THE CRANIA FROM MODERN CEMETERIES IN INOWROC AW, KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE PROVINCE, POLAND

The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie Variability and Evolution, province... 2002, Vol. 10: 55 73 JANUSZ PIONTEK Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznañ, Poland Institute of Anthropology, Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Piontek@amu.edu.pl THE CRANIA FROM MODERN CEMETERIES IN INOWROC AW, KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE PROVINCE, POLAND Piontek J. 2002. The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province, Poland. Variability and Evolution, Vol. 10: 55 73, Tabs. 6. Figs. 4. Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Poznañ. Abstract: The paper presents the anthropometric characteristics of 23 male and 9 female crania from two church cemeteries in Inowroc³aw: the cemetery located by the Church of Our Lady, also called Ruina (the Ruin) and the one located by the Church of St. Nicholas. The archaeological excavations in Inowroc³aw were carried out in 1967. They were rescue works performed in connection with the reconstruction of a road. The crania found were dated to the 17th and 18th centuries. For each cranium 28 anthropometric measurements were performed according to R. Martin s (1928) technique. Their sex and age were estimated according to the methods recommended by European anthropologists (Piontek 1999). Data on craniological traits for 20 population groups from Poland were collected from literature. Using principal components analysis differentiation of the Late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland was analysed. The analysis was performed also with the use of the biological distance calculation method and the dendrogram method. High degree of resemblance of the group of crania under study to the crania of Central Poland (Kujawy, Wielkopolska) populations was revealed. Key words: modern cranium, craniological traits, Poland

56 J. Piontek Introduction Anthropological research excavations in Inowroc³aw were carried out in 1967 at the modern cemeteries located by the Church of Our Lady and the Church of St. Nicholas as a result of the reconstruction of the road and repair work in the churches. From the cemetery by the Church of Our Lady 39 skeletons, numerous bones and crania were isolated from three bone aggregations, while at the St. Nicholas church cemetery 19 skeletons were found. The skeletons can be dated to the 17th 18th century. They were damaged to a large extent; so ultimately only 23 male crania (20 crania from the cemetery of Our Lady Church and 3 crania from the St. Nicholas Church cemetery) and 9 female crania from the cemetery by Our Lady Church could be used for further research. Inowroc³aw was first mentioned in documents in 1185, where it was referred to as a trading settlement. It was granted municipal rights in 1238 (Sikorski 1991). From the 14th century till the partitions of Poland by the neighbour states it was Fig. 1. Location of the city of Inowroc³aw

The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 57 a provincial capital. Currently Inowroc³aw lies in the kujawsko-pomorskie province. It is situated in the central part of Poland (Fig. 1). Its geographical position is 52 40' N and 18 16' O. The Church of Our Lady Ruina dates from the beginning of the 12th century. In the 14th century it was incorporated into the parish of St. Nicholas. In 1779 the building suffered considerable damage and was further ruined as a result of the fire in 1834 to be rebuilt only in 1929. The origins of the Church of St. Nicholas may be connected with the emergence of a market settlement at the site of the later town but the earliest mention of this church comes only from 1320. It appears that between 1328 1338 it was turned into the parish church for the entire city, and in 1585 the church of Our Lady was made its branch church (Frycz 1978: 467 468). In the second part of the 17th century St. Nicholas was rebuilt following the damage suffered during Swedish wars. After the first partition of Poland the church was closed down and turned into a warehouse. It was reconsecrated in 1925. Materials and methods 28 craniological measurements were taken according to Martin s technique (1928), with the use of the Martin type calipers, with 1 mm accuracy (Tab. 1 and 2). Due to a small number of female crania available only male skulls were used for comparative studies. Sex and age of individuals were estimated using methods recommended by European anthropologists (Piontek 1999). For estimation of sex the complex method of sex determination on the basis of the cranium according to the method proposed by Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970) was used, while for individual s age at death estimation, standards describing the sequence of cranial sutures obliteration, attrition of the working occlusal surfaces of dental crowns and alveolar atrophy were applied. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for all measurements (Tab. 3). Comparative data on 20 late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland were gathered from literature (Piontek 1989/90, 1990). The list of comparative populations and their characteristics (location, dating, number of crania within a set, type of cemetery and the author who prepared the data) are given in Table 4. For the comparative studies the means of the 10 measurements of male crania were used. Using the principal components analysis (PCA) differentiation of the populations under study and the position of the studied group of crania from Inowroc³aw against the crania of populations from Kujawy, Wielkopolska and other regions of the contemporary Poland (Pomerania, Ma³opolska, Lower Silesia, Mazowsze) were analysed. The analysis of interpopulational differentiation was performed also with the use of the biological distance calculation method and the dendrogram method. In this

