DE DE GRUYTER OPEN DOI: 1.1515/ss-217-1 Impct of trffic routes on trce elements in soil 87 SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL Vol. 68 No. 2/217: 87 92 ARTUR KOMOROWSKI*, WIES AW SZULC Wrsw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Fculty of Agriculture nd Biology, Deprtment of Soil Environment Sciences, Section of Agriculturl Chemistry Nowoursynowsk Str. 159, 2-776 Wrsw, Polnd Impct of trffic routes on the content of trce elements in soils in Wrsw gglomertion Astrct: This rticle presents the results of study on the content of selected trce metls (P, Zn, Cu, Cd) in soils ner the min trffic routes of the Wrsw gglomertion. The im of the study ws to determine the extent of soil contmintion with trce metls t different distnces from the rod (y the side the rod nd 5 meters wy from the rod). In the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki low contmintion ws found for zinc nd elevted content for copper ccording to the IUNG guidelines, ut the mounts of the trce elements were not found to exceed the permissile levels s specified in the Regultion of the Minister for the Environment of 1 Septemer 216. Keywords: trce elements, trffic routes, Wrsw gglomertion INTRODUCTION Trnsport is one of the sectors of the economy in which very dynmic development cn e oserved (Kordel 216). The growing ffluence of people is lrgely reflected in the increse in finncil investments in tngile goods, such s the mens of rod trnsport (Kozneck et l. 2, Biernt nd Syt 28, Szyszlk-Brg³owicz et l. 213, Wlczk nd Chutko 214). The intensifiction of the movement of vehicles, especilly on the exit rods from lrge urn gglomertions, cuses trffic prlysis, the so clled trffic jms. A consequence of this for the environment is the emission of toxic pollutnts in the form of fumes nd rod dust contining trce elements tht pose the most serious thret to the soils in the vicinity of trffic routes (Potrzycki et l. 1999, Hofmn nd Wchowski 21, Czuszek nd Brtoszuk 211, Szyszlk-Brg³owicz et l. 213). The content of trce elements in the soils in the neighourhood of trffic routes is cused y (Mlczyk nd Kêdzi 1996, Greinert nd Greinert 1999, Formn et l. 23, Bomze et l. 27, Czuszek nd Brtoszuk 211): orgnic compounds formed s result of incomplete comustion of fuels, orgnic nd minerl compounds used to supplement the composition of fuels nd luricnts, mteril produced y the wering of tyres, sphlt nd hevily used utomotive prts (rke linings nd clutch discs), trce elements used to supplement fuels-p, oils nd luricnts (e.g. Cu, Zn, Cd), lekge from dmged tnks nd tteries, voltile compounds from exhust pipes (e.g. SO 2, NO x ), slt used for de-icing rod surfces nd pvements. The hevier gses nd dust fll onto the rodwy nd the soil in the immedite vicinity, while the lighter ones re crried wy over lrger distnces. The fctors influencing the movement of pollutnts from the tmosphere into the soil include tmospheric precipittion nd wind intensity (Nied³ et l. 21). The trce elements contminting the soil inhiit the ctivity of microorgnisms living in it, therey contriuting to reduction in their vitl functionsdecomposition nd trnsformtion of orgnic sustnces (Becker et l. 26, Hnder et l. 212, Ociep- Kuick nd Ociep 212). The limited microil ctivity in the rhizosphere hs negtive effect on plnts, inhiiting their norml growth nd dversely ffecting their resistnce (Meers et l. 27). The form in which the trce elements re present ffects their moility nd vilility to plnts. Using the resources of the soil through the root system, plnts tke up vrious elements, including hevy metls, which in turn cuses the hevy metls to ecome prt of the trophic chin (Fij³kowski et l. 212, Groelk et l. 213). The im of the study ws to ssess the extent of soil pollution with trce elements ner the min exit rods from Wrsw, depending on the distnce from the rod. * in. Artur Komorowski, komorowskirtur1993@gmil.com http://ss.ptg.sggw.pl/issues/217/682 Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM
88 ARTUR KOMOROWSKI, WIES AW SZULC MATERIALS AND METHODS Anlysis of soil smples for selected trce elements (P, Cd, Zn, Cu) ws crried out for soils locted ner the exit rods from Wrsw, out 1 km pst the city limits. The trnsects were shown in Tle 1 nd Figure 1. With the im of ssessing the vrition in the content of trce elements in the soil with distnce, soil smples were tken t right ngles to the edge of the rod in close proximity to the trffic route nd 5 meters wy from the rod, from the surfce lyer of the soil (.25 m). The smpling sites included the rodside strip ( m) nd wstelnd (5 m). The soil smples were dried to n ir-dry stte. They were then ground in porcelin mortr nd sieved through sieve with mesh dimeter of 2 mm. The soil smples were nlyzed for: ph y the potentiometric method in 1 mol dm 3 KCl solution using SCHOTT ph meter, content of selected hevy metls: Cu, P, Cd, Zn fter extrction in 1 mol dm 3 HCl y tomic sorption spectrometry (AAS) using Thermo Elementl SOLAAR M6 spec- TABLE 1. Trffic routes, soil smpling sites, nd nnul verge dily trffic (vehicles per dy) Item Rod No. Route 1 7/E77 Gdñsk-Chy n e 2 79 Wrszw-Ktowic e 3 7/E77 Gdñsk-Chy n e 4 S8/E67 Suw³ki-Wroc³ w 5 2/E3 Kukuryki-Œ wieck o * Bsed on GDDKiA dt (gddki.gov.pl) Soil smpling site (Fig. 1) Annul verge dily motor-vehicle trffic* Sêkocin 23 458 ienie c 3 75 omink i 52 466 Mrki 43 874 Terespo l 22 82 FIGURE 1. Loction of the soil smpling sites ner the min exit rods from Wrsw (mp.siskom.ww.pl) trometer, the totl contentof selected hevy metls: Cu, P, Cd, Zn fter wet minerliztion in 14 ml of reverse qu regi using Milestone ETHOS-PLUS Microwve Lsttion y tomic sorption spectrometry (AAS) using Perkin-Elmer 21 spectrophotometer. The results were sttisticlly nlyzed using the method of one-wy nlysis of vrince t significnce level of p =.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The totl permissile content of trce elements in wstelnd soils (Clss III) rnges from 1 1 mg kg 1, nd in soils ner pulic rods (Clss IV) 15 2 mg kg 1 (Regultion of the Minister for the Environment of 1 Septemer 216). Compring the mounts of hevy metls in the nlyzed smples with the current Regultion, it is found tht they do not exceed the permissile levels for either wstelnd soils or those next to pulic rods. Tking into ccount the nturl levels of trce elements in soils clssified s snds (for Zn 59. mg kg 1, Cu 23.5 mg kg 1, P 21. mg kg 1, Cd 1. mg kg 1 ) (Czrnowsk 1996), elevted vlues were oserved for the soils in ominki (P 81. mg kg 1, Cu 41.4 mg kg 1, Zn 246. mg kg 1 ), in Sêkocin (Cu 49.7 mg kg 1, Zn 191. mg kg 1 ) nd in ieniec (Zn 12. mg kg 1 ) (Tle 2). The remining results fluctuted round the nturl limits, or represented the nturl content. Similr results for the led content of soils next to Ntionl Rod 7 hd een otined y Gworek et l. (211). The highest mounts of trce elements were ccumulted y the soil in ominki in close proximity to the edge of the rodwy, nd the lowest mounts y the soil in Terespol. With incresing shre of the form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl in the totl hevy metls content in the soil their iovilility to plnts nd moility lso increses (Niesioêdzk nd Krjewsk 28). The verge shre of the form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl in the totl hevy metls content in the soil chnged in the following order: Cd<Zn<Cu<P (Tle 3). Similr reltions hd een otined y Bdor (1993). The content of the led form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl ws in the rnge 9.2 23.78 mg kg 1. The highest ccumultion of this element ws found in the soil in close proximity to the rod in Sêkocin (23.78 mg kg 1 ) nd in the smple of soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki (23.27 mg kg 1 ). The led content in the soils t the rodside nd 5 m wy vried significntly, with the excep- Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM
