WORK PERSONAL LIFE BETWEEN HARMONY AND DISINTEGRATION

WORK PERSONAL LIFE BETWEEN HARMONY AND DISINTEGRATION Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 1 15.06.2016 09:11

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WORK PERSONAL LIFE BETWEEN HARMONY AND DISINTEGRATION edited by Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec Kraków 2015 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 3 15.06.2016 09:11

Copyright by Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls, Kraków 2015 Reviewer / Recenzent: dr hab. Bogusława Lachowska Language editor / Redakcja językowa: Aleksandra Pawlicka Proofreading / Redakcja wydawnicza: Michał Chmiel Cover design / Projekt okładki: Anna M. Damasiewicz Cover photos / Zdjęcia na okładce: Work Personal Life: Yucan Chen Depositphotos.com Personal resources / Zasoby osobiste: Evgeny Sergeev Depositphotos.com Desktop publisher / Opracowanie typograficzne: Alicja Kuźma Publication subsidized by the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Wydanie publikacji dofinansowane przez Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy ISBN 978-83-7850-985-1 Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls 30-619 Kraków, ul. Turniejowa 59/5 tel./fax: (12) 422 41 80, 422 59 47, 506 624 220 www.impulsoficyna.com.pl, e-mail: impuls@impulsoficyna.com.pl Wydanie I, Kraków 2015 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 4 15.06.2016 09:11

Table of Contents Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration Introduction... 13 Bibliography... 18 I. DISINTEGRATION OF THE WORK PRIVATE LIFE RELATIONS AS A THREAT TO MARRIAGE AND FAMILY Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. The disturbances of work-family life relations as a threat to the integral development of the individual... 21 Introduction... 21 Work-life balance as the postulated value in contemporary enterprises... 22 Towards the new world of labour and the consumer society... 28 Conclusions... 30 Bibliography... 33 Abstract... 34 Biographical note... 35 Zdzisław Wołk. Experiencing work as a factor differentiating professional work private life relations in early adulthood... 37 Introduction... 37 Work-life relations in the context of early adulthood... 37 Underestimation of expenses and personal costs one bears... 41 Calculation and hierarchization of tasks... 45 Conclusions... 47 Bibliography... 47 Abstract... 49 Biographical note... 50 Iwona Przybył. Professional career and family establishment in declarations and experiences of young Poles... 53 Introduction... 53 Adulthood: taking up the job and having family in the opinion of Poles... 54 Entering adulthood viewed through a prism of individual experiences of young generation... 59 Conclusions... 65 Bibliography... 66 Abstract... 67 Biographical note... 68 Anna Paszkowska-Rogacz. Career patterns in the family of origin and marital satisfaction among young couples... 69 Introduction... 69 Career and career patterns definitions of the terms... 69 Selection of partners in a marriage chosen hypotheses... 73 The results of the empirical research... 76 Conclusions... 81 Bibliography... 84 Appendix... 86 Abstract... 87 Biographical note... 88 Agnieszka Sobolewska-Popko. The valuation of family and professional life by working mothers... 89 Introduction... 89 The changes in perception and understanding of social roles in the context of socio-cultural transformations... 89 The results of the empirical research... 92 Conclusions... 103 Bibliography... 104 Abstract... 105 Biographical note... 105 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 5 15.06.2016 09:11

6 Table of Contents Ewa Krause. Women s academic career in the context of family life... 107 Introduction... 107 Combining professional and family lives as a challenge for women realizing scientific careers... 108 Situations and choices of women academics in the context of family life... 109 The conflict between scientific work and fulfilling parental roles and the factors determining women s procreation decisions... 111 Women scientists trying to combine scientific career with their family lives... 114 Conclusions... 118 Bibliography... 119 Abstract... 121 Biographical note... 122 Aldona Żurek. Singlehood and the conflict between professional work and family... 125 Introduction... 125 The consequences of separating work and family life... 125 The scope of the conflict of professional and family roles... 130 Singlism as the response to the conflict of professional and family roles... 134 Conclusions... 138 Bibliography... 139 Abstract... 140 Biographical note... 141 II. THE ROLE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT IN HARMONISING PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPHERES OF WORKERS Wiesław Sztumski. Humanizing and dehumanizing work... 145 Introduction... 145 Positive and negative aspects of work... 145 The processes accompanying the evolution of work... 151 Conclusions... 154 Bibliography... 156 Abstract... 157 Biographical note... 158 Anna Pluta. Organisation acceleration versus employees work-private life... 159 Introduction... 159 Modern organisation s functioning conditions... 161 Functional characteristics of modern organisation... 165 The employee and work in a rushing organisation... 169 Conclusions... 172 Bibliography... 174 Abstract... 177 Biographical note... 178 Monika Bartkowiak. The balance between work and life as the basis for building human capital in modern organizations... 179 Introduction... 179 Knowledge management in a modern organization... 180 The strategic meaning of human capital... 184 Work-life balance programmes as an effective tool of an employer... 185 Keeping work-life balance by employers... 188 Flexible work-life balance solutions and workers involvement in a company... 190 Conclusions... 192 Bibliography... 194 Abstract... 195 Biographical note... 196 Ewa Mazur-Wierzbicka. Work-life balance as a symptom of corporate social responsibility towards an employee... 199 Introduction... 199 Building relationships with employees in a socially responsible way... 200 Essence and determinants of work-life balance... 203 WLB programmes in organization practice... 206 Conclusions... 212 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 6 15.06.2016 09:11