Individual measurements of male skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age g op eu eu co co ft ft zy zy zm zm au au ast ast 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus 192 152 121 97 126 94 114 115 2 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 14 M Adultus 175 149 122 100 123 91 107 108 3 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 19 M Senilis 189 143 119 99 133 92 107 103 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 014 M Adultus 183 146 121 90 130 88 108 105 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 15 M Adultus 189 144 122 96 122 110 111 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 03 M Ad/Mat 178 149 124 95 121 92 97 108 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Ad/Mat 183 138 120 98 119 118 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 015 M Maturus 192 145 124 97 118 82 100 111 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 02 M Maturus 199 126 114 98 124 90 97 104 10 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 04 M Maturus 186 146 121 101 129 99 110 115 11 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 05 M Maturus 185 151 130 102 12 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 06 M Maturus 119 97 128 100 13 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 07 M Maturus 185 155 126 97 132 99 117 118 14 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 09 M Maturus 174 136 118 98 103 104 15 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 12 M Maturus 176 142 119 102 128 96 107 102 16 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 16 M Maturus 177 139 117 97 132 98 106 100 17 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Maturus 186 142 125 100 121 88 99 107 18 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus 184 154 128 99 124 97 120 120 19 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus 184 134 110 90 125 109 20 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus 190 136 115 98 128 94 107 117 21 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 017 M Mat/Sen 178 141 105 92 133 108 22 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 012 M Senilis 191 152 121 102 136 93 115 118 23 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis 189 148 114 92 129 97 113 114 Table 1 58 J. Piontek

Individual measurements of male skulls cont. Table 1 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age ekm ekm enm enm ol sta mf ek mf mf OH apt apt n ns 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus 63 40 39 39 21 35 24 51 2 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 14 M Adultus 65 39 39 39 23 38 22 52 3 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 19 M Senilis 61 37 44 39 24 35 26 55 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 014 M Adultus 61 36 41 38 20 34 23 51 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 15 M Adultus 59 37 39 40 23 36 24 50 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 03 M Ad/Mat 60 33 37 23 30 26 44 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Ad/Mat 39 33 23 53 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 015 M Maturus 50 30 38 37 22 34 22 49 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 02 M Maturus 61 42 40 37 23 31 23 50 10 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 04 M Maturus 64 33 54 40 21 31 26 54 11 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 05 M Maturus 29 12 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 06 M Maturus 44 42 21 32 24 48 13 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 07 M Maturus 62 34 52 39 24 38 25 54 14 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 09 M Maturus 22 15 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 12 M Maturus 64 37 39 37 28 34 27 50 16 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 16 M Maturus 57 35 42 38 24 29 27 50 17 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Maturus 62 39 42 37 24 32 23 52 18 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus 67 43 40 38 34 25 47 19 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus 39 32 25 48 20 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus 65 35 48 22 34 27 55 21 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 017 M Mat/Sen 40 29 22 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 012 M Senilis 58 31 40 43 21 33 27 56 23 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis 52 36 39 39 22 32 30 56 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 59

