producton takes values from the range [0.419; 0.742] for the year 2005 and from the range [0.272; 0.600] for the year 2013. In 2013, for each vovodeshp, we observed an unfavourable stuaton of declne n the value of ths measure compared to 2005 (Table 1). The best postons were occuped by Podkarpacke (poston 1), Śwętokrzyske (poston 3 n 2005, poston 2 n 2013), and Lubelske (poston 2 n 2005, poston 3 n 2013) n the rankngs of vovodeshps created for the years 2005 and 2013. Apart from Podkarpacke, the same postons were mantaned by the followng vovodeshps: Warmńsko-Mazurske (4), Welkopolske (15), and Mazowecke (16). The bggest change of poston n the rankngs occurred for Lubuske (change from poston 7 n 2005 to 14 n 2013). For other regons, there was a change n poston from 1 to 4 n the rankng n 2013 compared wth 2005 (Table 2). In 2005 and 2013, a favourable stuaton n the area of sustanable consumpton and producton was recorded for Podkarpacke; moderate stuatons was found for: Kujawsko-Pomorske, Łódzke, Małopolske, Pomorske, and Śląske. For the other regons, we observed deteroraton of the stuaton from favourable to moderate for Lubelske, Opolske, Podlaske, Śwętokrzyske, and Warmńsko-Mazurske and from moderate to unfavourable for Dolnośląske, Lubuske, Mazowecke, Welkopolske, and Zachodnopomorske. For all regons, the change n the value of the synthetc ndcator took a value of less than 0.1. Ths ndcates a threat to the development of the regon n ths area. The bggest threat occurred n Lubuske (change = 0.254). Area: socal ncluson The synthetc measure of socal ncluson takes values from the range [0.163; 0.465] for the year 2005 and from the range [0.436; 0.734] for the year 2013. In 2013, we observed a favourable stuaton of ncrease n the value of the measure for each regon compared to 2005 (see Table 1). In the rankngs of vovodeshps, the best postons were occuped by Lubelske (poston 1) and Podlaske (poston 2) n 2005 and by Mazowecke

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 101 Table 1. The value of TOPSIS for vovodeshps by subject areas n 2005 and 2013 Vovodshp Sustanable producton and consumpton Socal ncluson Demographc changes Publc health Publc safety 2005 2013 change 2005 2013 change 2005 2013 change 2005 2013 change 2005 2013 change Dolnośląske 0.576 0.378-0.198 0.312 0.586 0.275 0.559 0.458-0.101 0.430 0.450 0.020 0.418 0.598 0.181 Kujawsko-pomorske 0.581 0.444-0.137 0.290 0.606 0.315 0.661 0.552-0.108 0.444 0.473 0.029 0.374 0.772 0.398 Lubelske 0.737 0.553-0.184 0.465 0.667 0.202 0.543 0.438-0.106 0.527 0.600 0.073 0.579 0.845 0.266 Lubuske 0.594 0.341-0.254 0.269 0.600 0.331 0.677 0.552-0.125 0.377 0.364-0.013 