MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF THE RESISTANCE TRAINING AND HIGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF RECREATIONAL TYPE IN YOUNG MEN

10.2478/mbs-2013-0034 Medical and Biological Sciences, 2013, 27/4, 39-45 ORIGINAL ARTICLE / PRACA ORYGINALNA Jadwiga Pietaszewska 1, Anna Budukiewicz,Aleksanda Stachoń 1,Justyna Andzejewska 1 MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF THE RESISTANCE TRAINING AND HIGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF RECREATIONAL TYPE IN YOUNG MEN MORFOLOGICZNE I FUNKCJONALNE EFEKTY TRENINGU OPOROWEGO I WYSOKIEJ AKTYWNOŚCI FIZYCZNEJ O CHARAKTERZE REKREACYJNYM U MŁODYCH MĘŻCZYZN Univesity School of Physical Education in Wocław Depatment of Physical Anthopology Head: Assoc. Pof. Anna Budukiewicz S u m m a y The influence of diffeent types of physical activity on body composition, muscle function, bones and joints is indisputable. It also shapes physical efficiency in diffeent peiods of ontogenesis. The aim of this eseach was to evaluate the mophological and functional effects of the esistance taining used by amateu bodybuildes, with efeence to subjects declaing high physical activity of diffeent type pefomed as eceation. Reseach data was taken fom the measuement of 31 amateu bodybuildes and 33 students attending the Univesity School of Physical Education, who declaed high physical activity of eceational type. The age of the subjects anged fom 21 to 24 yeas old. The anthopometic featues wee examined. Fat mass was assessed on the basis on the skinfolds thickness. The level of thee body build components: endomophy, mesomophy and ectomophy wee detemined with used of Sheldon method. In ode to compute static stength in foeam muscles, eseaches measued the handgip of ight and left hands. The examined goup of students and bodybuildes did not eveal any statistically significant diffeences in mean body height and components, e.g. length of tunk and lowe limbs. Howeve, obsevable diffeences wee ecoded in efeence to body mass, which was highe fo the goup of bodybuildes. The bodybuildes wee chaacteised by significantly wide shouldes and chest. Also, the values of wist and knee bone beadth wee highe in compaison to the goup of students. The two goups diffeed distinctly in muscle development within the uppe tunk aea, shoulde gidle and uppe limbs. Endomophy and mesomophy obtained highe values in bodybuildes, while in students they wee chaacteised by geate body slendeness. Handgip stength was significantly highe fo bodybuildes. The eseach confimed that both eceational physical activities (jogging, swimming, cycling) and esistance taining have a positive influence on the coect body composition and impovement of espiatoy and stength capabilities. S t e s z c z e n i e Różnoodne ćwiczenia fizyczne mają znaczący wpływ na skład ciała, funkcjonowanie mięśni, kości i stawów oaz kształtowanie wydolności fizycznej człowieka w óżnych okesach ontogenezy. Celem podjętych badań była ocena efektów mofologicznych i funkcjonalnych teningu opoowego stosowanego pzez kultuystów amatoów na tle osób deklaujących wysoką aktywność fizyczną o chaakteze ekeacyjnym. Mateiał badawczy stanowią wyniki pomiaów 31 kultuystów amatoów oaz 33 studentów Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego, któzy deklaowali wysoką aktywność fizyczną o chaakteze ekeacyjnym. Wiek badanych mieści się w pzedziale 21-24 lata. Do badań uwzględniono cechy antopometyczne (wysokości, szeokości, obwody i fałdy skóno-tłuszczowe).