Individual measurements of male skulls cont. Table 1 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age n pr n ba n gn ba pr ba b n b b L L i 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus 69 92 118 85 133 110 117 68 2 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 14 M Adultus 68 96 101 94 134 112 102 71 3 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 19 M Senilis 69 104 99 130 117 113 67 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 014 M Adultus 70 95 90 130 112 112 67 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 15 M Adultus 67 140 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 03 M Ad/Mat 65 129 110 115 68 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Ad/Mat 70 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 015 M Maturus 65 110 94 142 118 122 64 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 02 M Maturus 63 96 90 126 118 139 58 10 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 04 M Maturus 74 104 104 144 116 106 85 11 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 05 M Maturus 104 73 12 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 06 M Maturus 65 13 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 07 M Maturus 73 134 119 113 66 14 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 09 M Maturus 101 101 61 15 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 12 M Maturus 65 102 107 98 130 104 109 60 16 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 16 M Maturus 61 99 103 99 128 102 105 68 17 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Maturus 69 122 110 108 64 18 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus 64 126 110 113 72 19 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus 61 133 20 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus 68 131 115 115 71 21 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 017 M Mat/Sen 132 22 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 012 M Senilis 74 103 97 136 115 114 65 23 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis 66 100 99 134 112 114 65 60 J. Piontek

Individual measurements of male skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age i o L o g i n i 1 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 1 M Adultus 50 102 183 177 2 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 14 M Adultus 47 98 172 165 3 Inowroc³aw Miko³aj st. 2 19 M Senilis 41 91 176 174 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 014 M Adultus 44 85 176 170 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 15 M Adultus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 03 M Ad/Mat 41 94 159 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Ad/Mat 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 015 M Maturus 44 92 183 174 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 02 M Maturus 46 86 174 10 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 04 M Maturus 40 90 180 173 11 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 05 M Maturus 178 12 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 06 M Maturus 13 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 07 M Maturus 39 86 174 166 14 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 09 M Maturus 52 99 173 168 15 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 12 M Maturus 45 94 168 167 16 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 16 M Maturus 42 92 173 169 17 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 24 M Maturus 54 91 181 177 18 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2a M Maturus 176 174 19 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 M Maturus 20 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4a M Maturus 42 96 180 175 21 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 017 M Mat/Sen 22 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 012 M Senilis 54 98 185 183 23 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 2ab M Senilis 49 100 180 176 cont. Table 1 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 61

Individual measurements of female skulls No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age g op eu eu co co ft ft zy zy zm zm au au ast ast 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus 177 141 116 97 132 109 2 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 011 K Adultus 171 141 127 94 102 119 3 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat 181 144 124 99 128 95 107 115 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 08 K Maturus 98 89 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 019 K Maturus 168 142 119 99 106 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 010 K Maturus 174 136 106 87 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 13 K Senilis 174 145 114 91 129 93 117 105 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 01 K Senilis 179 139 116 97 131 91 112 118 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis 188 136 114 92 128 88 107 108 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age ekm ekm enm enm ol sta mf ek mf mf OH apt apt n ns 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus 40 25 35 25 54 2 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 011 K Adultus 3 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat 55 34 41 38 26 33 25 50 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 08 K Maturus 39 36 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 019 K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 010 K Maturus 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 13 K Senilis 67 39 44 38 19 31 23 50 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 01 K Senilis 60 40 43 41 22 32 24 51 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis 50 36 44 37 23 31 25 46 Table 2 62 J. Piontek