Table of Contents 7 Bibliography... 213 Abstract... 215 Biographical note... 217 Małgorzata Gotowska. Work-life balance who is responsible for it in the CSR model? A socially responsible employee or a socially responsible employer?... 219 Introduction... 219 The model of corporate social responsibility (CSR)... 220 The idea of work-life balance... 223 The employee and the WLB concept in CSR strategies in selected organisations case study... 226 Conclusions... 229 Bibliography... 229 Abstract... 230 Biographical note... 231 Ewa Stawicka. The development of the work-life balance concept facing the challenges of human functioning in the organization... 233 Introduction... 233 Development of the concept of corporate social responsibility the importance of work-life balance... 234 Work-life balance in the organization opportunities and risks... 237 Conclusions... 242 Bibliography... 243 Abstract... 244 Biographical note... 244 Joanna Szłapińska. Talent management according to the concept of work-life balance... 247 Introduction... 247 The talent dispute... 248 Talent management the essence... 251 Talent management models... 254 Retention of talent in an organisation and work-life balance... 260 Conclusions... 264 Bibliography... 264 Abstract... 267 Biographical note... 268 Beata Jakimiuk. Social support at work as a moderator of the relationship between job and life satisfaction... 269 Introduction... 269 Issues concerning life satisfaction... 270 Professional satisfaction and its determinants... 272 Quality and types of interpersonal relationships at work... 275 Work-life balance and relations at work... 278 Conclusions... 281 Bibliography... 282 Abstract... 284 Biographical note... 285 Magdalena Barańska. The meaning of balance in academic teacher s life work-life balance at the university... 287 Introduction... 287 Work-life balance the idea worth attention... 287 Work at the university and its nature. Who is a university teacher today?... 290 Work-life balance at the university... 294 Conclusions... 296 Bibliography... 297 Abstract... 299 Biographical note... 299 Ewelina Świdrak. Reconciling the professional and private lives of teachers... 301 Introduction... 301 Reconciling professional and private lives by women... 302 Selected aspects of educators education and their work as teachers... 305 The results of the empirical research... 308 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 7 15.06.2016 09:11

8 Table of Contents Conclusions... 313 Bibliography... 314 Abstract... 316 Biographical note... 317 III. TRANSFORMATIONS OF WORK LIFE RELATIONS. TOWARDS SEEKING BALANCE Augustyna Burlita, Krzysztof Błoński. Work and the time budget balancing problems of contemporary man... 321 Introduction... 321 Human time budget... 321 The changes in the sphere of work from the point of view of their impact on the time budget balancing... 324 Relations between work and personal life of Poles in the light of the results of research... 328 Conclusions... 333 Bibliography... 335 Abstract... 336 Biographical notes... 337 Krystyna Slany, Ewa Krzaklewska, Marta Warat. Gender equality in achievement of harmony between family and work life and better quality of life... 339 Introduction... 339 Methodology of the empirical research... 343 Between agency and constraint achieving gender equality... 345 Cultural determinants gender norms, unpaid work and family models... 348 Structural determinants of gender equality labour market and institutional contexts... 352 Conclusions... 357 Bibliography... 358 Abstract... 362 Biographical notes... 363 Bohdan Kamiński. The concept of life balance selected aspects... 365 Introduction... 365 The issue of life balance... 365 Reality and words, values and principles... 368 Individual goals and preferences... 370 Integrated approach for balanced solutions... 372 Conclusions... 376 Bibliography... 376 Abstract... 376 Biographical note... 377 Marta Dobrzyniak. Lifelong guidance the key to work, life, social, economic and public harmony... 379 Introduction... 379 Lifelong guidance definition and aims... 381 Policy aspects of lifelong guidance... 383 Lifelong guidance best practice... 384 Conclusions... 387 Bibliography... 387 Abstract... 388 Biographical note... 389 Katarzyna Sławińska, Krzysztof Symela. Sustainable development as a part of vocational education and training on the basis of the European Erasmus+ Programme... 391 Introduction... 391 The concept of sustainable development... 393 New approach in education... 395 Vocational guidance as part of European strategy for education, employment and sustainable development... 399 Conclusions... 403 Bibliography... 404 Abstract... 406 Biographical notes... 407 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 8 15.06.2016 09:11

Spis treści Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Praca życie osobiste. Między harmonią a dezintegracją Wprowadzenie... 13 Bibliografia... 18 I. DEZINTEGRACJA RELACJI PRACA ŻYCIE OSOBISTE ZAGROŻENIEM DLA MAŁŻEŃSTWA I RODZINY Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Zakłócenia relacji praca życie rodzinne zagrożeniem integralnego rozwoju jednostki... 21 Wprowadzenie... 21 Równowaga praca życie pozazawodowe jako postulowana wartość we współczesnych organizacjach... 22 W kierunku nowego świata pracy i cywilizacji konsumpcyjnej... 28 Wnioski... 30 Bibliografia... 33 Streszczenie... 34 Informacja o autorce... 35 Zdzisław Wołk. Doświadczanie pracy jako czynnik różnicujący relacje praca zawodowa życie pozazawodowe na etapie wczesnej dorosłości... 37 Wprowadzenie... 37 Relacje praca życie pozazawodowe w kontekście wczesnej dorosłości... 37 Niedoszacowanie nakładów i ponoszonych kosztów własnych... 41 Kalkulacja i hierarchizowanie zadań... 45 Wnioski... 47 Bibliografia... 47 Streszczenie... 50 Informacja o autorze... 51 Iwona Przybył. Praca zawodowa a zakładanie rodziny w deklaracjach i doświadczeniach młodych Polaków... 53 Wprowadzenie... 53 Dorosłość: podejmowanie pracy a zakładanie rodziny w opinii Polaków... 54 Wkraczanie w dorosłość poprzez pryzmat indywidualnych doświadczeń młodego pokolenia... 59 Wnioski... 65 Bibliografia... 66 Streszczenie... 68 Informacja o autorce... 68 Anna Paszkowska-Rogacz. Modele życia zawodowego w rodzinach pochodzenia młodych małżeństw a ich satysfakcja ze związku... 69 Wprowadzenie... 69 Kariera i wzory karier definicja pojęć... 69 Dobór partnerów związku małżeńskiego wybrane hipotezy... 73 Wyniki badań empirycznych... 76 Wnioski... 81 Bibliografia... 84 Dodatek... 86 Streszczenie... 87 Informacja o autorce... 88 Agnieszka Sobolewska-Popko. Wartościowanie życia rodzinnego i zawodowego przez pracujące matki... 89 Wprowadzenie... 89 Zmiany w zakresie postrzegania i rozumienia ról społecznych w kontekście przemian społeczno-kulturowych... 89 Wyniki badań empirycznych... 92 Wnioski... 103 Bibliografia... 104 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 9 15.06.2016 09:11

