www.jard.edu.pl DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 Journal of Agrbusness and Rural Development pissn 1899-5241 eissn 1899-5772 3(41) 2016, 373 381 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BASED ON RURAL COMMUNES IN THE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE VOIVODESHIP Katarzyna Pawlewcz Unwersytet Warmńsko-Mazursk w Olsztyne Abstract. The am of ths artcle s to assess the mpact of socal captal on soco-economc development of rural communtes n the Warma and Mazury Provnce. In the course of the study two synthetc ndcators were calculated wth the use of the TOPSIS method. One charactersed socal captal, the other the level of soco-economc development. The data used to determne the ndcators (characterzng socal captal and soco-economc development) were obtaned from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statstcal Offce and the Natonal Electoral Commsson for 67 rural communtes from the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. Subsequently, lnear orderng of the examned unts was conducted and typologcal classes (I IV) were determned, charactersng the level of both analysed ndcators. It was establshed that rural communtes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp do not show a large varaton n terms of soco-economc development and socal captal. Then, the relaton between socal captal and the level of soco-economc development was studed. As shown by statstcal analyss, there s a postve, but low statstcal dependence between the level of socal captal and the level of soco-economc development. In turn, n the case of commune dvson nto typologcal classes, compatblty was found between the dscussed ndcators, but only for 26 unts, whch consttutes only 40% of the analysed communes. Key words: soco-economc development, socal captal, TOPSIS, rural communes INTRODUCTION All local admnstraton unts, ncludng communes, realse ther prmary objectve,.e. soco-economc development. The concept of development s complex and multfaceted. We most frequently defne t as a process of postve changes, coverng both quanttatve growth and qualtatve progress takng place n a gven area and affectng the standard of lvng of the local communty as well as condtons for the operatons of economc enttes (Parysek, 2001; Potoczek, 2003). In turn, socoeconomc development at the local level as a complex concept refers not only to economc, poltcal or cultural changes, but also processes takng place n the socety (human relatons, lfestyle or accepted norms and moral values). Thus t may be stated that t occurs wthn four spheres: economc, socal, poltcal and cultural (Potoczek, 2003). They are not unform and ther functonng s closely nterrelated. These dependences contrbute to the creaton of a new, sustanable development potental, whch may contrbute to a more comprehensve satsfacton of needs of the local communty and may not cause any negatve consequences for the local envronment (Szewczuk et al., 2011). People and ther adaptablty consttute an mportant determnant modfyng the soco-economc sphere of every local admnstraton unt. A characterstc human dr nż. Katarzyna Pawlewcz, Katedra Planowana Inżyner Przestrzennej, Unwersytet Warmńsko-Mazursk w Olsztyne, ul. Prawocheńskego 15, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland, e-mal: katarzyna.pawlewcz@uwm.edu.pl Copyrght by Wydawnctwo Unwersytetu Przyrodnczego w Poznanu
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 feature s our socal character, manfested among other thngs n the propensty towards communal lfe and a real need for such a lfe, as well as ablty for socal nteractons and thus jont realsaton of goals. For ths reason such characterstcs of local communtes as knowledge, competences, ablty to cooperate, actvty, moblsaton or cvc partcpaton may become sgnfcant factors affectng the level of local development (Parysek, 2001; Janc, 2009). Accordng to Coleman (1998), socal captal may be defned as the capacty of human cooperaton, whch s manfested wthn groups and organsatons and ams at the realsaton of common nterests. Ths creates relatonshps between people based on trust and actvty of local resdents (Spychalsk, 2013), whch may be expressed e.g. by the poltcal and socal actvty of nhabtants n a gven local admnstraton unt (Kłosowsk and Warda, 2001). Socal captal s a non-materal resource, manfested n relatonshps between people and smlarly as other forms of captal t nfluences economc actvty. As t was observed by Janc (2009) (after: Portes, 1998), ths results from the fact that whle fnancal captal s found on