40 Jadwiga Pietaszewska et al. Zawatość tłuszczu okeślono metodą antopometyczną. Okeślono poziom ozwoju tzech komponentów budowy: endomofii, mezomofii i ektomofii. Zmiezono także siłę ścisku ęki pawej i lewej, któa okeśla siłę statyczną mięśni pzedamienia. Śednia wysokość ciała ani jej składowe, tzn. długość kopusu ciała i kończyn dolnych nie óżnią istotnie badanych kultuystów i studentów. Wyaźne óżnice występują natomiast w pzypadku masy ciała, któa kształtuje się na kozyść kultuystów. Kultuyści dominują istotnie nad gupą studentów pod względem szeokości baków, klatki piesiowej oaz szeokości międzyylcowej i kolanowej. Badzo wyaźnie óżnią obie gupy także cechy opisujące ozwój umięśnienia w obębie gónej części tułowia, obęczy bakowej i kończyn gónych. Endomofia i mezomofia osiągają wyższe watości u kultuystów. Natomiast studenci chaakteyzują się większą smukłością ciała. Siła ścisku ęki pawej i lewej jest istotnie wyższa u kultuystów. Badania dowiodły, że zaówno systematyczne ćwiczenia fizyczne o chaakteze ekeacyjnym (biegi, pływanie, jazda na oweze), jak i tening opoowy wpływają pozytywnie na kształtowanie się pawidłowych stosunków tkankowych, popawę spawności oddechowej oaz możliwości siłowych człowieka. Key wods: amateu bodybuildes, students, anthopometic measuements, functional featues Słowa kluczowe: kultuyści amatozy, studenci, pomiay antopometyczne, cechy funkcjonalne INTRODUCTION The pope physical development of young people is detemined by the systematic pefomance of physical activities. Execises pefomed by the eldely help to impove and sustain thei health. The influence of diffeent types of physical activity on body composition, muscle function, bones and joints is indisputable. It also shapes physical efficiency in diffeent peiods of ontogenesis. Much eseach has poven that appopiately selected physical activity deceases the isk of pematue death and also helps pevent coonay atey diseases, high blood pessue, cances and diabetes. Resistance taining of inspiatoy muscles can constitute one of the additional means suppoting the ciculatoy-espiatoy system of an athlete. Resistance execise impoves muscle mass, stength, enduance and physical fitness [1]. What is moe, it inceases stength in efeence to mass [2]. This type of execise dominates the pactice of bodybuilding. The essence of bodybuilding is to shape the body though the hypetophy of skeletal muscles, esults being obtained though the pefomance of physical execise with a load. Competitos shape thei bodies though the incease of mass and development of mesomophy [3]. Simultaneously, these contestants aim to educe subscapula fat to maximum level in ode to pesent the muscles. Howeve, duing offseason and at the season s beginning, mophological esults may diffe. Out of off-season the main pupose of the stength taining is the muscle hypetophy. Duing that peiod, contestants ae likely to put on geate amounts of fat tissue. Howeve, pepaations befoe the season s beginning foce them to decease fat tissue while simultaneously etaining as much lage muscle mass as possible. These changes ae the esult of cetain diet modifications, as well as taining [4]. Bette access to fitness clubs and gyms has inceased the populaity of taining and become a common type of eceation. Even though the majoity of people pacticing eceational spots focus mainly on the impovement of thei figue, thee ae those who teat stength taining as a way to impove thei health and physical condition. Theefoe, the aim of this eseach was to evaluate the mophological and functional effects of the esistance taining used by bodybuildes, with efeence to subjects declaing high physical activity of diffeent type pefomed