10 Spis treści Streszczenie... 105 Informacja o autorce... 106 Ewa Krause. Kariera naukowa kobiet w kontekście życia rodzinnego... 107 Wprowadzenie... 107 Łączenie życia zawodowego i rodzinnego jako wyzwanie dla kobiet realizujących kariery naukowe... 108 Sytuacje i wybory kobiet naukowców w kontekście życia rodzinnego... 109 Konflikt między pracą naukową kobiet a pełnieniem roli rodzicielskiej oraz czynniki oddziałujące na ich decyzje prokreacyjne... 111 Próby łączenia kariery naukowej z życiem rodzinnym przez kobiety naukowców... 114 Wnioski... 118 Bibliografia... 119 Streszczenie... 122 Informacja o autorce... 123 Aldona Żurek. Singlizm a konflikt między pracą zawodową a rodziną... 125 Wprowadzenie... 125 Konsekwencje oddzielenia środowiska pracy zawodowej od życia rodzinnego... 125 Wymiary konfliktu ról zawodowych i rodzinnych... 130 Singlizm jako odpowiedź na konflikt ról zawodowych i rodzinnych... 134 Wnioski... 138 Bibliografia... 139 Streszczenie... 141 Informacja o autorce... 141 II. ROLA ŚRODOWISKA PRACY W HARMONIZOWANIU SFERY OSOBISTEJ I ZAWODOWEJ PRACOWNIKÓW Wiesław Sztumski. Uczłowieczanie i odczłowieczanie pracy... 145 Wprowadzenie... 145 Pozytywnie i negatywnie o pracy... 145 Procesy towarzyszące ewolucji pracy... 151 Wnioski... 154 Bibliografia... 156 Streszczenie... 157 Informacja o autorze... 158 Anna Pluta. Przyspieszenie organizacji a praca i życie osobiste pracowników... 159 Wprowadzenie... 159 Warunki funkcjonowania współczesnych organizacji... 161 Charakterystyka sposobu funkcjonowania współczesnej organizacji... 165 Pracownik i jego praca w śpieszącej się organizacji... 169 Wnioski... 172 Bibliografia... 174 Streszczenie... 177 Informacja o autorce... 178 Monika Bartkowiak. Równowaga między pracą a życiem jako podstawa budowania kapitału ludzkiego w nowoczesnej organizacji... 179 Wprowadzenie... 179 Zarządzanie wiedzą w nowoczesnej organizacji... 180 Strategiczne znaczenie kapitału ludzkiego... 184 Programy WLB jako skuteczne narzędzie pracodawcy... 185 Zachowanie równowagi między pracą a życiem osobistym przez pracodawców... 188 Elastyczne rozwiązania WLB a zaangażowanie pracowników w firmie... 190 Wnioski... 192 Bibliografia... 194 Streszczenie... 196 Informacja o autorce... 197 Ewa Mazur-Wierzbicka. Równowaga między pracą a życiem osobistym jako przejaw społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstwa wobec pracownika... 199 Wprowadzenie... 199 Społecznie odpowiedzialne budowanie relacji z pracownikami... 200 Istota i uwarunkowania work-life balance... 203 Programy WLB w praktyce przedsiębiorstw... 206 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 10 15.06.2016 09:11

