Biostimulators IN MODERN AGRICULTURE. Vegetable Crops. E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski

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1 Biostimultors IN MODERN AGRICULTURE Vegetble Crops E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski W r s w

2 1 Biostimultors IN MODERN AGRICULTURE Vegetble crops EDITOR: Zbigniew T. Dbrowski, Wrsw 2008

3 Biostimultors IN MODERN AGRICULTURE Vegetble Crops E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski W r s w

4 2 The series of monogrphs under common nme BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE contins review of recent reserch relted to this subject nd consists of the following prts: GENERAL ASPECTS FIELD CROPS SOLANACEOUS CROPS VEGETABLE CROPS FRUIT CROPS ORNAMENTAL AND SPECIAL PLANTS EDITORIAL BOARD: Andrzej Sdowski, Deprtment of Pomology,Wrsw University of Life Sciences (WULS) chirmn Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Deprtment of Applied Entomology, WULS Helen Gwroñsk, Lbortory of Bsic Nturl Sciences in Horticulture, WULS Aleksndr ukszewsk, Deprtment of Ornmentl Plnts, WULS Adm S³owiñski, Aryst LifeScience Polnd PRODUCTION EDITORS: Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Wrsw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Ann Krbowniczek, Aryst LifeScience Polnd Ad Krzeczkowsk, Wieœ Jutr Hlin Skrobck, Wieœ Jutr REVIEWERS: Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Deprtment of Applied Entomology, Wrsw University of Life Sciences (WULS) M³gorzt Kie³kiewicz-Szniwsk, Deprtment of Applied Entomology, WULS Mrin Sniewski, Institute of Pomology nd Floriculture, Skierniewice Ann Tomczyk, Deprtment of Applied Entomology, WULS This edition ws supported by Aryst LifeScience Cover: Plntpress ISBN Published by the Editoril House Wieœ Jutr, Limited Jnowskiego Wrszw phone: (0 22) e-mil: wies.jutr@dres.pl Printed by Ryko Copies 300, publishing sheets: 7.0

5 3 CONTENTS PREFACE... 5 RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR USED WITH HERBICIDES... 7 Adm Dobrzñski, Zbigniew Anyszk, Jerzy P³czyñski THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO BIOSTIMULATOR ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO CHINESE CABBAGE CULTIVARS...21 Mrek Gjewski, Ktrzyn Gos, Justyn Bobruk THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LEAF AND ICEBERG LETTUCE GROWN UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS...28 Mriol yszkowsk, Jnin Gjc-Wolsk, Ktrzyn Kubiœ EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT AND ASAHI ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LETTUCE GROWN ON ROCKWOOL Ktrzyn Kowlczyk, Teres Zielony, Mrek Gjewski DOES THE NANO-GRO BIOSTIMULATOR INCREASES TOLERANCE OF TYTUS F1 CUCUMBER PLANTS IN EARLY GROWTH PHASE TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION? El biet Skórsk EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PROTECTION OF CUCUMBER GROWN UNDER COVER AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW Agnieszk Ostrowsk, Brbr Dyki, Józef Robk EFFECT OF 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID (ALA) FROM PENTAKEEP FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE FIELD AND UNDER COVERS Iren Bbik, Józef Bbik, Jcek Dyœko POLISH SUMMARIES... 75

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7 5 PREFACE The high yield potentil of modern cultivrs is often restrined by vrious environmentl stresses both of biotic nd biotic nture, ffecting the crop sttus. The present pproch in pro-ecologicl plnt protection from such biotic stresses s weeds, diseses nd pests emphsises enhncement of nturlly occurring compounds, orgnisms or plnt defence mechnisms. These compounds should fill the gp resulting from the regultory decisions of ntionl uthorities in mny countries, leding to restrictions in use of number of synthetic pesticides. Extensive reserch crried out in the lst two decdes hs shown tht some nturl products my be efficiently used in enhncing the plnt s endogenous resistnce or tolernce to the biotic nd biotic stresses. A group of such ctive products is presently clssified s biostimultors. When reduction of the chemicl input is expected, the use of biostimultors becomes prticulrly promising option. Biostimultors re defined s compounds of biologicl origin nd should ct by incresing nturl cpbilities of plnts to cope with stresses. Biostimultors do not ct neither s nutrients nor ffect directly the stress fctors mking them less hrmful for plnts. The efficcy of biostimultors is not limited to reducing effects of biotic nd biotic stresses. They stimulte growth nd development of plnts under unfvourble soil nd climtic conditions. Although the effects of biostimultors re not so spectculr nd not lwys stble over the yers due to interction with other used chemicls nd/or environmentl fctors the interest of frmers in using biostimultors is successively incresing over time. According to the ntionl legisltion, biostimultors re relted to the ctegory of plnt protection products. Therefore they must comply with ll rules for registrtion nd hence prior to forml pprovl for use they must be tested for sfety to humns nd the environment. The dynmic increse of reserch projects on biostimultors nd of frmers interest in their use in griculture nd horticulture production provoked n ide of the interntionl conference on Biostimultors in Modern Agriculture. It ws orgnized by the Lbortory of Bsic Sciences in Horticulture, t the Fculty of Horticulture nd Lndscpe Architecture t the Wrsw University of Life Sciences. The conference hs ttrcted lrge group of scientists nd grdute students from universities nd reserch institutions involved in bsic nd pplied reserch

8 6 in griculture s well from the industry. About three hundred sixty prticipnts included lso representtives of frmers nd distributors of griculturl supplies. The extensive nd cretive discussions during the conference nd interest in conference mterils s well s suggestions from prticipnts indicted the urgent need for dissemintion of the stte of knowledge on biostimultors. This inspired the orgnizers of the Conference to co-ordinte prepring reviews on recent scientific chievements in the field of biostimultors, including the prcticl spects of their ppliction on vrious crops. Following suggestions ppering t the Conference, the orgnisers invited scientists hving experience nd chievements in work on biostimultors to prepre relevnt reviews relted to prticulr products nd crops. Bsed on the submitted mnuscripts the Editoril Bord decided to publish series of monogrphs entitled: BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTU- RE comprising the following six volumes: Generl Aspects, Field Crops, Solnceous Crops, Vegetble Crops, Fruit Crops nd Ornmentl nd Specil Plnts. The Editors hope tht this publiction would fill the gp in knowledge on the mechnisms of ction of vrious biostimultors nd on the conditions for their high efficcy. We re very grteful to the uthors who willingly greed to contribute to these books. EDITORS

9 7 RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR USED WITH HERBICIDES Adm Dobrzñski, Zbigniew Anyszk, Jerzy P³czyñski Reserch Institute of Vegetble Crops, Skierniewice, Polnd INTRODUCTION Protection ginst weeds on onion nd crrot plnttions relies minly on the use of herbicides. Among the herbicides recommended for post emergence ppliction on onion re those in which oxyfluorfen is the ctive ingredient [Dobrzñski et l. 1998, Tei et l. 1999, Dobrzñski 2004], nd linuron in the cse of crrot [Dobrzñski 1975, Tei et l. 2002]. These herbicides my cuse temporry symptoms of dmge or growth inhibition in crop plnts. The symptoms my occur even when recommended doses hve been pplied. Oxyfluorfen does not trnslocte within plnts, but disrupts the process of photosynthesis nd destroys cell membrnes [Cobb 1992, Dobrzñski et l. 2003]. The symptoms of dmge pper s white spots tht grdully turn brown. They re found on weed plnts nd, in some situtions, on onion leves. Linuron is photosynthesis inhibitor tht hs systemic mode of ction [Cobb 1992]. The symptoms of dmge cused by this ctive component include chloroses, necroses nd plnt growth inhibition. Crrot plnts exhibit high degree of physiologicl resistnce to linuron, nd even when mximum recommended doses re pplied, the dmge symptoms re minly nothing more thn temporry inhibition of plnt growth. The temporry herbicide-induced stress does not lwys hve to men negtive effect on yield size nd qulity. For onion nd crrot plnts, competition from weeds cn pose greter thret thn herbicide phytotoxicity. Once competition from weeds hs been eliminted, the cultivted plnts often yield better crop despite the temporry symptoms of phytotoxicity cused by herbicide use [Dobrzñski, P³czyñski 2007, Anyszk, Dobrzñski 1998]. Nevertheless, such symptoms mke the user nxious nd suspicious tht they my hve undesirble consequences. Ashi SL is growth stimultor recommended for use on mny griculturl crops, minly to increse yielding nd improve yield qulity, nd to reduce the dverse effects of stress-inducing fctors [S³owiñski 2004]. The time of Ashi SL ppliction my coincide with the time of herbicide ppliction. The im of the experiments described in this pper ws to determine: (1) if Ashi SL cn be used in mixture with herbicides, (2) wht effect Ashi SL hs on the efficcy of herbicides in controlling weeds, (3) how onion nd crrot plnts respond to Ashi SL tht is used in mixture with herbicides, or seprtely, fter prior tretment with herbicides.

10 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments including onion cv B³oñsk ( ), nd crrot cv Nrbone (2002) nd Nerc F 1 ( ) were crried out in Skierniewice, on pseudopodsolic soil ( % orgnic mtter, ph H 2 O 6.5). Onion seeds were sown on April ( ) in rows 45 cm prt. Crrot seeds were sown on April ( ) in rows 40 cm prt. In the experiments with onion in , oxyfluorfen, in the form of the herbicide Gol 240 EC contining 240 g of ctive ingredient (.i.) in 1 litre, ws used in three tretments t 24 g h -1.i. ech, or in two tretments, first t 60 g h -1 nd then t 72 g h -1. Ashi SL ( mixture of phenolic compounds) ws used t rte of 0.5 l. h -1, dded to ech herbicide tretment, or pplied seprtely, 2-3 dys fter sprying with the herbicide.in , Ashi SL ws used in combintion with the djuvnt Atpoln 80 EC (76% of prffinic oil with surfctnt). Oxyfluorfen ws then pplied 3 times t 24 g h -1 nd 60 g h -1, nd s one-off tretment t 120 g h -1. With the three-prt tretments, Ashi SL ws used 2-3 dys fter ech herbicide ppliction, wheres with the one-off tretment it ws used 2-3 dys nd 14 dys fter sprying with oxyfluorfen. In the experiments with crrot, Ashi SL ws used in mixture with linuron (Linurex 500 SC, 500 g of linuron in 1 litre) in single tretment t 750 g h -1.i., or in two tretments (1 st 190 g h -1, 2 nd 250 g h -1 ), or seprtely, 2-3 dys fter herbicide ppliction. Sprying nd observtions were crried out following stndrd interntionl requirements [EPPO 2004]. Sprying ws crried out by field spryer equipped with spry boom, whose length equled the width of the experimentl plot, nd Tee-Jet 8002VS spry nozzles delivering liquid t pressure of 0.4 MP. The spry boom ws kept t height of 50 cm bove the surfce being spryed. The degree of weed control ws ssessed on the bsis of the reduction in fresh weed biomss 7-11 dys fter the lst tretment in onion, nd 8-15 dys fter the lst tretment in crrot. Prior to hrvest, the level of weed infesttion ws determined. Phytotoxicity of the herbicides towrds the crop plnts ws ssessed 7-10 dys fter the lst tretment in onion, nd fter 8-11 dys in crrot. A number of biometric mesurements were lso crried out. In onion, in , 14 dys fter the lst tretment, smple of 10 plnts from ech plot ws used to determine the verge biomss of 1 plnt, the number of leves, nd lef height. Before hrvesting onions, the extent of lef fll-over ws ssessed. In crrot, fter the lst tretment, round the middle of July in , the weight nd length of leves, nd the verge weight of one crrot root were determined using smple of 10 plnts from ech plot. At hrvest, prt from the crrot roots, the tops of the crrot plnts were lso weighed. The onion nd crrot crops were sorted ccording to the ccepted stndrds. The experiments were set up in rndom block design. Ech experimentl plot mesured m 2 for onion, nd 9 m 2 for crrot. Yield-relted results were evluted with n nlysis of vrince, using Newmn-Keuls test to compre men vlues t the P = 0.05 level of significnce.

11 9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION WEED CONTROL EFFICACY OF THE HERBICIDES USED WITH ASAHI SL The herbicide used on onion (oxyfluorfen), in mixture with the biostimultor Ashi SL, or in series of tretments in which the biostimultor ws pplied 2-3 dys fter ech herbicide tretment, ws found to be very effective in controlling weeds, irrespective of the rte nd time of ppliction. Weed control efficcy in onion, 7-10 dys fter the lst tretment, ws bout 90% (Tb. 1 nd 3). In generl, the use of Ashi SL, regrdless of the number of tretments, djuvnt dditions, nd the rte nd time of herbicide ppliction, did not modify the efficcy of oxyfluorfen. One would expect tht Ashi SL should ccelerte or improve the recovery nd regrowth of severely dmged weeds, tht is, those tht hve not been destroyed by the herbicide. This should be reflected in higher level of weed coverge before onion hrvest on those plots on which Ashi SL hd been used. The weed controlling effect of oxyfluorfen persisted for long time becuse in the level of weed coverge before hrvest ws %, nd for the control plot %. In , weed coverge ws in the rnge %, wheres for the control plot it ws t level of %. Some smll differences mong the experimentl combintions my hve been cused by chnce. In crrot, Ashi SL used in mixture with linuron, or seprtely 2-3 dys fter herbicide tretment, did not ffect weed control efficcy. The overll verge efficcy of the different wys of using linuron ws bove 90% (Tb. 5). Ashi SL did not increse the rte of weed regrowth becuse weed coverge levels before hrvest on ll the plots treted with herbicide nd herbicide + biostimultor were in the rnge % (Tb. 5). In both onion nd crrot, the obtined results did not prove tht Ashi SL hd n effect on weed regenertion. In the vilble literture, there is no detiled informtion on the combined use of Ashi SL nd herbicides in onion nd crrot. It is generlly believed tht biostimultors hve n nti-stress ction [S³owiñski 2004, Mciejewski et l. 2007]. One would thus expect tht Ashi SL should counterct symptoms of herbicide-induced phytotoxicity not only in crop plnts but lso in weeds. And for this reson, weed control efficcy following the use of this stimulnt should be lower. Such n outcome ws not observed in the experiments described here. In view of the results of these experiments with respect to weed control, it is resonble to conclude tht Ashi SL cn be sfely used in mixture with oxyfluorfen or linuron, or lterntively, seprtely. This grees with the informtion on the use of some post emergence herbicides on sugr beet [Kositorn 2004, S³owiñski 2004, Pulkrábek et l. 2006].

12 10 RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL USED WITH HERBICIDES Oxyfluorfen s phytotoxicity towrds onion depended minly on the rtes nd times of this herbicides ppliction nd not on the wy Ashi SL ws used (Tb. 1 nd 3). The verge degree of dmge to onion plnts for the yers fter three tretments (24 g h -1 ech) t few dys intervls, beginning t the lef stge in onion, ws %. As result of pplying Ashi SL t 0.5 l h -1, 2-3 dys fter ech herbicide tretment, the verge degree of dmge ws %, nd % fter using it in mixture with the herbicide. Incresing the herbicide dose to 60 g h -1 in the first tretment t the 2-lef stge in onion, followed by dose of 72 g h -1 fter 5-7 dys, resulted in n increse in phytotoxicity to %. Appliction of Ashi SL fter ech herbicide tretment did not reduce phytotoxicity. The degree of dmge to onion plnts in 2004 ws within the limits of 0-2.0% nd within in 2005, depending on the rte nd time of herbicide ppliction. The ddition of Ashi SL to the herbicide pplied three times t 24 g h -1 nd t 60 g h -1, nd in single tretment t 120 g h -1, did not ffect oxyfluorfen s phytotoxicity towrds onion plnts. In , plnt biomss, the number of leves nd lef height, determined 2 weeks fter the lst tretment, were g, 5-6, nd cm, respectively. The differences between the prmeters under comprison were not proven sttisticlly, lthough in comprison with the control combintion, onion plnts were mrked by somewht better growth in tht their biomss ws 28.7 g, the number of leves 5, nd the height 43.7 cm. However, these prmeters were minly dependent on the herbicide used, nd not on the biostimultor. An indictor of the mturity of onion plnts nd their rediness for hrvesting is the extent of lef fll-over. Usully, hrvesting begins when t lest 50% of onion plnts in given re hve fll-over leves [Dobrzñski, Admicki 2006]. In , the verge degree of lef fll-over ws %, nd there were no differences between the experimentl combintions, including the control (Tb. 1). In , on the plots tht hd been treted with herbicide or herbicide + Ashi SL, the verge lef fll-over ws in the rnge %, nd % on the control plot. The ddition of Ashi SL did not hve ny lrge effect on onion plnts in this respect, either (Tb. 3). In , the verge totl yield of onion (Tb. 2) ws by 28.0%, nd in (Tb. 4) by 42.3% higher in comprison with those plots on which no herbicide hd been used on onion plnts fter sprouting. This outcome cn be ttributed to effective weed control rther thn ny fvorble effects of Ashi SL, since the differences between the experimentl combintions were not proven sttisticlly significnt. In some yers, however, there ws noticeble tendency for higher yields ssocited with the use of the biostimultor. For exmple, in 2002, fter Ashi SL hd been used three times in mixture with oxyfluorfen (24 g h -1 ), the totl yield incresed by 1.3%, nd in 2003 by 2.2%, in reltion to the combintion where only the herbicide ws used (Tb. 2). In 2005 (Tb. 4), in those combintions in which the herbicide hd been used three times t 24 g h -1 nd 60 g h -1 with the ddition of the biostimultor nd djuvnt in ech tretment, the totl yield ws higher by 8.5% compred with the sole use of the herbicide.

