Textural diversity in selected Retisols in the catena of the Opalenica Plain (western Poland)

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1 D D GRUYTR OPN DOI: 1./ssa-21-2 Textural diversity in selected Retisols of Opalenica Plain SOIL SCINC ANNUAL Vol. No. 1/21: 1 MICHA KOZ OWSKI*, JOLANTA KOMISARK Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Pi¹tkowska 9 Str., -9 Poznañ, Poland Textural diversity in selected Retisols in the catena of the Opalenica Plain (western Poland) Abstract: The investigation was carried out in the catena of Retisols within the Opalenica Plain. The aim of the study was to characterize the variation in texture of selected Retisols formed from ground moraine glacial till of Leszno Phase of Vistulian glaciation. The analyzed soils are characterized by a similar degree of soil material segregation, which is characteristic for the typical glacial till. Particle size distribution and granulometric indices lead to conclusion that soils located in the catena on summit and shoulder positions, have vertical texture distribution formed primarily by lessivage process. Sandy texture of eluvial horizons noted in the Retisol of the slope pediment can be a consequence of not only lessivage but also of slope forming processes that led to the appearance of lithic discontinuity. The cluster analysis using Ward s method and 1-rPearson as the distance measure can be helpful for identification the lithogenic uniformity and/or non-uniformity of soil parent material. Keywords: Retisols, lithic discontinuity, catena INTRODUCTION One of the fundamental features of soil, determining its properties, is the texture. Determination of particle size distribution, including distinction of fractions of subfractions in certain horizons of soil profile is the main indicator of the genesis and taxonomy of a given soil and makes the basis for interpretation of the conditions of parent material deposition, its lithological uniformity or non-uniformity (Dobrzañski et al. 19, Kowalkowski and Borzyszkowski 19, Konecka- Betley 199, Prusinkiewicz and Proszek 199, Polish Soil Classification 2). Of particular importance is the vertical differentiation in the texture for Retisols inherited from glacial materials, that has been many times related not only to the lessivage process but also with lithogenesis (Prusinkiewicz and Kowalkowski 19, Kowalkowski and Ludwikowska 199, Zagórski 199, 2; D¹bkowska-Naskrêt and Jaworska 199, Œwitoniak 2). That is why for Retisols a thorough analysis of particle size distribution should make the basis for evaluation of their properties, genesis and systematic classification. The study presented in this paper is aimed at determination of genesis and variations in texture of selected Retisols formed from ground moraine glacial till of Leszno Phase of Vistulian glaciation. The particle size analysis was performed using the sedimentological indices (Folk and Ward 19) and granulometric indices (Prusinkiewicz and Proszek 199, IUSS Working Group WRB 21). * Dr in. M. Koz³owski, mkozl@up.poznan.pl MATRIA AND MTHODS The study was carried out in the area of Granowo commune, on arable land in southern and central part of Poznan Lake District in the Opalenica Plain. The study area is located at about km S from Poznan (Fig. 1). The field work was carried out in two stages. In the first one the variation of soils was established by the method of scattered points (pits and boreholes) and then representative pedons were localised. In the second stage the Granowo transect of m in length was delineated. In 2 open pits along the transect and pedons of the stationary measurements, the soil morphology was determined by identification of genetic and diagnostic horizons, boundaries between horizons, soil colour, structure, consistency, reaction with chloric acid and taxonomic classification of soils. Pedons of the stationary measurements were instrumented with moisture sensors and piezometer to measure the profile soil water content and the water table. In terms of geomorphology, the Granowo transect runs through flat ground moraine originating from Leszno Phase of Vistulian glaciation (Krygowski 19, 191; Starkel 19). The upland is cut with subglacial channels in which at present run the rivers Mogilnica and Struga Kamieniecka, flowing to the Warciañsko-Odrzañsk proglacial stream valley. The parent material of the soils in the study area is carbonate glacial till that has been decalcified and has sandy texture in upper layers. Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