as eceation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Reseach data was taken fom the measuement of 31 amateu bodybuildes and 33 students attending the Univesity School of Physical Education, who declaed high physical activity of eceational type. The age of the subjects anged fom 21 to 24 yeas old (bodybuildes: 22.2± 2.39 yeas; students: 21.8±2.14 yeas)). The bodybuildes taining peiod was divesified and anged fom 3 to 8 yeas (4.9±1.6 yeas). Each execises at least 1.5 hous, fou times pe week. The students wee physically active fo at least 1.5 hous, 3 times pe week. They pacticed unning, swimming, cycling, team games and occasionally tained at the gym. Diet of the subjects paticipating in the eseach was balanced and they did not use any dietay supplements. The measuements wee taken Matin s technique. An anthopomete was used to detemine body height (B-v), sitting height (B-vs) and the length of lowe limbs (B-sy). A speading callipe was applied to measue the width of: biacomial (a-a), bideltoideum (dl-dl), biiliocistal (ic-ic) and chest depth (xi-ths) and width (thl-thl). Moeove, the beadths of epiphysis of

Mophological and functional effects of the esistance taining and high physical activity of eceational type in young men 41 the following bones wee measued: elbow (cl-cm), knee (epl-epm), intestyloid (sp-spu). Digital scales wee used to measue body mass and anthopometic tape was used to detemine the cicumfeence of the following body pats: neck, shoulde gidle, chest, waist, am in tension and at est, minimum and maximum cicumfeence of foeam, hips, maximum of a thigh and maximum and minimum of a calf. A Hapenden skinfold callipe, with a constant sping pessue of 10g/mm 2, was used to measue the following skinfolds: subscapula, ticeps, foeam, supailiac, calf and stomach. Based on this, the sum of tunk and limb skinfolds was computed. Futhemoe, an index descibing subcutaneous fat distibution was applied (sum of limb skinfolds / sum of tunk skinfolds). Fat content (FM) was detemined though the use of an anthopometic method. The sum of thee skinfolds (3SF: ticeps + subscapula + abdominal) was used to estimate body density [5]: D= 1.0982-0.000815 (3SF)- 0.000000(3SF) 2 (Equation 1) The pecentage of fat in body mass was calculated on the basis of the fallowing Keys and Bożek equation [6]: 4.201 % F 100*( 3.813) (Equation 2) D BMI was employed to evaluate the weight-height coelation. The development level of endomophy, mesomophy and ectomophy was detemined accoding to W.H Sheldon s typology in the Heath- Cate modification [7]. The satuation of somatotype with a selected component was expessed on a gaded scale, anging fom 1-7 points. Fatness was expessed by endomophy. Mesomophy is elated to the level of muscle development and the massiveness of bones. Ectomophy descibes body slendeness. In ode to compute static stength in foeam muscles, eseaches measued the handgip of ight and left hands. To conduct the measuements, they employed the Hand Gip Dynamomete (Takei) with a measuing ange: 0-100 kg, pecision of 0.5 kg, and adjustable handle. Basic statistical methods wee employed to evaluate the measued data (STATISTICA 9,0). Befoe the calculations, eseaches examined the distibution of analysed vaiables Kolmogoov-Sminov test and did not obseve any significant deviations. On this basis, they applied methods based on nomal distibution. T- Student test was used to descibe integoup divesification. The coelations of handgip stength and mophological featues wee analysed with the Peason`s linea coelation coefficient. RESULTS The examined goup of students and bodybuildes did not eveal any statistically significant diffeences in mean