13 11 TABLE 1. THE EFFECT OF IN ONION ( ) Tbel 1. Wp³yw Ashi SL n ASAHI SL skutecznoœæ STAGE OF ONION GROWTH DURING TREATMENT Fz cebuli podczs zbiegu 1) LEAF STA GE/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 2) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAY S/po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 3) LEA F/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS/ po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS/ po 5-7 dnic h 4 ) 2LEAVES STAGE / fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 5) 2LEAVES STA GE/fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 6 ) 2LEAVES STAGE / fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 7) CHEC K/kontrol WEED BIOMASS AT CHECK. B ioms chwstów w kontroli [g m 2 - ] ON WEED CONTROL chwstobójcz¹ OXYFLUORFEN RATE Dwk oksyfluorofenu. [ g h - 1.i. ] EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF oksyfluorofenu, ASAHI RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h SL - ] fitotoksycznoœæ REDUCTION IN BIOMASS Redukcj biomsy [%] ( 92.9) (94.5) (93.0) (94.0) (92.1) (88.4) 0 z³mnie OXYFLUORFEN, szczypioru cebuli WEED COVERAGE BEFORE HARVEST Pokrycie przez chwsty przed z biorem [% ] , MEAN FOR YEARS /œredni z lt = przed AND ON LEAF PHYTOTOXICITY Fitotoksycznoœæ [%] zbiorem( ) LEAF FALL-OVER FALL-OVER BEFORE HARVEST Z³mnie szczypioru przed zbiorem [%] N OTE: A SAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 DAYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLICATION, ASAHI SL APPLIED IN TANK-MIXTURE WITH OXYFLUORFEN, 3 4 R ANGE (FROM-TO) FOR , MEAN FOR YEARS. OWN STUDY. SOURCE: bjœnieni: O A shi SL stosowny 2-3 dni po k dym zbiegu oksyfluorofenem, A shi SL u yto w mieszninie z oksyfluorofenrm, zkres (od-do) w ltc h , œredni z lt. ród³o: bdni w³sne. i

14 i i 12 TABLE 2. Tbel 2. ( ) THE YIELD ( ) strukturê jego cebuli SL oksyfluorofenu ASAHI OF i EFFECT THE Ashi STAGE OF ONION GROWTH DURING TREATMENT Fz cebuli podczs zbiegu 1) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 2) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS/ po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 3) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 4) 2LEAVES S TAGE/fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 5 ) 2LEAVES STAGE / fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 6 ) 2LEAVES STAGE / fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 7 ) CHECK / kontrol WEED BIOMASS AT CHECK B ioms chwstów w kontroli [g.m 2 - ] OXYFLUORFEN RATE Dwk oksyfluorofenu. [ g h i. - ] ASAHI RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h SL - ] TOTAL YIELD Plon ogólny.. [ kg m 2 - ] R lt MEAN FO YEARS z œredni b 351.2b b 355.1b 380.5b 276.7b RATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H FOR THE FRACTION OF ONIONS >6 CM IN DIA. A AFTER HERBICIDE + ASAHI SL, H AFTER HERBICIDE ONLY Stosunek plonu frkcji cebul o œrednicy >6 cm po zstosowniu Ashi SL herbicydu ( A) do smego herbicydu (H) [% ] 00.0 R lt MEAN FO YEARS z œredni = = MEAN FOR YEARS/ œredni z lt = = = = =

15 13 TABLE 3. THE EFFECT OF ONION ( ) Tbel 3. Wp³yw Ashi SL n ASAHI SL skutecznoœæ STAGE OF ONION GROWTH DURING TREATMENT Fz cebuli podczs zbiegu 1 ) LEAF STAGE / fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 2) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 3) 2 LEAF STAG E/fz 2 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 4) 2LEAVES STA GE/fz 2 liœc i AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 5) 3-4 LEAVES ST AGE/fz 3-4 liœc i 6) 3-4 LEAVES STAGE/fz 3-4 liœc i AFTER 2-3 DAYS /po 2-3 dnic h AFTER 14 DAYS /po 14 dnic h 7) CHEC K/kontrol WEED BIOMASS AT CHECK. B ioms chwstów w kontroli [g m 2 - ] ON WEED CONTROL chwstobójcz¹ OXYFLUORFEN RATE Dwk oksyfluorofenu [ g. h - 1.i. ] EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF oksyfluorofenu, ASAHI RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h SL - ] fitotoksycznoœæ REDUCTION IN BIOMASS Redukcj biomsy [%] ( 90.4) (94.3) (92.1) (88.8) (81.5) (80.1) 0 z³mnie OXYFLUORFEN, szczypioru cebuli WEED COVERAGE BEFORE HARVEST Okrycie przez chwsty przed z biorem [% ] MEAN FOR YEARS/ œredni z lt = przed AND ON LEAF PHYTOTOXICITY Fitotoksycznoœæ [%] zbiorem ( ) LEAF FALL-OVER IN FALL-OVER BEFORE HARVEST Z³mnie szczypioru przed zbiorem [%] N OTE: A SAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 DAYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLICATION, R ANGE (FROM-TO) FOR , MEAN FOR YEARS. SOURCE: OWN STUDY O bjœnieni: A shi SL stosowny 2-3 dni po k dym zbiegu oksyfluorofenem, z kres (od-do) w ltch , œredni z lt. ród³o: bdni w³sne. i

16 14 TABLE 4. THE EFFECT OF ASAHI SL AND OXYFLUORFEN ON THE YIELD STRUCTURE IN ONION ( ) T bel 4. Wp³yw Ashi SL i oksyfluorofenu n plon cebuli jego strukturê ( ) STAGE OF ONION GROWTH DURING TREATMENT Fz cebuli podczs zbiegu 1) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 2) LEAF STAG E/fz 1-1,5 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h 3) 2 LEAF STA GE/fz 2 liœci AFTER 5-7 DAYS /po 5-7 dnic h AFTER 5-7 DAY S/po 5-7 dnic h 4) 2LEAVES STAG E/fz 2 liœc i 5-7 DAYS AFTER /po 5-7 dnic h 5-7 DAYS AFTER/ po 5-7 dnic h 5) 3-4 LEAVES STAG E/fz 3-4 liœc i 6) 3-4 LEAVES STAG E/fz 3-4 liœc i 2-3 DAYS AFTER /po 2-3 dnic h 14 DAYS AFTE R/po 14 dnic h 7) CHEC K/kontrol OXYFLUORFEN RATE Dwk oksyfluorofenu. [ g h - 1.i. ] ASAHI RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h SL - ] TOTAL Plon ogólny YIELD.. [ kg m - 2 ] MEAN FO R YEARS b 345.2b b 357.5b 298.8b 301.3b 291.1b Œredni 1 2 N OTE: A SAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 DAYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLICATION, g z lt.. Y IELD IN k m - 2. RATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H FOR THE FRACTION OF ONIONS >6 CM IN DIA. A AFTER HERBICIDE + ASAHI SL, H AFTER HERBICIDE ONLY Stosunek plonu frkcji cebul o œrednicy >6 cm po zstosowniu Ashi SL herbicydu ( A) do smego herbicydu (H) [% ] MEAN FO R YEARS MEANS WITHIN A COLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT AT THE 5% LEVEL NEWMAN-KEULS MULTIPLE RANGE TEST SOURCE: OWN STUDY O bjœnieni: A shi SL stosowny 2-3 dni po k dym zbiegu oksyfluorofenem, p lon w k g m - 2. ród³o: bdni w³sne = = = = = = Œredni ACCORDING TO z lt = = = i i

17 15 TABLE 5. THE EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON WEED CONTROL EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF LINURON IN CARROT (YEARS ) Tbel 5. Wp³yw Ashi SL n skutecznoœæ chwstobójcz¹ oksyfluorofenu i fitotoksycznoœæ dl mrchwi ( ) STAGE OF CARROT GROWTH DURING TREATMENT Fz mrchwi podczs zbiegu 1) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fzie 3-5 liœci 2 ) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/ w fzie 3-5 liœci AFTER 2-3 DAYS/po 2-3 dnich 3) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fzie 3-5 liœci IN TANK MIXTUR E/w miesznini e 4) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 5) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 6) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 7) CHECK/kontrol WEED BIOMASS AT CHECK B ioms chwstów w kontroli [g. m 2 - ] LINURON RATE Dwk linuronu. [ g h 1.i ] ASAHI SL RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h - 1 ] REDUCTION IN BIOMASS Redukcj biomsy [%] ( 95.9) (94.9) (93.6) (90.9) (97.8) (98.0) 0 WEED COVERAGE BEFORE HARVEST Pokrycie przez chwsty przed zbiorem [%] M EAN FOR YEARS /œredni z lt = 1086) 1 2 NOTE: ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 DAYS AFTER EVERY LINUREN APPLICATION, ASAHI SL APPLIED IN 3 4 TANK-MIXTURE WITH LINUREN, RANGE (FROM TO) FOR , MEAN FOR YEARS. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. 1 2 Objœnieni: Ashi SL stosowny 2-3 dni po k dym zbiegu linuronem, Ashi SL u yto w mieszninie z 3 4 linurone, zkres (od-do) w ltch , œrednie z lt. ród³o: bdni w³sne. There were lso some chnges in yield structure. In some yers, nd in some combintions, higher percentges of lrge onions the frctions with dimeter bove 7.5 cm nd bove 6 cm were observed in the structure of the totl yield. As consequence of using Ashi SL in mixture with oxyfluorfen t 24 g h -1, the percentge of lrge dimeter onions incresed by 31.8% (2002) nd 96.5% (2003). In the other cses, ppliction of herbicide + Ashi SL did not produce unequivocl results becuse for the sme experimentl combintion the percentge of lrge onions in the yield structure incresed one yer nd decresed the next. In , the ddition of Ashi SL to the herbicide used three times cused the percentge of lrge onions with dimeter >6 cm to increse by % (Tb. 4). This tendency ws noticeble in 2005 in the other combintions lso (herbicide 3 times t 60 g h -1, nd once t 120 g h -1 ), becuse the percentge of such onions incresed by %. In the vilble Polish scientific literture, there re no studies which would provide more detiled informtion on the response of onion to Ashi SL nd other biostimultors. However, in other countries, e.g. the Czech Republic, the Instructions for Use lbel on Ashi SL includes recommendtions for onion [Atonik ]. One would thus ssume tht they re bsed on positive results of experiments. The Czech recommendtions do not specify if they refer to onion grown from seed or from sets. It is known tht the response of onion to different tretments (including herbicides) depends on the cultivtion method [Dobrzñski, Admicki 2006]. In Polnd, Ashi SL nd

18 TABLE 6. THE EFFECT OF ASAHI SL AND LINURON ON THE YIELD STRUCTURE IN CARROT ( ) Tbel 6. Wp³yw Ashi SL i linuronu n plon mrchwi i jego strukturê ( ) STAGE OF CARROT GROWTH TREATMENT Fz mrchwi podczs zbiegu DURING 1) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fzie 3-5 liœci 2) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fzie 3-5 liœci AFTER 2-3 DAYS/po 2-3 dnich 3) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fzie 3-5 liœci IN TANK MIXTUR E/w miesznini e 4) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 5) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 6) 1-2 LEAVES STAGE/fz 1-2 liœci AFTER 7-14 DAYS/po 7-14 dnich 7) CHEC Kontrol LINURON RATE DAWKA INURONU. [ g h 1.i ] ASAHI SL RATE Dwk Ashi SL [ l. h - 1 ] PHYTOTOXICITY Fitotoksycznoœæ [%] MARKETABLE YIELD Plon hndlowy. [ kg 100. m - 2 ] 2004 MEAN FOR Œredni z lt b 726.4b 708.9b 715.6b b 541.3b RATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H A AFTER HERBICIDE + ASAHI SL H AFTER HERBICIDE ONLY Stosunek plonu po zstosowniu Ashi SL i herbicydu (A)do smego h erbicydu (H) [% ] 2004 MEAN FOR Œredni z lt = = NOTE: ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 DAYS AFTER EVERY LINUREN APPLICATION, ASAHI SL APPLIED IN TANK-MIXTURE WITH LINUREN, 3 YIELD IN k g 100. m 2. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. 1 Objœnieni: Ashi SL stosowny 2-3 dni po k dym zbiegu linuronem, 2 Ashi SL u yto w mieszninie z linuronem, 3. p lon w kg 100. m 2. ród³o: bdni w³sne = =

19 other biostimultors re commonly used by onion producers, nd it is generlly believed tht if they do not dmge onion plnts, then they most likely give positive results. The results of our experiments over four yers do not support, nor do they reject, this widelyheld view, becuse, s cn be expected, Ashi SL my improve crop qulity in some yers. The experiments presented here del with only one vriety of onion grown in single loction. It cn not be ruled out tht different vrieties cn respond to the pplied biostimultor in different wys. Onion plnts hve nrrow, tube-like leves tht re not very good t covering the soil surfce t ny time during the entire vegettive period. For tht reson, during spry tretments, considerble mount of the gent being pplied does not settle on the leves, but on the surfce of the soil, regrdless of the technique employed to crry out the tretment. Since onion leves re lso covered with thin lyer of wx tht mkes it difficult for the gent to penetrte inside the plnt, one would expect tht the ddition of n djuvnt to the working solution should mke it more effective. Tht is why, in , Ashi SL ws used with n djuvnt. However, the hypothesis ws not confirmed by the experimented dt. In crrot, the phytotoxicity of linuron used with the biostimultor ws low, irrespective of the tretment method, becuse the degree of dmge to leves fell within the rnge % (Tb. 6). At such low level of dmge, it is difficult to try nd find wht effect, if ny, the biostimultor hs on herbicide phytotoxicity. Nevertheless, in those combintions tht included Ashi SL, slightly better plnt growth nd 0.5% reduction in the extent of dmge were observed in the initil period fter tretment. In , round 10 July, the crrot plnts hd 8-9 leves, nd the verge weight of the bove-ground prts ws within the rnge g (depending on the combintion). In those combintions tht involved the use of herbicide only, or herbicide with the ddition of Ashi SL, the weight of the bove-ground prts in 2002 ws by 1-10%, nd in 2003 by 29-43% greter thn the corresponding vlues for the control combintion without herbicide. In spite of tht, no significnt differences ttributble to Ashi SL were found. The verge weight of 1 crrot in did not depend on the biostimultor, either, but minly on the herbicide used, nd ws g. There were no significnt differences in the length of the crrot leves mesured from the top to the end of lef blde, which ws bout 30 cm. The number of crrot roots t hrvest ws between 25.5 to 30.4 per liner meter of row, nd did not depend on the pplied tretments. The 3-yer verge for crrot tops t hrvest ws kg 100 m -2, nd ws the highest for the combintion where Ashi SL hd been pplied 2-3 dys fter the tretment with linuron t the 3-5 lef stge in crrot. However, the differences were not proven sttisticlly significnt. In terms of both the totl nd mrketble yields of crrot, the significnce of the differences between the experimentl combintions in ws not proven sttisticlly. Therefore, prt from the overll verge yield for 3 yers, Tble 6 contins yield sizes for 2004 only, where the significnce of the differences between the combintions becme evident. Becuse of the lck of sttisticlly proven differences, the beneficil effect of the biostimultor on the yielding of crrot plnts cnnot be definitely confirmed. Nevertheless, there ws noticeble tendency for higher yields in in those 17

20 18 combintions in which Ashi SL ws used 2-3 dys fter the herbicide tretment t the 3-5 lef stge (the mrketble yield ws higher by %). In the yers 2002 nd 2004, s result of using Ashi SL fter two herbicide tretments (t the 1-2 lef stge nd fter 7-14 dys), the yield ws higher by % compred with the sole use of the herbicide. In 2003, no differences were noted. The highest verge mrketble yield for 3 yers (698 kg 100 m -2 ) ws obtined fter using Ashi SL t 0.5 l h -1 pplied fter the tretments with linuron tht hd been crried out twice t the 1-2 lef stge nd fter 7-14 dys. When linuron ws used on its own t those times, the yield ws kg 100 m -2. Considering the soil conditions in which the experiments were conducted, the verge yield of crrot ws reltively high, exceeding 50 tones per h in 2002, nd even 70 tones per h in At this high level of yielding it is probbly difficult to show the effect of ny dditionl ction tht my contribute to incresed yielding, including tht of biostimultors. The onion nd crrot plnts were grown in soil tht ws quite rich in nutrients nd under irrigtion on n s-needed bsis. It is possible tht wtering hd greter effect on the growth nd yielding of the plnts thn the ction of the biostimultor. In the experiments, the herbicides were used within the rnge of recommended doses, which do not lwys put plnts under considerble herbicide stress. Even in onion, where the extent of dmge cused by oxyfluorfen mounted to s much s 22% in some combintions, the nti-stress ction of Ashi SL did not mke itself obvious becuse the levels of dmge to onion plnts were the sme regrdless of whether or not Ashi SL hd been used. According to the results of these experiments, nd lso of those crried out erlier [Dobrzñski et l. 1998], even firly extensive dmge to onion leves by herbicide tht works like oxyfluorfen, which gives the user cuse for concern, does not lwys trnslte into negtive impct on yielding. The fct tht Ashi SL does not lwys hve yield-incresing effect is confirmed by Vvrin [1998, b], who reported tht Atonik (the former trde nme of Ashi SL) did not hve ny effect on the yielding of cucumber plnts grown under irrigtion nd proper fertiliztion, i.e. in stress-free conditions. He lso could not demonstrte ny effects on yielding in some experiments with cpsicum nd tomto, lthough he does not rule out tht under certin conditions the results my be positive. However, Csizinsky [1990] nd Csizinsky et l. [1990] report tht following the use of this biostimultor, yields of cpsicum minimlly increse in comprison with wter sprying. They lso emphsize tht different responses cn be expected from different vrieties. There re very few published results of reserch work on the use of Ashi SL on vegetble crops, especilly those tht were used to help register this product. In spite of tht, recommendtions for use of this biostimultor cn be found on currently vlid Instructions for Use lbels in some countries. For exmple, in the Czech Republic, Ashi SL is llowed for use on tomto, cucumber, cpsicum, onion nd grlic [Atonik ], in Hungry on cucumber, cpsicum, melon nd tomto [Registered ]. In Polnd, the Instructions for Use lbel [Ashi SL 2005] lists cucumber, tomto, leek, celery, crrot (uthoriztion expiry dte: 12 April 2011). Yet there re lmost no published results tht would meet the stndrds of scientific reserch pper. Among the published studies concerning the use of Ashi SL on vegetble crops, pper by Czeczko nd Mikos-