0.466 0.644 0.178 Łódzke 0.563 0.408-0.154 0.354 0.628 0.274 0.486 0.399-0.087 0.543 0.583 0.040 0.282 0.680 0.398 Małopolske 0.576 0.437-0.139 0.424 0.673 0.249 0.784 0.690-0.095 0.590 0.735 0.145 0.423 0.715 0.292 Mazowecke 0.419 0.272-0.147 0.445 0.734 0.289 0.576 0.579 0.004 0.610 0.623 0.013 0.267 0.632 0.364 Opolske 0.619 0.451-0.167 0.436 0.591 0.155 0.444 0.359-0.085 0.518 0.566 0.048 0.556 0.747 0.191 Podkarpacke 0.742 0.600-0.142 0.399 0.547 0.147 0.635 0.561-0.074 0.491 0.591 0.099 0.682 0.919 0.237 Podlaske 0.615 0.478-0.137 0.457 0.604 0.147 0.553 0.465-0.088 0.531 0.587 0.057 0.554 0.829 0.275 Pomorske 0.522 0.409-0.112 0.304 0.733 0.429 0.720 0.669-0.050 0.519 0.483-0.036 0.341 0.669 0.329 Śląske 0.552 0.408-0.144 0.338 0.655 0.317 0.524 0.434-0.090 0.463 0.700 0.237 0.368 0.657 0.289 Śwętokrzyske 0.712 0.556-0.156 0.220 0.586 0.365 0.539 0.437-0.102 0.543 0.581 0.038 0.515 0.848 0.332 Warmńsko-mazurske 0.651 0.502-0.149 0.163 0.436 0.274 0.631 0.527-0.104 0.196 0.464 0.268 0.429 0.771 0.342 Welkopolske 0.464 0.336-0.128 0.396 0.660 0.265 0.784 0.681-0.103 0.502 0.499-0.003 0.530 0.795 0.264 Zachodnopo morske 0.515 0.367-0.148 0.192 0.507 0.315 0.661 0.553-0.108 0.431 0.524 0.093 0.278 0.711 0.433 The values of the synthetc measure were hghlghted usng dfferent shades of grey, ndcatng an advantage or a threat to the regon n the gven area. Source: The author s own study on the bass of GUS (Central Statstcal Offce of Poland) data.

102 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Table 2. The postons of the vovodeshps by area determned by the TOPSIS method n 2005 and 2013 Vovodshp Sustanable producton and consumpton Socal ncluson Demographc changes Publc health Publc safety 2005 2013 Change 2005 2013 Change 2005 2013 Change 2005 2013 Change 2005 2013 Change Dolnośląske 9 12 3 10 12 2 10 11 1 14 15 1 10 16 6 Kujawsko-pomorske 8 7 1 12 8 4 6 7 1 12 13 1 11 6 5 Lubelske 2 3 1 1 4 3 12 12 0 6 4 2 2 3 1 Lubuske 7 14 7 13 10 3 4 8 4 15 16 1 7 14 7 Łódzke 11 10 1 8 7 1 15 15 0 3 7 4 14 11 3 Małopolske 10 8 2 5 3 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 9 9 0 Mazowecke 16 16 0 3 1 2 9 4 5 1 3 2 16 15 1 Opolske 5 6 1 4 11 7 16 16 0 8 9 1 3 8 5 Podkarpacke 1 1 0 6 14 8 7 5 2 10 5 5 1 1 0 Podlaske 6 5 1 2 9 7 11 10 1 5 6 1 4 4 0 Pomorske 13 9 4 11 2 9 3 3 0 7 12 5 13 12 1 Śląske 12 11 1 9 6 3 14 14 0 11 2 9 12 13 1 Śwętokrzyske 3 2 1 14 13 1 13 13 0 4 8 4 6 2 4 Warmńsko-mazurske 4 4 0 16 16 0 8 9 1 16 14 2 8 7 1 Welkopolske 15 15 0 7 5 2 2 2 0 9 11 2 5 5 0 Zachodnopomorske 14 13 1 15 15 0 5 6 1 13 10 3 15 10 5 Source: The author s own study on the bass of GUS (Central Statstcal Offce of Poland) data.