bank accounts of people and human captal s n ther heads, socal captal s contaned n the structure of ther relatonshps. Thus we may propose a thess that socal captal, defned n a multfaceted manner, has a postve effect on economc growth. The am of ths paper was to assess the effect of socal captal on soco-economc development n rural communes of the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. MATERIAL AND METHODS Both socal captal and soco-economc development are multfaceted concepts, whch may not be measured or defned usng one characterstc. For ths reason complex phenomena are charactersed usng synthetc varables, whch may replace a set of many ndexes wth one synthetc varable (Kuropka, 2001). In the course of the study two measures were establshed usng the TOPSIS method. One of them charactersed socal captal, whle the other the standard of soco-economc development n rural communes of the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. The TOPSIS method (Technque for Order Preference by Smlarty to an Ideal Soluton) s a reference method consstng n the calculaton of Eucldean dstances for each evaluated object (n ths case a rural commune) from the best and the worst alternatve. The conducted analyss produces a rankng lst of evaluated objects based on a synthetc ndex. The object wth the hghest standard of development s the object wth the shortest dstance from the deal soluton and at the same tme the longest dstance from the worst soluton (Hwang and Yoon, 1981; Wysock, 2010; Huang et al., 2011). The synthetc measure of the standard of soco-economc development and socal captal generated based on TOPSIS was developed applyng the followng procedure (Wysock, 2010): 1. Analyss of lterature on the subject n terms of the selecton of characterstcs ndexes of soco-economc development (Bossel, 1999; Borys, 2005; Korol, 2007; Kompa, 2009; Brodzńsk, 2011; Pawlewcz Pawlewcz, 2011) and socal captal (Janc, 2009; Foxton and Jones, 2011; Serocńska, 2011). Next, n order to elmnate excessvely correlated characterstcs dagonal elements of the reverse matrx were analysed, resultng n the elmnaton from further analyses too strongly correlated varables,.e. those for whch values on the man dagonal exceeded 10. Eventually the followng characterstcs (ndexes) were selected for further studes: Soco-economc development: x 1 brth rate per 1000 nhabtants; x 2 populaton densty; x 3 gross enrollment rato mddle school, x 4 gross enrollment rato prmary schools; x 5 outpatent health care nsttutons per 10 thousand nhabtants; x 6 proporton of women n councl; x 7 average usable floor area per person; x 8 area of legally protected areas as % commune area; x 9 total own revenue of commune per 1 nhabtant; x 10 receved subsdes to total budget revenue; x 11 expenses for culture and protecton of natonal hertage per 1 nhabtant; x 12 expendture for socal assstance per 1 nhabtant; x 13 assets-related nvestment expendture per 1 nhabtant; x 14 REGON regstered enttes per 10 thousand nhabtants; x 15 ncome from agrcultural tax per 1 nhabtant; x 16 length (km) of operatng sewerage system per km 2 area; x 17 length of operatng water supply system (km) per km 2 area; x 18 the proporton of regstered unemployed n the workngage populaton. Socal captal: y 1 foundatons, assocatons and socal organsatons per 10 thousand nhabtants; y 2 partcpants of events per 1000 nhabtants; y 3 members of muscal ensembles, etc. per 1000 nhabtants; y 4 members of specal-nterest groups (clubs) per 1000 nhabtants; y 5 partcpaton n local government electons. 374 www.jard.edu.pl
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 Indexes were prepared based on data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statstcal Offce GUS for 2011 and the Natonal Electoral Commsson for 2010. 2. Standardsaton of values of characterstcs (ndexes) usng zero untarzaton, whch conssts n the transformaton of destmulants to the form of stmulants, thanks to whch values of analysed ndexes may be compared. Ths may be done usng the followng formulas: xk mnxk Stmulants: zk ; max x mn x Destmulants: z k k k xk xk x mnx max ; max 3. Determnaton of coordnates of model unts,.e. a postve model (A + ) and a negatve model (A ) of development accordng to the followng formulas: A A k z, maxz,, maxz z, z,, z max 1 2 K 1 2 z, mnz,, mnz z, z,, z mn 1 2 K 1 2 In zero untarzaton they take the form: 1,1,, z 0,0,, 0 z 1 K k K 4. Calculaton of Eucldean dstances of each evaluated object (n ths case commune) from the postve model z + and the negatve model z : 2 K d, 2 K k 1 z k z k k 1 d z