21 Bielk [2004] cn lso be mentioned here. It records positive effect of this biostimultor on the yields of celeric nd leek fter 3 to 5 tretments. The pper is very informtive, s it describes chnges in the chemicl composition of severl vegetble species. It does not, however, stisfy the criteri required for registrtion of synthetic growth regultors. CONCLUSIONS The biostimultor Ashi SL, used post emergence in combintion with herbicides contining oxyfluorfen nd linuron does not modify the weed control efficcy of these herbicides, irrespective of the number of tretments, nd whether it is used in mixture with herbicide or pplied 2-3 dys fter herbicide tretment. Weeds tht hve been dmged or re dying s result of tretments with these herbicides do not regenerte. Ashi SL did not lter the selectivity of herbicides to the crops. The response of onion nd crrot plnts depended to lrger extent on the herbicides nd the wy they were used thn on the biostimultor, becuse competition from weeds ws the bsic fctor tht determined the course of plnt growth nd yielding. A desirble effect of Ashi SL ws tht it did not prolong the ripening period in onion, indicted by the degree of lef fll-over before hrvest. The extent of lef fll-over before hrvest depended minly on the doses of oxyfluorfen. In onion, in some yers, there ws n increse in yield when Ashi SL nd oxyfluorfen were used three times, especilly s mixture, with Ashi SL (0.5 l h -1 ) dded to ech tretment. Ashi SL produced positive chnges in the structure of the yield of onion. In generl, the percentge of lrge onions with dimeter bove 6 cm, nd of good qulity, incresed. In crrot, however, Ashi SL did not chnge the structure of the yield becuse the size of the mrketble yield s shre of the totl yield ws similr in ll the tretments. With high crrot yields, it ws difficult to prove yield-incresing influence of the biostimultor, lthough in some yers, fter two tretments with linuron (first t the 1-2 lef stge in crrot, nd then fter 7-14 dys), the mrketble yield ws higher by % compred with the sole use of the herbicide. The crrot nd onion plnts were grown in soil with n optimum nutrient content nd under irrigtion. The herbicides my hve cted s stress-inducing gents. They were used in the rnge of recommended doses, which do not lwys induce herbicide stress. It is resonble to think tht in such conditions sttisticlly-proven, yield-incresing effect of the biostimultor does not lwys become pprent. 19

22 20 REFERENCES Anyszk Z., Dobrzñski A. 1998: Influence of reduced rtes nd split ppliction of herbicides on weed control nd on yield in crrots (Ducus crot L.). Veg. Crops Res. Bull., vol. 49, Ashi SL. Etykiet instrukcj stosowni. Zezw. Ministerstw Rolnictw i Rozwoju Wsi Nr 935/2001, MRiRW Nr R-48/2005, s. 3. Atonik Rostlinný Stimulátor 2007: Czech lbel. Cobb A.1992: Herbicides nd Plnt Physiology. Chpmn & Hll. London. Csizinszky A.A. 1990: Response of two bell pepper (Cpsicum nnuum L.) cultivrs to folir nd-soilpplied biostimulnts. Soil nd Crop. Sci. Soc. Fl. Proc., 49, Csizinszky A.A., Stnley C. D., Clrk G.A.1990: Folir nd-soil-pplied biostimulnt studies with microirrigted pepper nd tomto. Proc. Fl. Stte Hort. Soc., 103, Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielk M. 2004: Efekty stosowni biostymultor Ashi w uprwie ró nych gtunków wrzyw. Ann. UMCS, sec. E. vol 59(3), Dobrzñski A. 1975: Chemiczne zwlcznie chwstów w mrchwi. Biul. Wrz., vol. 18, Dobrzñski A., P³czyñski J., Anyszk Z. 1998: Wyniki doœwidczeñ wdro eniowych z zstosowniem herbicydu oksyfluorofen (Gol 240 EC), metod¹ dwek dzielonych, w cebuli z siewu. Biul. Wrz., vol. 48, Dobrzñski A., Dyki B., P³czyñski J. 2003: Zminy morfologiczne i cytologiczne wywo³ywne przez oksyfluorofen n niektórych wrzywch cebulowych. Prog. Plnt Prot./Post. Ochr. Roœl., vol. 43, nr 1, Dobrzñski A. 2004: The problem of weeds nd weed control mngement in onion. Now. Wrz./Veg Crops News, 39, Dobrzñski A., Admicki F. 2006: Uprw cebuli. Plntpress, Krków. Dobrzñski A., P³czyñski J. 2007: Nowy sposób ochrony cebuli przed chwstmi zredukownymi dwkmi oksyfluorofenu. Now. Wrz./Veg. Crops News, 44, EPPO Stndrds 2004: Efficcy evlution of plnt protection products. Vol.4. Herbicides nd plnt growth regultors. Second edition. Europen Plnt Protection Orgniztion, Pris. Kositorn J. 2004: Zstosownie biostymultor wzrostu Ashi SL jko œrodk chroni¹cego burk cukrowy przed stresem wywo³nym przez herbicydy. Gzet Cukrownicz, 2-3, Mciejewski T., Szuk³ J., Jrosz A. 2007: Wp³yw biostymultor Ashi SL i Atonik SL n cechy jkoœciowe bulw ziemników. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., vol. 52(3), Pulkrábek J.,Urbn J., Vlent J. 2006: Vliv biotických biotických stresorù n vlsntosti rostlin (Sbornik pøispevku). Fkult grbiologie, potrvinových pøirodnich zdrojù ÈZU v Prze, , Registered Pesticides in Hungry 2007: [ S³owiñski A. 2004: Biostymultory w nowoczesnej ochronie roœlin. Ochron Roœlin, 2, Tei F., Ascrd J., Bumnn D.T., Cussnel J.P., Dobrzñski A.et l. 1999: Weeds nd weed mngement in onion review. 11 th Symposium Europen Weed Reserch Society, Bsel, 131. Tei F., Bumnn D.T., Bleeker P.O., Dobrzñski A. et l. 2002: Weeds nd weed mngement in crrots review. 12th Europen Weed Reserch Society Symposium, Wgeningen: Proceedings, Vvrin C.S. 1998: Atonik plnt growth stimultor: Effect on cucumber under seepge irrigtion in SW Florid. Vegetble Horticulture, 30 Mr. [ Vvrin C.S. 1998b: Atonik plnt growth stimultor:effect on tomto under seepge irrigtion in SW Florid. Vegetble Horticulture, 06 Apr. [

23 21 THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO BIOSTIMULA- TOR ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO CHINESE CAB- BAGE CULTIVARS Mrek Gjewski, Ktrzyn Gos, Justyn Bobruk Wrsw University of Life Sciences, Wrsw, Polnd INTRODUCTION Chinese cbbge is the vegetble crop chrcterized by very fst growth, but wek root system, wht results in some problems in its cultivtion. In Polnd, it is grown minly s spring or utumn crop. For improving root system development of cultivted plnts, some growth stimultors were recommended in griculturl prctice [Szwonek 2003, Boehme et l. 2005, S³owiñski 2006]. One exmple of such biostimultors is the orgnic-minerl Goëmr Goteo preprtion, bsed on the concentrte mde of mrine lge, with n ddition of phosphorus nd potssium. The preprtion ws elborted to stimulte plnt growth nd development, nd lso the ctivity of root system. Goëmr Goteo is pplied directly to the soil, with irrigtion of the plnt. The concentrte nmed GA12, mde of lge species Ascophyllum nodosum in complicted technologicl process, shows biologicl ctivity of such substnces s: mino cids, vitmins, polyscchrides nd phytohormons [ Other well known root growth biostimultors, bsed lso on different lge species extrcts re: Bio-lgeen S- 90 nd Kelpk. Some effects of Goëmr Goteo tretment on cultivted plnt species re described in world literture. The positive effects demonstrted in the experiments were: bigger root system with more fibrous roots, higher resistnce of plnt to unfvorble environmentl conditions, better uptke of nutrients from the soil, nd, s the finl effect, higher nd more stble yield [Wysock-Owczrek 2002,b]. Chemicl content of Goëmr Goteo preprtion is s follows: orgnic substnces %, phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) > 24.8%, potssium (K 2 O) > 4.75%. Gruszczyk nd Berbeæ [2004] reported tht plnt growth biostimultors ppliction resulted in better growth nd higher yield of cultivted plnts, however there is no informtion vilble on the effect of such biostimultors on Chinese cbbge growth nd yield. Experiments performed on soyben plnts indicted tht Biolgeen-S90 pplied s growth regultor significntly incresed the totl yield [Redžepoviæ et l. 2006]. Bio-lgeen S-90 nd Goëmr Goteo ppliction positively ffected soyben plnts growth prmeters, minly resulted in better nd more ctive root system. Another positive results were obtined with Goëmr Goteo preprtion in the cse of glsshouse tomto cultivtion [Ligowski 2006]. Active ingredients of Goëmr Goteo stimulted the nitrte reductse nd root phosphtses [Joubert, Lefrnc 2008]. Goëmr Goteo contins lso high mount of phosphorus. This mcronutrient is n importnt fctor for root system growth nd development. The influence of phosphorus fertilizers on nitr-

24 22 tes ccumultion in cultivted plnts ws reported in literture [Wng, Li 2004]. For exmple, the nitrtes concentrtion ws significntly decresed in green cbbge, but significntly incresed in white cbbge nd rpe by phosphorus fertilizers. Another effect of Goëmr Goteo ppliction is the stimultion of polymines synthesis in plnt. Polymines re importnt nti-stress compounds of plnt cells [Joubert, Lefrnc 2008]. The im of the experiment ws to ssess the influence of Goëmr Goteo biostimultor on the yield nd qulity of two populr cultivrs of Chinese cbbge, grown in different periods of the vegettion seson, under climtic conditions of centrl Polnd. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hybrid cultivrs of Chinese cbbge (Brssic rp L. vr. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson) Ksumi F 1 nd Bilko F 1 were grown in in the open field experiment. These cultivrs, of Dutch origin, re widely grown in Polnd s the stndrd cultivrs. The Chinese cbbge ws grown during two growing periods, which re usul for Chinese cbbge cultivtion in this geogrphic region: () t utumn period 2006 or (b) t spring-summer period After the spring-summer cultivtion, cbbges were hrvested t the end of July, nd fter the utumn term of cultivtion t the beginning of October. Chinese cbbge ws grown from plntlets, which were plnted out on the Experimentl Field t Wrsw-Wilnów. The soil ws lluvil lom, of ph 7.1 nd humus content bout 1.5%. Minerl fertiliztion ws pplied out before plnting out plntlets, t the doses of 140 kg N, 80 kg P 2 O 5 nd 120 kg K 2 O per h. The plntlets were produced in n unheted plstic tunnel. Goëmr Goteo preprtion ws pplied t the dose of 0.1%, two times to the soil during wtering plntlets nd in 2006 lso four times fter plnting them out, in 2-week intervls. The plntlets were spced in the field t cm. The experiment ws set up in split-plot design, with three replictions of 30 plnts in ech. At the hrvest time the following prmeters were determined: totl nd mrketble yield of the heds, totl nd mrketble mss of the heds, dry mtter content in the heds (by drying smples t C, until stble weight), soluble solids content using digitl refrctometer, nitrtes content (spectrophotometriclly, using Fistr device), vitmin C content (by Tillmn`s titrtion method). The nlysis of outer leves colour of the heds with crried out in the CIE Lb system using HunterLb Mini Scn XE spectrophotometer, nd CIE Lb system with determintion of such prmeters s: L lightness, greenness, b yellowness). These observtions were mde t the both terms of cultivtion. For Chinese cbbge collected t the utumn term of hrvest, sensory evlution ws performed t the sensory lbortory of the Deprtment of Vegetble nd Medicinl Plnts, using the quntittive descriptive nlysis method (QDA) [Anonymous 1999]. The expert pnel, consisting of 12 persons, selected nd trined ccording to ISO stndrd [Anonymous 1996], crried out the evlution. At the first prt of QDA procedure, brinstorming sessions were run to select sensory ttributes for Chinese cbbge. Pnelists generted set of eight min ttributes for tste/flvour nd texture of Chinese cbbge. List of ttributes/definition of ttributes/nchoring points re s follows: 1. colour/visul evlution of colour/light green drk green; 2. crispness/mouthfeel of crisp-

25 23 ness/not crispy very crispy; 3. juiciness/mount of liquid relesed when chewing smple/not juicy very juicy; 4. flvour of cbbge/chrcteristic flvour of fresh cbbge none very intensive; 5. sweet tste/bsic tste/none very intensive; 6. shrp flvour /mouthfeel of spicy flvour/none very intensive; 7. bitter tste/bsic tste/none very intensive; 8. off-flvour/flvour non typicl for cbbge/none very intensive. Also overll qulity impression ws evluted (low qulity high qulity). The smples were served to pnelists in totlly rndom order. Results of the evlution were converted to numericl vlues (from 0 to 10). The nlysis ws performed during two independent sessions. For coding smples nd for initil processing of the dt, Anlsens softwre ws used. Semi-consumer`s hedonic test of liking ws lso performed. For this evlution non-structurl scle ws lso used, with nchoring points: I do not like it I like it very much. Dt obtined were subjected to nlysis of vrince, using SttgrphicsPlus 4.1 softwre. Mens seprtion ws conducted using Tukey`s HSD test t probbility level p = RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both cultivrs of Chinese cbbge used in the experiment re commonly cultivted in Polnd, nd both cultivrs, t the opinion of frmers, show extensive vegettive growth nd re highly yielding ones. The experimented results demonstrted tht both the totl yield nd the mrketble yield obtined were quite high (Tb. 1, Tb. 4). Due to the lck of dt concerning ppliction of root system biostimultors on Chinese cbbge, the discussion of our results cnnot be fully performed. However, compred to the results obtined by other uthors with other plnt species, the positive effect of Goëmr Goteo on plnt yield ws confirmed. Goëmr TABLE 1. THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLICATION ON THE YIELD AND PHYSICAL TRAITS (LEAVES COLOUR) OF CHINESE CABBAGE IN THE AUTUMN TERM OF CULTIVATION. T bel 1. Wp³yw trktowni preprtem Go ë mr Goteo n plon i cechy fizyczne (brwê liœci) kpusty pekiñskiej w jesiennym terminie uprwy. LEAVES COLOUR IN CIE LAB SYSTEM Brw liœci w systemie CIE Lb MEAN WEIGHT OF MARKET- ABLE HEAD Œredni ms hndlow MEAN WEIGHT OF HEAD Œredni ms g³ówki [kg] TREAT- MENT Trktownie MARKET- ABLE YIELD Plon hndlowy TOTAL YIELD Plon c³kowity CULTIVAR Odmin. 2 [ kg 1 00 m ] L b. 2 [ kg 1 00 m ] g ³ówki [kg ] Goteo CONTROL Goteo CONTROL Ksumi Bilko Goteo CONTROL Ksumi Bilko b b b b b b b b b MEANS FOR CULTIVARS Œrednie dl odmin MEANS FOR TREATMEN Œrednie dl trktowni LSD/NIR A x B p = n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n NOTE: MEANS WHICH DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY ACCORDING TO TUKEY'S HSD TEST AT p = 0.05 ARE M ARKED WITH DIFFERENT LETT E RS. n. s. / r. n. INTERACTION INSIGNIFICANT. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Uwg: œrednie ró ni¹ce siê istotnie wg testu Tukey' przy p = 0,05 oznczono odmiennymi litermi, n.s./r.n. interkcj nieistotn ród³o: bdni w³sne.