Spis treści 11 Wnioski... 212 Bibliografia... 213 Streszczenie... 216 Informacja o autorce... 217 Małgorzata Gotowska. Work-life balance kto jest za to odpowiedzialny w modelu CSR? Społecznie odpowiedzialny pracownik czy pracodawca?... 219 Wprowadzenie... 219 Model społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu... 220 Idea work-life balance... 223 Pracownik i idea WLB w strategiach CSR na przykładzie wybranych organizacji studium przypadku... 226 Wnioski... 229 Bibliografia... 229 Streszczenie... 230 Informacja o autorce... 231 Ewa Stawicka. Rozwój koncepcji work-life balance wobec wyzwań funkcjonowania człowieka w organizacji... 233 Wprowadzenie... 233 Rozwój koncepcji społecznej odpowiedzialności znaczenie work-life balance... 234 Work-life balance w organizacji szanse i zagrożenia... 237 Wnioski... 242 Bibliografia... 243 Streszczenie... 244 Informacja o autorce... 245 Joanna Szłapińska. Zarządzanie talentami w koncepcji work-life balance... 247 Wprowadzenie... 247 Spór o talenty... 248 Istota zarządzania talentami... 251 Modele zarządzania talentami... 254 Zatrzymywanie talentów w organizacji, czyli o równowadze między pracą a życiem prywatnym... 260 Wnioski... 264 Bibliografia... 264 Streszczenie... 267 Informacja o autorce... 268 Beata Jakimiuk. Wsparcie społeczne w pracy jako moderator relacji między satysfakcją z pracy i życia... 269 Wprowadzenie... 269 Satysfakcja z życia zarys problematyki... 270 Satysfakcja zawodowa i jej uwarunkowania... 272 Rodzaje i jakość relacji interpersonalnych w miejscu pracy... 275 Równowaga praca życie pozazawodowe oraz relacje w miejscu pracy... 278 Wnioski... 281 Bibliografia... 282 Streszczenie... 285 Informacja o autorce... 285 Magdalena Barańska. Znaczenie równowagi w życiu nauczyciela akademickiego: work-life balance na uniwersytecie... 287 Wprowadzenie... 287 Work-life balance idea warta uwagi... 287 Praca na uczelni i jej charakter. Kim jest dzisiaj nauczyciel akademicki?... 290 Work-life balance na uniwersytecie... 294 Wnioski... 296 Bibliografia... 297 Streszczenie... 299 Informacja o autorce... 300 Ewelina Świdrak. Zawód nauczyciela a łączenie pracy zawodowej i życia osobistego... 301 Wprowadzenie... 301 Łączenie pracy zawodowej i życia rodzinnego przez kobiety... 302 Wybrane aspekty kształcenia pedagogów i ich pracy w charakterze nauczyciela... 305 Wyniki badań empirycznych... 308 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 11 15.06.2016 09:11

12 Spis treści Wnioski... 313 Bibliografia... 314 Streszczenie... 316 Informacja o autorce... 317 III. PRZEOBRAŻENIA RELACJI PRACA-ŻYCIE OSOBISTE W KIERUNKU POSZUKIWANIA RÓWNOWAGI Augustyna Burlita, Krzysztof Błoński. Praca a problemy współczesnego człowieka z równoważeniem budżetu czasu... 321 Wprowadzenie... 321 Budżet czasu człowieka... 321 Przemiany w sferze pracy z punktu widzenia ich wpływu na równoważenie budżetu czasu... 324 Relacje pomiędzy pracą a życiem osobistym Polaków w świetle wyników badań... 328 Wnioski... 333 Bibliografia... 335 Streszczenie... 337 Informacja o autorach... 338 Krystyna Slany, Ewa Krzaklewska, Marta Warat. Równość płci w osiąganiu harmonii pomiędzy życiem rodzinnym a zawodowym oraz lepszej jakości życia... 339 Wprowadzenie... 339 Metodologia badań empirycznych... 343 Między sprawstwem a naciskami strukturalnymi osiąganie równości płci... 345 Uwarunkowania kulturowe normy płci, praca nieodpłatna i modele rodziny... 348 Uwarunkowania strukturalne równości płci rynek pracy i kontekst instytucjonalny... 352 Wnioski... 357 Bibliografia... 358 Streszczenie... 362 Informacja o autorkach... 364 Bohdan Kamiński. Koncepcja równowagi życiowej wybrane aspekty... 365 Wprowadzenie... 365 Zagadnienie równowagi życiowej... 365 Rzeczywistość i słowa, wartości i zasady... 368 Cele i preferencje jednostki... 370 Zintegrowane podejście do zharmonizowanych rozwiązań... 372 Wnioski... 376 Bibliografia... 376 Streszczenie... 377 Informacja o autorze... 377 Marta Dobrzyniak. Doradztwo przez całe życie kluczem do zawodowej, osobistej, społecznej, ekonomicznej i publicznej harmonii... 379 Wprowadzenie... 379 Definicja i cele doradztwa całożyciowego... 381 Znaczenie doradztwa całożyciowego dla polityki publicznej... 383 Doradztwo całożyciowe dobre praktyki... 384 Wnioski... 387 Bibliografia... 387 Streszczenie... 389 Informacja o autorce... 389 Katarzyna Sławińska, Krzysztof Symela. Zrównoważony rozwój częścią kształcenia i szkolenia zawodowego na podstawie programu erasmus+... 391 Wprowadzenie... 391 Koncepcja zrównoważonego wzrostu... 393 Nowe podejście w edukacji... 395 Doradztwo zawodowe jako część europejskiej strategii dla edukacji, zatrudnienia i zrównoważonego wzrostu... 399 Wnioski... 403 Bibliografia... 404 Streszczenie... 406 Informacja o autorach... 407 Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 12 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Work personal life Between harmony and disintegration Introduction [ ] when the expected course of everyday life is interrupted, we realize that we are like shipwrecked people trying to keep their balance on a miserable plank in the open sea, having forgotten where they came from and not knowing whether they are drifting. 1 Albert Einstein In the monograph the Reader is being given, the issue of the transformations that take place between work and personal life has been analysed scientifically, in interdisciplinary ways. The deliberations each of the Authors presented base on the hypothesis that the relations between the aforementioned areas have been undergoing changes, by evolving from the harmonious and orderly ones into the work area appropriating the personal life s area of the individual. Professional work is being defined as the most valuable form of human s participation in community life, through which one fulfils one s material and psychosocial needs, generated within the extraprofessional sphere. This sphere is associated with one s personal life and comprises family responsibilities, educational activity and one s own personal development, interpersonal relations, social activities, and also one s free time, that is one s rest, leisure, entertainment, realising one s hobbies and interests, which is necessary to regain the energies one s lost due to work as well as to regenerate physical and mental strength. Personal sphere is an important part of people s biography, being closely dependent on the professional activities they perform. Nonetheless, being committed to work should not exclude the possibilities to fulfil oneself within the areas that constitute one s private life. At present, more and more attention has been drawn to the relations between one s professional work and private life. When analysing the 1 Perrini, N.B., (2005). Standing in the sun, 69. Ohio: New Concord Press. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 13 15.06.2016 09:11