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 103 (poston 1) and Pomorske (poston 2) n 2013. Two vovodeshps mantaned the same postons: Zachodnopomorske (15) and Warmńsko-Mazurske (16). The bggest changes n the postons n the years 2005 and 2013 were observed for Pomorske (from poston 11 to 2) and Podkarpacke (from poston 6 to 14). Other regons were characterzed by a change n the poston from 1 to 7 n the rankng n 2013 compared wth 2005 (Table 2). In 2005 n the area of socal ncluson there was no vovodeshp for whch the stuaton could be descrbed as very favourable or favourable. A moderate stuaton was reported for Opolske. In other vovodeshps there were mprovements of the stuaton: from moderate to favourable for Lubelske, Małopolske, Mazowecke, and Podlaske; from unfavourable to favourable for Kujawsko-Pomorske, Łódzke, Pomorske, Śląske, and Welkopolske, from unfavourable to moderate for Dolnośląske, Lubuske, Podkarpacke, and Śwętokrzyske; and from very unfavourable to moderate for Warmńsko-Mazurske and Zachodnopomorske. Pomorske made sgnfcant progress n the development of the socal level n the area of socal ncluson, where the change n the value of the synthetc measure amounted to 0.429. Area: demographc changes The synthetc measure for the area of demographc changes takes values from the range [0.444; 0.784] for 2005 and from the range [0.359; 0.690] for 2013. Only n Mazowecke was there a slght ncrease (0.004) n the value of the synthetc measure n the year 2013 compared to 2005. Other regons experenced an unfavourable stuaton of a declne n ts value (Table 1). In the rankngs of vovodeshps, the best postons n 2005 and 2013 were occuped by the vovodeshps of Małopolske (poston 1), Welkopolske (poston 2), and Pomorske (poston 3). The same postons were also mantaned by Lubelske (12), Śwętokrzyske (13), Śląske (14), Łódzke (15), and Opolske (16). Mazowecke (change of poston from 9 to 4) and Lubuske (change of poston from 4 to 8) dsplayed the bggest changes of postons n the rankngs of vovodeshps n 2005 compared to 2013. Other regons changed ther postons from 1 to 2 n the rankng n 2013 compared wth 2005 (Table 2). In 2005 and 2013 there was no vovodeshp for whch the stuaton could be descrbed as very favourable n the area of demographc changes. Favourable stuatons occurred for Małopolske, Pomorske, and Welkopolske; moderate stuatons occurred for Dolnośląske, Lubelske, Mazowecke, Podlaske, Śląske, and Śwętokrzyske. For all other regons, the stuaton deterorated: from favourable to moderate for Kujawsko-Pomorske, Lubuske, Podkarpacke, Warmńsko-Mazurske, and Zachodnopomorske and from moderate to unfavourable for Łódzke and Opolske.

104 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 In the case of eght vovodeshps Dolnośląske, Kujawsko-Pomorske, Lubelske, Lubuske, Śwętokrzyske, Warmńsko-Mazurske, Welkopolske, and Zachodnopomorske the change n the value of the synthetc measure took a value below -0.1, ndcatng a threat to the development of the regon n ths area. Lubuske faced the bggest threat (change = -0.125). Area: publc health The synthetc measure n the case of publc health takes values n the range of [0.196; 0.610] for 2005 and n the range of [0.364; 0.735] for the year 2013. In 2013 there was a slght decrease n the value of the synthetc measure n ths area compared to 2005 for three vovodeshps: Lubuske, Pomorske, and Welkopolske. All other regons had favourable stuatons of ncreases of ts value (Table 1). In the rankngs of vovodeshps, the best postons n 2005 and 2013 were occuped by Mazowecke (poston 1 n 2005 and 3 n 2013) and Małopolske (poston 2 n 2005 and 1 n 2013). None of the vovodeshps kept ther postons n the rankng. Śląske showed the bggest change n the rankngs of vovodeshps (change of poston from 11 n 2005 to 2 n 2013). Other regons were characterzed by a change n poston from 1 to 5 n the rankng (Table 2). In 2005 and 2013, there was no vovodeshp for whch the stuaton could be descrbed as very favourable n the area of publc health. Improvement of the stuaton from moderate to favourable was observed for Małopolske and Śląske; from very unfavourable to moderate for Warmńsko-Mazurske. We observed a favourable stuaton for Mazowecke, an unfavourable one for Lubuske, and moderate stuatons for the remanng 11 vovodeshps. Śląske (change = 0.237) and Warmńsko-Mazurske (change = 0.268) ndcated sgnfcant progress n the development of the socal level n the feld of publc health. Area: publc safety The synthetc measure of publc safety takes values from the range [0.267; 0.682] for 2005 and from the range [0.598; 0.919] for the year 2013. All vovodeshps had a very favourable stuaton of growth n the value of the ndcator n the year 2013 compared to 2005 (Table 1). In the rankngs of vovodeshps, the best postons n 2005 and 2013 were occuped by Podkarpacke (poston 1 n 2005 and 1 n 2013) and Lubelske (poston 2 n 2005 and 3 n 2013). Except for Podkarpacke, three vovodeshps mantaned ther postons n the rankng: Podlaske (4), Welkopolske (5), and Małopolske (9). The bggest change n the rankngs of