2 MICHA KOZ OWSKI, JOLANTA KOMISARK FIGUR 1. Location of investigated area and distribution of wells in the toposequence: S summit, S2 shoulder, T pediment, A footslope, CZ Gleysols, PW Luvisols, PA Retisols; Texture Classes (According to PTG 29): 1, 2 sand, loamy sand,, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam In laboratory studies, the silt and clay fractions were determined by the aerometric method, according to the norm PN-R-2 (199), while the sand particles were distinguished by the sieve method with wet fractioning. The division into textural classes was made according to the PTG (29). The sedimentological indices and cumulative curves of soil particle size were determined by the procedure proposed by Folk and Ward (19) expressing the particle diameters in the phi scale. The granulometric indices were calculated after Prusinkiewicz and Proszek (199): A (.2.1 mm)/(..2 mm), B (.2.1 mm)/(1.. mm); C (.2. mm)/ (..2 mm); D (.2.2 mm)/(1..2 mm); (.. mm)/(1.. mm). In order to identify the primarily non-uniformity of the soil parent material, Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

3 Textural diversity in selected Retisols of Opalenica Plain the criteria referring to granulometric indices proposed by IUSS Working Group WRB (21) were applied. Lithic discontinuities were identified if (i) the difference in the ratio of coarse to medium sand between two layers reaches at least 2% and the absolute difference in the content of coarse and/or medium sand between them is at least of %, or (ii) if the difference in the ratio of coarse to fine sand between two layers reaches at least 2% and the absolute difference in the content of coarse and/or fine sand is at least of %, or (iii) if the difference in the ratio of medium to fine sand between two layers is at least of 2% and the absolute difference in the content of medium and/or fine sand is at least of %. To evaluate the degree of similarity or difference in the particle size distribution in the sand separate, the cluster analysis using Ward s method and 1-rPearson as a distance measure was used. The paper presents results of laboratory determination of particle size distribution and granulometric indices calculated for four representative Retisols profiles: Ga1, Ga, Ga1 and Ga (Fig. 1). RSULTS AND DISCUSSION The pedons analysed were labelled as Ga1, Ga, Ga1 and Ga and classified as utric Albic Glossic Retisol (Abruptic, piarenic, ndoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Ochric) (gleba p³owa zaciekowa typowa acc. PSC 2) Ga1 and Ga1, utric Albic Glossic Retisol (Abruptic, Arenic, Aric, Cutanic, Ochric) (gleba p³owa zaciekowa spiaszczona acc. PSC 2) Ga, and utric Albic Glossic ndogleyic Retisols (Abruptic, piarenic, ndoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Ochric) (gleba p³owa zaciekowa spiaszczona z cechami gruntowego oglejenia acc. PSC 2) Ga. The soils studied showed well-developed eluvial horizons, which in profiles Ga1, Ga and Ga1 show the texture of loamy sands, while in pedon Ga the texture of fine sands. The horizons with albeluvic glossae properties and the argic horizon that lie below the abovementioned eluvial horizons, usually show sandy loam texture. The boundary between the eluvial sandy horizons and clay illuvial ones was observed in the form of tongue-shaped patches of horizon into Bt TABL 1. Particle size distribution of analyzed soils Horizon Depth (cm) Percentage of soil fraction at diameter in mm <.2 PTG Texture class USDA Ga1 B/ Bt C1 Ck Ga 1 2 /B B/ Bt gl Ga1 /B B/ Bt1 Bt SL Ga 2B/ 2Btg 2Cg pldr pldr S S xplanation: pldr piasek luÿny drobnoziarnisty, piasek gliniasty drobnoziarnisty, glina drobnopiaszczysta, gl glina lekka, S sand, loamy sand, fine sandy loam, SL sandy loam. Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