14 Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration relationships between those two areas, it is crucial to take their two-way character into consideration. As each sphere may be the source of both positive and negative influences, in relation to diverse aspects of one s functioning. On the one hand, researchers point out the mutual, positive influences of both those areas, owing to which the social roles connected with them become enriched and strengthened. In this case, the term of facilitation is being used, which means the situation where performing one role becomes better or easier due to serving another role. 2 On the other hand, scientific analyses as well as the observation of social life indicate that there has been a progressive since the 80ies and 90ies disintegration of the relations between professional and extraprofessional spheres, manifesting itself as the predominance of the former over the latter. The indicated change bases on the broadly understood civilisation trends that make both the work and personal life undergo transformations. The most significant trends are, for example: 1. Development of flexible employment and work organization forms: in Europe, in the last twenty years, they have gained in significance, which means that there has been a greater demand for workers who are more easily adapted to work that is dispersed in time and space. Being flexible at work often leads to the loss of flexibility in other life spheres, which often has severe adverse consequences for physical and mental health of the person, their functioning within a family and social contacts. 2. The pace of life accelerating: we live in the culture of haste and impatience, in which the pursue for happiness has almost become a duty, and speed the world s obsession. More and more people begin to feel the urge to function faster, more and better. Thus, we become a part of the society, that has been emerging in both developed and developing countries, and which has been called non-stop, 24-hour or even manic. The development of such a society type is becoming a threat to health and life of humans. 3. Development of consumer culture: as the results of the studies conducted in many diverse cultures and various age groups show, 3 concentrating 2 See: Lachowska, B., (2010). Konflikt i facylitacja jako mechanizmy wzajemnych oddziaływań pracy i rodziny analiza różnic płciowych [Conflict and facilitation as the mechanisms of mutual work-family relations the analysis of differences between genders]. [In:] Rostowska, T., Peplińska, A., (Eds.). Psychospołeczne aspekty życia rodzinnego [Psychosocial aspects of family life]. Warszawa: Difin; Lachowska, B., (2012). Praca i rodzina. Konflikt czy synergia? [Work and family. Conflict or synergy?]. Lublin: KUL. 3 See: Zawadzka, A.M., (2014). Wartości, cele i dobro. Stan w kulturze konsumpcji [Values, goals and the good. The state in the culture of consumption]. [In:] Zawadzka, M., Niesiobędzka, M., Godlewska-Werner, D., (Eds.). Kultura Konsumpcji wartości, cele, dobrostan. Psychologiczne aspekty zjawiska [The Culture of Consumption values, goals, wellbeing. The psychological Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 14 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration 15 on gathering goods and associating possessing with happiness is positively related to people preferring such values as power, wealthy life, material comfort, financial security and hedonism. In the situation where the significance of materialistic goals increases, it also correlates negatively with the importance of such values as: relations with other people, family, inner balance and religion. It may be emphasized that Poland belongs to the group of countries in which there has been observed an increase in significance of the individualistic and material values related to welfare. The changes in the value systems of the Polish, in their aims and life goals, have been presented in the picture below. Figure 1. Where is the world heading? [%] money 2 23 74 2 material goods being successful at work gaining others respect health life full of thrill love children family much time for oneself salvation 2 30 67 1 3 31 62 4 5 45 46 5 16 41 41 2 10 47 34 9 17 56 20 7 24 46 26 4 26 47 24 3 29 42 23 5 27 44 11 18 less important equally important more important it s hard to tell Source: TNS, (2013). Świat się zmienia [The world is changing]. Research report K.033/13 (May). Warszawa: TNS Poland. The numbers show the differences between the percentages of the more important and less important answers, the so-called net change. The research was conducted in April 2013, on the representative group of 1000 citizens. The dynamic civilizational transformations that are taking place right now do not facilitate keeping balanced proportions between diverse segments of one s existence. It is mostly the omnipresent acceleration of the aspects of the phenomenon], 19 and the following. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia Filomatów. Redakcja Liberi Libri. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 15 15.06.2016 09:11