Impct of trffic routes on trce elements in soil 89 TABLE 2. Totl hevy metls content in soil (mg kg 1 ) TABLE 3. Shre of the form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl in the totl hevy metls content in soil (%) Smpling loction Sêkocin ieniec ominki Mrki Terespol Permissile levels* (Dz.U. 216, poz. 1395) Smpling loction Sêkocin ieniec ominki Mrki Terespol P Cd Cu m 25. 21. 81. 13. 25. 16. 15. 28. 15. 24. 1..9.7.3.4.6.9.6.8.4 49.7 23.4 41.4 7.9 11.3 9.1 1.6 36.6 15.5 11.8 Zn 191 12 246 41 36 72 45 44 59 44 6 5 15 1 6 3 2 1 P m Cd Cu 93 89 26 79 36 77 87 85 65 55 24 19 2 25 21 48 13 56 19 19 56 45 16 96 47 53 43 84 33 58 Zn 8 23 12 55 37 5 32 45 6 34 tion of the soil smples from Mrki, where the vlues were similr for oth smples (Fig. 2).The ll nlyzed soil smples did not exceed the levels of led recognized s nturl content (Kt-Pendis 1993, Kt-Pendis et l.1995). The contentof the cdmium form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl ws in the rnge.8.34 mg kg 1. The highest ccumultion of this element ws found in the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki (.34 mg kg 1 ), nd the lowest ner Ntionl Rod 2 nd Expresswy S8 (.8 mg kg 1 ). The cdmium content in the soils t the rodside nd 5 m wy vried significntly, with the exception of the soil smples collected y the side of S8, where the vlues were similr for oth smples (Fig. 3).The nlyzed soil smples did not exceed the cdmium levels recognized s nturl content (Kt-Pendis 1993, Kt-Pendis et l.1995). The contentof the copper form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl ws in the rnge 4.53 28.4 mg kg 1. The highest ccumultion of this element ws found in the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki (28.4 mg kg 1 ), nd the lowest in the soils 5 m wy from the rods in Sêkocin, ieniec nd Mrki, nd in the soil smple y the side of No. 2 rod (4.53 6.49 mg kg 1 ). The levels of copper in the soils y the side of the rod nd 5 m wy differed significntly in ll loctions (Fig. 4). The nlyzed soil smples exceed the Cu levels recognized s nturl for the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki nd for the rodside soil in Sêkocin. These soils chrcterized of first degree (I ) contmintion with copper elevted content (Kt-Pendis 1993, Kt-Pendis et l.1995). 25 2 rodside 5 m P mg kg-1 15 1 FIGURE 2. Soil led content depending on the distnce from the rod. Explntions:, different letters indicte significnt differences for distnce from the rod 5 Sękocin Żieniec Łominki Mrki Terespol Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM
9 ARTUR KOMOROWSKI, WIES AW SZULC,35,3,25 rodside 5 m Cd mg kg-1,2,15,1,5 35 3 25 Sękocin Żieniec Łominki Mrki Terespol rodside 5 m FIGURE 3. Soil cdmium content depending on the distnce from the rod. Explntions:, different letters indicte significnt differences for distnce from the rod Cu mg kg-1 2 15 1 5 Sękocin Żieniec Łominki Mrki Terespol FIGURE 4. Soil copper content depending on the distnce from the rod. Explntions:, different letters indicte significnt differences for distnce from the rod 12 1 rodside 5 m 8 Zn mg kg-1 6 4 2 Sękocin Żieniec Łominki Mrki Terespol FIGURE 5. Soil zinc content depending on the distnce from the rod. Explntions:, different letters indicte significnt differences for distnce from the rod The content of the zinc form extrcted in 1 mol dm 3 HCl ws in the rnge 3.32 19.98 mg kg 1. The highest ccumultion of this element ws found in the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki (19.98 mg kg 1 ), nd the lowest in the soils 5 m wy from the rods in Sêkocin nd Mrki. The zinc content in the soils ner the rod nd 5 m wy vried significntly, with the exception of soil smples collected ner the S8, where the vlues were similr for oth smples (Fig. 5).The nlyzed soil smples exceed the level of Zn recognized s nturl for the soil 5 m wy from the rod in ominki. The soil is clssed s second-degree (II ) contmintion with zinc low contmintion (Kt-Pendis 1993, Kt-Pendis et l.1995). Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM
Impct of trffic routes on trce elements in soil 91 The ccumultion of trce elements in the soils djcent to the min exit trffic routes from Wrsw is directly relted to the volume of trffic (Potrzycki et l. 1999). The highest levels of hrmful pollutnts were found in the soils from ominki, where the nnul verge dily trffic of vehicles is the heviest, nd the lowest ner Ntionl Rod 2, where trffic volume is the smllest. During pek hours, difficulties rise in the smooth pssge of vehicles on the exit rods, which is ssocited with higher emissions of pollutnts, prticulrly led. Mny older crs re not equipped with ctlytic converters for reducing emissions of exhust gses hrmful to the environment (Hofmn nd Wchowski 21). The dominnt winds in Polnd re from the directions W, NW nd SW (geomtur.pl 217), which mens tht pollutnts re crried wy minly est of the rods. This reltionship is prticulrly evident in the soils from ominki. The smpling site represented n re where there were no rriers to the free movement of ir msses, which contriuted to the ccumultion of led, copper, zinc nd cdmium in lrger quntities in the soil 5 m wy from the rod thn in the immedite proximity of it. CONCLUSIONS 1. The proximity of express rods contriutes to the ccumultion of trce elements in soil ut the content of these elements in soil smples ner exit rods from Wrsw usully did not exceed the permissile vlues. 2. The soil ner the rod in ominki is most exposed to nthropopressure nd 5 m wy from the rod the soil ws chrcterized low contmintion y zinc nd elevted content for copper. 3. The shre of trce elements extrcted y 1 mol dm 3 HCl in reltion to the totl content in the soil indictes tht the most moile is led nd the lest moile is cdmium. REFERENCES Bdor A., 1999. Moilne formy wyrnych metli w glech orz niektóre spekty ich immoilizcji. Rozprw hilitcyjn. Rozprwy Nukowe Akdemii Rolniczej w Lulinie (225). Wydwnictwo Akdemii Rolniczej w Lulinie: 12 14. Becker J.M., Prkin T., Nktsu C.H., Wilur J.D., Konopk A., 26. Bcteril ctivity, community structure nd centimeter scle sptil heterogeneity in contminted soil, Microil. Ecol. 51: 221 231. Biernt K., Syt A., 28: Anliz wp³ywu udowy i eksplotcji infrstruktury drogowej n czynniki iotyczne i iotyczne œrodowisk. [W:] Studi Ecologile et Bioethice 6/28: 287 36. Bomze K., Rutkowsk B., Szulc W., 27. Zwrtoœæ pierwistków œldowych w mniszku pospolitym (Trxcum officinle) w zle noœci od odleg³oœci od trsy komunikcyjnej. Roczniki Gleoznwcze Soil Science Annul 58(3 4): 38 42. Czrnowsk K., 1996. Ogóln zwrtoœæ metli ciê kich w sk- ³ch mcierzystych jko t³o geochemiczne gle. Roczniki Gleoznwcze Soil Science Annul 47: 43 5. Czuszek R., Brtoszuk K., 211. Zwrtoœæ wyrnych metli ciê kich w glech w zle noœci od ich odleg³oœci od ulicy i sposou u ytkowni terenu. [W:] Civil nd Environmentl Engineering 2: 27 34. Fij³kowski K., Kcprzk M., Groelk A., Plcek A., 212. The influence of selected soil prmeters on the moility of hevy metls in soil. In ynieri i ochron œrodowisk 15 (1): 81 92. Formn R.T., Sperling D., Bissonette J. i wsp., 23. Rod Ecology: Science nd Solutions. Islnd press, Wszyngton. Greinert H., Greinert A., 1999. Ochron i rekultywcj œrodowisk gleowego. Wydwnictwo Politechniki Zielonogórskiej, Zielon Gór. Groelk A., Kcprzk M., Grosser, A., Npor, A., 213. Chemofitostilizcj gley znieczyszczonej kdmem, cynkiem i o³owiem. Rocznik Ochron Œrodowisk 15: 1982 22. Gworek B., Drowski P., Ponieck B., Wrzosek J., 211. Effect of rod trffic on soil nd plnt contmintion with mercury. Przemys³ Chemiczny 