4 1 MICHA KOZ OWSKI, JOLANTA KOMISARK one, leasing to development of a albeluvic glossae properties (Bouma et al. 19, Spiridonova et al. 1999). After Thoms (199), Frederick et al. (22) and Soil Survey Staff (21), the abrupt smooth or wavy boundary change appearing between eluvial and illuvial horizons can be related to lithological heterogenity of the soil parent material. The particle size composition of the Retisols studied shows the domination of sand fraction whose content in the eluvial horizons in soils of Ga1, Ga and Ga1 varies from to %, while in Ga soil it reaches 92% (Table 1). The fine sand is dominant and the second most abundant is medium sand. In the profile distribution of the sand particle-size classes in Ga1, Ga and Ga1 no significant differences were noted between the horizons. Only in the Ga a significant difference in the content of medium sand was apparent. In the eluvial horizons of this pedon the medium sand content varied from 2 to 1%, while in deeper horizons it varied from to 1.%, which can indicate the profile non-uniformity of the parent material. This observation is confirmed by the profile distribution of silt fraction, whose content in eluvial horizons was %, while in deeper horizons it was 1 19%. In the pedons localised higher in the relief, the profile differences in the content of silt separate were not so much pronounced as in Ga soil (Table 1). The content of clay fraction did not exceed 1% in the eluvial horizons of the soil studied, but in the deeper illuvial horizons the content of this fraction varied from to 1%. The Retisols studied showed poor sorting of mineral material of eluvial horizons whose segregation coefficient (GSO) varied from 1. to 2.1 in pedons Ga1, Ga, Ga1, while in pedon Ga this coefficient varied from 1.1 to 1.. The deeper horizons were characterised by very poor (/B horizon) or extremely poor sorting of soil material, which can be related to primeval uniformity of the parent material. According to Prusinkiewicz and Proszek (199), as well as Zagórski (199) poor, very poor or extremely poor sorting is characteristic feature of glacial till. Commonly observed for Retisols is the profile variation in GSO, evident when comparing the values for eluvial horizons (A and ) with illuvial ones or parent materials. The GSO values indicate a slightly better sorting of eluvial horizons in which the mean grain diameter d varies from.19 to.29 mm, while in the deeper argic horizon FIGUR 2. Cumulative texture curves of investigated soils Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

5 Textural diversity in selected Retisols of Opalenica Plain 1 the diameter d varies from.2 to. mm. It is related to the accumulation in illuvial horizons of fine fractions washed out from higher eluvial horizons in the process of lessivage. A confirmation of this interpretation can be the different shape of cumulative texture curves for these horizons (Fig. 2). In eluvial horizons, the cumulative texture curves are leptokurtic (Ga) (GSP: 1,1) or very leptokurtic (Ga, Ga1, Ga1) (GSP:1. 1) while for the argic diagnostic horizon this distribution is extremely leptokurtic (GSP:. :). These profile differences in particle size distribution in Retisols is often interpreted as a result of not only pedogenesis but also lithogenesis (Baraniecka and Konecka-Betley 199, Kowalkowski and Ludwikowska 199, Œwitoniak 2). Therefore, often granulometric indices are used for identification of the profile diversity of parent material (Zagórski 199). Table 2 and Figure present the granulometric indices determined for the soils studied. In the ground moraine upland soil analysed (Ga1), there are no significant differences in the values of A, B and C indices between horizons. Only the values of D and TABL 2. Sedimentological indices of analyzed soils Horizon Ga1 B/ Bt C1 Ck2 Ga 1 2 /B B/ Bt Ga1 /B B/ Bt1 Bt2 Ga 2B/ 2Btg 2Cg Depth [cm] GSS GSO GSK GSP d [mm] xplanation: GSS average particle size, GSO standard deviation, GSK skewness, GSP kurtosis. indices are slightly lower in eluvial horizons than in the deeper argic horizon. This small diversity does not