Individual measurements of female skulls cont. Table 2 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age n pr n ba n gn ba pr ba b n b b L L i 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus 66 111 120 2 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 011 K Adultus 114 104 61 3 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat 66 98 97 121 100 112 58 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 08 K Maturus 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 019 K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 010 K Maturus 102 108 52 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 13 K Senilis 64 96 112 96 125 110 106 64 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 01 K Senilis 70 108 95 133 114 110 52 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis 60 107 100 134 104 112 61 No. City Site Grave no. Sex Age i o L o g i n i 1 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Adultus 2 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 011 K Adultus 45 87 167 162 3 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 3 K Ad/Mat 44 88 174 170 4 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 08 K Maturus 5 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 019 K Maturus 6 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 010 K Maturus 168 7 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 13 K Senilis 41 91 168 166 8 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 01 K Senilis 41 76 174 171 9 Inowroc³aw Ruina st. 1 4 K Senilis 44 88 183 178 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 63

64 J. Piontek Arithmetic means and standard deviations of cranial measurements Table 3 No. Traits Males Females N x SD N x SD 1 g op 22 184.8 6.47 5 176.5 6.26 2 eu eu 22 144.0 7.25 5 140.5 3.34 3 co co 23 119.8 5.66 5 117.0 6.48 4 ft ft 23 97.3 3.52 5 94.9 4.17 5 zy zy 21 126.7 5.01 3 129.6 1.82 6 zm zm 18 94.4 6.07 3 91.2 2.86 7 au au 17 107.5 6.87 3 109.0 5.70 8 ast ast 21 110.2 6.08 4 111.4 5.80 9 ekm ekm 17 60.6 4.49 3 58.0 7.26 10 enm enm 17 36.3 3.58 3 37.3 2.75 11 ol sta 17 46.1 4.74 3 43.0 1.41 12 mf ek 20 38.9 1.63 3 38.8 1.47 13 mf mf 17 22.7 1.86 3 23.0 2.74 14 OH 22 33.0 2.59 3 33.0 2.10 15 APB 21 24.8 2.11 3 24.4 0.89 16 n ns 20 51.3 3.21 3 50.2 2.86 17 n pr 20 67.3 3.83 3 65.2 3.63 18 n ba 11 100.1 5.17 3 102.3 6.13 19 n gn 4 107.3 7.59 1 111.5 20 ba pr 11 95.4 5.41 3 97.0 2.16 21 ba b 19 132.3 5.51 3 126.6 6.58 22 n b 17 111.8 5.48 4 107.3 6.15 23 b L 18 112.3 8.66 4 108.7 3.27 24 L i 18 67.4 5.99 4 58.0 5.02 25 i o 16 45.6 4.92 3 43.0 1.87 26 L o 16 93.4 5.20 3 86.0 5.79 27 g i 17 176.3 6.35 4 172.3 6.09 28 n i 16 172.6 4.80 3 169.4 5.98 analysis the arithmetical means of male crania were standardized for the standard deviation calculated for the population from Ko³obrzeg, due to a large number of items in the collection of male crania coming from that cemetery. The Excel 7.0 calculation sheet, Statistica 5.0 statistical software and the PCA program developed by Maækiewicz and Ratajczak (1992) were used for computations. Two papers containing anthropological information on the crania under study have been published up to date. In 1969 data on the frequency and intensity of caries in 22 crania, including 257 maxillary teeth and 176 mandibular teeth were published (Malinowski et al. 1969), and arithmetical means calculated from 14 well preserved male crania appeared in print in 1979 (Piontek 1979).

