ACTA AGROBOTANICA Vol. 58, z. 1 2005 s. 51 58 Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat AGNIESZKA M CZYÑSKA, MARIOLA G AZEK, BARBARA KRZYZIÑSKA Plant Protection Institute, Soœnicowice Branch, ul. Gliwicka 29, 44 153 Soœnicowice (Received: 15.03.2005) S u m m a r y Field experiments were carried out in the seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 in Plant Protection Institute, Soœnicowice Branch to assess the influence of foliar fertilizers such as Ekolist PK 1, Ekolist Mg, Mikrosol Z and Urea on healthiness of winter wheat. Foliar fertilizers were mixed with fungicides. The fungicides were applied at full or half recommended doses. The effect of the disease on wheat leaves was evaluated three times in each vegetation season. Remaining green leaf area (GLA) of leaves was also determined. GLA of the leaves F-1 was not significantly different for each combination with different fertilization and different levels of chemical treatment. The application of foliar fertilizer only had no effect on green leaf area (GLA). The results indicate that foliar fertilization of all experimental plots improved leaf condition and therefore halted the development of wheat leaf diseases. The increases of 1000 grain mass and yield was high for each plot where a fertilizer and a full or half dose of a fungicide was applied. Foliar fertilizing with no chemical control had no proven effect on studied parameters. Kay words: foliar fertilizer, Blumeria graminis, Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici repentis, Puccinia recondita, INTRODUCTION Traditional soil fertilization does not always ensure the availability of indispensable mineral compounds for correct growth and development of plants, and obtaining high grain yield of a good quality. Some soil and climatic conditions such as: low or too high ph of the soil, insufficient content of humus, low soil resources of macro- and microelements, and unfavourable distribution of rainfall during the
52 Agnieszka M¹czyñska, Mariola G³azek, Barbara Krzyziñska vegetation period inhibit the uptake of mineral elements from the soil and plant growth. In such conditions the application of policompound foliar fertilizers with microelements complement deficient mineral elements and can influence the increase of yield and also confine the occurrence of plant diseases (J a b ³ o ñ s k i and Dryjañska, 1998; G³azek and Krzyziñska, 2003). At the stages of intensive plant growth, apart of foliar fertilization, plant protection measures are also applied. In Plant Protection Institute Branch in Soœnicowice plot experiments were carried out in the vegetative seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 on joint application of foliar fertilizers with fungicides used at the recommended or lowered doses. Trial results have shown a good possibility of using reduced rates while still obtaining acceptable control of cereal diseases without an risk of yield losses. It is a necessity, however, that treatments are carried out at low or medium disease (J rgensen 1989, J rgensen and Nilsen 1989). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out at the Plant Protection Institute, Soœnicowice Branch. The design of the trials was randomized complete block with four replicates and plot size 20 m 2. All fungicides were applied at full dose and a half dose with or without foliar fertilizing. Experimental combinations and spray dates are given in Table 1. The effect of the disease on wheat leaves was evaluated three times per each vegetation season. Details of disease assessment are given in Table 2. The severity of leaf infection by diseases was determined: powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), septoria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria nodorum), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondita). Per cent coverage of leaves by individual pathogens was estimated. During the experiments, at the growth stage GS-75 (medium milk) green leaf area was recorded. Yield was calculated at 14% moisture content. The 1000-grain weight was measured for each experimental combination. The results were subjected to analysis of variance. RESULTS On the basis of research performed during two vegetations it was conducted that the reduction of wheat leaf infection by pathogenic fungi and preservation of assimilating leaf was mainly due to chemical control of diseases. Lowered by 50% doses of applied fungicides were nearly as effective as full recommended doses. Foliar fertilization without chemical control of diseases with fungicides had no effect on the reduction of wheat leaf infection by Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici repentis and Puccinia recondita. However, a tendency of the reduction of leaf infection by Blumeria graminis (43%) was observed after the application of foliar fertilization without chemical control. Foliar fertilization with 50% fungicide doses proved similarly effective in reducing winter wheat leaf infections foliar fertilization with full fungicide doses (Table 3).
Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat 53 Table 1 Experimental combinations and spray dates
54 Agnieszka M¹czyñska, Mariola G³azek, Barbara Krzyziñska Table 2 Number and terms of disease assessment In both vegetative seasons, the application of fungicides had a distinct influence on 1000 grain mass and grain yield. When full doses and reduced doses of the same fungicides were applied, the increase of grain yield amounted to 52% and 43%, respectively. Supplementary foliar fertilization in the experimental object with reduced by 50% fungicide doses did not contribute to the increase of 1000 grain mass and grain yield of winter wheat. Obtained results showed a tendency of increase of 1000 grain mass and grain yield in the case of application of full chemical control, especially when a supplementary foliar fertilization was applied. In this experimental object 1000 grain mass and yield was higher by 4% as compared to the object where only full chemical protection with fungicides was applied. The results only application of foliar fertilization without chemical protection were statistically insignificant (Table 4). DISCUSSION Obtained results indicate that in conditions of a moderate infection of winter wheat leaves with pathogenic fungal good results can be obtained in the cases of proper soil or foliar fertilization and a parallel application of reduced by half doses of fungicides. Similar results were obtained in experiments performed in potato culture. Jab³oñski and Bernat (2001) showed that the effectiveness of Mikrosol Zm applied together with fungicides at half of recommended dose in late blight control of potatoes was the same as the effectiveness of fungicides applied at recommended doses. J rgensen and Nilsen (1994) showed good control of winter wheat in Denmark, using doses as low as 25% of manufacturers recommended dose. Hedke and Verreet (1999) in Northern Germany found no significant differences in levels of Septoria tritici or Blumeria graminis or in yield or quality of winter wheat when
Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat 55 Table 3. The level of foliar disease occurrence on winter wheat: powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), septoria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria nodorum), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and green leaf area. The effect of fungicides and fertilizers on winter wheat leaves health. * efficacy calculated according to Abbot s formula
56 Agnieszka M¹czyñska, Mariola G³azek, Barbara Krzyziñska Table 4. Weight of one thousand grains and grain yield recommended doses of fungicides were reduced to 50%. Wa l e (1990), in Scotland, showed that low doses of morpholine and triazole mixtures could control mildew on spring barley as effectively as full dose morpholine fungicides and thereby increased profitability. In winter wheat full rate programmes and half rate, programmes achieved effective control of foliar disease. This was true in the situations where disease pressure was high, as in the situation where the disease pressure was low (Wa l e and Oxley 1992). Work by Mercer and Ruddock (1996, 1999, 2003) showed a considerable potential for reduction of fungicide dose on cereals in Northern Ireland. Success in omitting sprays at conventional timings or reducing doses requires attention to detail, regular crop inspection, accurate disease identification and timely fungicide application (Wa l e and Oxley 1992). In described experiments there was no reduction in wheat leaf infection with pathogenic fungi, with only one exception where some degree of leaf infection was observed after foliar fertilization without chemical protection. Ko³ota and Osiñs k a (2001) showed that in the experiments conducted in vegetable foliar fertilization significantly decreased the level of cucumber leaf infection by downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). In our experiments performed in winter wheat the increase of yield was not recorded after foliar fertilization with no supplementary chemical control. Statistically significant influence on winter wheat yield was observed in the experimental treatments which included fungicidal plant protection (increase: 43-52% as compared to untreated control) and fungicidal plant protection together with foliar fertilizers
Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat 57 (increase: 43-56% as compared to untreated control). In the experiments conducted in vegetable production the maximum increase in marketable yield after foliar fertilization was 30.2% in cabbage, 10.8% in onion, 9.6% in iceberg lettuce and 7.3% in cucumber (Szwonek and al. 2000; K o³ota and Osiñska 2001, Osiñska and Ko³ota 2002). Obtained results show the advantage of using joint application of policompound foliar fertilizers and fungicides. Apart the observed better condition (plants: strong, stiff and straight); and healthiness of plants as well as the increase of grain yield, also the economic aspect resulting in from the confined number of treatments is important. REFERENCES G³azek M., Krzyziñska B., 2003. Kolejne mo liwoœci ³¹cznego stosowania wielosk³adni kowych nawozów dolistnych i fungicydów lub insektycydów w pszenicy ozimej. Ochrona Roœlin 2003 (1): 2 4. Hedke K., Verreet J. A., 1999. Efficacy of single fungicide treatments using recommended and reduced dosages. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz J. Plant Dis. Prot. 106: 98 108. Jab³oñski K., Dryjañska M., 1998. Wp³yw dolistnego dokarmiania ziemniaków prepa ratami typu Wuxal na plon i jego strukturê oraz sk³ad chemiczne bulw. Fol. Univ. Agric. Stetin. Agricultura 72: 115 121. Jab³oñski K., Bernat E., 2001. Wp³yw dolistnego nawo enia Mikrosolem Zm na kszta³ towanie siê plonu ziemniaka i jego jakoœæ oraz mo liwoœæ ograniczenia stosowania fungicydów do zwalczania zarazy ziemniaka. Progress in Plant Protection Vol. 41 (1): 299 305. J rgensen L. N., 1998. Reduced dosages of fungicides in winter wheat. Nordic Plant Protec tion Conference 1989. Plant Protection Centre. pp 15 20. J rgensen L. N., Nilsen B. J., 1994. Control of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) on winter wheat by ergosterol inhibitors at full and reduced dosages. Crop Prot. 13: 323 330. J rgensen L. N., N ilsen B. J., 1989. Control of fungal diseases in winter wheat. 1988. 6 th Danish Plant Protection Conference Pest and Diseases. pp 105 118. Ko³ota E., Osiñska M., 2001. Efficiency of foliar nutrition of field vegetables grown at different nitrogen rates. Acta Horticulturae 563: 87 91. Mercer P. C., Ruddock A.,1996. Appropriate doses of fungicides against cereal diseases in Northern Ireland. Proceedings Crop Protection in Northern Britain. pp. 109 114. Mercer P. C., Ruddock A., 1999.The interaction of variety and fungicide dose in the control of spring barley. Proceedings Crop Protection in Northern Britain. pp. 61 66. Mercer P. C., Ruddock A., 2003. Disease management of spring barley with reduced doses of fungicides in Northern Ireland. Crop Protection 22: 79 85. Osiñska M., Ko³ota E., 2002. The effect of foliar policompound fertilizers on yield of iceberg lettuce. Folia Horiculturae 14/1: 171 176. Szwonek E., Fele yñska A., Robak J., 2000. Suppressive foliar fertilizers application versus fungicides treatment of cucumbers. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 533: 425 436. Wale S. J. 1990. The potential of low rate fungicide mixtures for disease control in spring barley. Proceedings Crop Protection in Northern Britain. pp. 89 94. Wale S. J., Oxley S., 1992. An evaluation of the potential of reduced fungicide programmers in winter wheat. Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pest and Diseases Vol. 2.: 603 608.
58 Agnieszka M¹czyñska, Mariola G³azek, Barbara Krzyziñska Wp³yw nawo enia dolistnego i ochrony fungicydowej na pora enie liœci pszenicy ozimej S t r e s z c z e n i e W latach 2000-2002 w Oddziale Instytutu Ochrony Roœlin w Soœnicowicach przeprowadzono badania nad wp³ywem nawozów dolistnych (Ekolist PK 1, Ekolist Mg, Mikrosol Z i mocznik) na zdrowotnoœæ i kondycjê roœlin pszenicy ozimej. Nawozy dolistne stosowano samodzielnie jak równie w po³¹czeniu z fungicydami stosowanymi w zalecanych oraz w obni onych do po³owy dawkach. Oceniano procent powierzchni pora enia liœci przez takie choroby jak: m¹czniak prawdziwy (Blumeria graminis), septorioza plew (Phaeosphaeria nodorum), brunatna plamistoœæ liœci (Pyrenophora tritici repentis) oraz rdza brunatna (Puccinia recondita). W fazie rozwojowej pszenicy GS-75 oceniano zachowan¹ powierzchniê zielon¹ liœci. Oceniano plon i masê tysi¹ca nasion. Wyniki opracowano statystycznie, za pomoc¹ analizy wariancji z testem t-studenta na poziomie istotnoœci 5%. Zachowana powierzchnia asymilacyjna liœci podflagowych pszenicy nie ró ni- ³a siê istotnie pomiêdzy obiektami z zastosowaniem zró nicowanego nawo enia oraz ró nych poziomów ochrony chemicznej. Zastosowanie samych nawozów dolistnych nie da³o efektu zwiêkszenia powierzchni zielonej liœci. Uzyskane wyniki wskazuj¹, e zastosowanie nawo enia dolistnego dziêki poprawieniu kondycji roœlin, lekko przyhamowuje rozwój chorób liœci pszenicy. Uzyskano wysokie wzrosty masy tysi¹ca ziaren oraz plonu ziarna w ka dym z obiektów doœwiadczalnych z zastosowaniem nawo enia i ochrony. Zastosowanie nawo enia dolistnego bez chemicznej ochrony nie mia³o udowodnionego wp³ywu na wzrost masy tysi¹ca ziaren i plon ziarna badanej pszenicy.