26 24 TABLE 2. THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLICATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIO N OF CHINESE CABBAGE IN THE AUTUMN TERM OF CULTIVATION Tbel 2. Wp³yw trktowni preprtem Goëmr Goteo n sk³d chemiczny kpusty pekiñskiej w jesienny m terminie uprwy CULTIVAR Odmin TREATMENT Trktownie SOLUBLE SOLIDS DRY MATTER Such ms NITRATES Azotny VITAMIN C Witmin C. E kstrkt [% ] [%] [ mg NO 3 kg]. [ mg 100 g] Ksumi Bilko MEANS FOR CULTIVARS Œrednie dl odmin Goteo CONTROL Goteo CONTROL Ksumi Bilko b b MEANS FOR TREATMENT Goteo b 11.5 b Œrednie dl trktowni CONTROL 2.8 b L SD/NIR A x B p = 0.05 n.s./r.n n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. NOTE: SEE TAB. 1. S OURCE: OWN STUDY. Uwg: ptrz tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne. Goteo ppliction resulted in n increse of the totl nd mrketble yield of both cultivrs, especilly when they were grown in the utumn period. At the spring-summer term of cultivtion, only the effect on totl yield ws significnt (Tb. 4). Also the men totl hed mss nd the mrketble hed mss were higher, for both cultivrs, fter Goëmr Goteo ppliction. Visul observtion mde on root system fter digging out some rndomly chosen plnts showed tht the system of Goëmr Goteo treted plnts ws little more developed, with more lterl smll roots. This phenomenon ws observed in the cse of tomto plnts in other experiment [Ligowski 2006]. Chemicl nlysis of heds showed differences in some prmeters between combintions of the experiment (Tb. 2 nd Tb. 5). Positive influence of Goëmr Goteo tretment on vitmin C content in heds ws noted for both cultivrs in the utumn term of cultivtion, nd in the cse of cv Ksumi in the spring term. Both cultivrs hd similr men content of this vitmin. The tendency to higher dry mtter content fter Goëmr Goteo ppliction ws noted for the utumn term of cultivtion. The effect in the cse of spring-summer term ws insignificnt. Differences between cultivrs in dry mtter content were observed nd cv Ksumi showed lower dry mtter content thn cv Bilko in both terms of growing. The effect of Goëmr Goteo on soluble solids or nitrte content in Chinese cbbge ws not cler, since both cultivrs rected in different wys to the tretment. Slightly higher nitrtes content in cbbge ws noted fter Goëmr Goteo ppliction in the utumn term of cultivtion, nd similr slight tendency for the springsummer term. Chinese cbbge is the vegetble of high tendency to nitrtes ccumultion in leves [Guttormsen 1996]. Since toxic ction of nitrtes derivtes is underlined in literture nd rigorous regultion in the cse of nitrtes in vegetbles exists, vrious methods of lowering nitrtes ccumultion in plnts re studied. For exmple, in literture the differentited effect of phosphorus fertiliztion on nitrtes ccumultion in some plnt species is reported [Wng, Li 2004]. Since Goëmr Goteo biostimultor hs high content of phosphorus, observed unstble effect of this chemicl on nitrtes ccumultion in Chinese cbbge could be cused by phosphorus interction with nitrtes. Also lge filtrtes cn show nitrtes decresing ction [Joubert, Lefrnc 2008]. Nitrtes content in

27 25 TABLE 3. THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLICATION ON THE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF CHINESE CABBAGE IN THE AUTUMN TERM OF CULTIVATION T bel 3. Wp³yw trktowni preprtem Go ë mr Goteo n cechy sensoryczne kpusty pekiñskiej w jesiennym terminie uprw y C ULTIVAR O dmin TREATMEN T Trktownie Ksumi Bilko MEANS FOR CULTIVARS Œrednie dl odmin MEANS FOR TREATMENT Œrednie dl trktowni Goteo CONTROL/K ontro l Goteo CONTROL/K ontro l K sumi B ilk o Gote o CONTROL/K ontro l COLOUR Brw b CRISPNESS Kruchoœæ JUICINESS Soczystoœæ b 5.08 FLAVOUR OF CABBAGE Smk kpusty SWEET TASTE Smk s³odki b SHARP FLAVOUR S mk ostr y b b BITTER TASTE Smk gorzki b OFF-FLAVOUR Smk obcy LSD/NIR A x B p = n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. NOTE: SEE TAB. 1. S OURCE: OWN STUDY. Uwg: ptrz tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne TABLE 4. THE INFLUENCE OF GO ËMAR GOTEO APPLICATION ON THE YIELD AND PHYSICAL TRAITS (LEAVES COLOUR) OF CHINES E CABBAGE IN THE SPRING TERM OF CULTIVATION Tbel 4. Wp³yw trktowni preprtem Goëmr Goteo n plon i cechy fizyczne (brwê liœci) kpusty pekiñskiej w wiosennym terminie uprwy CULTIVAR Odmin Ksumi Bilko MEANS FOR CULTIVARS Œrednie dl odmin MEANS FOR TREATMENT Œrednie dl trktowni TREATMENT Trktownie Goteo CONTROL Goteo CONTROL Ksumi Bilko Goteo CONTROL TOTAL YIELD Plon c³kowity. 2 [ kg 1 00 m ] b b MARKETABLE YIELD Plon hndlowy. 2 [ kg 1 00 m ] MEAN WEIGHT OF HEAD Œ redni ms g³ówki [kg] b b MEAN WEIGHT OF MARKETABLE HEAD Œredni ms h ndlow g³ówki [kg ] LEAVES COLOUR IN CIE LAB SYSTEM Brw liœci w systemie CIE Lb L b L SD/NIR A x B p = 0.05 n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. NOTE: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Uwg: ptrz tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne b b b b

28 26 TABLE 5. THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLICATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHINESE CABBAGE IN THE SPRING TERM OF CULTIVATION Tbel 5. Wp³yw trktowni preprtem Goëmr Goteo n sk³d chemiczny kpusty pekiñskiej w wiosennym terminie uprwy CULTIVAR Odmin TREATMENT Trktownie SOLUBLE SOLIDS DRY MATTER Such ms NITRATES Azotny VITAMIN C Witmin C E kstrkt [% ] [%] [ m g NO 3 kg]. [ mg 100 g] Ksumi Bilko MEANS FOR CULTIVARS Œrednie dl odmin MEANS FOR TREATMENT Œrednie dl trktowni Goteo CONTRO L Goteo CONTRO L Ksumi Bilko Goteo CONTRO L b b b L SD/NIR A x B p = 0.05 n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n NOTE: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY Uwg: ptrz tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne. the cbbge from the spring-summer term of growing ws bout two-times lower thn in the second term. However, nitrtes level ws not very high in both terms of cultivtion, since it did not rech 1200 mg. NO 3. kg -1 f.w. Another observed effect of Goëmr Goteo ppliction ws the influence on leves colour prmeters. Leves of both cultivrs of Chinese cbbge were more green fter Goëmr Goteo ppliction, since the prmeter (greenness intensity) hd lower negtive vlue. Sensory evlution of vegetbles nd other food items brings vluble informtion on their qulity chrcteristics [Abbott 1999]. Sensory trits re usully the min fctor determining consumer`s stisfction, nd they re lso importnt s the qulity component of Chinese cbbge. There re some reports on sensory qulity of Chinese cbbge [Gjewski 2004], but not on the influence of biostimultors on sensory chrcteristics. The set of sensory descriptors (ttributes) used in this work in profiling nlysis ws similr to the set pplied in nlysis described in the cited report. In this experiment some differences in sensory descriptors concerning tste/flvour were found for the cultivrs nd for the tretments (Tb. 3). Nmely, cbbges treted with Goëmr Goteo prepr- 6FRUHà 2YHUDOOÃVHQVRU\ÃTXDOLW\ +HGRQLFÃWHVW *RWHR &RQWURO *RWHR &RQWURO Figure 1. Scores for overll sensory qulity nd consumer's liking for Chinese cbbge in reltion to tretment SOURCE: OWN study. Rysunek 1. Oceny jkoœci ogólnej i po ¹dlnoœæ kpusty pekiñskiej zle nie od trktowni ród³o: bdni w³sne..dvxpl %LONR /6'

29 tion were little more juicy, less sweet, less bitter nd of less shrp, spicy flvour. No significnt differences in overll sensory qulity or in results of semi-consumer`s hedonic test for cbbge liking were found between treted nd untreted mteril (Fig. 1). Chinese cbbge cv Bilko ws rted slightly higher thn cv Ksumi in respect of overll qulity in profile nlysis nd of flvour qulity in the hedonic test. CONCLUSIONS 1. Goëmr Goteo ppliction in Chinese cbbge cultivtion influenced some prmeters of the yield but the effect depended on growing term nd the cultivr. 2. One of noticeble effects of the tretment ws n incresed mrketble yield nd lso totl nd mrketble mss of heds, compred to the untreted cbbge. 3. Leves of Chinese cbbge hd more intensive green colour fter Goëmr Goteo ppliction. 4. The positive effect of Goëmr Goteo biostimultor ws noted in the cse of vitmin C nd dry mtter content in Chinese cbbge. 5. Tretment of Chinese cbbge with Goëmr Goteo did not influence overll sensory qulity of heds, nor flvour score in consumer`s hedonic test, but influenced some of sensory ttributes. REFERENCES Anonymous 1996: Sensory nlysis. Experts. PN-ISO Anonymous 1999: Sensory nlysis. Methodology. PN-ISO Abbott J. 1999: Qulity mesurement of fruits nd vegetbles. Posthrvest Biol. Technol. 15, Boehme M., Schevtschenko J., Pinker I. 2005: Effect of biostimultors on growth of vegetbles in hydroponicl systems. Act Hortic. 697, Gjewski M. 2004: Modeling of sensory qulity of Chinese cbbge cultivrs (Brssic rp L. vr. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson) fter storge. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 60, Gruszczyk M., Berbeæ S Porównnie wp³ywu wybrnych preprtów stosownych dolistnie n plony i jkoœæ surowc z³ocieni mruny (Chrysnthemum prthenium L.). Ann. UMCS, vol. LIX (2), Guttormsen G. 1996: The effect of nitrogen fertiliztion on yield, qulity, nd storge bility of Chinese cbbge. Norsk-Lndbruksforsking, 10(3/4), Joubert J.-M., Lefrnc G Se weed phytostimulnts in griculture: recent studies on mode of ction two types of products from lge: growth nd nutrition stimulnts nd stimulnts of plnt defense rections. Biostimultors on Modern Agriculture. SGGW, Wrsw, , 16. Ligowski D. 2006: Wp³yw metody, rodzju pod³o i biostymultorów n prmetry wzrostu rozsdy pomidorów szklrniowych. Prc in., WSE-H Skierniewice. Redžepoviæ S., Èolo J., Blžinkov M., Poljk M., Pecin M., Sikor S., Šeput M. 2006: Effect of inocultion nd growth regultor on soyben yield nd photosynthetic pigment content. Agric. Conspectus Sci., 71(3), S³owiñski A. 2006: Progrm poprwy jkoœci wrzyw. Owoce Wrzyw Kwity, 6, 35. Szwonek E. 2003: Goëmr BM86 wyci¹g nwozowy z lg morskich. Owoce Wrzyw Kwity, 7, 17. Wng Zho-Hui, Li Sheng-Xiu 2004: Effects of nitrogen nd phosphorus fertiliztion on plnt growth nd nitrte ccumultion in vegetbles. J. Plnt Nutrition, 27(3), Wysock-Owczrek M. 2002: Biostymultory wzrostu w uprwie pomidorów pod os³onmi. I. Hs³o Ogrodnicze, 4, Wysock-Owczrek M. 2002b: Biostymultory wzrostu w uprwie pomidorów pod os³onmi. II. Hs³o Ogrodnicze, 5, [ 27

30 28 THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LEAF AND ICEBERG LETTUCE GROWN UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS Mriol yszkowsk, Jnin Gjc-Wolsk, Ktrzyn Kubiœ Wrsw University of Life Science, Wrsw, Polnd INTRODUCTION Mny new products such s liquid fertilizers or folir feeds hve been introduced into the griculturl mrket in recent yers s lterntive to trditionl solid fertiliztion. They re lso recommended to increse the effectiveness nd efficiency of trditionl solid fertiliztion. These products re clled biostymultors nd they re derived from nturl mterils such s seweeds, fishes, nd nimls. They my lso contin dded inorgnic nutrient nd/or other biologicl compounds [Edmedes 2002]. The efficcy of biostymultors hs been evluted in mny field trils with vegetble crops, however only some reserchers hve reported sttisticlly significnt positive effects on crop yields nd crop qulity [Blunden, Wildgoose 1977, Abetz 1980, Abetz, Young 1983, Verkleij 1992]. The content of nitrte in leves of lettuce is the most importnt fctor responsible for qulity of this lefy vegetble. Other fctors such s type, mount, nd form of nitrogen fertiliztion [Lips et l. 1990, Eli et l. 1998] s well s geogrphicl region, seson of production nd biostimulnts tretments [Wlters 1991, Edmedes 2002] my lso modulte yield nd qulity of lettuce. Goëmr Goteo nd Aminoplnt re exmples of recently introduced on mrket. Goëmr Goteo is n orgnic-minerl fertilizer which contins lge extrct (Ascophyllum nodosum) with ddition of phosphorus (>24,8% P 2 O 5 ) nd potssium (4,75% K 2 O). This products, min purpose is the stimultion of the root system growth. It is used to wtering plntlets. Aminoplnt is n orgnic fertilizer which contins minocids nd short peptide chins. It is recommended to cultivtion with high restriction on nitrtes content. Its ppliction is recommended in production of lettuce (vegetbles) with lower nitrtes content. The im of the study ws to evlute the influence of biostimultors on yield nd chemicl content of cultivrs of selected lef nd iceberg lettuce. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involving Goteo nd Aminoplnt biostimultors ws conducted on such new lef lettuce cultivrs s: Kitre nd Versi nd on Argentins cultivr of iceberg lettuce, t the Experimentl Field of the Deprtment of Vegetbles nd Medicinl Plnts in The experiments were repeted three times: 1 from the end of Mrch to mid- June, 2 from the end of June to the beginning of September, 3 from the end of July to mid-october. Plntlets were produced in multipltes filled with pit substrte nd were

31 plnted into the field t cm spcing in three replictions of 10 plnts in ech. The following tretments with biostimultors were used: (1) wtering with Goteo (twice 2 weeks fter sowing nd 1 week before plnting); (2) sprying with Aminoplnt (twice 1 week nd 3 weeks fter plnting); (3) combintion of tretments (1) nd (2).Wter ws pplied to the soil where group of control (untreted) plnts were grown. After hrvest, mrketble yield in kg m -2 nd men weights of hed/rosette in g were determined. Dry mtter content ws nlyzed t C, totl sugrs ws mesured with Luff- Schoorl method [Chr³mpowicz 1966] nd nitrte N-NO 3 content using spectrophotometric method, with FIAstr 5000 device [FOSS TECATOR AB Sweden 1990]. Sttisticl nlysis ws performed with the use of the multivrious nlysis of vrince. The differences between the sources of vrince were exmined by the Fischer-Snedecor test t = 0,05. A determined comprison of the men vlues ws mde by using the Tukey multiple rnge test. RESULTS AND DISCUSION The results in the currently run experiments indicte tht biostymultors bsed on mrine lge extrcts ffected mrketble yield nd men weight of hed/rosette of lettuce cultivrs. The higher totl nd mrketble yield of lettuce were obtined from plnts treted with Aminoplnt nd wter thn from plots treted with Goteo nd Goteo + Aminoplnt (Tb. 1 nd 2). The ppliction of Goteo + Aminoplnt resulted in higher men weight of lettuce hed/rosette compred to the seprtely pplied Goteo nd Aminoplnt. Among the exmined cultivrs Kitre nd Argentins hd the highest men weight of hed/rosette (Tb. 3). Blunden nd Wildgoose [1977] reported sttisticlly significnt effect of the seweed extrct on the vegetble species, however its efectiveness ws chngeble. High dry mtter nd totl sugrs levels in non-mulched lettuce, observed prticulrly in 2006, might hve been connected with the low yield hrvested from this control combintion [Siwek et l. 2007]. The highest dry mtter content in lettuces ws given fter TABLE 1. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON TOTAL YIELD [ k g m ] of THREE LETTUCE C ULTIVARS ( MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) T bel 1. Wp³yw biostymultorów n plon ogólny trzech odmin s³ty [kg. m 2 ] (œredni z trzech terminó zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory - w A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT MEAN Œredni K itre 3.68 * b Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni b b b EXPLANATIONS: VALUES WITH THE SAME LETTER DO NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY AT = SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Ob jœnieni : wrtoœci oznczone tymi smymi litermi nie s¹ istotnie zró nicowne przy = 0,05. ród³o: bdni w³sne. 29

32 30 TABLE 2. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON MARKETABLE YIELD [ kg. m - 2] OF THREE LETTUC E CULTIVARS (MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) T bel 2. Wp³yw biostymultorów n plon hndlowy trzech odmin s³ty [kg. m -2 ] (œredni z trzec h terminów zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT MEAN Œredni K itre 3.62 * b Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. O bjœnieni: jk w tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne b b b TABLE 3. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON MEAN WEIGHT OF HEAD [ g] OF THREE LETTUCE CULTIVARS (MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) Tbel 2. Wp³yw biostymultorów n œredni¹ msê g³ówek [g] trzech odmin s³ty (œredni z trzech terminów zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT MEAN Œredni K itre b* b b b b Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Objœnieni: jk w tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne b b b b c b b T ABLE 4. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON CONTENT OF DRY MATTER [% ] CULTIVARS (MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) Tbel 4. Wp³yw biostymultorów n zwrtoœæ suchej msy [%] w trzech terminów zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO OF THREE LETTUCE trzech odminch s³ty (œredni z BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT MEAN Œredni K itre 4.61 * Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Objœnieni: jk w tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne b b