16 Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration pace of life, connected with the development of the so-called new economy and the loss of employment security that follows it, which affected the spheres of professional work and the life outside it in the most spectacular way, by taking the form of distinct expansion of the sphere of work at the expense of one s daily life. Due to this situation increasing, we repeatedly often experience the lack of integration between these two spheres. This thesis seems to be supported by the results of the Third European Quality of Life Survey Quality of life in Europe, the fragment of which has been presented in the diagram below. Figure 2. Difficulties in balancing work and family life in EU 27. The percentage refers to the people who indicated having these difficulties as often as several times a week and several times a month [%] It has been difficult for me to fulfil my family responsibilities because of the amount of time I spend on the job. 30% I have come from work too tired to do some of the household jobs which need to be done. 53% I have found it difficult to concentrate at work because of my family responsibilities. 14% Source: author s work, based on: Anderson, R., et al., (2012). Third European Quality of Life Survey Quality of life in Europe. Impacts of the crisis, 60. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. The presented data shows that among the citizens of 27 European Union countries, 53% indicate that they are too tired to do some household jobs after coming home from work at least several times a month, and 30% have had problems with fulfilling family responsibilities due to the amount of time they devote to their professional work. On the other hand, 14% believe that their family responsibilities make it difficult for them to concentrate on their work. The results may lead to conclusion that the Europeans are more unhappy with the amount of time they spend with their families than with the time they spend at work, which means their work life disturbs their private lives to a greater extent than the other way round. The disintegration of the relations between work and family life may be analysed in the category of threats, both individual and social. The most significant consequences that result from it are, for example: Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 16 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration 17 1. Interpersonal relations being transient and shallow; 2. The increase in the number of one-person households and the postponement syndrome concerning starting a family; 3. The increase in promoting life forms alternative to family and marriage; 4. The decreasing number of children being born; 5. Postponing the birth of the first child; 6. Conflicts in families, more divorces; 7. The deterioration in health of the professionally active people, including high mortality rate of the people of the working age and lower life expectancy of the citizens of Poland in comparison with the citizens of other European countries; 8. The financial costs, resulting from workers absence and lower quality of their work, which the organizations that employ them have to cover. One could give even more examples of such consequences, in the individual, organizational and socio-economics spheres. The complexity and multidimensionality of the discussed issue generate the need for the mutual relations between those two life spheres, which are so significant in a person s life, to become a considerable scope of scientific research, particularly as far as social sciences are concerned. Due to this fact, the following monograph comprises theoretical deliberations and the results of empirical research of the representatives of such sciences as: pedagogy, psychology, sociology and economy. The book has been divided into three parts: the first one contains analyses of the transformations that take place between work and personal life; the second part concentrates on the disintegration of these relations, seen as a threat to marriage and family; the last one presents the role of work environment in harmonising personal and professional spheres of workers. I would like to thank all the Authors for the contribution they have made to this book. I also wish that all the Readers interested in the issues presented in the book will find their own, individual life balance point and will be able to take care of it and keep it for the longest time possible, thus rarely experiencing the feeling of conflict between their professional work and personal life, according to Alfred North Whitehead s quote: The art of progress is to preserve order amid change, and to preserve change amid order. 4 4 Allen, D., (2012). Życie i praca. Jak znaleźć czas na wszystko [Life and work. How to find time for everything], 14. Sopot: GWP. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 17 15.06.2016 09:11

18 Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. Work personal life. Between harmony and disintegration Bibliography Allen, D., (2012). Życie i praca. Jak znaleźć czas na wszystko [Life and work. How to find time for everything]. Sopot: GWP. Anderson, R., Dubois, H., Leončikas, T., Sándo, E., (2012). Third European Quality of Life Survey Quality of life in Europe. Impacts of the crisis. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Lachowska, B., (2010). Konflikt i facylitacja jako mechanizmy wzajemnych oddziaływań pracy i rodziny analiza różnic płciowych [Conflict and facilitation as the mechanisms of mutual work-family relations the analysis of differences between genders]. [In:] Rostowska, T., Peplińska, A., (Eds.). Psychospołeczne aspekty życia rodzinnego [Psychosocial aspects of family life]. Warszawa: Difin. Lachowska, B., (2012). Praca i rodzina. Konflikt czy synergia? [Work and family. Conflict or synergy?]. Lublin: KUL. Perrini, N.B., (2005). Standing in the sun. Ohio: New Concord Press. TNS, (2013). Świat się zmienia [The world is changing]. Research report K.033/13 (May). Warszawa: TNS Poland. Zawadzka, A.M., (2014). Wartości, cele i dobro. Stan w kulturze konsumpcji [Values, goals and the good. The state in the culture of consumption]. [In:] Zawadzka, M., Niesiobędzka, M., Godlewska-Werner, D., (Eds.). Kultura Konsumpcji wartości, cele, dobrostan. Psychologiczne aspekty zjawiska [The Culture of Consumption values, goals, wellbeing. The psychological aspects of the phenomenon]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia Filomatów. Redakcja Liberi Libri. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 18 15.06.2016 09:11

I. DISINTEGRATION OF THE WORK PRIVATE LIFE RELATIONS AS A THREAT TO MARRIAGE AND FAMILY Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 19 15.06.2016 09:11

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Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz The disturbances of work family life relations as a threat to the integral development of the individual Introduction Although it is true that a person is meant and called for work, above all work is for the person, the person is not for work. 1 John Paul II If one wishes to discuss the disturbances between work life and personal life being perceived as a threat to the individual, one must adopt two viewpoints, which are as follows: 1. The personalistic approach to a person, according to which a person is an individual entity, and thus an individual person who shapes their life space, who is capable of subjective experiencing and participating in the world and of having self-reflection; who is aware of their own personal set of values and of the activities they undertake; 2. The integral development, that is the harmonious and versatile progress of all the aspects of personality: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, religious, moral and spiritual, leading to self-realization, that is to fulfilling oneself as a person. Integral development also means the development of all the aspects of activities constituting one s existence, which in this article have been limited to the two most substantial ones: professional work and family life. All the elements constituting the personalistic approach to human and their integral development seem to be merged into one entity and based on the so-called life balance. This balance means a kind of harmony, some established order and symmetry of areas constituting every existence. 1 John Paul II, (1981). Encyklika Laborem exercens Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II o pracy ludzkiej (z okazji 90. Rocznicy encykliki Rerum novarum) [Laborem exercens (On Human Work) encyclical, on the 90 th anniversary of the Rerum novarum encyclical], 10. Warszawa: Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 21 15.06.2016 09:11