justify a conclusion about different genesis of eluvial and illuvial deposits. This observation is confirmed by the results of application of the above defined criteria consistent with those of the IUSS Working Group WRB (21). In Ga and Ga1 soils no significant differences in granulometric indices across the profile were noted. Also the application of IUSS Working Group WRB (21) criterion on the contributions of sand particle-size classes did not permit identification of non-uniformity of the parent material. On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that in the Retisols studied Ga1, Ga and Ga1, the mineral materials were diversified mainly in the process of lessivage into the sand eluvial part and the deeper illuvial part with accumulated clay fraction. Similar results have been obtained by Marcinek and Wiœlañska (19), Komisarek (2) and Komisarek and Sza³ata (2). In the profile Ga the granulometric index A took the values of 1. and 1., at the and horizons, respectively, while in deeper horizons the values of this index varied in the range 2... The distribution of B, C and D indices across the profile was similar. From these data it can be concluded that within the pediment of the S exposition slope there are Retisols with lithic discontinuity separating the sandy eluvial zone from deeper illuvial horizon. This conclusion is corroborated by the values of granulometric indices used by IUSS Working Group WRB (21). Significant differences were noted in the content of medium sand, which was 2% and 1% in and horizons, respectively, while in deeper horizons this content varied from to 1%. The smaller GSO values in the eluvial horizons of Retisol in Ga than those determined for Ga1, Ga and Ga1, indicate a slightly better sorting and longer deposition path of the surface deposits of the slope pediment than those for the material deposited in higher parts of the slope. These differences should be related to slope formation processes in which the material transport was very short, while the deposition was rapid and of poor segregation (Smolska 2, Mycielska-Dowgia³³o and Ludwikowska-Kêdzia 2). Within Retisols of this slope pediment, lithic discontinuities were also observed (Koz³owski 2). Figure presents results of the cluster analysis. This method permits determination of differences in the character of the frequency curves of particle size distribution for the sand fraction between different horizons and thus can be used as identification of lithic discontinuities. As follows from the data obtained, in Ga profile the eluvial and horizons show the particle size distribution in sand fraction different from Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

6 1 MICHA KOZ OWSKI, JOLANTA KOMISARK FIGUR. Granulometric indices of analyzed soils those obtained for deeper horizons. The distance between two clusters, one made of and and the other comprising 2Btg and 2Cg exceeds.21, which means that the correlation coefficient of particle size distribution in the sand fraction is close to.9. For the Retisols in Ga1, Ga and Ga1 profiles, the differences in particle size distributions in the sand fraction between different horizons or clusters of horizons do not exceed.2 of the measure applied. Results of the Ward clustering confirmed that the profile differences in particle size distribution in Retisols is mainly a result of translocation of the finest particles from the eluvial horizons to illuvial ones (Marcinek and Wiœlañska 19, Komisarek 2, Komisarek and Sza³ata 2), although in the pedons studied an abrupt change in particle size distribution is found. This interpretation is in agreement with the results reported by Ahr et al. (2, 2) for sandy mantle Alfisols of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. CONCLUSIONS 1. The Retisols studied show similar degree of soil material segregation which is characteristic of typical glacial till. 2. The vertical differences in particle size distribution and granulometric indices, confirmed the dominant contribution of the process of lessivage in development of textural vertical contrast of Retisols located on summit and shoulder catenal positions.. Sandy texture of eluvial horizons noted in the Retisol of the slope pediment can be a consequence of not only lessivage but also of slope forming processes that led to the appearance of lithic discontinuity. Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