k z k, ( = 1, 2,, N) 5. Calculaton of the synthetc value of the characterstc (ndex): d S whle 0 S 1, ( = 1, 2,, N) d d Lnear orderng of analysed objects (rural communes) and determnaton of typologcal classes for socal captal and soco-economc development usng the arthmetc mean and standard devaton from values of the synthetc measure followed the procedure (Wysock, 2010): S S ι + s s class I hgh level: soco-economc development, socal captal K K S ι S < S ι + s s class II hgher medum level: soco-economc development, socal captal S ι s s S < S ι class III lower medum level: soco-economc development, socal captal S < S ι s s class IV low level: soco-economc development, socal captal where: S value of synthetc measure calculated usng TOPSIS for soco-economc development; socal captal S ι arthmetc mean of synthetc measure S s s standard devaton of synthetc measure S. Next statstcal analyss for the dependence usng Pearson s lnear correlaton coeffcent between synthetc measures of socal captal and soco-economc development for the nvestgated communes was conducted usng STATISTICA 10 software. Fnally the consstency of typologcal classes between the dscussed measures was analysed. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS Soco-economc development Applyng the synthetc measure calculated usng TOPSIS rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp were ordered n terms of the level of soco-economc development and dvded nto four classes. Results are gven n Table 1. Values of the synthetc measure of soco-economc development for the analysed unts ranged from 0.32 to 0.54. The hghest value was recorded for ths ndex n the Stawguda commune, whle t was lowest n the Dzałdowo commune. Results of ths analyss are presented n Fg. 1. Soco-economc development of rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp s generally medum: 37% are communes wth a lower medum level, whle 28% are communes wth hgher medum level of development. Class I, representng a hgh level of soco-economc development, comprses 12 unts, whch accounts for as lttle as 18% of analysed rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. In the case of stmulants these communes mostly had hgher ndexes of partal characterstcs n relaton to provncal means, whle for destmulants they were lower (except for characterstcs 5, 6, 10, 12 and 15). The hgh level of development n these communes was mostly the result of: www.jard.edu.pl 375
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 Table 1. Number of rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp dvded nto classes of soco-economc development Tabela 1. Lczba gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego w podzale na klasy pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Specfcaton Wyszczególnene Rural communes Gmny wejske hgh wysok Level of soco-economc development Pozom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego hgher-medum średn-wyższy lower-medum średn-nższy low nsk Total Razem 12 (18%) 19 (28%) 25 (37%) 11 (17%) 67 (100%) Source: own elaboraton. Źródło: opracowane własne. Fg. 1. Classfcaton of rural communtes of the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp on the bass of a concse evaluaton of the level of soco-economc development Source: own elaboraton. Rys. 1. Klasyfkacja gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego na podstawe syntetycznej oceny pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Źródło: opracowane własne. fnances of the communes, whch had hgh own revenue and hgh nvestment expendture, as well as expendture for culture and protecton of natonal hertage, demographcs, wth hgher than average brth rates and hgh populaton densty, educaton standard expressed n hgh values of gross enrollment ratos for both analysed educaton levels, 376 www.jard.edu.pl
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 entrepreneurshp of nhabtants manfested n the hgh number of economc enttes and a lower than the provncal average proporton of regstered unemployed, techncal nfrastructure facltes manfested n the hgh area of the communes wth the operatng sewerage system. It needs to be stressed that these communes are located n the mmedate vcnty or at a small dstance from a cty such as Olsztyn (provncal captal) or towns such as Gżycko, Mkołajk, Ndzca or Rucane-Nda. They are located at mportant traffc routes natonal or regonal roads, whch may nfluence the level of development n these communes. It s a satsfactory fndng that the lowest number, only 17%, were the communes wth a low level of soco-economc