33 31 A Figure 1A. Combintions in experiment: control, Goteo (wtering), Aminoplnt (sprying) nd Goteo + Aminoplnt (wtering + sprying) Rysunek 1 A. Kombincje w doœwidczeniu: Kontrol, Goteo (podlewnie) Aminoplnt (opryskiwnie) orz Goteo + Aminoplnt (podlewnie + opryskiwnie) B Figure 1B. Combintion with Goteo (wtering) nd with Aminoplnt (sprying) Rysunek 1B. Kombincj z Goteo (podlewnie) i z Aminoplntem (opryskiwnie) C Figure 1C. Combintion with Goteo (ctering) Rysunek 1C. Kombincj z Goteo (podlewnie)

34 32 D Figure 1D. Cultivr Versi in control combintion Rysunek 1D. Odmin Versi w kombincji kontrolnej E Figure 1E. Cultivr Kitre in control combintion Rysunek 1E. Odmin Kitre w kombincji kontrolnej TABLE 5. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON CONTENT OF TOTAL SUGARS [%] OF THREE LETTUCE CULTIVARS (MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) Tbel 5. Wp³yw biostymultorów n zwrtoœæ cukrów ogó³em [%] w trzech odminch s³ty trktownej biostymultormi (œredni z trzech terminów zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy Kitre Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Objœnieni: jk w tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne. CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT MEAN Œredni 1.54 b 2.08 b 2.06 b 2.24 b 1.98 b 1.52 b 1.68 b 1.92 b 1.58 b 1.67 b b 2.77 b b

35 ppliction of Aminoplnt nd wter thn Goteo s well s Goteo + Aminoplnt combintions (Tb. 4). There were differences mong cultivrs in dry mtter content. The highest dry mtter content ws ssessed in Versi cultivr (Tb. 4). The Argentins cultivr ws chrcterized by the highest content of totl sugrs in leves untreted nd treted by Aminoplnt (Tb. 5). It is known tht the content of nitrte in lettuce is limited by hed size [Bergmnn, Neubert 1976, Fontes et l. 1997] s well s by nitrte content in soil [Devienne-Brret et l. 2000]. The results of the present study show tht the higher nitrte content ws found in the untreted (control) lettuce leves nd leves of plnts treted with Goteo + Aminoplnt combintion thn in plnts treted with Goteo nd Aminoplnt seprtely. The verge higher nitrte content ws ssessed in untreted (control) leves of cv Versi thn in other two lettuce cultivrs (Tb. 6) TABLE 6. EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON CONTENT OF NITRATE [ mg NO 100 g FRESH MASS 3 OF THREE LETTUCE CULTIVARS (MEAN FOR THREE TERMS OF HARVEST) Tbel 6. Wp³yw biostymultrów n zwrtoœæ zotnów [mg NO 100 g - 1 œw. msy] w trzech odminc h 3 s³ty (œredni z trzech terminów zbiorów) CULTIVARS Odminy CONTROL Kontrol GOTEO BIOSTIMULANTS Biostymultory A MINOPLANT GOTEO + AMINOPLANT - ] MEAN Œredni K itre b* Versi Argentins MEAN Œredni EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Objœnieni: jk w tb. 1. ród³o: bdni w³sne b b b b b b CONCLUSIONS 1. Goteo nd Aminoplnt pplictions in lettuce growing under field conditions do not influence significntly totl nd mrketble yield nd weight of hed, lthough the effect depended on the cultivr. 2. Similrly, dry mtter content nd nitrte in lettuce leves of exmined cultivrs do not increse significntly fter tretments with Goteo nd Aminoplnt pplictions. 3. Additionl doses of biostimultors used in vrious periods of plnt growth should be verified in the future.

36 34 REFERENCES Abetz P. 1980: Seweed extrct: hve they plce in Austrlin griculture nd horticulture. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 46, Abetz P., Young C.L The effect of seweed extrct sprys derived from Ascophyllum nodosum on lettuce nd culiflower crops. Botnic Mrin, 26, Bergmnn W., Neubert P. 1976: Pflnzendignoze und Pflnzennlyze. VEB Gustv Fischer Verlg Jen. Blunden G., Wildgoose P.B. 1977: The effects of queous seweed extrct nd kinetin on potto yields. J. Sci. Food Agric., 28, Chr³mpowicz Z. 1966: Anlizy przetworów z owoców, wrzyw i grzybów. WPLiZ, Wrszw. Devienne-Brret F., Justes E., Mchet J.M., Mry B. 2000: Integrted control of nitrte uptke by crop growth rte nd soil nitrte vilbility under field conditions. Ann. Bot., 86, Edmedes D. C. 2002: The effects of liquid fertilizers derived from nturl products on crop, psture, nd niml production: revive. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 53, Eli A., Sntmri P., Serio F. 1998: Nitrogen nutrition, yield nd qulity of spinch. J. Sci. Food Agric. 76, Fontes P.C.R., Pereir P.R.G., Conde R.M Criticl chlorophyll, totl nitrogen, nd nitrte-nitrogen in leves ssocited to mximum lettuce yield. J. Plnt Nutr., (USA), v. 20(9), Lips S., Leidi E., Siberbush M., Sores M., Lewis O. 1990: Physiologicl spects of mmonium nd nitrte fertiliztion. J. Plnt Nutr., 13, Siwek P., Klisz A., Wojciechowsk R. 2007: Effect of mulching with film of different colours mde from originl nd recycled polyethylene on the microclimte nd yield of butterhed lettuce nd celery. Foli Hortic., 19(1), Verkleij F.N. 1992: Seweed extrct in griculture nd horticulture: review. Biologicl Agriculture nd Horticulture, 8, Wlters C. 1991: Nitrte nd nitrite in foods. [In:] Nitrtes nd nitrites in food nd wter (M. Hill, Ed.), pp Ellis Hrwood, New York.

37 EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT AND ASAHI ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LETTUCE GROWN ON ROCKWOOL 35 Ktrzyn Kowlczyk, Teres Zielony, Mrek Gjewski Wrsw University of Life Sciences, Wrsw, Polnd INTRODUCTION The product qulity is serious concern in greenhouse lettuce production, especilly during winter nd spring time when lettuce is vluble source of mny nutrients for humn. A high content of nitrte ions in lefy vegetbles, prtly resulting from n excessive nitrogen fertiliztion, cuses significnt ccumultion of nitrtes compounds tht my even present thret to humn helth. The problem is prticulrly importnt during periods of low light intensity. Therefore, determining the optiml nitrogen fertiliztion dosge t high yielding seems very importnt. It especilly concerns lefy vegetbles, showing tendency to ccumulte minerl nitrogen forms in usble plnt prts [Bssioni et l. 1980, Durmn, Custic 1990, Mich³ojæ 2000]. Hydroponic technologies, including rockwool cultivtion systems, offer the cpcity of controlled plnt fertiliztion. Engging in the vegetble production the chemicls of regultory effect on plnt growth nd development (biostimultors) is one of mens for obtining the increse in yield per unit re nd higher yield qulity. These preprtions re responsible for supplying plnts with products of complex biochemicl rections, synthesized in order to enhnce plnt life processes. The im of the study ws to evlute the effect of Aminoplnt (Sipton) nd Ashi pplictions on yield nd qulity of lettuce grown on rockwool t different levels of nitrogen fertiliztion. MATERIALS AND METHODS A butterhed lettuce cv Brigde (de Ruiter Seeds) ws used for the study. Plntlets were grown in plstic cylinders (Æ 6 cm) filled with pet substrte. Six-lef stge plnts were plnted into rockwool slbs (1000 x 100 x 75 mm), 5 plnts per one slb. Studies were conducted in two chmbers of different nutrient composition. The content of nitrogen in the nutrient used for fertigtion ws 105 mg N-NO 3 dm -3 for one chmber nd 140 mg N-NO 3 dm -3 in the other. Proportions of other mcroelements were mintined in both nitrogen level, nd the mount of microelements equl (Tb. 1). 100x concentrted fertilizers were prepred nd stocked in two continers: continer A: C(NO 3 ) 2, KNO 3, sequestered Fe; continer B: K 2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4, MgSO 4 s well s MnSO 4. H 2 O, H 3 BO 3, CuSO 4. 5 H 2 O, ZnSO 4. 7 H 2 O, (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O H 2 O. Such nutrients were diluted utomticlly with computer controlled Dostron dosing pumps.

38 36 Ech grow slb ws supplied with nutrient by two cpillries. The plnts were wtered from 9 oo to 15 oo, with bout 3-5 two-minute cycles per hour. The mount of the nutrient supply rnged from 70 to 200 cm 3 per plnt nd ws djusted to the plnt growth phse nd light conditions. Prt of the plnts were spryed every 7 dys (5 times during the cultivtion) with: Aminoplnt (Sipton) of 0.2% nd 0.4% concentrtions, Ashi of 0.1% concentrtion. A three-fctor split-plot experiment ws set up. Four replictes were crried out, ech comprising 10 plnts. Fctor A plnts treted with Aminoplnt (0.2% Aminoplnt, 0.4% Aminoplnt nd no Aminoplnt the control); Fctor B plnts treted with Ashi (0.1% Ashi nd no Ashi the control) nd Fctor C nitrogen fertiliztion (105 mg N-NO 3 dm 3 nd 140 mg N-NO 3 dm 3 ). Aminoplnt contins 52.2 % of orgnic mtter, over 8.7% of orgnic nitrogen (>110 g dm 3 ) nd 700g dm 3 of mino cids. Ashi contins sodium ortho nd pr-nitro phenolte, sodium 5-nitro guicolte in sodium hydroxide solution. Studies were crried out in winter nd spring cycles in t the following dtes: winter cycle from (plnting term) to (hrvest time) nd from to ; spring cycle from to nd from to For ech growing cycle weight of lettuce heds nd their qulity were determined ccording to nlyses of some chemicl nd physicl prmeters. For qulity check, three plnts from ech experimentl group were chosen t rndom. From ech of the plnts selected representtive smple (comprising frgments of leves of different ge from youngest to eldest) ws collected. Lef smples were then cut into smll frgments nd mixed together. They were exmined for the content of vitmin C using Tillmns method, the concentrtion of nitrtes using spectrophotometric method (by Fistr nlyzer), soluble solids content by refrctometric method (in %), the content of P with colorimetric test, the content of K nd C with flme method, chlorophyll +b concentrtion nd totl crotenoids content ccording to Lichtenthller nd Wellburn [1983] nd mss by drying t C. The collected plnt mteril ws lso ssessed for the colour of leves. Colour of leves ws instrumentlly mesured with HunterLb Mini Scn spectrophotometer, nd expressed in CIE Lb system, where L lightness (from 0 to 100 units), intensity in red (+) or green (), b intensity in yellow (+) or blue (). The mesurements were done in the outer centrl prts of outer leves, between ribs. Two redings for ech plnt were mde. Sttisticl nlyses were performed with Sttgrphics Plus 4.1, using three-fctor nlysis of vrince. For the evlution of sttisticl importnt differences between mens the results were compred by t-student, t the significnce level P = RESULTS The yield of lettuce depended on the production cycle nd the seson (Tb. 1-4). Significnt differences were found in winter production cycle with men mss of hed g in one yer but yet g in the other. In the lter, significnt influence of Aminoplnt ws mrked, especilly for the plnts treted lso with Ashi (Tb. 2). During spring production of the first yer, the lettuce yield ws higher when treted with Amino-

39 37 TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZATION LEVEL Tbel 1. Sk³d po ywki dl CHAMBER 1 Kmer 1 CHAMBER 2 Kmer 2 THE NUTRIENT SUPPLY FOR LETTUCE PLANTS AT DIFFERENT s³ty przy ró nych poziomch nwo eni N P K Mg S OURCE: OWN STUDY. ród³o: bdni w³sne MACROmikroelementów [ mg dm - 3 AND MICROELEMENTS CONTENT. Zwrtoœæ mkro- i ] C Fe 2 2 Mn B Cu TABLE 2. THE YIELD OF LETTUCE IN WINTER GROWING CYCLE (2005/2006 YEAR) IN DEPENDENCE ON PREPARATION'S TREATMENT AND THE LEVEL OF NITRATE FERTILIZATION ( MEAN WEIGHT OF LETTUCE HEAD [g]) Tbel 2. Plon s³ty w cyklu zimowym (2005/2006 rok), w zle noœci od zstosownych preprtów i nwo eni zotowego (œredni ms g³ówki s³ty [g]) TREATMENT Trktownie A minoplnt 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% MEAN Œredni TREATED Trktowne m g. dm -3 -N O Ashi UNTREATED Nietrktowne Zn Mo MEAN Œredni N MEAN m g. dm -3 N-N O MEAN m g. dm 3 -N œredni œredni , EC N O ph MEAN Œredni b 112.7b MEANS DIFFERED AT P = 0.05 ACCORDING TO LSD TEST ARE MARKED WITH DIFFERENT LETTERS. INTERACTION INSIGNIFICANT S OURCE: OWN STUDY. Wrtoœci oznczone t¹ sm¹ liter¹ ró ni¹ siê istotnie. ród³o: bdni w³sne. TABLE 3. YIELD OF LETTUCE IN WINTER GROWING CYCLE (2006/2007 YEAR) IN DEPENDENCE ON PREPARATION'S TREATMENT AND THE LEVEL OF NITRATE FERTILIZATION (MEAN WEIGHT OF LETTUCE HEAD [g]) Tbel 3. Plonownie s³ty w cyklu zimowym (2006/2007 rok), w zle noœci od zstosownych preprtów i nwo eni zotowego (œredni ms g³ówki s³ty [g]) TREATMENT Trktownie A minoplnt 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% MEAN Œredni TREATED Trktowne m g. dm -3 -N O Ashi UNTREATED Nietrktowne MEAN Œredni N MEAN m g. dm -3 N-N O MEAN m g. dm 3 -N œredni œredni E XPLANATION: SEE TAB. 2. SOURCE: SEE TAB. 2. O bjœnienie: jk w tb. 2. ród³o: jk tb N O MEAN Œredni b* b b b

40 38 TABLE 4. YIELD OF LETTUCE IN SPRING GROWING CYCLE (2006 YEAR) IN DEPENDENCE ON PREPARATION'S TREATMENT AND THE LEVEL OF NITRATE FERTILIZATION (MEAN WEIGHT OF LETTUCE HEAD [g] Tbel 4. Plon s³ty w cyklu wiosennym (2006 roku), w zle noœci od zstosownych preprtów i nwo eni [g] TREATMENT Trktownie A minoplnt 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% MEAN Œredni plnt, prticulrly for 0.4% concentrtion. However, no positive effect of Ashi formultion on the lettuce yield ws found (Tb. 3). During spring production in the second yer of the study, the highest hed mss gined the lettuce from the combintion with Aminoplnt nd Ashi s well s the plnts with 140 mg N dm 3 nitrogen fertiliztion (Tb. 4). The nlysis of the two-yer study reveled significnt increse in lettuce hed mss of the cv Brigde fter the ppliction of 0.2% Aminoplnt in the cse of winter production cycle, nd fter 0.4% Aminoplnt ppliction in the cse of the spring cultivtion (Fig. 1). Compring to the control it ws the increse by 5.7% nd 10.8%, in winter nd spring respectively. No significnt differences in hed mss were found for lettuce plnts treted with Ashi (Fig. 2). Both in winter nd spring cycles, the plnts gve the yield of higher mss when fertilized with the nutrient of higher nitrogen content (Fig. 3). >J@ TREATED Trktowne m g. dm -3 -N O Ashi UNTREATED Nietrktowne MEAN Œredni N MEAN m g. dm -3 N-N O MEAN m g. dm 3 -N œredni œredni EXPLANATION: SEE TAB. 2. SOURCE: SEE TAB. 2. Objœnienie: jk w tb. 2. ród³o: jk tb N O MEAN Œredni 200.7b* b b >J@ $PLQRSODQW È :LQWHUÃJURZLQJÃF\FOH 6SULQJÃJURZLQJÃF\FOH $PLQRSODQW È &RQWURO /6' Figure 1. Effect of Aminoplnt tretment on the weight of lettuce hed in dependence on growing period (mens for 2 yers) SOURCE: OWN Study. Rysunek 1. Wp³yw trktowni Aminoplntem n msê g³ówki s³ty w zle noœci od terminu uprwy (œrednie z dwóch lt) ród³o: bdni w³sne. :LQWHUÃJURZLQJÃF\FOH 6SULQJÃJURZLQJÃF\FOH Ã1 Ã1 /6' Figure 2. Effect of Ashi tretment on the weight of lettuce hed in dependence on growing period (mens for 2 yers) SOURCE: OWN study. Rysunek 2. Wp³yw trktowni Ashi n msê g³ówki s³ty w zle noœci od terminu uprwy (œrednie z dwóch lt) ród³o: bdni w³sne.