body height and components, e.g. length of tunk and lowe limbs (Table I). Table I. Statistical chaacteistics of body mass, body height and width of the examined men (mean ± SD) and coelation of the handgip stength with these featues Tabela I. Chaakteystyka statystyczna masy ciała, wysokości i szeokości u badanych(śednia± SD) oaz koelacje siły ścisku z badanymi cechami Vaiable Bodybuildes Kultuyści Peason`s Peasona Body mass (kg) Masa ciała (kg) 81,33 ± 9,27 * 75,11 ± 7,45 0,352 Body height (cm) Wysokość ciała (cm) 179,75 ± 6,66 178,70 ± 5,25 0,187 Legs length (cm) Długość kończyn dolnych (cm) 93,30 ± 4,91 93,98 ± 4,00 0,180 Sitting height (cm) Wysokość siedzeniowa (cm) 94,26 ± 3,07 93,7 ± 3,09 0,127 Biacomial diamete (cm) Szeokośc baków (cm) 42,09 ± 2,02 * 40,76 ± 2,22 0,336 Bideltoideum diamete (cm) Szeokośc deltoidem (cm) 48,68 ± 2,28 * 46,13 ± 2,70 0,184 Chest diamete (cm) Szeokośc klatki 28,41 ± piesiowej (cm) 30,08 ± 1,75 * Chest depth (cm) Głębokośc klatki piesiowej (cm) 20,00 ± 1,72 Biiliocistal diamete (cm) Szeokość biode (cm) 28,36 ± 1,83 Elbow beadth (cm) Szeokośc łokcia (cm) 7,23 ± 0,51 Intestyloid beadth (cm) Szeokość 5,66 ± międzyylcowa (cm) 5,92 ± 0,36 * 2,11 0,174 19,71 ± 1,78 0,044 28,24 ± 1,71 0,172 7,00 ± 0,49 0,298 0,32 0,433 Knee beadth (cm) Szeokość kolana (cm) 10,04 ± 0,50 * 9,70 ± 0,64 0,078 *Statistically significant diffeence vesus ` goup (*p < * Różnice istotne statystycznie w poównaniu z gupą studentów Howeve, obsevable diffeences wee ecoded in efeence to body mass, which was highe fo the goup of bodybuildes (diffeence 6.2 kg). The bodybuildes wee chaacteised by significantly wide shouldes (diffeence 1.3 cm), bideltoideum (diffeence 2.5 cm) and chest (diffeence 1.6 cm). Also the values of wist and knee bone beadth wee highe in

42 Jadwiga Pietaszewska et al. compaison to the goup of students (diffeence 0.3 cm). Thee wee no diffeences obseved in the chest depth, biiliocistal diamete and elbow beadth. The two goups diffeed distinctly in muscle development within the uppe tunk aea, shoulde gidle and uppe limbs (Table II). Table II. Statistical chaacteistics of cicumfeence of the examined men (mean ± SD) and coelation of the handgip stength with these featues Tabela II. Chaakteystyka statystyczna obwodów ciała u badanych (śednia± SD) oaz koelacje siły ścisku z tymi cechami Vaiable Bodybuildes Kultuyści Peason`s Peasona Neck cicumfeence (cm) Obwód szyi (cm) 39,84 ± 2,24 * 38,36 ± 1,56 0,457 Shoulde gidle cicumfeence (cm) Obwód obęczy bakowej (cm) 121,64 ±7,10 * 113,40 ± 6,07 0,568 Chest cicumfeence in est (cm) Obwód kl. pies. w spoczynku (cm) 91,10 ± 4,53 * 87,20 ± Chest cicumfeence (inspiation) (cm) Obwód kl. pies w max. wdechu (cm) 97,49 ± 4,68 * 93,31 ± Chest cicumfeence (expiation) (cm) Obwód kl. pies w max. wydechu (cm) 88,63 ± 5,16 * 84,65 ± Wist cicumfeence (cm) Obwód pasa (cm0 81,60 ± 5,75 Am cicumfeence (in est) (cm) Obwód amienia w 29,07 ± spocz, (cm) 33,67 ± 3,03 * Am cicumfeence (in tension) (cm) Obwód amienia w napięciu (cm) 37,63 ± 3,38 * 32,73 ± Foeam cicumfeence (max.) (cm) Obwód pzedamienia (max) (cm) 29,31 ± 2,20 * 27,43 ± Foeam cicumfeence (min.) (cm) Obwód pzedamienia (min) (cm) 18,40 ± 1,99 * 17,12 ± Hip cicumfeence (cm) Obwód biode (cm) 99,30 ± 4,56 High cicumfeence (cm) Obwód uda (cm) 59,08 ± 3,60 Calf cicumfeence (max.) (cm) Obwód podudzia (max) (cm) 38,58 ± 2,03 Calf cicumfeence (min.) (cm) Obwód podudzia (min) (cm) 24,11 ± 1,44 4,15 0,455 4,21 0,431 4,64 0,349 81,92 ± 5,12 0,243 1,86 0,452 1,95 0,403 1,35 0,601 0,97 0,401 97,89 ± 4,35 0,055 57,89 ± 3,57 0,287 37,89 ± 2,41 0,308 23,70 ± 1,53 0,204 *Statistically significant diffeence vesus ` goup (*p < * Różnice istotne statystycznie w poównaniu z gupą studentów The values of shoulde gidle (diffeence 8.2 cm), chest cicumfeence (diffeence ove 4 cm), am cicumfeence in tension, am cicumfeence at est (diffeence appox. 