22 I. DISINTEGRATION OF THE WORK PRIVATE LIFE RELATIONS AS A THREAT The imbalance may lead to destabilization and to all the consequences resulting from this abnormal state of the individual. In the personalistic image of a person, as well as in the concept of integral development, there is the axiological problematic involved, as value systems are a kind of signpost guiding one s thinking and taking actions, which, to a large extent, decides upon keeping the balance in life. This article discusses mainly the disturbances in professional work family life relations, perceived as a threat to the individual. Work-life balance as the postulated value in contemporary enterprises The statement that a person s world is the world of values, which we get to know when taking up activities, should not be found controversial. Also, what is called consumer goods is the result of people s work, i.e. their intentional and purposeful actions, the aim of which is to make goods and services in order to give them the conditions for existence and development. Work is our natural obligation and the value that is highly appreciated in modern society, in which, as Zygmunt Bauman says: working is a good thing, not working is a bad thing. 2 It must be noted that the development of a person who is seen as an entity, depends very much on their activity, which consists in adjusting the relations between them and their environment. Work is one of the basic kinds of this activity, in which the person takes part and is perceived in an integral way, both their body and mind, regardless of the work s physical or intellectual character. The problematic of human s work is the scope of interest of many sciences, including anthropology, ethics, economics, philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, sociology and theology as well. All the attention that all the abovementioned scientists pay to this issue proves that is has a versatile influence over human life. However, the influence of work over the individual is not always positive, for it is often the source of suffering, disease or even death. Furthermore, work is the category that is repeatedly being up against the values of personal life, especially family. Work serves many functions and may be considered as the source of activity and self-realization; a moral value and the factor of human s spiritual development; nonetheless it is most commonly considered to be the source of usable values that determine one s wealth and the material guarantee for existence. As a consequence of such an 2 Bauman, Z., (2006). Praca, konsumpcjonizm i nowi ubodzy [Work, consumerism and the new poor], 23. Kraków: WAM. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 22 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. The disturbances of work family life relations as a threat 23 approach to work, it is generally identified among pragmatic, instrumental, and especially economical values; and less often among autotelic values. Along with the development of civilization, it has become noticeable how work had become an even larger part of people s life, sometimes conflicting with the personal sphere, which comprises human relations, social activities, hobbies and interests, leisure, education, and mostly one s family, as it is the family which is most often identified with the personal life of the individual. When analysing the relations between work and family, it is worth emphasizing that work is the source of income that makes the material-economic existence of this basic social unit possible; at the same time it has an important meaning for realizing its didactic, caring and socializing functions. Preparing the members of the youngest generation to fulfilling significant social roles, and therefore to performing their professional roles, is a part of these functions, as well. Family is the environment in which the psychosocial needs of a person are fulfilled the best. That is why disorganizing the family is a serious threat to every society s functioning. The disorganization of marital-family life is preceded by unsolved conflicts, usually caused by the difference of goals, attitudes, ways of reacting to a certain subject or situation. In the context of the deliberations above, it is worth emphasizing that both the lack of work and the excessive professional activity at the cost of family life may be the source of conflict, especially of values and beliefs, e.g. when there exists the difference of beliefs and images concerning the organization of family and professional life, and the ways of spending one s free time. At this point it would be advisable to refer to the results of the research conducted in the Poles value their free time report, 3 which show a strong need of spending one s free time among family members and friends. Family is one of the Poles priorities over 70% people taking part in the research put their families, at least declaratively, over their careers and find it pleasant to spend time with their closest ones. Such an approach as this is connected with the attitude towards free time, which has become the way FROM work TOWARDS family. Four Poles out of five agree with the following statement: In my free time I want to spend time with my family and/or friends first of all. It is worth adding that family happiness still remains the most appreciated value it was indicated by 82% of the Poles taking part in the research 3 Mroczkowska, D., (2012). Polacy cenią swój wolny czas. [Poles value their free time]. Research report (May). Warszawa: Millward Brown SMG/KRC. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 23 15.06.2016 09:11