development. The man problems for the communes wth a low level of soco-economc development ncluded low own revenues and low nvestment expendture, as well as expendture for socal assstance and culture and protecton of natonal hertage, beng lower than the provncal average, as well as the very low number of economc enttes n the REGON regster and a hgh proporton of regstered unemployed. Socal captal Smlarly as n the analyss of the level of soco-economc development, the rural communes of the Warmńsko- -mazurske vovodeshp were ordered n terms of ther level of socal captal and they were dvded nto four classes. Results are gven n Table 2. Analyss of these results shows that the standard of socal captal n these communes, smlarly as n the case of the level of soco- -economc development, s medum n most cases. Values of the synthetc measure for the level of socal captal n the rural communes of the Warmńsko- -mazurske vovodeshp ranged from 0.13 for the communes of Welbark and Kętrzyn to 0.63 for the Gżycko commune. The spatal dstrbuton of socal captal s presented n Fg. 2. Results of ths analyss show that almost half of the nvestgated communes (46%,.e. 31 communes) are classfed to class III, representng the lower medum level of socal captal. Class II comprses 30% (20 communes) wth a hgher medum level of development, whle class I 13% analysed communes (9 communes) wth a hgh level of development. Communes from class I have hgher than the provncal averages numbers of foundatons, assocatons and socal organsatons per 10 thousand nhabtants, as well as a consderable partcpaton n local government electons. We also need to stress the fact that n most these communes socal actvty expressed n the number of members of muscal ensembles, etc., as well as specalnterest groups and clubs per 1000 nhabtants exceed the provncal means. It also needs to be stressed that only 7 communes (11% analysed unts) were classfed to class IV,.e. those wth a very low level of socal captal. Ths was manly the consequence of the low partcpaton n electons for the commune nhabtants, as well as the much lower than the average number of foundatons, assocatons and socal organsatons per 10 thousand nhabtants. Next the statstcal dependence between nvestgated varables was analysed. The correlaton ndex for rural communes of the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp was 0.36 at the sgnfcance level p < 0.05. It may Table 2. Number of rural communtes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp dvded nto classes of socal captal level Tabela 2. Lczba gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego w podzale na klasy pozomu kaptału społecznego Specfcaton Wyszczególnene Rural communes Gmny wejske hgh wysok Level of socal captal Pozom kaptału społecznego hgher-medum średn-wyższy lower-medum średn-nższy low nsk 9 (13%) 20 (30%) 31 (46%) 7 (11%) 67 (100%) Total Razem Source: own elaboraton. Źródło: opracowane własne. www.jard.edu.pl 377
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 Fg. 2. Classfcaton of rural communes of the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp on the bass of a synthetc evaluaton of the level of socal captal Source: own elaboraton. Rys. 2. Klasyfkacja gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego na podstawe syntetycznej oceny pozomu kaptału społecznego Źródło: opracowane własne. be stated that ths relatonshp s postve, although weak. Thus partcpaton and ablty of the nhabtants to self-organse has some effect, whle not decsve, on the level of soco-economc development n these communes. When analysng the dvson nto typologcal classes of both establshed measures (development and socal captal) we need to stress that class I representng a hgh level of socal captal, out of nne such classfed communes fve had a hgh level of soco-economc development (Gżycko, Grodzczno Janowo, Jedwabno and Stawguda), whle four hgher medum (Janowec Koścelny, Kruklank, Mlejewo and Srokowo). In class II (communes wth a hgher medum level of socal captal) and class III of socal captal (communes wth a lower medum level of socal captal) the level of soco-economc development n the analysed communes s greatly vared and ranged from class I to IV. In class IV,.e. communes wth a low level of socal captal, ths dversfcaton was slghtly smaller and ranged from class II to IV. Consstent classfcatons were observed for 40% analysed unts (26 communes), n whch the level of socal captal was consstent wth the level of soco-economc development. Thus t may be stated that the low level of socal captal does not suggest a hgh level of soco-economc development n the communes, whle the hgh level of socal captal results n ther hgher level of soco-economc development. A comparson of typologcal classes s gven n Table 3. 378 www.jard.edu.pl
