SOFTWARE SUPPORTING DETERMINATION OF INITIAL MASS OF DRIED GRAIN KERNELS SAMPLE

Sebatian KUJAWA 1, Jerzy WERES 1, Robert Jacek TOMCZAK 2, Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI 1, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 1 1 Poznan Univerity of Life Science, Intitute of Bioytem Engineering ul. Wojka Polkiego 50, 60-637 Poznań, Poland 2 Faculty of Informatic and Viual Communication, Higher School of Humanitie and Journalim ul. gen. Tadeuza Kutrzeby 10, 61-719 Poznań, Poland e-mail: ebatian.kujawa@up.poznan.pl SOFTWARE SUPPORTING DETERMINATION OF INITIAL MASS OF DRIED GRAIN KERNELS SAMPLE Summary Reearch on the drying procee of grain kernel in a thin layer require data on moiture content change inide kernel in elected time interval of thee procee. Before experimental tet to determine thee change are preformed, it i eential to aume the initial of grain ample. Deliberate determination of it value, taking into account the uncertainty of meauring intrument in the determination of in elected time interval and ample dry mater content, provide reult with a poibly low uncertainty. Unfortunately, depite the fact that the method for determining the initial of ample i generally available, quite often it value i not aumed deliberately. Therefore, the objective of thi tudy wa to develop oftware that could help in the determination of the initial of grain kernel ample dried in a thin layer. The paper alo include example reult obtained with the ue of the developed oftware, ued for it validation. Key word: initial, moiture content determination, grain drying, computer oftware OPROGRAMOWANIE WSPOMAGAJĄCE OKREŚLANIE POCZĄTKOWEJ MASY PRÓBKI SUSZONEGO ZIARNA ZBÓŻ Strezczenie Badanie proceów uzenia ziarna zbóż w cienkiej wartwie wymaga znajomości zmian zawartości wody w jego wnętrzu w kolejnych krokach czaowych tych proceów. Przed przytąpieniem do badań doświadczalnych dążących do poznania tych zmian niezbędne jet przyjęcie początkowej may próbki uzonego ziarna. Świadome określenie jej wartości, z uwzględnieniem niepewność przyrządów pomiarowych łużących do określania may próbki w kolejnych krokach czaowych i may uchej ubtancji w próbce, umożliwia otrzymanie wyników obarczonych możliwie niką niepewnością. Nietety pomimo tego, że metoda określania początkowej may próbki uzonego materiału jet ogólnie dotępna, w badaniach dość częto jej wartości nie przyjmuje ię w pełni świadomie. Dlatego też celem pracy było opracowanie oprogramowania, które ułatwi określanie początkowej may próbki ziarna zbóż uzonego w cienkiej wartwie. W pracy zawarto również przykłady wykorzytania wytworzonego oprogramowania, które zotały wykorzytane do jego walidacji. Słowa kluczowe: początkowa maa próbki, wyznaczanie zawartości wody, uzenie ziarna zbóż, oprogramowanie komputerowe 1. Introduction Reearch ha been conducted both in Poland and worldwide on the contruction of mathematical model decribing drying procee of variou product, including cereal grain [2, 4, 5, 8]. Among thee model we may ditinguih both empirical formula which importance i limited baically only to the generalization of reult and theoretical model, aiming firt of all at the identification of thee procee. Mot theoretical model decribing cereal grain drying procee in commercial practice include grain drying model in a thin layer. It need to be treed that a thin grain layer i uch a convection-dried layer which hould be decribed uing equation applied in modelling of ingle kernel ubjected to the drying procee. In practice thi concept refer not only to the grain layer of a ingle kernel thickne, but alo to grain layer with a thickne greater than that of a ingle kernel, at the aumption that temperature and relative humidity of drying air remain in the ame thermodynamic tate at each point in the grain layer and at each time point of the drying proce [5]. In tudie of grain drying procee it i mot frequently aumed that thee procee take place only in the econd drying period, referred to a the period of decreaing drying rate, thu the inner water exchange condition have a deciive effect on their coure [7]. Studie on cereal grain drying procee occurring in a thin layer require information on change in moiture content inide kernel in the following time interval of thee procee. Kinetic of drying i determined on the bai of data on the of the ample in thee tep M(τ) and dry in ample M, uing the following dependence: u( M ( τ ) M M τ ) = [kg water kg -1 d.m. ], (1) u moiture content (d.b.) of the ample, M of the ample, M of dry in the ample. Prior to the initiation of experimental tudie concerning cereal grain drying in a thin layer it i neceary to aume the initial of a grain ample. A deliberate determination of it value, in view of the unreliability of Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 34