Late medieval and modern cemeteries included in the comparative studies Cemetery Chronology Author of data Jaksice, near Inowroc³aw, Kujavia 15 th 17 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 36) Piontek 1981 S³aboszewo, Kujavia 14 th 17 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 170) Piontek 1981 Radziejów Kujawski, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 33) Piechowska 1966 (unpublished data) Aleksandrów Kujawski, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 70) Piech 1966 (unpublished data) Wronie, Kujavia Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the local village group ( N = 24) Zduñczyk 1966 (unpublished data) Elbl¹g, Pomerania Late Medieval Cemetery at church of the city group (N = 88) Piontek, Mi³osz (in preparation) Poznañ, Wielkopolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery at church of the city group (N = 143) Ha³ka 1935 Gniezno, Wielkopolska 11 th 17 th Skeletal materials from Cathedral (N = 41) Kaszycka 1989 Lubiñ I, Wielkopolska 18 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 33) Henneberg et al. 1984 Lubiñ II, Wielkopolska 18 th 19 th Cemetery at church of the local village group (N = 70) Henneberg et al. 1984 Paw³ów near Trzebnica, Silesia 15 th 17 th City cemetery (N = 39) Miszkiewicz 1968 Milicz, Silesia 12 th 13 th Cemetery of the local group, small city (N = 399) Miszkiewicz, Gronkiewicz 1988 CzeladŸ, Wielkopolska 13 th 14 th Cemetery of the local group, small city (N = 169) Magnuszewicz, Rajchel 1980 Wroc³aw, Silesia 15 th 16 th City cemetery, St. Elizabeth Church (N = 160) Krzy anowska et al. 1997 Wiœlica, Ma³opolska 18 th 19 th Skeletal materials from Cathedral (N = 60) Wierciñski 1970 Kraków, Ma³opolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery of the local city population (N = 203) Kaczanowski 1965 Góra Che³mska near Koszalin, 13 th 15 th Cemetery at church (N = 264) Wokroj 1972 Pomerania Ko³obrzeg, Pomerania 14 th 18 th Cemetery at Cathedral (N = 634) Wokroj 1971 Czaplinek, Wielkopolska 15 th 18 th Cemetery at church of the small city group (N = 30) Kaliszewska-Drozdowska 1967 Warszawa, Mazovia 17 th Cemetery at church St. Anna (N = 99) Miszkiewicz 1954 Table 4 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 65

66 J. Piontek Results and discussion Table 3 represents arithmetical means and standard deviations for 28 cranial measurements for a group of male and female crania. Since mandibular measurements could be taken only in 4 male crania, only n gn measurements were performed, without separate analysis of mandibular measurements. Data for the population from Inowroc³aw were compared with data for 20 populations from different regions of Poland. These populations were excavated at Roman Catholic Church cemeteries and one should expect that they represent Medieval and modern inhabitants of Poland (Table 4). Ten measurements of male crania were selected for comparison. Arithmetical means and standard deviations of cranial measurements for comparative populations are shown in Table 5. Populations used for comparison were chosen according to the following criteria: number of crania within a given set, geographical location [Kujawy, Pomorze (Pomerania), Wielkopolska, Ma³opolska, Dolny Œl¹sk (Lower Silesia), Mazowsze], dating of the cemetery and the set of craniometrical traits studied (Tab. 5a, 5b). The group of populations selected included collections of crania from rural church cemeteries (e.g., from Jaksice, S³aboszewo, Wronie), or town church cemeteries (e.g., from Elbl¹g, Ko³obrzeg, Wiœlica, Warszawa, Poznañ). All the populations have been dated to between 12th 13th century (a cemetery in Milicz) and 18th 19th century (cemetery in Lubiñ). The arrangement of the populations under comparison for the two first principal components is shown in Figure 2, and in relation to the first and third principal components in Figure 3. Coefficients of correlation between the principal components and original variables are shown in Table 6. The first principal component exhausting 18.3% of common variability describes the differentiation of the set of populations studied with regard to: cranial breadth (eu eu), upper face height (n r), orbital breadth (mf ek) and the minimum frontal breadth (ft ft). The second component, exhausting 14% of common variability describes the differentiation of the set of populations under study with regard to: upper face height (n pr) and the piriform aperture breadth (atp atp). The third principal component (15.4% of common variability) describes the differentiation of the population set under study with regard to: cranial breadth (eu eu), cranial height (b ba), minimum frontal breadth (ft ft), maximum facial breadth (zy zy). Therefore, the first component differentiates the set of crania under study with regard to the shape of the braincase and of the face, the second one with regard to the shape of the nose and the height of the face, and the third one with regard to the size of the skull (Tab. 6). In respect of the shape of the braincase and the shape of the face the Inowroc³aw population studied is most similar to the population of Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Lubiñ, Radziejów Kujawski, S³aboszewo, Jaksice, Gniezno), population of Pomerania (Czaplinek and Elbl¹g) and to the population of Kraków and CzeladŸ. With regard to the facial traits (second principal component), the population from Inowroc³aw is most similar to the population from Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Radziejów Kujawski,