24 I. DISINTEGRATION OF THE WORK PRIVATE LIFE RELATIONS AS A THREAT in 2013; 4 in 2014 the sources of our greatest satisfaction included having children (91%), marriage (82%) and the relationships with friends and loved ones (81%). Traditionally, Poles derived the least satisfaction from their financial situation and their earnings, and 63% of the people who took part in the research declared they were happy with their professional career. 5 Table 1. Satisfaction of Poles with different aspects of their lives in 2014 [%] Are you generally satisfied with your: Very satisfied Rather satisfied Satisfied Rather dissatisfied Very dissatisfied It is hard to tell children* 69 22 5 2 0 2 marriage* 50 32 9 3 2 4 friends, closest ones 34 47 17 1 0 1 place of living 35 43 16 4 2 0 professional career* 19 44 24 6 3 4 health 20 40 20 13 7 0 education and qualifications 21 38 25 11 3 2 material living conditions accommodation, appliances, etc. 13 43 30 8 6 0 future prospects 8 36 32 11 4 9 income and financial situation 5 24 35 19 16 1 Source: CBOS, (2015). Zadowolenie z życia [Life satisfaction]. Research report 3/2015 (January). Warszawa: Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. * The life satisfaction level in these areas was assessed only by those who had experience as parents (704 people), married people (657 people), workers (723 people). It must be indicated that at the end of the decade, among the features that were important in work environment there appeared the family-friendly work one. The term means the kind of professional activity that does not take over one s family life and which is supported by the employers who apply the parenting-friendly solutions in their companies. Family-friendly work may be identified with the need of introducing the broader concept, called Family-friendly Employment, to the organizations. Family-Friendly 4 CBOS, (2013). Wartości i normy [Values and norms]. Research report BS 111/2013 (August). Warszawa: Fundacja Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. 5 CBOS, (2015). Zadowolenie z życia, op. cit. The answers Very satisfied and Rather satisfied were taken into consideration. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 24 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. The disturbances of work family life relations as a threat 25 Employment applies to the solutions that address the workers who have family responsibilities at various stages of their lives. The organization is seen in a broader context as an institution of direct family policy, aimed at workers and their families, but having influence over broader social environment. It must be added that in Poland, thanks to institutions such as, e.g. The Institute of Labour and Social Matters, there are actions undertaken, the aim of which is to create a canon of practical family-friendly solutions that are supposed to be introduced within the area of the country s social policy, especially the employment policy. They mostly concern working time, occupation type and general work environment support. The table below presents the material concerning these matters. Table 2. The list of things that are important for Poles [%] The list of things Poles find important 1990 1999 2008 High income 79.6 93.0 93.8 Job security 57.1 79.6 78.7 Interesting job 58.6 74.3 75.9 Equality at work 70.9 No tension at work 47.4 63.1 69.9 The work which lets you feel you can achieve something 48.1 66.5 66.8 Job which gains respect 55.9 66.6 68.0 Job according to one s talents and skills 53.2 66.0 63.8 Getting new qualifications 56.8 Family-friendly work 56.2 Source: based on Marody, M., (2012). Dynamika postaw wobec pracy [The dynamics of the attitudes towards work]. [In:] Jasińska-Kania, A., (Ed.). Wartości i zmiany. Przemiany postaw Polaków w jednoczącej się Europie [Values and changes. The changes in the attitudes of Poles in the uniting Europe], 70. Warszawa: Scholar. The idea of family-friendly employment is a part of the broader concept, which functions within the subject literature as, for example, Work-Family Fit; Work-Family Balance or, even more broadly, as Work-Life Balance. The common subject of those terms are the legal-organizational policies proposed by employers, as well as the kind of employees attitude which is shown in trying to find the harmony between one s professional work and family life. Work-life balance has recently become the value that is postulated by workers in most of the developed countries. According to the Randstad Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 25 15.06.2016 09:11

26 I. DISINTEGRATION OF THE WORK PRIVATE LIFE RELATIONS AS A THREAT Award 2015, it is the sixth out of ten values sought by the people who are employed in their work environments. Table 3. Core values of contemporary organizations Core values searched by potential workers in 23 countries High salary Job security Pleasant working atmosphere Interesting job Financial health Work-life balance Future prospects Strong management High-quality training Corporate social responsibility Core values attributed to largest employers in 23 countries Financial health Strong management High-quality training Future prospects High salary Interesting job Job security Pleasant working atmosphere Corporate social responsibility Work-life balance Source: Randstad Award 2015. Employer Branding. 23 countries covering 75% of the global industries took part in the research. It seems interesting that work-life balance is a significant criterion taken into account when choosing one s potential employer (42% of the respondents in 2015, 33% in 2014, 31% in 2013), right after the salary (63%), job security (57%), atmosphere at work (53%) and interesting job (47%). It is worth adding that, in Poland, within the 12 months prior to the Randstad Award 2015 research, the lack of work-life balance was the reason for changing the job by 24% of respondents, right after their salaries (42%) and the lack of future career prospects (29%). Moreover, the possibility of achieving balance between professional and private lives motivates 41% of the respondents to retain their current jobs. 6 The articulated needs of family-friendly work and work-life balance may be the proof that aiming at full engagement into and successful selfrealization in both professional and family areas, even more often causes the role conflict to emerge, mostly concerning time and energy one can devote to those areas. This means that the more and more intensive professional activity has begun to contradict fulfilling marital and family responsibilities. 6 Randstad Award 2015. Employer Branding. The research conducted by the ICMA Group, an independent research institute. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 26 15.06.2016 09:11

Renata Tomaszewska-Lipiec. The disturbances of work family life relations as a threat 27 Referring to the CBOS analyses that have been mentioned earlier, it is worth noting that despite on the one hand the marital-family sphere is considered to be the condition for successful life in Poland, on the other hand it is seeing starting a family as an obstacle to professional career (40% of women and 27% of men) that is considered to be one of the reasons people are becoming less ready to get married. 7 The data concerning this subject has been presented below. Figure 1. The obstacles to starting a family They choose the so-called freedom, i.e. life with no commitments They cannot find a proper husband/wife candidate They do not want to have children They are afraid of an unhappy marriage They are afraid of performing parental duties They are afraid that starting a family will be an obstacle to their professional careers They are afraid that their financial situation will worsen They do not have proper housing conditions It has always been like that some people stay single Other important factors It is difficult to tell 10 9 5 9 1 1 4 4 16 27 27 27 36 36 48 37 40 35 39 39 38 53 The answers concerning: Women Men Source: CBOS, (2008). Kontrowersje wokół różnych zjawisk dotyczących życia małżeńskiego i rodzinnego. [The controversies about various phenomena concerning marital and family lives]. Research report BS 54/2008 (March). Warszawa: Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. It is advisable to indicate that according to the research conducted by the Intelligence Group, 74% of the Y Generation members declare they wish to work flexible hours and 88% expect the conditions for integrating their professional and family lives will be created for them. 8 7 CBOS, (2008). Kontrowersje wokół różnych zjawisk, op. cit. 8 Karwacka, M., (2015). Młodzi na rynku pracy [Young people in the labour market]. Anali za tematyczna, 1, http://www.odpowiedzialnybiznes.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/analiza- -tema tyczna_m%c5%82odzi-na-rynku-pracy.pdf [Retrieved: 24.06.2015]. Tomaszewska-Lipiec_WORK 27 15.06.2016 09:11