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 105 vovodeshps was observed n Lubuske (change of poston from 7 n 2005 to 14 n 2013). Other regons were characterzed by a change n poston from 1 to 6 n the rankng n 2013 compared wth 2005. In 2005 and 2013 n the area of publc safety, the stuaton can be regarded as moderate only for Dolnośląske. In the case of other vovodeshps, we observed mprovements of the stuaton: from unfavourable to favourable for Kujawsko-Pomorske, Łódzke, Mazowecke, Pomorske, Śląske, and Zachodnopomorske, from moderate to favourable for Lubuske, Małopolske, Warmńsko-Mazurske, Welkopolske, and Opolske, from moderate to very favourable for Lubelske, Podlaske, and Śwętokrzyske, and from favourable to very favourable for Podkarpacke. In the case of 13 vovodeshps we may talk about clear progress n the development of the socal level n the area of publc safety, whle the largest ncrease n the value of the measure occurred for Zachodnopomorske (a change of 0.433). For three vovodeshps Dolnośląske, Lubuske, and Opolske the change n the measure was less than 0.2. Summary In ths study, we carred out a multdmensonal analyss of the level of socal development n regonal terms on the bass of an ntegrated system of ndcators dvded nto fve subject areas. Ths enabled the assessment of the level of dversfcaton of the regons and the trends of changes n socal development. However, t should be remembered that the fnal lst of dagnostc varables and the choce of the synthetc measure of development largely determne the results of ths study. Due to the lack of one recognzed method of measurng the level of sustanable development, the conducted study may be consdered, at most, as one of the proposals n the context of lterature. The synthetc measures of the level of socal development are a functon of many explanatory varables taken for research that reflect dfferent aspects of socal development wthn the subject areas under consderaton. The conducted studes ndcate dfferental levels of soco-economc development of vovodeshps n partcular subject areas that descrbe the level of development n the years 2005 2013. 17 Sgnfcant dfferences were 17 The research results also confrm conclusons drawn by the authors of other studes (for example: B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, op. ct.; B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, B. Bartnczak, Pomar postępów, op. ct.; B. Bal-Domańska, J. Wlk, B. Bartnczak, Ocena realzacj, op. ct.; B. Kryk, Zrównoważona jakość, op. ct.; J. Wlk, T. Bartłomowcz, op. ct.; E. Roszkowska, R. Karwowska, E.I. Msewcz op. ct.; D. Perło, E. Roszkowska, op. ct.; R. Karwowska, E. Roszkowska, op. ct.) about dfferental levels of socal devel-

106 Studes and materals EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 observed between the regons wth the hghest and lowest values of the synthetc measure. The largest span occurred for the area of publc health (0.441 n 2005 and 0.375 n 2013), and the smallest occurred for the area of socal ncluson (0.191 n 2005 and 0.194 n 2013). In 2013, the level of regonal coheson mproved slghtly n the areas of publc health and publc safety. In other areas, t worsened slghtly. The obtaned results also showed that among the regons n Poland there s nether a model (deal) vovodeshp that would be the leader n each of the studed areas nor a vovodeshp that would represent the ant-pattern of development n each of the analysed areas. Only a few vovodeshps n selected areas remaned at constant levels n the years 2005 and 2013. The postons of most vovodeshps n the rankngs change consderably. Relatvely small changes n postons of the regons n the rankng occurred n the area of demographc changes, whle relatvely large ones occurred n the area of socal ncluson. These observatons are supported by Pearson coeffcents