V 2 1000 800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Wiœlica Milicz Wroc³aw Paw³ów Ko³obrzeg Warszawa Góra Che³mska Aleksandrów Kuj. Poznañ Lubiñ I Wronie Fig. 2. Distribution of populations by first (V 1 ) and second (V 2 ) principal component V 1 Kraków S³aboszewo Elbl¹g CzeladŸ Jaksice Radziejów Gniezno Lubiñ II Inowroc³aw Czaplinek 600 200 200 600 1000 The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 67

V 3 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Elbl¹g Kraków Poznañ Lubiñ II Warszawa Lubiñ I Góra Che³mska Wislica Ko³obrzeg Wronie Gniezno Aleksandrów Inowroc³aw Radziejów Kuj. CzeladŸ Jaksice Wroc³aw Czaplinek Paw³ów S³aboszewo Milicz 600 200 200 600 1000 Fig. 3. Distribution of populations by first (V 1 ) and third (V 3 ) principal component V 1 68 J. Piontek

No. Table 5a Arithmetical means of cranial measurements of male skullsfor various populations from Poland territory: Late Medieval to Modern Times Traits Inowroc³aw 17th 18th Jaksice 15th 17th S³aboszewo 14th 17th Radziejów Kujawski Late Medieval Aleksandrów Kujawski Late Medieval Wronie Late Medieval N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op 22 184.8 17 172.9 095 177.7 39 178.5 47 181.2 12 180.3 2 eu eu 22 144.0 18 143.3 102 143.6 39 144.6 47 146.5 12 147.5 3 ba b 19 132.3 13 132.9 084 132.8 39 131.7 47 128.1 10 135.0 4 ft ft 23 097.3 15 096.0 094 096.2 39 100.0 47 097.3 10 099.3 5 zy zy 21 126.7 05 128.3 049 137.0 39 132.4 47 130.3 08 136.6 6 n pr 20 067.3 06 068.2 060 066.3 39 067.8 47 068.9 06 066.3 7 n ns 20 051.3 07 049.1 066 049.9 39 050.4 47 051.4 07 050.7 8 mf ek 20 038.9 10 038.2 071 039.4 39 040.2 47 038.7 07 042.2 9 OH 22 033.0 12 032.5 066 032.1 39 032.6 47 034.3 06 031.6 10 apt apt 21 024.8 08 023.2 067 024.7 39 025.6 47 024.8 08 024.9 No. Traits Elbl¹g Late Medieval Poznañ 15th 17th Gniezno 10/11th 17th Lubiñ I 18th Lubiñ II 18th 19th Paw³ów 15th 17th N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op 43 190.3 92 181.2 16 182.6 20 177.4 32 179.1 21 174.1 2 eu eu 45 145.5 83 149.4 17 145.4 21 147.7 33 144.6 21 1430. 3 ba b 30 134.9 58 135.5 09 136.6 12 127.7 26 130.3 20 129.9 4 ft ft 44 100.3 93 97.9 17 098.8 23 099.4 34 098.4 20 098.0 5 zy zy 09 137.8 92 098.0 12 134.2 09 134.7 21 133.8 21 131.1 6 n pr 17 065.8 11 065.4 12 067.7 10 069.1 28 066.5 21 066.4 7 n ns 18 051.4 17 049.7 13 051.8 09 051.6 27 021.1 21 049.4 8 mf ek 19 038.4 12 039.9 14 041.1 14 041.5 25 040.9 21 040.3 9 OH 19 031.1 15 031.9 13 031.5 17 033.4 27 033.4 21 033.1 10 apt apt 16 025.0 16 025.7 12 024.8 11 025.2 29 025.1 21 25. The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 69