5 cm) and foeam cicumfeence (diffeence 1.9 cm) wee highe fo bodybuildes. The bodybuildes also obtained highe values fo the emaining body measuements (biiliocistal diametes, thigh and calf cicumfeence); howeve, these figues wee statistically insignificant. Skinfold thickness was geate among the bodybuildes; howeve, fo the majoity of skinfolds the eseaches did not obseve any significant integoup divesification (Table III). Table III. Statistical chaacteistics of skinfolds of the examined handgip stength in the examined men (mean ± SD) and coelation of the handgip stength with the examined skinfolds Tabela III. Chaakteystyka statystyczna fałdów skónotłuszczowych u badanych (śednia± SD) oaz koelacje siły ścisku z tymi cechami Vaiable Bodybuildes Kultuyści Subscapula skinfold (mm) 9,04 ± Fałd tł. pod łopatką (mm) 9,68 ± 1,63 * Ticeps skinfold (mm) Fałd tł. nad ticepsem (mm) 5,91 ± 2,28 Foeam skinfold (mm) Fałd tł. na pzedamieniu (mm) 4,05 ± 1,14 Supailiac skinfold (mm) Fałd tł. nad gzebieniem biod. (mm) 9,89 ± 2,75 Peason`s Peasona 2,03 0,162 4,94 ± 2,60 0,111 3,62 ± 0,96 0,106 8,76 ± 3,81 0,170 Stomach skinfold (mm) Fałd tł. na bzuchu (mm) 9,32 ± 2,89 9,63 ± 4,51 0,739 Calf skinfold (mm) Fałd tł. na podudziu (mm) 5,65 ± 1,71 * 4,90 ± 2,08 0,111 Sum of skinfolds on the tunk (mm) Suma fałdów tułowia (mm) 25,23 ± 5,02 22,70 ± 6,28 Sum of skinfolds of the limbs (mm) Suma fałdów kończyn (mm) 15,22 ± 3,14 Sum of skinfolds of the limbs / Sum of skinfolds on the tunk Suma f. kończyn /suma f. tułowia 0,61 ± 0,11 13,46 ± 5,15 0,60 ± 0,17 *Statistically significant diffeence vesus ` goup (*p < * Różnice istotne statystycznie w poównaniu z gupą studentów Only subscapula and calf skinfolds wee significantly thicke in subjects execising at the gym (0.64 mm and 0.75 mm espectively). Such coelation was also obseved in the simila values of skinfold

Mophological and functional effects of the esistance taining and high physical activity of eceational type in young men 43 sums fo limbs, tunk and in the amount of fat in the subjects of both goups. The fat distibution index was almost identical in both goups. A diffeence was obseved in the development of body components. Endomophy and mesomophy obtained highe values in bodybuildes, while in students they wee chaacteised by geate body slendeness. The numbes descibing somatotype of bodybuildes wee: 2.78-6.27-1.91, while those of students: 2.23-5.05-2.47. BMI indicated geate massiveness of the bodybuildes (Table IV). The mobility of the chest is simila in both goups and indicates good espiatoy fitness of the examined subjects. Table IV. Statistical chaacteistics of the body build components, body density and pecentage amount of fat, BMI and handgip stength in the examined men (mean ± SD) Tabela IV. Chaakteystyka statystyczna komponentów budowy, gęstości ciała, udziału tłuszczu, BMI i siły ścisku u badanych (śednia± SD) Vaiable Bodybuildes Kultuyści Endomophy Endomofia 2,78 ± 0,83 * 2,23 ± 0,78 Mesomophy Mezomofia 6,27 ± 1,21 * 5,05 ± 1,04 Ectomophy Ektomofia 1,91 ± 0,83 * 2,47 ± 0,77 Body density (g cm -3 ) Gęstośc ciała (g cm -3 ) 1,0736 ± 0,0049 1,0737 ±0,0102 Fat (%) Tłuszcz (%) 9,992 ± 1,77 9,986 ± 3,76 BMI (kg m -2 ) 24,9 ± 2,07* 23,5 ± 1,69 HSR (kg) 55,09 ± 6,79 * 49,00 ± 8,64 HSL (kg) 52,47 ± 5,89 * 45,32 ± 7,47 HSR+HSL (kg) 107,56 ± 12,05 * 94,32 ± 15,50 (HSR+HSL)/body mass (kg/kg) (HSR+HSL) /masa ciała (kg/kg) 1,33 ± 0,18 1,26 ± 0,21 BMI Body mass index, HSR- Handgip stength (ight), HSL- Handgip