between the measures for the years 2005 and 2013 wthn the subject areas, whch respectvely amount to 0.933 for the area of sustanable producton and consumpton, 0.610 for socal ncluson; 0.957 for demographc changes; 0.614 for publc health, and 0.760 of publc safety. In the case of three areas sustanable producton and consumpton, demographc changes, and publc health the leadng vovodeshps usually occuped smlar postons n 2013 and 2005. A smlar trend was observed for the regons closng the rankng. Also, we observed a farly fast pace and dfferentaton regardng the drecton of changes of the regons wthn the areas. For example, compared wth 2005, n 2013 Śląske and Warmńsko-Mazurske reported sgnfcant progress n the areas of socal ncluson, publc health, and publc safety, wth smultaneous threats to Śląske n the area of sustanable producton and consumpton and Warmńsko-Mazurske n the areas of sustanable producton and consumpton and demographc changes. In the areas of socal ncluson and publc safety, sgnfcant progress was acheved by Kujawsko- Pomorske, Lubelske, Łódzke, Małopolske, Mazowecke, Pomorske, Śwętokrzyske, Welkopolske, and Zachodnopomorske. Kujawsko-Pomorske, Lubelske, Śwętokrzyske, Welkopolske, and Zachodnopomorske recorded threats n the areas of sustanable producton and consumpton and demographc changes, whle Łódzke, Małopolske, Mazowecke, and Pomorske dd so n the area of sustanable producton and consumpton. It s also worth notng that n most cases, the vovodeshps are characterzed by moderate stuatons wthn the areas under consderaton. The excepton here s the opment n the subject areas of Polsh regons n terms of both tme and space. Dependng on the selecton of varables for the research, the synthetc measure, and the research perod, the results dffer n terms of the rankng of regons.

EKONOMIA I ŚRODOWISKO 2 (57) 2016 Studes and materals 107 areas of socal ncluson and publc safety n 2013, where for most vovodeshps the stuaton should be consdered as favourable. In 2013, n relaton to 2005, most benefcal changes assocated wth the mprovement of the stuaton of all vovodeshps and the ncrease of terrtoral coheson were observed n the areas of socal ncluson and publc safety, where each regon shfted n the drecton of the pattern of development n these areas, whereas the growth rate was vared. In the area of socal ncluson, the greatest progress was made by Pomorske, and n the area of publc safety, the most progress was made by Zachodnopomorske. Most adverse changes related to the deteroraton of the stuaton of all vovodeshps were observed for the area of sustanable producton and consumpton, whle the largest regresson occurred n Lubuske. In the other areas, the development was uneven: the stuatons of some vovodeshps mproved and those of others worsened. Dfferentaton of rankngs and dfferentaton of synthetc measure values wthn the subject areas prove that Poland s stll at the stage of developng a coherent polcy that would foster harmonous socal development of ndvdual regons n the country. In-depth analyss of ndvdual ndcators and synthetc measures of socal development on a regonal bass may be helpful n determnng the drecton and strength of socal development of the regon usng ts specfc condtons or resources. Contrbutons of the authors to the creaton of the artcle: prof. Ewa Roszkowska, PhD contrbuted the concept of the studes and partcpated n conductng research and producng results Marzena Flpowcz-Chomko, PhD carred out the data collecton and partcpated n carryng out research and producng results, the study has been conducted under project No. S/WI/1/2014 and fnanced from the scence fund of MNSW Lterature Bal-Domańska B., Wlk J., Bartnczak B., Ocena realzacj koncepcj zrównoważonego rozwoju w województwach w zakrese włączena społecznego, Econometrcs 2013 No. 2(40) Bal-Domańska B., Wlk J., Bartnczak B., Pomar postępów województw w kerunku zrównoważonego rozwoju w zakrese zdrowa publcznego, Econometrcs 2012 No. 3(37) Bal-Domańska B., Wlk J., Gospodarcze aspekty zrównoważonego rozwoju województw welowymarowa analza porównawcza, Przegląd Statystyczny 2011 No. LVIII (3/4) Batóg J., Analza krańcowej ponowej konwergencj dochodowej typu β w krajach Un Europejskej w latach 1993 2010, Studa Prace Wydzału Nauk Ekonomcznych Zarządzana 2013 No. 31 Borowska A., Społeczeństwo konsumpcyjne charakterystyka, Zeszyty Naukowe Poltechnk Bałostockej 2009 No. 14

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