9(2): 267 27. Hnder K., Dyckmns J., Joergensen R.G., Meyer B., Ruuch M., 212. Different Sources of hevy metls nd their long-term effects on soil microil properties, Biol. Fertil. Soils 34: 241 247. Hofmn M., Wchowski L., 21. Bdni zwrtoœci pltyny i o³owiu w gleie wzd³u g³ównych dróg wylotowych z Poznni. Ochron Œrodowisk 32(3): 43 47. Kt-Pendis A., 1993. Ocen stopni znieczyszczeni gle i roœlin metlmi ciê kimi i sirk¹. Rmowe wytyczne dl rolnictw. IUNG. Pu³wy. Kt-Pendis A., Piotrowsk M., Mtowick-Terelk T., Mliszewsk-Kordych B., Filipik K., Krkowik A., Pietruch C., 1995. Podstwy oceny chemicznego znieczyszczeni gle. Metle ciê kie, sirk i WWA. Biliotek Monitoringu Œrodowisk. PIOŒ. IUNG. Wrszw: 7 28. Kordel Z., 216. Effectiveness of the rod trnsport mrket. Logistyk 3: 113 12. Kozneck T., Czrnowsk K., Kwsowski W., 2. Ngromdzenie metli ciê kich w glech w otoczeniu stcji enzynowych w Wrszwie. Roczniki Gleoznwcze Soil Science Annul 1(51): 73 78. Mlczyk P., Kêdzi W., 1996. Metle ciê kie w glech leœnych wzd³u drogi wylotowej Bydgoszcz-Inowroc³w. Roczniki Gleoznwcze Soil Science Annul 3(47): 23 211. Meers E., Smson R., Tck F.M.G., Ruttens A., Vndegehuchte M., Vngronsveld J., Verloo M.G., 27. Phytovilility ssessment of hevy metls in soils y single extrctions nd ccumultion y Phseolus vulgris, Environ. Experim. Bot. 6: 385 396. Nied³ M., Smoliñsk B., Król-Domñsk K., 21. Znieczyszczeni gle miejskich mist odzi wyrnymi pierwistkmi œldowymi, Chemi Spo ywcz i Biotechnologi 74, 181: 29 38. Niesioêdzk K., Krjewsk E., 28. Metle ciê kie w uk³dzie gle-roœlinnoœæ w œrodowisku wielkomiejskim. Ekotoksykologi w Ochronie Œrodowisk, PZIiTS, Oddzi³ Dolnoœl¹ski, Wroc³w: 265 27. Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM
92 ARTUR KOMOROWSKI, WIES AW SZULC Ociep-Kuick A., Ociep E., 212. Toksyczne oddzi³ywnie metli ciê kich n roœliny, zwierzêt i ludzi. In ynieri i ochron œrodowisk 15: 169 18. Potrzycki J., Grzeisz W., Bier M., Ditt J.B., 1999. Stn geochemiczny gle i jkoœæ p³odów rolnych w strefie oddzi³ywni trsy komunikcyjnej Poznñ-Œwiecko. Rocz. AR. Pozn., CCCX, Melior. In. Œrodow. 2(1): 77 85. Rozporz¹dzenie Ministr Œrodowisk z dni 1 wrzeœni 216 r. w sprwie sposou prowdzeni oceny znieczyszczeni powierzchni ziemi (Dz.U. 216, poz. 1395). Szyszlk-Brg³owicz J., S³owik T., Zj¹c G., Piekrski W., 213. [W:] Metle ciê kie w rowch odwdnij¹cych ci¹gów komunikcyjnych. Rocznik Ochron Œrodowisk (Annul Set The Environment Protection) 15: 239 2323. Wlczk B., Chutko T., 214. Zwrtoœæ miedzi w gleie w ró - nych odleg³oœcich od krwêdzi jezdni drogi krjowej nr 3 w okolicch Nowego Misteczk. Zeszyty Nukowe. In ynieri Œrodowisk / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski 155(35): 95 15. wesite 1:http://mp.siskom.ww.pl/ wesite 2: https://www.gddki.gov.pl/userfiles/rticles/g/generl ny-pomir-ruchu-w-215_15598//synteza/mapa_sdr R215_DK.pdf wesite 3: http://www.geomtur.pl/index.php/geogrfi-polski- 3/57-witry-w-polsce Received: Mrch 2, 217 Accepted: April 18, 217 Associted editor: B. Rutkowsk Ocen oddzi³ywni ci¹gów komunikcyjnych n zwrtoœæ pierwistków œldowych w glech n przyk³dzie glomercji wrszwskiej Streszczenie: W prcy przedstwiono wyniki dñ zwrtoœci wyrnych metli œldowych (P, Zn, Cu, Cd) w glech przy g³ównych ci¹gch komunikcyjnych glomercji wrszwskiej. Celem przeprowdzonych dñ y³o okreœlenie stopni znieczyszczeni gle metlmi œldowymi w ró nych odleg³oœcich od drogi, to jest ezpoœrednio przy drodze ( m) i 5 metrów od drogi. W gleie oddlonej o 5 m od jezdni w ominkch stwierdzono s³e znieczyszczenie dl cynku i podwy szon¹ zwrtoœæ dl miedzi zgodnie z wytycznymi IUNG, ntomist nie stwierdzono przekroczeni dopuszczlnych zwrtoœci pierwistków œldowych zgodnie z Rozporz¹dzeniem Ministr Œrodowisk z dni 1 wrzeœni 216 roku. S³ow kluczowe: pierwistki œldowe, ci¹gi komunikcyjne, glomercj wrszwsk Unuthenticted Downlod Dte 1/19/17 6:33 PM