7 Textural diversity in selected Retisols of Opalenica Plain 1 FIGUR. Dendrograms of hierarchical cluster analysis of sand fraction. The cluster analysis using Ward s method and 1-rPearson as the distance measure can be helpful for identification the lithogenic uniformity and/or non-uniformity of soil parent material. RFRNCS Ahr S.W., Nordt L.C., Driese S.G., 2. Assessing lithologic discontinuities and parent material uniformity within the Texas sandy mantle and implications for archaeological burial and preservation potential in upland settings. Quaternary Research : 1. Ahr S.W., Nordt L.C., Forman S.L., 2. Soil genesis, optical dating, and geoarchaeological evaluation of two upland Alfisol pedons within the Tertiary Gulf Coastal Plain. Geoderma 192: Baraniecka M.D., Konecka-Betley K., 199. Zmiany litologiczne i pedologiczne w glinach zwa³owych zlodowacenia warty w kopalni Be³chatów. Acta Geographica Lodziensia : 19. Bouma J., Pons L.J., Van Schnylenborgh J., 19. On soil genesis in temperate humid climate: VI The formation of Glossudalf in loess. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 1:. D¹bkowska-Naskrêt H., Jaworska H., 199. Gleby p³owe wytworzone z utworów py³owych Pojezierza Che³miñsko-Dobrzyñskiego i Wysoczyzny Kaliskiej. Czêœæ II. Badania litologicznej jednorodnoœci na podstawie analizy uziarnienia. Roczniki Gleboznawcze (/):. Dobrzañski B., Konecka-Betley K., Czêpiñska-Kamiñska D., 19. Procesy kszta³towania siê gleb wytworzonych z gliny zwa³owej Wysoczyzny Siedleckiej. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW-AR w Warszawie, Rol. 1: 9 2. Folk R.L., Ward W.C., 19. Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 2(1): 2. Frederick C.D., Bateman M.D., Rogers R., 22. vidence for eolian deposition in the sandy uplands of ast Texas and implications for archaeological site integrity. Geoarchaeology 1(2): IUSS Working Group WRB, 21. World reference base for soil resources 21, update 21 international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports no. 1. Rome: FAO Komisarek J., Sza³ata S., 2. Zró nicowanie uziarnienia w profilach gleb p³owych zaciekowych z obszaru Wielkopolski. Nauka Przyroda Technologie 2, 2, #1. Download Date /29/1 :9 AM

8 1 MICHA KOZ OWSKI, JOLANTA KOMISARK Komisarek J., 2. Kszta³towanie siê w³aœciwoœci gleb p³owych i czarnych ziem oraz chemizmu wód gruntowych w katenie falistej Pojezierza Poznañskiego. Rozprawy Naukowe Zeszyt, Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Konecka-Betley K., 199. Reliktowe procesy glebotwórcze w glebach wspó³czesnych wytworzonych z gliny zwa³owej. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW-AR w Warszawie, Rol. 1: 9. Kowalkowski A., Ludwikowska M., 199. Katena gleb na po³udniowym stoku Góry Plebañskiej w zlewni rzeki Bobrzyczki. Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Monitoring Œrodowiska Regionu Œwiêtokrzyskiego 1: 1. Kowalkowski A., Borzyszkowski J., 19. The role of periglacial and extraperiglacial perstruction in the formation of the soil profile in Central uropa. Folia Quaternaria 9: 2. Koz³owski M., 2. Re im wodny gleb i chemizm wód gruntowych w uk³adach katenalnych Pojezierza Poznañskiego. Maszynopis Katedry Gleboznawstwa i Rekultywacji, Poznañ. Krygowski B., 19. Mapa geomorfologiczna Niziny Wielkopolskiej. Red. B. Krygowski. Krygowski B., 191. Geografia fizyczna Niziny Wielkopolskiej. Cz. 1. Geomorfologia. PTPN, Poznañ. Marcinek J., Wiœlañska A., 19. Asocjacje czarnych ziem i gleb p³owych falistej moreny dennej Równiny Koœciañskiej. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu 19 (): 1. Mycielska-Dowgia³³o., Ludwikowska-Kêdzia M., 2. Alternative interpretations of grain-size data from Quaternary deposits. Geologos 1(): PN-R Gleby i utwory mineralne. Pobierania próbek i oznaczanie sk³adu granulometrycznego. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Warszawa. Polish Soil Classification (Systematyka gleb Polski), 2. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual 2(): Polskie Towarzystwo Gleboznawcze, 29. Particle size distribution and textural classes of soils and mineral materials classification of Polish Society of Soil Science 2. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual (2): 1. Prusinkiewicz Z., Kowalkowski A., 19. Studia gleboznawcze w Bia³owieskim Parku Narodowym. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual 1(2):. Prusinkiewicz Z., Proszek P., 199. Program komputerowej interpretacji wyników analizy uziarnienia gleb TKSTURA. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual (/): 1. Smolska., 2. Badania sedymentologiczne wspó³czesnych osadów deluwialnych i ich znaczenie w ocenie dynamiki procesów erozji gleby na przyk³adzie Pojezierza Suwalskiego. Przegl¹d Naukowy. In ynieria i Kszta³towanie Œrodowiska 1(2): Soil Survey Staff, 21. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington D.C. Spiridonova I.A., Sedov C.N., Blonnikova M.A., Targuljan V.O., Organizacija, sostav i genezis osvetlennych èlementov stroenija dernovo-podzolistych suglinistych poèv. Genezis i geografija poèv. Poèvovedenie : 1. Starkel L., 19. Przegl¹dowa mapa geomorfologiczna Polski (1: ). Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN. Warszawa. Œwitoniak M., 2. Litologiczne uwarunkowania kierunku rozwoju procesów glebotwórczych w glebach o dwudzielnym uziarnieniu na terenie Pojezierza Brodnickiego. [W:] Dokumentacja Geograficzna nr 2 Idee i praktyczny uniwersalizm geografii Geografia fizyczna (red. P. Gierszewski, M.T. Karasiewicz), IGiPZ PAN, Warszawa: 2 2. Œwitoniak M., 2. Classification of young glacial soils with vertical texture-contrast using WRB system. Agrochimija i Gruntoznawstwo 9, Charkiw: 9. Thoms A.V. (d.), 199. The Brazos Valley Slopes Archaeological Project: Cultural Resources Assessments for the Texas A&M University Animal Science Teaching and Research Complex, Brazos County, Texas.: Archaeological Research Laboratory, Reports of Investigations 1. Texas A&M University, College Station. Zagórski Z., 199. Mikromorfologiczne cechy procesów litoi pedogenezy w glebach niejednorodnych wytworzonych z osadów glacjalnych. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual (/): 1 9. Zagórski Z., 199. Granulometryczne wskaÿniki procesów pedoi litogenezy w glebach niejednorodnych wytworzonych z osadów glacjalnych. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual :. Zagórski Z., 2. Minera³y pierwotne jako wskaÿniki procesów lito- i pedogenezy w glebach nieca³kowitych wytworzonych z osadów glacjalnych zlodowacenia Warty. Roczniki Gleboznawcze Soil Science Annual ():. Received: October 2, 21 Accepted: February 1, 21 Associated editor: J. Chojnicki Zró nicowanie sk³adu granulometrycznego w wybranych glebach p³owych zaciekowych Równiny Opalenickiej Streszczenie: W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badañ zró nicowania uziarnienia w glebach p³owych zaciekowych uk³adu katenalnego Równiny Opalenickiej. Celem pracy by³o okreœlenie genezy zró nicowania sk³adu granulometrycznego w wybranych glebach p³owych zaciekowych wytworzonych z gliny zwa³owej dennomorenowej zlodowacenia ba³tyckiego fazy leszczyñskiej. Analizowane gleby p³owoziemne cechuj¹ siê s³abym lub skrajnie s³abym stopniem segregacji materia³u glebowego, który charakterystyczny jest dla typowych glin morenowych. Uzyskane wyniki zró nicowania sk³adu granulometrycznego i wskaÿników uziarnienia w profilach analizowanych gleb kulminacji i stoku swobodnego wyniesienia dennomorenowego, wskazuj¹ na g³ówny udzia³ procesu lessiwa u w kszta³towaniu siê profilowego zró nicowania sk³adu granulometrycznego. Silne spiaszczenie poziomów eluwialnych w jednym profilu gleby p³owej zaciekowej pedymentu stoku, mo e wynikaæ nie tylko z procesu lessiwa u, ale tak e z procesów stokowych, które doprowadzi³y do powstania nieci¹g³oœci litologicznej. Analiza skupieñ metod¹ Worda z miar¹ odleg³oœci 1-rPearson mo e byæ pomocna przy identyfikacji jednorodnoœci i/lub niejednorodnoœci materia³u glebowego. S³owa kluczowe: gleby p³owe zaciekowe, nieci¹g³oœæ litologiczna, katena Download Date /29/1 :9 AM