41 39 TABLE 5. YIELD OF LETTUCE IN SPRING GROWING CYCLE (2007 YEAR) IN DEPENDENCE ON PREPARATION'S TREATMENT AND THE LEVEL OF NITRATE FERTILIZATION MEAN WEIGHT OF LETTUCE HEAD [g] Tbel 5. Plon s³ty w cyklu wiosennym (2007 roku), w zle noœci od zstosownych preprtów i nwo eni zotowego œredni ms g³ówki s³ty [g] TREATMENT Trktownie A minoplnt 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% MEAN Œredni TREATED Trktowne m g. dm -3 -N O Ashi UNTREATED Nietrktowne MEAN Œredni N MEAN m g. dm -3 N-N 3 œredni O MEAN m g. dm 3 -N 3 œredni EXPLANATION A ND SOURCE: SEE TAB 2. Objœnienie i Ÿród³o: jk w tb N O MEAN Œredni * b TABLE 6. EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT ASAHI AND THE PLANTS FERTILIZATION WITH DIFFERENT LEVEL OF NITROGEN N-NO ON QUALITY OF LETTUCE IN TWO GROWING CYCLES (MEANS FOR 3 2 YEARS) Tbel 6. Wp³yw Aminmoplntu Ashi i zró nicownego nwo eni zotem N-NO n jkoœæ s³ty w dwóch 3 cyklch uprwy (œredni z dwóch lt) PLANTS TREATMENT Trktownie roœlin Aminoplnt 0.2 Aminoplnt 0.4 CONTROL/ kontrol LSD/NIR Ashi CONTROL/ kontrol LSD/NIR 105 N 140 N LSD/NIR Aminoplnt 0.2 Aminoplnt 0.4 CONTROL/ kontrol LSD/NIR Ashi CONTROL/ kontrol LSD/NIR 105 N 140 N LSD/NIR S OURCE: OWN STUDY. ród³o: obliczeni w³sne. DRY MATTER Such ms [%] n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b b b b b NITRATES Azotny. [ mg NO 3 g k 1 - ] VITAMIN C Witmin C. 1 [ mg 100 g - ] WINTER GROWING CYCLE Zimowy cykl uprwy b b b b b n.s./r.n n.s./r.n. SPRING GROWING CYCLE Wiosenny cykl uprwy n.s./r.s b b b n.s./r.n b 2.10 SSC SRSK [%] 2.0 b 2.3 b n.s./r.n b n.s./r.n. 1.6 b b P K C n.s./r.s n.s./r.n b n.s./r.n n.s./r.n n.s./r.s.. [ mg 00 g ] b b n.s./r.n n.s./r.s n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b n.s./r.s n.s./r.n n.s./r.s n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b

42 40 Plnts treted with 0.4% Aminoplnt showed higher, thn in the control, dry mtter content in leves, irrespectively of production cycle. However, only in the cse of spring cycle the differences were significnt (Tb. 6). Similrly, lettuce plnts treted with Ashi showed higher dry mtter content s compred to the control. Also in this cse the differences were sttisticlly significnt only for the spring cycle. However, the plnts fertilized t winter with lower nitrogen concentrtion in nutrient showed higher dry mtter content (4.59%) s compred to the plnts supplied with 140 mg N dm 3 nitrogen concentrtion (4.36%) while plnts of the spring cycle, on the contrry, 4.25% nd 4.75%, respectively. In the winter cycle, the highest nitrtes concentrtion ws showed by the plnts treted with 0.4% Aminoplnt formultion. On the other hnd, lettuce plnts treted with Ashi showed lower nitrtes concentrtion by 20% in winter, nd 25% in spring (Tb. 6). The ccumultion of nitrtes in plnts ws lso clerly relted to the production cycle nd nitrogen fertiliztion pplied. Vitmin C ws ccumulted in higher mount by the plnts of spring cycle, nd SRSK by the plnts of winter cycle. Only in the cse of spring cycle, t higher fertiliztion rte, plnts ccumulted more ions of potssium nd clcium s compred to plnts supplied with 105 mg N dm -3 nutrient (Tb. 6). The influence of Aminoplnt nd Ashi on leves colour in both growing cycles is presented in Tble 7. Appliction of Aminoplnt in concentrtion of 0.2% nd 0.4% in the TABLE 7. EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT ASAHI AND THE PLANTS FERTILIZATION WITH DIFFERENT 3 LEVEL OF NITROGEN N-NO ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND THE COLOUR OF LETTUCE IN TWO GROWING CYCLES (MEANS FOR 2 YEARS) 3 Tbel 7. Wp³yw Aminoplntu Ashi i zró nicownego nwo eni zotem N-NO n zwrtoœæ chlorofilu i kolor s³ty w dwóch cyklch uprwy (œredni z dwóch lt) PLANTS TREATMENT Trktownie roœlin Aminoplnt 0.2 Aminoplnt 0.4 Control/kontrol LSD/NIR Ashi Control/kontrol LSD/NIR 105 N 140 N LSD/NIR Aminoplnt 0.2 Aminoplnt 0.4 Control/kontrol LSD/NIR Ashi Control/kontrol LSD/NIR 105 N 140 N LSD/NIR S OURCE: OWN STUDY. ród³o: obliczeni w³sne. CHLOROPHYLL Chlorofil [ mg. g 1 - ] CAROTENIODS Krotenoidy [ m g - 1 ] PARAMETERS OF LEAVES COLOUR Prmetry brwy liœci b + b L b n.s./r.n. 0.34b n.s./r.n. 0.24b b n.s./r.n b 0.28c 0.37b N.S n.s./r.n. 0.05b 0.04b n.s./r.n. 0.02b 0.09 WINTER GROWING CYCLE Zimowy cykl uprwy 0.64c 0.75b b b n.s./r.n n.s./r.s n.s./r.n. SPRING GROWING CYCLE Wiosenny cykl uprwy n.s./r.n b n.s./r.n n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b n.s./r.n n.s./r.s n.s./r.n n.s./r.n n.s./r.n n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b n.s./r.n n.s./r.n b b n.s./r.n n.s./r.s n.s./r.n b b b n.s./r.n.

43 winter growing cycle resulted in tendency to incresing green colour intensity (lower * vlue). Similr influence of Ashi on green colour of leves ws significntly proved. The influence of N doses on leves colour prmeters ws insignificnt, with tendency to more intensive green colour for lower N doses. In the cse of spring term of cultivtion, the influence of Aminoplnt in both concentrtions on green colour intensity showed the sme tendency, s for the winter term of cultivtion. However, Ashi ppliction resulted in significntly lower green colour intensity of leves thn in control. It cn be lso noted tht higher level of nitrogen resulted in decresing green colour intensity of leves. DISCUSSION The yielding of lettuce ws relted to the period seson of cultivtion. A higher men mss of lettuce hed ws noted for the spring cycle, with better light conditions, s compred to the winter one. Such reltionship between the yield of plnts nd light conditions during the cultivtion period is mong others corroborted by Escobr-Gutierrez et l. [2002]. By determining photosynthesis, the light initites some metbolic processes in plnts tht led to mss gin. Aminoplnt cused the increse in men hed mss of Brigde lettuce irrespectively the cultivtion dte (winter or spring). The highest increse rte of lettuce yield ws observed for the spring production cycle t sprying the plnts with Aminoplnt of 0.4% concentrtion. The positive effect of the preprtion on plnt yield is corroborted by Mini [2000]. Nitrogen fertiliztion rte ws determinnt for the plnt yield too. The increse in nitrogen fertiliztion rte enbles obtining higher yield but t the sme time convey risk of deteriorting the yield qulity resulting from n excessive nitrte ccumultion. It prticulrly refers to lef vegetbles [Durmn, Custic 1990, Pterson, Rhn 1996, Mich³ojæ 2000, Jrosz, Dzid 2006]. The lettuce fertilized with 140 mg N dm 3 nutrient gve in both cycles heds of bigger sizes nd higher nitrtes content s compred to the plnts fertilized with 105 mg N dm 3 nutrient. Despite the fct tht in ll of the cses the content of nitrte ws lower thn llowble levels for glsshouse lettuce, the lettuce from spring cultivtion showed lower nitrte content thn the one from winter cultivtion. The bove corrobortes the importnt role of climtic fctors in nitrte ccumultion in vegetbles. A low light intensity during cultivtion leds to n excessive nitrte ccumultion while high light intensity i.e. long dy, ctivtes photosynthesis nd nitrte reductse resulting in lower nitrte content in plnts [Dpoigny et l. 2000]. Mny other fctors determine nitrtes content in plnts, cting simultneously during the cultivtion. Therefore, nitrtes content in plnt is difficult to predict [Lisiewsk, Kmiecik 1991]. The present study does not corroborte the erlier report of Mini [2000] on the positive effect of Aminoplnt on the reduction of nitrtes level in lettuce. Ashi tretments on the contrry, contributed to reduced nitrtes content in leves of Brigde lettuce both in winter nd spring cultivtion. Involving Ashi in lettuce production did not increse the plnt mss unlike yield promoting effect obtined for celery, tomto nd leek field cultivtion by Czeczko nd Mikos-Bielk [2004]. The uthors lso observed n increse in the content of reducing sugrs nd phenolics substnces responsible for the improvement of ntioxidnt properties in vegetbles. Experiments of Kositorn [2004] corroborted yield-simultive effect of the preprtion. 41

44 42 One of the estimted qulity fetures ws mong others dry mtter, ccording to Gonell nd coworkers [2004] key mrket vlue prmeter of fresh vegetbles eten rw, determining their shelf life. The present results showed significnt increse in dry mtter content of leves for the cultivr Brigde grown in the spring dte nd treted either with Ashi or 0.4% Aminoplnt but slight gin for the winter cultivtion. The effect of nitrogen fertiliztion on dry mtter content in the cultivr Brigde ws not cler. In plnts grown in winter, dry mtter content ws higher for nitrogen fertiliztion t the dose of 105 mg N dm 3, wheres in the spring cultivtion higher dry mtter content ws showed by heds of the lettuce fertilized with the dose of 140 mg N dm 3. The increse in dry mtter content in response to higher doses of nitrogen ws lso reported by Jrosz, Dzid [2006]. However, Kowlsk et l. [2006] climed tht dry mtter content nd the rte of nitrogen fertiliztion were unrelted. In spite of some studies indicting the positive effect of Aminoplnt on vitmin C concentrtion in vegetbles [Ndolny, Rogoziñsk 1985] nd of Ashi on vitmin C concentrtion in leek [Czeczko, Mikos-Bielk 2004], no such effect of Aminoplnt or Ashi ws found for lettuce. A higher rte of nitrogen fertiliztion resulted in reduced vitmin C concentrtion in lettuce, prticulrly in plnts from the spring cultivtion wht is consistent with the results obtined by Kowlsk et l. [2006]. The content of vitmin C in lettuce ws lso relted to the cultivtion dte. Higher vitmin C content ws found in leves of the lettuce grown in the spring dte s compred to the winter one. A reltionship between vitmin C concentrtion nd light conditions re lso proved by Kowlsk et l. [2006]. In the plnts investigted, higher concentrtion of chlorophyll +b nd crotenoids ws found for winter cultivtions. On the other hnd, the results here presented contrdict the erlier findings of Polityck nd Golcz [2004], reporting on higher chlorophyll content t more intensive nitrogen fertiliztion. The influence of Ashi on intensity of green colour of leves ws different in both growing cycles. Aminoplnt ppliction resulted only in slight tendency to incresing greenness of leves. Different rection of plnts on Ashi ppliction in both terms of cultivtion my results from different light intensity levels in winter nd spring, nd positive rection of the plnts in winter could be relted to lower light intensity level. However, prmeter of colour ws not strictly relted to chlorophyll content in leves, both for spring nd for winter growing cycle. The reson of this phenomenon is uncler. CONCLUSIONS 1. The yield nd qulity of lettuce depended on the cultivtion seson nd nitrogen fertiliztion. 2. The 140 mg N dm -3 concentrtion in nutrient solution resulted in the yield increse nd higher nitrtes ccumultion in lettuce in compring to 105 mg N dm -3 fertiliztion. 3. Under more fvorble light conditions lettuce plnts gined higher mss of heds nd showed higher content of vitmin C nd reduced mount of nitrtes.

45 4. Aminoplnt positively ffected the yield of lettuce plnts. At winter cycle it incresed dry mtter in lettuce hed by 10.8% nd 5.2% respectively, when pplied in 0.4% nd 0.2% concentrtions. 5. Plnts treted with Ashi formultion produced higher dry mtter content. 6. Plnts treted with Ashi formultion showed lower nitrtes content thn untreted. 7. The influence of Ashi on intensity of green colour of leves vried in both growing cycles. Aminoplnt ppliction resulted only in slight tendency incresing greenness of leves. REFERENCES Bssioni N., Alln N., Abido Y. 1980: Effect of nitrogen fertiliztion on seson of growth on nitrte content of spinch plnts (Spince olerce L.). Z. Pflnzenernhrung Boden, 143, 6, Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielk M. 2004: Efekty stosowni biostymultor Ashi w uprwie ró nych gtunków wrzyw. Ann. UMCS, Sec. E., 59, 3, Dpoigny L., De Tourdonnet S., Roger-Estrde J., Jeuffroy M.-H., Fleury A. 2000: Effect of nitrogen on growth nd nitrte ccumultion in lettuce (Lctuc stiv L.), under vrious conditions of rdition nd temperture. Agronomie, 20: Durmn P., Custic M. 1990: Effect of nitrogen fertiliztion on yield nd nitrte content of greenhouse lettuce. Agronomski Glsnik, 52,6, Escobr-Gutierrez A.J., Burns I.G., Lee A., Edmondson R.N. 2002: Screening lettuce cultivrs for low nitrte content during summer nd winter production. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 77, 2, Gonell M., Serio F., Convers G., Sntmri P. 2004: Production nd nitrte content in lmbs lettuce grown in floting system. Act Hortic., 644, Jrosz Z., Dzid K. 2006: Wp³yw nwo eni zotowo-potsowego n plonownie i sk³d chemiczny s³ty. Act Agrophysic, 7, 3, Kositorn J. 2004: Zstosownie biostymultor Ashi SL jko œrodk chroni¹cego burk cukrowy przed stresem wywo³nym przez herbicydy. Gzet Cukrownicz, 2-3, Kowlsk I., Sdy W., Szczur A. 2006: Wp³yw formy zotu nwozowego, dokrmini dolistnego i miejsc uprwy n plonownie i jkoœæ s³ty. Act Agrophysic, 7, 3, Lichtenthler H.K., Wellburn A.R. 1983: Determintion of totl crotenoids nd chlorophylls nd b of lef extrcts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trns., 603, Lisiewsk Z., Kmiecik W. 1991: Azotny i zotyny w wrzywch. Post. Nuk Roln., 3, Mini P. 2000: The experience of the first biostimulnt, bsed on mino cids nd peptides: short retrospective revive on the lbortory reserches nd the prcticl results. Fertilits Agrorum 1, 1, Mich³ojæ Z. 2000: Wp³yw nwo eni zotem i potsem orz termin uprwy n plonownie i sk³d chemiczny s³ty, rzodkiewki orz szpinku. Rozpr. hb. AR Lublin, 238, Ndolny M., RogoŸiñsk J. 1985: Effect of Sipton on grlic crop nd protein nd vitmin C content. Akd. Tech.-Roln. w Bydgoszczy, 21, Pterson C.D., Rhn C.R. 1996: The nitrogen contribution of lettuce crop residues in intensive vegetble rottions. Act Hortic., 428, Polityck B., Golcz A. 2004: Content of chloroplst pigments nd nthocynins in the leves of Ocimum bsilicum L. depending on nitrogen doses. Foli Hortic. Ann., 16, 1,

46 44 DOES THE NANO-GRO BIOSTIMULATOR INCREASE TOLERANCE OF TYTUS F1 CUCUMBER PLANTS IN EARLY GROWTH PHASE TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION? El biet Skórsk University of Agriculture of Szczecin, Szczecin, Polnd INTRODUCTION A biostimultor hs generlly been defined s mteril, other thn minerl nutrient, tht when pplied in smll quntity improves plnt growth or metbolic enhncer [Schmidt, Zhng 1997, Sowmy 2003]. As the nme suggests, they stimulte growth, but they do much more. Stress tolernce is perhps the most importnt benefit of biostimultors. Such compounds imprt stress tolernce prtly by stimulting root growth nd prtly by promoting ntioxidnt ctivity. Numerous biostimulnt products hve been developed in recent yers, nd mny of them re climed to improve qulity of turfgrsses, rooting nd stress tolernce [Krnok 2000, Ervin 2003, Sowmy 2003, Kuffmn, Wtschke 2004]. In ddition, reserch is beginning to show tht repet pplictions prior the stressful condition seems to mximize product effectiveness, while ppliction following exposure to stress re not s effective. The prmount impct tht biostimultors hve on turfgrss stressed by drought [Zhng, Schmidt 2000], slinity [Nbti et l. 1994], het [Zhng et l. 2003, Kuffmn et l. 2007], cold [Munshw t l. 2006], high UV rdition intensity [Schmidt, Zhng 1999, 2001], herbicides [Kositorn 2004]. It is ssocited with the stimultion of endogenous ntioxidnt development tht protects the plnt during the formtion of excess free rdicls. Although biostimulnts cn be synthetic, nturlly occurring orgnic mterils re excellent sources of biostimultors. For exmple, humic cid nd seweed extrct re two commonly used turf biostimulnt sources [Liu, Cooper 2002, Böhme et l. 2008]. Seweed contins vrious hormones, vitmins, mino cids, minerl nutrients nd other components. Thus, it my ffect plnts in severl wys [Zhng, Ervin 2004]. However, its stimulting influence, prticulrly for turfgrsses growing under environmentl stresses, hs been ttributed to its hormonl ctivity. Biostimultors re more nd more often use in modern horticulture [Böhme et l. 2005, 2008, Czeczko, Mikos-Bielk 2004, Thsin, Kolev 2005]. Some biostimultors re ctully t the mrket, nd Ashi SL is most known nd often pplied [ Górnik, Grzesik 2002, S³owiñski 2004]. Ashi SL is biostimultor which promotes plnt growth nd limits the effects of different environmentl stresses such s low tempertures, the effect of using plnt protection products s well s fertilizers, drought, hilstorm etc. Phenolic compounds constitute the ctive substnce of Ashi SL. They prticipte in mny bsic metbolic processes tht occur in plnt, cusing better development of plnt nd mking its rection to stress more energetic.