stength (left), HSR+HSL sum of ight and left handgip stength BMI wskaźnik masy ciała, HSR- siła ścisku ęki pawej, HSL- siła ścisku ęki lewej, HSR+HSL suma siły ścisku ęki pawej i lewej *Statistically significant diffeence vesus ` goup (*p < * Różnice istotne statystycznie w poównaniu z gupą studentów Handgip stength was significantly highe fo bodybuildes. The diffeence between the handgip of a bodybuilde and a student fo the ight hand was 6 kg while fo the left hand 7 kg. Nevetheless, the elative stength index in efeence to body mass did not eveal any statistically significant diffeences. Reseaches did not detemine any statistically significant coelations between the handgip stength of both hands and the somatic featues examined. The highest values the coelation indices wee obseved between handgip stength and foeam cicumfeence, shoulde gidle cicumfeence, chest cicumfeence and am cicumfeence. DISCUSSION Reseach on the significance of selected types of physical activities, such as enduance execises, has evealed thei beneficial influence on body tissue composition and the pope functioning of cadiovascula and espiatoy systems [8]. These types of execises can be pefomed by people at diffeent ages. Activities such as long distance unning, cosscounty skiing, swimming and cycling ae especially ecommended. Diffeent types of execises ae vey beneficial, especially when adjusted to the season of the yea o the place of stay. Such types of execises wee pefomed by the examined students. Only until ecently wee stength execises pefomed with geat esistance peceived as not beneficial. Stength taining was said to be an excellent way to develop and maintain body mass and muscles stength. Howeve, eseach cuently being conducted has poven these types of execises to have a good influence on health and the couse of some diseases [9, 10, 11]. Resistance taining may be effective in ceating suitable tissue elations and some of the functional featues. It was confimed by this study. These esults confimed the thesis that this type of taining as a pat of a complex stategy aimed at maintaining a healthy lifestyle among the young [12]. Bodybuilding equies intensive stength taining, leading to diffeent stuctual and functional body changes [13]. It is also essential to the development of muscles needed to incease handgip stength. The esults of stength taining depend on the technique and loads applied to selected body pats, hence they can be quite divese [14,15]. Theefoe, mophological featues ae elated to the popotions between length and width of the chest and waist, as well as body tissue composition. These featues fequently detemine the final success of a contestant in competition [16]. Bodybuildes examined in this eseach did not epesent the highest spots level which, in efeence to the top class contestants, was eflected in the lowe values of the selected somatic paametes [17]. The esults obtained eveal that bodybuildes display highe values of uppe tunk and limb width in contast to the students. Ogita [4] descibes these featues as significant duing competito assessment in

44 Jadwiga Pietaszewska et al. competitions. Hence, the obtained esults can be the effect of stength taining of selected body pats. Also, eseaches did not obseve any statistically significant diffeences in body fatness among the subjects. Skinfold thickness obseved in both goups indicated fat distibution typical fo men. The thickest wee subscapula and supailiac skinfolds. Peviously conducted eseach has indicated that fat accumulation in the abdominal aea is paticulaly dangeous. Such fat distibution inceases the occuence of ischemic heat disease, hypetension, cadiac failue