No. Table 5b Arithmetical means of cranial measurements of male skullsfor various populations from Poland territory: Late Medieval to Modern Times Traits Milicz 12th 13th CzeladŸ Wielka 13th 14th Wroc³aw. œw. El bieta 15th 16th Wiœlica 18th 19th Kraków 15th 18th Góra Che³mska 13th 15th N x N x N x N x N x N x 1 g op 242 186.2 102 185.7 67 180.8 20 177.1 83 179.0 35 189.9 2 eu eu 244 139.9 103 140.8 69 146.0 22 147.5 80 148.6 35 139.5 3 ba b 222 136.1 94 136.6 50 131.7 17 135.3 60 134.6 35 133.0 4 ft ft 245 197.9 96 197.8 75 1199.4 24 199.6 77 198.7 35 197.3 5 zy zy 205 133.1 77 133.0 22 136.2 16 134.2 31 134.0 35 132.9 6 n pr 217 169.1 83 165.7 50 169.7 21 171.4 42 168.6 35 167.3 7 n ns 239 150.3 83 149.2 49 151.8 21 153.0 43 150.8 35 150.9 8 mf ek 244 141.4 86 141.5 53 140.6 22 142.2 43 142.8 35 138.3 9 OH 245 132.2 86 131.8 55 133.5 22 133.5 44 133.0 35 133.7 10 apt apt 239 124.7 85 124.3 44 25.2 22 125.6 38 124.7 35 124.2 Ko³obrzeg Czaplinek Warszawa No. Traits 14th 18th 15th 18th 17th N x N x N x 1 g op 139 186.0 18 183.0 83 178.3 2 eu eu 139 143.2 18 145.0 84 144.4 3 ba b 139 129.2 13 129.8 77 131.7 4 ft ft 139 198.8 19 198.5 84 196.9 5 zy zy 139 136.3 11 133.4 34 133.6 6 n pr 139 167.3 12 171.2 82 169.3 7 n ns 139 152.7 12 153.7 82 151.2 8 mf ek 139 138.5 14 140.5 84 140.5 9 OH 139 133.3 14 133.7 84 132.8 10 apt apt 139 125.0 11 124.5 81 125.6 70 J. Piontek

The crania from modern cemeteries in Inowroc³aw, kujawsko-pomorskie province... 71 Table 6 Coefficients of correlation between original variables (x) and principal components (V) No. Variables (x)/components (V) V 1 V 2 V 3 1. g op 2. eu eu 3. ba b 4. ft ft 5. zyz zy 6. n pr 7. n ns 8. mf ek 9. OH 10. atp atp 0.32 0.60** 0.59 0.43* 0.28 0.63** 0.78 0.82** 0.10 0.02 0.36 0.27 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.55** 0.05 0.20 0.27 0.87** 0.10 0.69** 0.49* 0.53* 0.47* 0.22 0.33 0.12 0.06 0.35 * Significance for p < 0.05; ** Significance for p < 0.01 Aleksandrów Kujawski, Wronie, Gniezno, Lubiñ) and to the population from Pomerania (Czaplinek and Ko³obrzeg). Concerning the size of the cranium (third principal component) the population from Inowroc³aw most resembles the population from Kujawy and Wielkopolska (Gniezno, Radziejów Kujawski, Aleksandrów Kujawski, Wronie, Jaksice, S³aboszewo), the populations from Pomerania (Ko³obrzeg, Czaplinek), and Lower Silesia (Milicz, Paw³ów, Wroc³aw). Figure 4 represents the grouping of the populations compared using the dendrogram method. The matrix of the biological distances (square Euclidean Inowroc³aw Aleksandrów Kuj. Poznañ Jaksice Elbl¹g GóraChe³mska Ko³obrzeg S³aboszewo Radziejów Kuj. Warszawa Lubiñ II Paw³ów Wronie Gniezno Milicz CzeladŸ Lubiñ I Wroc³aw Czaplinek Wiœlica Kraków 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Biological distance Fig. 4. Dendrogram grouping of the compared populations (Ward s linkage method, squared Euclidean distances)