47 One of new vilble specimen nmed s biostimultor is Nno-Gro which is fully orgnic product for tretment of seeds before sowing in order to improve plnt productivity nd protect them from unfvorble wether conditions. According to recommendtion of the distributor [ Nno-Gro cn ctivte compenstion mechnisms when plnt experiences stress conditions (high or low temperture, drought, flood, UV etc.). The im of this study ws to check whether this biostimultor might increse the tolernce of young cucumber plnts to UV-B rdition. In prticulr the effect of ppliction of Nno-Gro on photosystem II, gs exchnge, morphometric nlysis nd content of flvonoids in the leves in cucumber plnt leves exposed to ultrviolet-b rdition (two vlues of biologicl effective dose) ws tested. Ultrviolet-B rdition s n biotic stress fctor often negtively ffects growth, development nd physiologicl rections of mny cultivted plnts, prticulrly cucumber, which belongs to susceptible species. The enhnced intensity of UV-B cn cuse dverse chnges in the ntomy nd biochemistry of plnts, cn hinder the processes of photosynthesis, slow the growth, decrese the biomss, nd s consequence, reduce the yield of cultivted plnts [Bornmn, Termur 1993, Cldwell et l. 1995, Skórsk 2000]. Plnts re cpble to develop vrious protective mechnisms, of which the most importnt consist in enhnced synthesis of flvonoids in epidermis, the compounds which bsorb rdition in this rnge, thus protecting the inside of lef [Cldwell et l. 1994]. These compounds hve lso ntioxidnt fetures, which cn dectivte rective oxygen species. MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 PLANT MATERIAL AND APPLICATION OF BIOSTIMULATOR Two experiments were done on the plnts of cucumber (Cucumis stivus L. cv Titus F1) exposed to different doses of UV-B rdition. Initilly, seeds were divided on two prts. One prt ws soked in the distilled wter nd put into Petri dishes. The second prt ws treted by the solution of Nno-Gro (Fe, Co, Al, Mg, Mn, Ni nd Ag sulphtes in nno concentrtion, sugr clened by ethnol) ccording to the instruction of the producer (soked for seconds nd dried), then soked in distilled wter in the Petri dishes. After three dys of germintion, the seedlings were put into eight pots (three plnt in ech pot) filled with snd with the Hoglnd solution (KNO mg. dm -3, MgSO 4. 7 H 2 O. 124 mg. dm -3, NH 4 H 2 PO mg. dm -3, C(NO 3 ) 2 4 H 2 O. 471 mg. dm -3, 0.001% ferric citrte, microelements). The pots were plced on the rotry stges in two specil chmbers described precisely by Skórsk [2000] in the controlled conditions of light (PPFD 120 mmol m -2. s -1, UV-A 3 W. m -2, mercury lmp LRF 250 W; photoperiod 12 h/12 h, dy/night, respectively), temperture (20 o C/17 o C dy/nigh) nd ir humidity (50%) for two weeks. The Hoglnd solution ws dded every two dys. In the phse of the second-three lef, one hlf plnts were treted with Nno-Gro solution in the pots (insted of the Hoglnd solution), nd the second one with distilled wter.

48 46 UV-B IRRADIATION OF PLANTS Two experiments with differing dose of UV-B rdition were done. The source of UV-B ws lmp type VL-115 M (Vilber Lourmt, Frnce), emitting in the rnge of 280 to 320 nm with the mximum emission t wvelength of 311 nm (Fig. 1). In the first experiment, one prt of the plnts (mrked s +UV-B) during growth ws exposed to UV-B rdition (1.1 W m -2, 2 h. d -1, UV-B BE = 3.0 kj. m -2. d -1 ) for 7 dys, nd nother one served s n untreted control (without UV-B, mrked s UV-B). In the second experiment the plnts were exposed for 7 dys to lower dose of UV-B rdition (0.65 W m -2, 2 h. d -1, UV-B BE = 1.8 kj. m -2. d -1 ), nd other conditions were the sme. Dily biologiclly effective dose of ultrviolet-b rdition (UV-B BE ) ws clculted ccording to model of Cldwell [1977]. The intensity of irrdition ws mesured using rdiometer IL 1403 with clibrted detector SEL UVB1 (Interntionl Light, Inc., USA). Emission spectrum of the pplied UV-B lmp ws recorded using the spectrordiometer H 2000 (Ocen Optics, USA). All mesurements were done on the second leves, beginning from the non-destructive methods on intct plnts, i.e. gs exchnge nd chlorophyll fluorescence mesurements. LEAF GAS EXCHANGE SPECTRIAL IRRADIANCE widmo emisyjne Net photosynthesis rte (p N, expressed in mmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) nd trnspirtion rte (E, mmol H 2 O m -2 s -1 ) were mesured using n open circuit portble TPS-2 gs-exchnge system with portble PLC cmer (PP Systems, UK). The pot with the studied plnts ws plced ner the gs nlyser nd one intct lef ws put into PLC universl lef chmber, illuminted by red-white LEDs (150 mmol m -2 s -1 ) nd fter 5 minutes the results were red on the screen. Mesurements were done on 6 independent plnts. PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOSYSTEM II FIGURE 1. EMISSION SPECTRUM (NOR- MALIZED TO MAXIMUM AT 311 NM) OF THE LAMP VL-115 M (VILBER LOURMAT, FRANCE) AS A UV-B SOURCE USING IN THE EXPERIMENTS SOURSE: OWN CALCULATION. Rysunek 1. Widmo emisyjne (znormlizowne wzglêdem mksimum przy 311 nm) lmpy VL- 115 bêd¹cej Ÿród³em UV-B w opisywnych doœwidczenich ród³o: obliczeni w³sne. Chlorophyll fluorescence ws mesured by mens of PAM-210 fluorometer (Wlz GmbH, Germny). Before mesurements the plnts were drk-dpted c. 15 minutes. The lef ws plced on the hed (on the dxil surfce down, towrds the hed) nd covered by mgnetic clip. Wek mesuring bem (0.04 mmol. m -2. s -1, 650 nm), pulse sturting light (3200 mmol. m -2. s -1, 665 nm) nd ctinic light (120 mmol. m -2. s -1, 665 nm) were used for mesurements. The fluorescence signl ws recorded for three minutes WAVELENGHT [nm] D³ugoœæ fli

49 Following prmeters were estimted: F o, F v /F m, F v /F o, Yield photochemicl rte of PS II, vitlity index Rfd = (F m F s )/F s, where F o, F m, F s, F v denote respectively intensity of the initil, mximum, sttionry vrible fluorescence (F v = F m F o ), qp nd qn coefficients of photochemicl nd nonphotochemicl quenching, ccording to generlly ccepted denottions [Vn Kooten, Snel 1990] nd Lichtenthler et l. [1986]. Mesurements were done on 6 independent plnts. ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES Are of the lef from 6 independent plnts ws mesured by mens of Winfoli system (Regent Instruments Inc., Cnd) connected with A4 scnner. As coefficient of lef thickness, the specific lef mss (SLM) ws ssumed, i.e. the lef dry mss per lef re unit (g m -2 ). ASSAY OF ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS (FLAVONOIDS) The content of UV-bsorbing pigments ws mesured spectrophotometriclly in the lef extrcts. To obtin such extrct, 13 mm disk cut off from one lef ws plced in 5 cm 3 of the solution of etnol:wter:cetic cid (79:20:1) nd heted t 60 0 C for 30 min, ccording to Cldwell et l. [1994]. Absorption spectr in the rnge of 280 to 380 nm were done using spectrophotometer Specord M42 (Zeiss, Germny). On the bsis of the spectr the content of ultrviolet-bsorbing compounds (minly flvonoids) ws determined t 305 nm clculted per 1 g of lef dry mss bsis (A 305 g -1 ). Dry mss of the disks ws determined using precision scle WPS 36 (Rdwg, Polnd) fter lef disk drying in C to obtin constnt mss. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA The results re presented s mens from 4-6 replictions (independent plnts). All dt were nlysed using Sttistic 8.0 softwre (Sttsoft, USA-PL) by mens of two-wy ANOVA. Multiple rnge Newmn-Keuls test t significnce level of p < 0.05 ws used to seprte homogenous groups of the mens, which were mrked by the different letters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The tested cucumber plnts were negtively ffected by the ppliction of higher dose of UV-B rdition in the first experiment (Tb. 1). The leves of plnts exposed to UV-B were smller by 46 % thn the leves of the control plnts. Moreover, wx cuticle lyer which covered the leves of the plnts +UV-B ws observed nd such effect ws not visible in the control plnts. No visible difference between leves in the plnts treted with Nno-Gro nd untreted ones ws noted, but lef re ws slight decrese, more prticulrly in the UV-B irrdited plnts. Intensity of net photosynthesis ws slightly decresed in the plnts treted with Nno- Gro nd more, by 49% compred to the control, in those exposed to UV-B rdition. Trnspirtion rte ws lower only in the plnts exposed to UV-B untreted with biostimu 47

50 48 TABLE 1. VALUES FEATURES OF THE PLANTS UNTREATED OR TREATED WITH NANO-GRO NOT EXPOSED (-UV-B) OR EXPOSED TO UV-B (+UV-B)(UV-B = 3.0 kj. m -2. d - 1, EXPERIMENT 1 BE Tbel 1. Wrtoœci cech roœlin nietrktownych (kontrol) i trktownych biostymultorem Nno-Gro niepoddnych dzi³niu UV-B (-UV-B) orz npromieniownych UV-B (+UV-B) (UV-B = 3.0 kj. m - 2. d - 1, BE doœwidczenie 1 FEATURE Cech CONTROL Kontrol WITH Nno-Gro z Nno-Gro UV-B + UV-B UV-B +UV-p N [mmol CO s 1 ] c 7.5 b 4.8 c E [ mmol H O m s 1 ] b 3.3 b 3.0 b F o 145 c c 189 b F v / Fm b F v / Fo b Yield qp qn Rfd b b LEAF AREA b 48.3 b 35.3 b Powierzchni liœci [cm 2 ] 2 SLM [g m - ] FLAVONOIDS CONTENT [A 05 Zwrtoœæ flwonoidów g - 1 DW] bc THE MEANS DENOTED BY THE SAME LETTER (FOR ONE FEATURE) DO NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY (P < 0.05) SOURCE: OWN STUDY. bc œrednie oznczone tk¹ sm¹ liter¹ (dl jednej cechy) nie ró ni¹ siê istotnie (p < 0,05). ród³o: bdni w³sne. ltor. Lef chlorophyll fluorescence F v /F m rtio of the plnts exposed to UV-B rdition ws decresed by 10%, while F v /F o vlue ws decresed by 41% compred to the control. Both prmeters did not chnge in the plnts treted by Nno-Gro. Intensity of initil fluorescence F o clerly incresed in the UV-B irrdited plnts. Vlues of photochemicl efficcy of photosystem II, yield, s well s the coefficient of photochemicl quenching, qp, did not differ in ll vrint of this experiment. Non photochemicl quenching, qn, ws decresed by 25% in the leves of the irrdited plnts without biostimultor. Interction of the light phse rections with enzymtic drk process ws lso ffected, which is indicted by the decrese of the vlue of Rfd by 32%. Specific lef mss of the plnts treted with Nno-Gro ws slight incresed (by 23%), indicting increse of lef thickness, but this effect ws not sttisticlly significnt. Nno-Gro cused chnges in the bsorption spectr of lef extrct in ultrviolet rnge (Fig. 2). Absorbnce ws higher in the plnts exposed to UV-B compred to the control ones. Content of ultrviolet-bsorbing compounds in these plnts ws lso higher by 27%, but sttisticlly insignificntly, wht ws cused by gret vribility. In the experiment 2, where biologiclly effective dose of ultrviolet-b rdition ws lower by 40% thn in the experiment 1, ll mesured fetures in the plnts exposed or not exposed to UV-B did not differ (Tb. 2). Some of them, e.g. F v /F o, F v /F m, Yield, lef re were slightly reduced, but not significntly. Net photosynthesis rte in the plnts treted with Nno-Gro ws higher by 73% in comprison with the control, nd even in those

51 ABSORBANce/Absorbncj ABSORBANce/Absorbncj/WITH Nno-Gro % 89% % 89% WAVELENGHT/D³ugoœæ fli [nm] WAVELENGHT/D³ugoœæ fli [nm] FIGURE 2. ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ETHANOL CUCUMBER LEAF EXTRACT IN THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION RANGE; LEAVES FROM THE PLANTS EXPOSED TO UV-B BE = 3.0 kj -2. m -2. d -1 (EXPERIMENT 1), UNTREATED (ON THE LEFT) AND TREATED BY NANO-GRO (RIGHT) SOURcE: OWN STUDY Rysunek 2. Widm bsorpcji etnolowych ekstrktów liœci ogórk w zkresie promieniowni ultrfioletowego; liœcie pobrne z roœlin poddnych npromieniowniu UV-B BE = 3,0 kj. m -2. d -1 (doœwidczenie 1), nietrktowne (lewy) i trktowne Nno-Gro (prwy) ród³o: bdni w³sne. FEATURE Cech CONTROL Kontrol WITH Nno-Gro z Nno-Gro TABLE 2. VALUES FEATURES OF THE PLANTS UNTREATED (CONTROL) OR TREATED WITH N ANO-GRO NOT EXPOSED (-UV-B) OR EXPOSED TO UV-B (+UV-B). UV-B = 1.8 kj. m - 2. d - 1, BE EXPERIMENT 2 Tbel 2. Wrtoœci cech roœlin nietrktownych (kontrol) orz trktownych biostymultorem Nno-Gro niepoddnych dzi³niu U V-B ( UV-B) i npromieniownyc huv-b (+UV-B) (UV-B = 1,8 kj. m - 2. d - 1, BE doœwidczenie 2 UV-B + UV-B UV-B +UV-p N [mmol CO s 1 ] b 4.6 b b E [ mmol H O m s 1 ] b 1.3 b F o F v / Fm F v / Fo Yield qp qn Rfd LEAF AREA Powierzchni liœci [cm 2 ] b b S LM [g. m - 2 ] FLAVONOIDS CONTENT [A 05 Zwrtoœæ flwonoidów g - 1 DW] b THE MEANS DENOTED BY THE SAME LETTER (FOR ONE FEATURE) DO NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY (P < 0.05) S OURCE: OWN STUDY. bc œrednie oznczone tk¹ sm¹ liter¹ (dl jednej cechy) nie ró ni¹ siê istotnie (p < 0,05) ród³o: bdni w³sne.

52 50 ABSORBANce/Absorbncj ABSORBANce/Absorbncj/WITH Nno-Gro % 89% WAVELENGHT/D³ugoœæ fli [nm] % 89% 0.2 WAVELENGHT/D³ugoœæ fli [nm] FIGURE 3. ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ETHANOL CUCUMBER LEAF EXTRACT IN THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION RANGE; LEAVES FROM THE PLANTS EXPOSED TO UV-B BE = 1.8 kj -2. m -2. d -1 (EXPERIMENT 2). untreted (on the left) nd treted by Nno-Gro (right) SOURSE: OWN study. Rysunek 3. Widm bsorpcji etnolowych ekstrktów liœci ogórk w zkresie promieniowni ultrfioletowego; liœcie pobrne z roœlin poddnych npromieniowniu o dwce UV-B BE = 1,8 kj. m -2. d -1 (doœwidczenie 2), nietrktowne (lewy) i trktowne biostymultorem Nno-Gro (prwy) ród³o: bdni w³sne. exposed to UV-B ws incresed to 137%. More visible effect ws found in cse of trnspirtion rte, which ws higher lmost 2.5 times thn in the leves of the control plnts. Absorption spectr of ll lef extrcts in the ultrviolet rnge ws very similr (Fig. 3), therefore content of flvonoids did not differ in the investigted vrints. The obtined results indicte negtive direct effect of UV-B rdition pplied in higher biologiclly effective dose, 3.0 kj. m -2. d -1, on most investigted fetures. The inhibition of photosynthesis in the irrdited plnts, s well s in the donor side of photosystem II nd intensity of CO 2 ssimiltion ws noted. Decrese of F v /F o vlue is ssocited with disruption of photosynthesis process in the donor prt of the photosystem II, especilly in the wter-splitting system [Schreiber et l. 1994]. This effect is commonly observed in the susceptible plnts exposed to UV-B rdition [Skórsk 1999]. Interction of the light phse rections with enzymtic drk process ws lso ffected by UV-B, which is indicted by the decrese of the Rfd vlue [Lichtenhller et l. 1986]. UV-B irrdition did not chnge the vlue of the photochemicl coefficient qp, denoting the proportion of excitons cptures by open trps nd being converted to chemicl energy in the photosystem II rection centre [Kruse, Weis 1991]. The decrese of nonphotochemicl coefficient, qn, is cused by reduction of the proton grdient cross the thylkoid membrnes due to n increse of the ATP consumption in the Clvin cycle [Kruse, Weis 1984]. Nno-Gro ttenuted some negtive effects cused by UV-B rdition, prticulrly in photosystem II. Trnspirtion rte ws lso in the irrdited plnts treted with the biostimultor ws the sme s in the control plnts. Unfortuntely, t higher UV-B dose Nno-Gro did not influence on net photosynthesis rte nd the lef re. So decrese of lef re cn be considered s protective rection of the plnts rther thn the destruction symptom; similr effect ws lso observed in other species [Cldwell et l. 1994, Skórsk 2000].