and some cances [18, 19]. The examined subjects did not eveal any alaming fat distibution in this aea. The pecentage of fat was computed on the basis of density calculated fom the thickness of thee skinfolds. It is claimed by many eseaches that the estimation of body composition equies cetain anthopometic measuements of skinfolds since they ae moe pecise than othe methods applied to evaluate fat content [13]. The level of each component s development (endomophy, mesomophy and ectomophy) descibed typical coelations which occu in stength spots and matial ats [13,15,16,20,21]. Bodybuildes evealed distinct mesomophy domination in compaison to students, which descibed stong muscle development elated to the muscle hypetophy and geate massiveness of bones. This esulted in the incease of foce, examined by the use of a dynamomete. The values obtained by the bodybuildes wee high and exceeded the values obtained not only by the examined students, but also those of judokas examined by Fanchini et al. [22]. It can be pesumed that inceased foce may esult fom applied esistance taining [1,23]. Lage muscle stength has an influence on shaping bone mass [24]. This was eflected in the geate width of epiphysis of bones in bodybuildes, especially within the uppe limb aea. Relative foce showed inteesting values. Thee is a egulaity which says that body mass is a function of its volume while stength is popotional to the coss-sectional aea of a muscle [25, 26]. In elation to geate cicumfeences within the uppe limb aea, the absolute handgip of bodybuildes is geate. Howeve, the efeence of these values to body mass in the examined subjects indicated simila values of the index. Simila muscle fitness was shown in the epesentatives of both goups. The conducted eseach enabled the eseaches to indiectly evaluate the espiatoy pefomance of the examined subjects. The measued cicumfeence was used to compute the chest expansion (the cicumfeential diffeence between full inspiation and expiation). Amplitude detemined on the basis of the obtained esults was simila fo both goups (appox. 9 cm). Its value indicated good espiatoy fitness of both bodybuildes and students. Such fitness might esult fom an inceased physical activity of those subjects. CONCLUSIONS 1. On the basis of the esults obtained duing anthopometic measuements (tunk and limbs beadth and cicumfeence) it can be stated that esistance taining of amateu bodybuildes esulted in muscles hypetophy and inceased thei bone massiveness. 2. The analysis of skinfolds thickness showed that both esistance taining and eceational physical activity (swimming, jogging, cycling) esulted in the lowe level of fatness in the examined subjects. 3. The esults descibing chest mobility indicated good espiatoy fitness of the examined subjects egadless the type of physical activity. REFERENCES 1. Deschenes MR, Kaeme WJ. Pefomance and physiologic adaptations to esistance taining. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2002; 81(11): 3-16 2. Slate G, Phillips SM. Nutition guidelines fo stength spots: Spinting, weightlifting, thowing events, and bodybuilding. J Spot Sci, 2011; 29(Suppl. 1): 67-77 3. Lantz CD, Rhea DJ, Conelius AE. Muscle Dysmophia in Elite-Level Powe Liftes and Bodybuildes: A Test of Diffeences Within a Conceptual Model. J Stength Cond Res, 2002; 16(4): 649 655 4. Ogita S. The Effects of Body Composition Diffeences on Placement at Bodybuilding Competition Among Male Amateu Bodybuildes. Reseach Papes, Pape 26. Southen Illinois Univesity Cabondale; 2010 5. Lohman TG. Skinfolds and body density and thei elation to body fatness: A eview. Hum Biol, 1981; 53: 181-225 6. Sinning W.E. Body composition in Athletes. [in: ] eds: Roche A, Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG. Human Body composition, Human Kinetics; 1996 7. Cate JEL, Heath BH. Somatotyping- development and applications. Cambidge Studies in Biological Anthopology, Cambidge Univesity Pess 5; 1990 8. Gohlke H, Gohlke-Bawolf C. Cadiac ehabilitation: whee ae we going? Eu Heat Jounal 1998; 19: 1004-1010 9. Pollock ML, Fanklin BA, Balady GJ et al. Resistance Execise in Individuals With and Without Cadiovascula Disease. Ciculation, 2000; 101: 828-833