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 Table 3. Comparson of typologcal classes for the level of soco-economc development and socal captal of rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp Tabela 3. Zestawene klas typologcznych pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego kaptału społecznego gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego No. Lp. Commune Gmna Class sc Klasa ks Class s-e Klasa s-g No. Lp. Commune Gmna Class sc Klasa ks Class s-e Klasa s-g No. Lp. Commune Gmna Class sc Klasa ks Class s-e Klasa s-g Class of the level of socal captal s consstent wth the class of the level of soco-economc development Klasa pozomu kaptału społecznego jest zgodna z klasą pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego 1. Gżycko 1 1 10. Pozezdrze 2 2 19. Małdyty 3 3 2. Grodzczno 1 1 11. Rybno 2 2 20. Prostk 3 3 3. Jedwabno 1 1 12. Sorkwty 2 2 21. Rozog 3 3 4. Janowo 1 1 13. Barcany 3 3 22. Śwątk 3 3 5. Stawguda 1 1 14. Godkowo 3 3 23. Śwętajno 3 3 6. Bane 2 2 15. Grunwald 3 3 24. Welczk 3 3 Mazurske 7. Dąbrówno 2 2 16. Kalnowo 3 3 25. Wlczęta 3 3 8. Jonkowo 2 2 17. Kowale 3 3 26. Mrągowo 4 4 Olecke 9. Kolno 2 2 18. Ldzbark Warmńsk 3 3 Class of the level of socal captal s hgher than the class of the level of soco-economc development Klasa pozomu kaptału społecznego jest wyższa od klasy pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego 1. Janowec 1 2 8. Młk 2 3 15. Bartoszyce 3 4 Koścelny 2. Kruklank 1 2 9. Stare Juchy 2 3 16. Branewo 3 4 3. Mlejewo 1 2 10. Wydmny 2 3 17. Dzałdowo 3 4 4. Srokowo 1 2 11. Dźwerzuty 2 4 18. Górowo 3 4 Iławecke 5. Budry 2 3 12. Kwty 2 4 19. Rychlk 3 4 6. Ełk 2 3 13. Kozłowo 2 4 20. Szczytno 3 4 7. Lelkowo 2 3 14. Płośnca 2 4 Class of the level of socal captal s lower than the class of the level of soco-economc development Klasa pozomu kaptału społecznego jest nższa od klasy pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego 1. Dywty 2 1 8. Bskupec 3 2 15. Ostróda 3 2 2. Iłowo-Osada 2 1 9. Dubennk 3 2 16. Iława 4 2 3. Peck 2 1 10. Elbląg 3 2 17. Purda 4 2 4. Getrzwałd 3 1 11. Lubomno 3 2 18. Gronowo 4 3 Elbląske 5. Kurzętnk 3 1 12. Markusy 3 2 19. Kętrzyn 4 3 6. Śwętajno 3 1 13. Płoskna 3 2 20. Lubawa 4 3 7. Łukta 3 1 14. Nowe Masto Lubawske 3 2 21. Welbark 4 3 Legend to tables: class s-e class of the level of soco-economc development, class sc class of the level of socal captal. Source: own elaboraton. Objaśnena do tabel: klasa s-g klasa pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, klasa ks klasa pozomu kaptału społecznego. Źródło: opracowane własne. www.jard.edu.pl 379
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 CONCLUDING REMARKS One of the elements n the functonng of socetes s connected wth soco-economc development, whch consttutes the prmary objectve of every local admnstraton unt. Rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp do not show any greater dversfcaton n terms of the level of soco-economc development and socal captal, as ndcated by slght dfferences n values calculated n studes on synthetc measures. Evaluaton conducted n terms of the analysed characterstcs (ndexes) showed that most nvestgated unts have average (medum) levels of both measures. It needs to be stressed that the level of socal captal expressed n the analysed ndexes has a postve effect on the modfcaton of the level of soco-economc development; nevertheless, t s weak, as ndcated by the values of Pearson s lnear correlaton coeffcent. Ths analyss also showed that among 40% nvestgated unts a complete consstency was found for classes of socal captal and the level of soco-economc development. In turn, n the case of the other communes the relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development show that the low level of socal captal does not suggest a hgh level of socoeconomc development n those communes, whle the hgh level of socal captal makes t possble for the analysed unts to attan a hgher level of soco-economc development. REFERENCES Borys, T. (ed.). (2005). Wskaźnk zrównoważonego rozwoju. Warszawa-Bałystok: Ekonoma Środowsko. Bossel, H. (1999). Indcators for sustanable development: theory, method, applcatons. Wnnpeg: Internatonal Insttute for Sustanable Development. Brodzńsk, Z. (2011). Stymulowane rozwoju obszarów wejskch na pozome lokalnym na przykładze woj. warmńsko-mazurskego. Warszawa: SGGW. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Socal Captal n the Creaton of Human Captal. Am. J. Socol. 94, S95 S120. Foxton, F., Jones, R. (2011). Socal Captal Indcators Revew. Offce for Natonal Statstcs, 1 6. Huang, I. B., Kesler, J., Lnkov, I. (2011). Mult-Crtera Decson Analyss n Envronmental Scences: Ten Years of Applcatons and Trends. Sc. Total Envron., 409(19), 3578 3594. Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. (1981). Multple attrbute decson makng: methods and applcatons, a state of the art survey. Berln-Hedelberg-New York: Sprnger-Verlag. Janc, K. (2009). Przestrzenne zróżncowane kaptału ludzkego społecznego na Dolnym Śląsku (p. 38 63). In: H. Dobrowolska-Kanewska, E. Korejwo (Eds.), Endo egzogenczne determnanty obszarów wzrostu stagnacj w województwe dolnośląskm w kontekśce Dolnośląskej Strateg Innowacj. Wrocław: Dolnośląska Agencja Współpracy Ekonomcznej. Kłosowsk, W., Warda, J. (2001). Wyspy szans. Jak budować stratege rozwoju lokalnego?, Belsko-Bała: Warda&Kłosowsk Consultng. Kompa, K. (2009). Budowa mernków agregatowych do oceny pozomu rozwoju społecznoekonomcznego. Zesz. Nauk. SGGW: Ekon. Org. Gosp. Żywn., 74, 5 26. Korol, J. (2007). Wskaźnk zrównoważonego rozwoju w modelowanu procesów regonalnych. Toruń: Wyd. Adam Marszałek. Kuropka, I. (2001). Prognozowane na podstawe modelu ekonometrycznego. In: M. Ceślak (Ed.). Prognozowane ekonomczne. Metody zastosowane. Warszawa: Wyd. Nauk. PWN. Parysek, J. J. (2001). Podstawy gospodark lokalnej. Poznań: Wyd. Nauk. UAM. Pawlewcz, K., Pawlewcz, A. (2011). Pozom ładu przestrzenno-środowskowego gmn wejskch w zrównoważonym rozwoju na przykładze województwa warmńsko- -mazurskego. Zesz. Nauk. WSB Pozn., 39, 171 179. Portes, A. (1998). Socal Captal: Its Orgns and Applcatons n Modern Socology. Ann. Rev. Socol., 24, 1 24. Potoczek, A. (2003). Poltyka regonalna gospodarka przestrzenna. Toruń: Agencja Towarzystwa Naukowego Organzacj Kerownctwa. Serocńska, K. (2011). Kaptał społeczny. Defnowane, pomar typy. Stud. Ekon., 1 (LXVIII), 69 86. Spychalsk, G. (2013). Selected Features of Polsh Farmers. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 4(30), 231 242. Szewczuk, A., Kogut, M., Zoło, M. (2011). Rozwój lokalny regonalny. Teora praktyka. Warszawa: Wyd. CH Beck. Wysock, F. (2010). Metody taksonomczne w rozpoznawanu typów ekonomcznych rolnctwa obszarów wejskch. Poznań: Wyd. Unwersytetu Przyrodnczego. 380 www.jard.edu.pl
Pawlewcz, K. (2016). Relatonshps between socal captal and soco-economc development based on rural communes n the Warmńsko-mazurske vovodeshp. J. Agrbus. Rural Dev., 3(41), 373 381. DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2016.65 RELACJE POMIĘDZY KAPITAŁEM SPOŁECZNYM A ROZWOJEM SPOŁECZNO- -GOSPODARCZYM NA PRZYKŁADZIE GMIN WIEJSKICH WOJEWÓDZTWA WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIEGO Streszczene. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny wpływu kaptału społecznego na pozom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego gmn wejskch województwa warmńsko-mazurskego. W toku realzacj badań oblczono dwa syntetyczne mernk z zastosowanem metody TOPSIS. Jeden charakteryzował kaptał społeczny, drug stopeń rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Dane, które posłużyły do wyznaczena mernków (wskaźnk charakteryzujące kaptał społeczny rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy), pozyskano z Banku Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego oraz Państwowej Komsj Wyborczej dla 67 gmn wejskch z województwa warmńsko-mazurskego. W kolejnym kroku dokonano uporządkowana lnowego badanych jednostek wyznaczono klasy typologczne (I IV) charakteryzujące pozom obu analzowanych mernków. Ustalono, że gmny wejske w województwe warmńskomazurskm ne wykazują dużego zróżncowana pod względem pozomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego oraz kaptału społecznego. Następne badano zależność mędzy kaptałem społecznym a pozomem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Jak wykazała analza statystyczna, zależność mędzy pozomem kaptału społecznego a pozomem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego jest dodatna, ale słaba. Z kole w przypadku podzału gmn na klasy typologczne stwerdzono zgodność klas mędzy omawanym mernkam, ale tylko dla 26 jednostek, co stanow nespełna 40% analzowanych gmn. Słowa kluczowe: rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy, kaptał społeczny, TOPSIS, gmny wejske Accepted for prnt Zaakceptowano do druku: 26.10.2015 www.jard.edu.pl 381