53 51 The SLM prmeter, proportionl to lef thickness, slightly incresed, but not significntly, in the plnts treted with the biostimultor. It is n dditionl protective rection of the tolernt species ginst hrmful UV-B. Similr effect of UV-B on lef thickness ws observed in rpe [Cen, Bornmn 1993] nd ben plnts [Skórsk 2000]. Higher, but not significnt sttisticlly content of flvonoids in the leves of the plnts treted by the biostimultor induced to perform the next experiment with lower level stress. Unfortuntely, lower dose of UV-B rdition (1.8 kj m -2 d -1 ) did not cuse significnt chnges in the studied plnts. However, content of flvonoids in the plnts ws higher in the first experiment. Such compounds neutrlise dmges cused not only by ultrviolet-b rdition but lso by other stress fctors becuse they hve ntioxidnt properties [Cldwell et l. 1995]. Phenols, compounds showing lso ntioxidnt properties re min ingredients in the known biostimultor, Ashi SL [S³owiñski 2004]. When pplied exogenously, Ashi strengthens the plnt s cell wlls nd it increses synthesis of phenols. These compounds protect cells nd their enzymtic systems, elevting plnt s resistnce to temperture nd wter stresses, mechnicl injuries nd disese infections. They lso increse the rte of plnt s dpttion to vrible environmentl conditions. Moreover, phenols ply n importnt role in nitrogen metbolism in plnt nd cytoplsm trnsport helping to increse the plnt productivity [Górnik, Grzesik 2002]. Ashi cused the increse of phenol compound content in tomto fruits nd potto tubers [Czeczko, Mikos-Bielk 2004]. In other studies on ultrviolet rdition, folir ppliction of biostimultors included humic cids significntly reduced the injury of UV rdition to the bentgrss nd improved turfgrss qulity [Schmidt, Zhng 1999, 2001]. To summrise the presented results, it cn be stted tht the cucumber plnts exposed to higher UV-B dose nd treted with Nno-Gro reveled less susceptibility of the primry photochemicl rections in photosystem II thn the plnts not treted with this biostimultor. Unfortuntely, this specimen did not meliorte negtive effects cused by UV-B rdition, e.g. lef re or net photosynthesis of those plnts did not differ. CONCLUSIONS 1. The pplied ultrviolet-b rdition cn negtively ffect young cucumber plnts minly in higher dose (3.0 kj m -2 d -1 ) influencing photosynthesis rections. 2. Nno-Gro countercted dmges cused by high intensity of UV-B in photosystem II, but did not influence lef re nd intensity of CO 2 ssimiltion in those plnts. 3. Lower dose of UV-B rdition (1.8 kj m -2 d -1 ) did not cuse significnt chnges in the studied plnts, nd those treted with Nno-Gro hd higher net photosynthesis nd trnspirtion rte.

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55 Skórsk E. 2000: Rections of some plnts to UV-B rdition. Akdemi Rolnicz w Szczecinie. Rozprwy 192, S³owiñski A. 2004: Biostimultors in modern plnt production. Ochron Roœlin, 49, 2, Sowmy M. 2003: Do biostimulnts relly work? TurfNews, 27, 1, Thsin N., Kolev T. 2005: Investigtion on the effect of some plnt growth regultors on sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.). J. Cent. Eur. Agric., 6, 4, Vn Kooten O., Snel J.F.H. 1990: The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclture in plnt stress physiology. Photosynth. Res., 25, Zhng X., Schmidt R.E. 2000: Hormone-contining products impct on ntioxidnt sttus of tll fescue nd creeping bentgrss subjected to drought. Crop Sci., 40, Zhng X., Ervin E.H., Schmidt R.E. 2003: Plnt growth regultors cn enhnce the recovery of Kentucky bluegrss sod from het injury. Crop Sci., 43, Zhng X., Ervin E.H. 2004: Cytokinin-contining seweed nd humic cid extrcts ssocited with creeping bentgrss lef cytokinins nd drought resistnce. Crop Sci., 44,

56 54 EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PROTECTION OF CUCUMBER GROWN UNDER CO- VER AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW Agnieszk Ostrowsk, Brbr Dyki, Józef Robk Reserch Institute of Vegetble Crops, Skierniewice, Polnd INTRODUCTION Powdery mildew hs been noted s serious cucurbit disese t lest since It is presently worldwide distributed where tempertures re reltively high nd moisture occurs s hevy dews rther thn s dshing rins [Sherf, Mcnb 1986]. This is probbly the most common, conspicuous, widespred nd esily recognizble plnt disese which utilize its host nutrients, reduces photosynthesis, increses respirtion nd trnspirtion, impirs growth nd reduces yields, sometimes by s much s 20 to 40%. Fungi cusing powdery mildew re obligte prsites; they cnnot be cultured on rtificil nutrient medi [Agrios 2004]. Powdery mildew is cused by two fungi species s: Erysiphe cichorcerum nd Spherothec fulgine, which re hrmful thret to cucumber grown under covers in the world, including Polnd. Spwn of fungi develops on plnts surfce nd cretes bundnt floury coting with sporulting of the oidium type [Kryczyñski 2002]. In recent yers there hs been n increse interest in using nturl products in plnt protection ginst vrious plnt pthogens. Appliction of such products cn, to considerble degree, contribute to limittion of use of synthetic fungicides [Tomlk, Zremb 2004]. The im of our experiments ws to evlute the effectiveness of plnt extrcts or biostimultors in reducing the development of two fungi: Erysiphe cichorcerum nd Spherothec fulgine cusing powdery mildew on cucumbers. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 2006 nd 2007 the experiments included plnts of Iw F 1 cucumber cultivr: () grown in pots in the climtic cbins, nd (b) under cover (greenhouse) in the spring nd utumn cycle, t the Reserch Institute of Vegetble Crops in Skierniewice. () The cucumber seeds were sown on to pots (O14 cm) filled with pet substrte. They were kept in climtic chmbers free from powdery mildew until the stge of two min leves. The experiments were set up in rndomised block design, with three replictions of one plnt in ech combintion. Two preventive spryings using tested products were crried out t the beginnings of the tril. Afterwrds uninfected plnts were inoculted with spores of E. cichorcerum nd S. fulgine pthogens by shking off conidi from hevily sporulting leves. The next sprying ws executed when first disese symptoms on cucumber leves occured. Cucumbers were led on one shoot to flowering stge.

57 (b) The greenhouse experiment ws crried out in the spring nd utumn cycle of cucumber production; seeds were sown in pots ( 9 cm) nd kept in climtic chmbers free from powdery mildew. Lter cucumber seedlings were grown on windowsills filled with pet substrte. In the spring cycle they were trnsplnted on: ( BBCH t the stge of five min leves); nd in the utumn cycle on: ( BBCH t the stge of five min leves). Four replictions with four plnts in ech combintion of plnted plot 1 m 2 were used. Plnts were led on one shoot. In both experiments two preventive spryings were pplied, nd then uninfected plnts were inoculted with spores of E. cichorcerum nd S. fulgine by shking off conidi from hevily sporulting leves. Next spryings were pplied every 6th or 10th dy, when first disese symptoms on leves pper. During sprying time the pressure of ir in reservoir of spryer ws 3 brs. The following nturl products were pplied in the experiment: grpefruit extrct (Grevit 200 SL), ornge oil (Prev-AM 060 SL) nd Physpe 6 nd Physpe 7, two biostimultors bsed on n lge extrct. The development of powdery mildew symptoms ws evluted by using 0-7 rting scle: 0 no disese, 7 ll leves covered with powdery mildew [Sobolewski, Robk 2004]. The Newmn Keuls test ws used to estimte the significnce of differences between the mens ( = 0.05) nd Abbott method for clculting efficcy of exmined products [Puntener 1981]. The leves showing disese symptoms fter two dys from the first intervention sprying were prepred to nlyze with the use of scnning electron microscope. The frgments of leves (10 x 10 mm) were fixed with CrAF (chromic cid, cetic cid, formlin) gent, dehydrted in ethnol nd CO 2 criticl point dried nd then coted with gold-plldium by sputtering [Hyt 1976]. Microscopic nlyses of pthogen structure were performed with the use of scnning electron microscope Jeol JSM S1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the pot experiment powdery mildew occurred on the verge level. The highest effectiveness equl to 69-80%, in cucumbers protection ginst E. cichorcerum nd S. fulgine, showed the nturl product Prev-AM 060 SL used in 0.4% concentrtion. Biostimultor Physpe 7 showed lower effectiveness on level of 45-47%, however, the effectiveness of biostimultor Physpe 6 ws more diverse nd unstble, equl to 16 to 48% (Tb. 1). The observtions of the influence of pplied products on development of root system disclosed tht the lrgest root mss ws produced by plnts treted by Prev- AM 060 SL (Tb. 2). On cucumbers grown under cover in spring nd utumn cycle, powdery mildew ppered on verge to high level. In cucumbers protection ginst powdery mildew nturl product Prev-AM 060 SL in concentrtions of 0.4 nd 0.6% showed high effectiveness from 95 to 99%. The biostymultor Physpe 7 in concentrtion 0.2% reveled higher effectiveness in protection ginst E. cichorcerum nd S. fulgine in reltion to the nturl product Grevit 200 SL used in concentrtion 0.1%, both in spring nd in utumn cycle (Tb. 3 nd 4). The use of nturl products incresed the cucumber yield from 5 to 10% in comprison to untreted control (Tb. 3 nd 4). 55

58 56 TABLE 1. EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW (E. CICHORACEARUM/S. FULGINEA) ON CUCUMBER GROWN IN POT EXPERIMENT. SKIERNIEWICE 2006 Tbel 1. Ocen biologicznej skutecznoœci œrodków nturlnych w ochronie ogórk przed m¹cznikiem prwdziwym ( E. cichorcerum/s. fulgine) w doœwidczeniu wzonowym. Skierniewice 2006 TREATMENTS Bdne œrodki Prev-AM 060 SL Physpe 6 Physpe 7 CONTROL Kontrol PRODUCT CONCEN- TRATION Stê enie produktu [%] ACTIVE SUBSTANCE Substncj ktywn ORANGE OIL Olej pomrñczy ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg - - PERCENTAGE OF LEAF AREA INFESTED % por onej powierzchni c 12.2 b 12.5 b 23.5 EFFI- CIENCY* Skutecznoœæ [%] PERCENTAGE OF LEAF AREA INFESTED % por onej powierzchni d 36.6 b 24.1 c 43.7 EFFI- CIENCY* Skutecznoœæ [%] TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05, VALUES IN COLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (NIR 0.05) * EFFICACY OF PRODUCT CALCULATED BY ABBOTT' METHOD SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Wrtoœci liczbowe oznczone t¹ sm¹ liter¹ nie ró ni¹ siê istotnie przy = 0,05 * Skutecznoœæ obliczon z pomoc¹ wzoru Abbott' ród³o: bdni w³sne TABLE 2. INFLUENCE OF STUDIED PRODUCTS ON CUCUMBER ROOT MASS IN GRAMS [g] IN POT EXPERIMENT. SKIERNIEWICE 2006 Tbel 2. Wp³yw bdnych œrodków ochrony roœlin n msê korzeni ogórk w grmch [g] w doœwidczeniu wzonowym. Skierniewice 2006 TREATMENTS Bdne œrodki Prev-AM 060 SL Physpe 6 Physpe 7 CONTROL Kontrol TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05 S OURCE: OWN STUDY. ród³o: bdni w³sne. PRODUCT CONCENTRATION Stê enie produktu [%] ACTIVE SUBSTANCE Substncj ktywn ORANGE OIL Olej pomrñczy ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg ROOT MASS OF COCUMBER (AVERAGE) Ms korzeni ogórków (œredni) On plnts collected from the control plots (Phot. 1 nd 2) the fungi developed new conidi genertions with germinted nd developed mycelium infecting new epidermis cells of leves. The outer fungus hyphe nd conidi did not show ny visible destruction on lef surfce of the control plnts. After use tested products, especilly Prev-AM 060 SL, mny plsmolysis hyphe nd deformed conidi, which did not germinte, were observed (Phot. 3 nd 4).

59 57 TABLE 3. EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW ( E.CICHORACEARUM/S. FULGINEA) ON CUCUMBER GROWN IN GREENHOUSE IN SPRING CYCLE. SKIERNIEWICE 2007 Tbel 3. Ocen biologicznej skutecznoœci œrodków nturlnych w ochronie ogórk w uprwie pod os³onmi przed m¹cznikiem prwdziwym ( E.cichorcerum/S. fulgine) w cyklu uprwy wiosennej. Skierniewice 2007 TREATMENTS Bdne œrodki Prev-AM 060 SL Physpe 7 Grevit 200 SL CONTROL Kontrol PRODUCT CONCEN- TRATION Stê enie produktu [%] ACTIVE SUBSTANCE Substncj ktywn ORANGE OIL Olej pomrñczy ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg - - PERCENTAGE OF LEAF AREA INFESTED % por onej powierzchni MARKET- ABLE YIELD Plon hndlowy [ kg. m 2 ] EFFICIENCY* Skutecznoœæ [%] EXPERIENCE IN SPRING CYCLE Doœwidczenie w cyklu uprwy wiosennej d 3.0 c 3.9 c e 17.5 c 18.1 c 53.7 TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05, VALUES IN COLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT LSD = 0.05) * EFFICACY OF PRODUCT CALCULATED BY ABBOTT' METHOD SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Wrtoœci liczbowe oznczone t¹ sm¹ liter¹ nie ró ni¹ siê istotnie przy = 0,05 * Skutecznoœæ obliczon z pomoc¹ wzoru Abbott' ród³o: obliczeni w³sne TABLE 4. EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW ( E. CICHORACEARUM/S. FULGINEA) ON CUCUMBER GROWN IN GREENHOUSE IN AUTUMN CYCLE. SKIERNIEIWCE 2007 Tbel 4. Ocen biologicznej skutecznoœci œrodków nturlnych w ochronie ogórk w uprwie pod os³onmi przed m¹cznikiem prwdziwym ( E. cichorcerum/s. fulgine) w cyklu uprwy jesiennej. Skierniewice 2007 TREATMENTS Bdne œrodki Prev-AM 060 SL Physpe 7 Grevit 200 SL CONTROL Kontrol PRODUCT CONCEN- TRATION Stê enie produktu [%] ACTIVE SUBSTANCE Substncj ktywn ORANGE OIL Olej pomrñczy ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg ALGAE EXTRACT Wyci¹g z lg - - PERCENTAGE OF LEAF AREA INFESTED % por onej powierzchni MARKET- ABLE YIELD Plon hndlowy [ kg. m 2 ] EFFICIENCY* Skutecznoœæ [%] EXPERIENCE IN SPRING CYCLE Doœwidczenie w cyklu uprwy wiosennej e 6.3 e 3.9 c f 2.6 d 4.4 b 6.2 TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05, VALUES IN COLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (LSD = 0.05) * EFFICACY OF PRODUCT CALCULATED BY ABBOTT' METHOD SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Wrtoœci liczbowe oznczone t¹ sm¹ liter¹ nie ró ni¹ siê istotnie przy = 0,05 * Skutecznoœæ obliczon z pomoc¹ wzoru Abbott' ród³o: bdni w³sne

60 Photogrphy 1 nd 2. Conidi nd hyphe of fungi: S. fulgine/e.cichorcerum on control cucumber leves (mgnifiction: Phot. 1: x 200 & Phot. 2: 600 x 3). Author of Phots: B. Dyki. Fotogrfi 1 i 2. Konidi i strzêpki grzybni S.fulgine/E.cichorcerum n liœciu kontrolnym (powiêkszenie: fot. 1: x 200 i fot. 2.: 600 x 3) Autor fotogrfii: B. Dyki. 3 4 PhotOGRAPHY 3 nd 4. Deformtion nd plsmolysis of conidi nd hyphe frgments of S. fulgine/e. cichorcerum on cucumber leves fter sprying PrevAM 060 SL (0,4%) (mgnifiction x 600). Author of Phots: B. Dyki. Fotogrfi 3 i 4. Deformcj i plzmoliz konidiów i frgmentów grzybni Spherothec fulgine/erisyphe cichorcerum n liœcich ogórk po opryskiwniu Prev-AM 060 SL (0,4%) (powiêkszenie x 600). Autor fotogrfii: B. Dyki.