Mophological and functional effects of the esistance taining and high physical activity of eceational type in young men 45 10. McDemott MM, Ades P, Gualnik JM et al. Teadmill Execise and Resistance Taining in Patients With Peipheal Ateial Disease With and Without Intemittent Claudication. A Randomized Contolled Tial. JAMA, 2009; 301(2): 165-174 11. Mishchenko W, Sawczyn S, Zasada M et al. Effects of the esistance taining of inspiatoy muscles duing the health elated pogam of execises on aeobic woking capacity in young women. Medical and Biological Sciences, 2011, 25(3): 51-58 12. Faigenbaum A.D. Resistance Taining fo Childen and Adolescents: Ae Thee Health Outcomes? Ameican Jounal of lifestyle medicine (AJLM), 2007; 1: 190-200 13. Huygens W, Claessens AL, Thomis M et al. Body composition estimations by BIA vesus anthopometic equations in body builes and othe powe athletes. J Spots Med Phys Fitness, 2002; 42(1): 45-55 14. Ca GA eds: Mechanics of spot. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics; 1997 15. Iman M, Hussain I, Mutaza ST et al. A Compaative Study of Body Buildes and Weight Liftes on Somatotypes. Jounal of Education and Pactice, 2011; 2(3): 155-160 16. Fy AC, Ryan AJ, Schwab RJ et al.. Anthopometic chaacteistics as disciminatos of body building success. J Spot Sci, 1991; 9(1): 23-32 17. Jüimäe J, Abenethy PJ, Quigley BM et al. Diffeences in muscle contactile chaacteistics among bodybuildes, enduance taines and contol subjects. Eu J Appl Physiol, 1997; 75: 357-362 18. Yanell JW, Patteson CC, Thomas HF et al. Cental obesity: pedictive value of skinfold measuements subsequent ischaemic heat disease at 14 yeas follow-up in Caephilly Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disod, 2001; 25: 1546 1549 19. Koh-Banejee P, Wang Y, Hu FB et al. Changes in body weight and body fat distibution as isk factos fo clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol, 2004; 159: 1150 1159 20. Stekowicz-Pzybycień KL, Stekowicz S, Żaów RT. Somatotype, Body Composition and Popotionality in Polish Top Geco-Roman Westles. J Hum Kinet, 2011; 28: 141-154 21. Chazewski J, Głaz A, Kuźnicki S. Somatotype chaacteistics of elite Euopean westles. Biol Spot, 1991; 8(4): 213-221 22. Fanchini E, Takito MY, Kiss MA et al. Physical fitness and anthopometical diffeences between elite and nonelite judo playes. Biol Spot, 2005; 22(4): 315-328 23. Tan B. Manipulating Resistance Taining Pogam Vaiables to Optimize Maximum Stength in Men: A Review. J Stength Cond Res, 1999; 13(3): 289 304 24. Bu D.B. Muscle Stength, Bone Mass, and Age-Related Bone Loss. J Bone Mine Res, 1997; 12(10): 1547 1551 25. Malaecki I. The elationship between some anthopological factos and spots pefomance. B J Spots Med, 1973; 7(1-2), 277 278 26. Zatsiosky VM, Kaeme WJ. Science and pactice of stength taining. Champaign, Human Kinetics; 2006 Addess fo coespondence: Jadwiga Pietaszewska Depatment of Physical Anthopology Univesity School of Physical Education 51-612 Wocław Al. I.J. Padeewskiego 35, P-2, Poland Phone numbe: + 48 71 347 33 44 E-mail: jadwiga.pietaszewska@awf.woc.pl Received: 22.07.2013 Accepted fo publication: 14.10.2013