72 J. Piontek distances) was computed from standardized mean values of 10 cranial traits with the Statistica 5.0 statistical software. The matrix was subsequently sorted with the Ward s method. The populations compared were grouped into 4 clusters. The Inowroc³aw population is most similar to the populations from Kujawy and Wielkopolska. The four population clusters separated in the dendrogram are not grouped strongly with regard to the chronology or geographical location factors. They are weakly differentiated in relation to one another, and their regional differentiation is poorly legible. Comparing the groups under study within the arrangement of the first three principal components one can notice only certain tendency of the populations from Kujawy and Wielkopolska to form closer groups. Comparative studies have shown the likely existence of strong biological links among the populations under study, which means they were biologically poorly isolated from one another. Therefore, one may assume that in the late Middle Ages and in the modern times the population of Poland was not strongly differentiated biologically and that the local structural differences were mainly related to factors shaping possibilities of biological and cultural contacts, i.e., to social and historical factors. References Acsádi G., Nemeskéri J. 1970. History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Akademiai Kiado. Budapest. Frycz J. 1978. Koœció³ œw. Miko³aja. In: M. Biskup (ed.), Dzieje Inowroc³awia, t 2: 467 483. Ha³ka S., 1935. Czaszki z XV XVIII wieku pochodz¹ce z dawnego cmentarza oko³o koœcio³a œw. Marcina w Poznaniu. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 9: 47 54. Henneberg M., Wrzesiñska A., Brodnicka J., 1984. Materia³y szkieletowe z cmentarzyska (XIII XVIII w.) przy koœciele œw. Leonarda w Lubiniu, gmina Krzywiñ. Opracowanie wstêpne. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 50: 365 379. Kaczanowski K. 1965. Czaszki z cmentarzysk przy koœciele Mariackim w Krakowie (XV XVIII w.). Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 71: 57 112. Kaliszewska-Drozdowska M.D. 1967. Czaszki z cmentarzyska przy koœciele Œw. Trójcy w Czaplinku, pow. Szczecinek. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 33: 87 91. Kaszycka K. 1989. Materia³ szkieletowy z katedry gnieÿnieñskiej (X/XI XVII wiek). Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 53: 137 148. Krzy anowska M., Kwiatkowska B., Szczurowski J., Gronkiewicz S. 1997. Czaszki z koœcio³a œw. El biety we Wroc³awiu (XV XVI w.). Studia Antropologiczne, 4: 7 16. Maækiewicz A., Ratajczak W. 1992. Principal components analysis. Accompanied by Fortran 77 Program on diskette. Poznañ. Magnuszewicz M., Rajchel Z. 1980. Analiza kraniologiczna materia³ów z cmentarzyska w Czeladzi Wielkiej, woj. leszczyñskie (XIII XIV wiek). Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 99: 103 108. Malinowski A., Lewandowski L., Piontek J. 1969. État de dentition de la population polonaise depuis l âge neolithique jusqu aux temps modernes. Przegl¹d Antropologiczny, 35: 211 223. Martin R. 1928. Lerbuch der Anthropologie. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena. Mi³osz E. 1989. Procesy przemian biologicznych œredniowiecznych populacji z Pomorza Zachodniego. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznañ. Miszkiewicz B. 1954. Czaszki z terenu koœcio³a œw. Anny w Warszawie. Materia³y i Prace Antropologiczne, 4: 104 142.

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