device ued to determine of the ample in ucceive time tep of the proce and dry in the ample, may provide reult burdened with a potentially low uncertainty [1]. Unfortunately, depite the fact that the method to determine the minimal initial of the ample i readily available, in tudie connected with the determination of kinetic of cereal kernel drying procee relatively often it value are not adopted completely deliberately. Thu the aim of thi tudy wa to develop a oftware which would facilitate pecification of the initial ample for cereal grain dried in a thin layer. Thank to uch a oftware individual intending to conduct experimental tudie connected with the determination of change in moiture content in dried cereal grain would be able to etimate thi value in a imple manner. 2. A method to determine the initial The content in a ample i etablihed uing the exact differential method, taking into conideration uncertainty of the for thi ample in ucceive time tep M(τ) and uncertainty of the dry in that ample M [1]: 100 M ( τ ) δ u M [%], (2) M ( τ ) M M δu of determination content, M of the ample, M of dry in the ample, M(τ) uncertainty of of, M uncertainty of of dry in the ample. Prior to the onet of the experiment neither the of ample not the dry in the ample are known. However, after [1] when tranforming thee two value to the function content, w.b. w and the expected initial moiture content, w.b. w 0 dependence (2) may be preented in the following form: 100 (100 w) 100 δ u M [%], (3) M w(100 w ) 100 w 0 0 δu of determination content, w moiture content (w.b.) of the ample, w 0 initial moiture content (w.b.) of the ample, M(τ) uncertainty of of, M uncertainty of of dry in the ample. When analyzing dependence (3) it may be oberved that uncertainty of of change in moiture content, d.b. in a dried ample depend on the initial ample M 0, it moiture content, w.b. and initial moiture content, w.b., a well a uncertainty of meauring device. Auming the value of the maximum in ample δ z, uch that δu δ z, the initial may be etimated uing dependence [1]: 100 (100 w) 100 M 0 > M [g], (4) δ z w(100 w0 ) 100 w M 0 initial of the ample, δ z maximum of determination content, w moiture content (w.b.) of the ample, w 0 initial moiture content (w.b.) of the ample, M(τ) uncertainty of of, M uncertainty of of dry in the ample. Dependence (4) contituted the bai for the development of the oftware dicued in thi tudy. 3. Decription of the developed oftware The PMPZ 2011 oftware ued to determine the initial for cereal grain dried in a thin layer wa developed within the framework of an Engineer thei by Michał Maciejewki, prepared at the Intitute of Bioytem Engineering, the Poznan Univerity of Life Science [3]. Thi application wa produced in accordance with the tandard of oftware engineering [6]. An integral tage in the contruction of thi oftware wa to determine the functional and non-functional requirement it ha to meet, a well a to develop diagram: ue cae, cla, communication and equence uing the UML notation. The implementation tage for the PMPZ 2011 to the form of a window application, operating under the control of Microoft Window operating ytem, wa performed in the C# programming language uing the Microoft Viual Studio 2010 programming environment. In the produced oftware the ZedGraph library wa ued [9] which i a tool facilitating generation of graph. Functional requirement for the application were met taking into conideration the following function: entering data for calculation, calculation of the minimal initial cereal grain ample baed on the entered data, generation of a graph for the relationhip between the minimal initial grain and it moiture content, w.b., printing of the generated graph, clearing of the graph, deletion of entered data, cloure of the application. The main window of the PMPZ 2011 program i preented in Fig. 1. The application i relatively uer-friendly. On the right of the main window there are 5 text boxe, in which data required for the calculation of the minimal initial ample need to be entered, i.e.: expected initial moiture content, w.b. of the dried material, expected final moiture content, w.b. of the dried material, admiible of ample moiture uncertainty of the balance ued to meaure in ucceive time tep of the drying proce, uncertainty of the balance ued to meaure dry in the ample after the completion of the drying proce. Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 35

Fig. 1. The main window of PMPZ 2011 oftware (Source: the author tudy) Ry. 1. Okno główne oprogramowania PMPZ 2011 (Źródło: opracowanie włane) Clicking the button Oblicz minimalną początkową maę próbki i ryuj wykre (Calculate the initial ample and plot the graph) reult in: collection of data entered in the form by the uer, ubtitution of entered data in the function ued to determine the minimal initial, calculation and diplaying of the minimal initial ample in the form, generation of a graph for the dependence between the minimal initial and ample moiture content, w.b. in the form. The dependence between the minimal initial grain ample and it moiture content, w.b. i determined and preented in the form of a graph in the range from the adopted initial to the adopted final moiture content, w.b. of the ample. Uing the context menu available after clicking the graph with the right moue button the following operation are available: e.g. copying of the graph to the clipboard, aving the graph in a file uing everal popular rater graphic format (including PNG, GIF, JPEG, TIFF and BMP), printing of the graph and changing the cale of the graph diplay. Additional button available from the level of the main window of thi application, i.e. Zeruj (Reet) and Wyczyść wykre (Clear the graph) are reponible for deleting of data entered in the form text boxe and clearing of the graph. 4. Example of the oftware application The operation of the developed oftware wa teted uing available combination of the following input data: expected initial moiture content, w.b. of the material w 0 : 20 and 30%, expected final moiture content, w.b. of the material w k : 10 and 14%, admiible in the ample δ z : 0.5 and 1%, uncertainty of M(τ) : 0.01 and 0.05 g, uncertainty M : 0.01 and 0.05 g. Reult of the minimal initial grain are given in Table 1-4. Thee table refer to the following moiture content, w.b. range in dried kernel: 10-20%, 14-20%, 10-30% and 14-30%. Table 1. initial of grain ample dried in a thin layer for it initial moiture content, w.b. of 20% and final moiture content, w.b. of 10% (Source: the author tudy) Tab. 1. na początkowa maa próbki ziarna uzonego w cienkiej wartwie dla jego wilgotności początkowej 20% i końcowej 10% (Źródło: opracowanie włane) of M [g] initial ample 0.5 0.01 0.01 47.50 0.5 0.01 0.05 147.50 0.5 0.05 0.01 137.50 0.5 0.05 0.05 237.50 1 0.01 0.01 23.75 1 0.01 0.05 73.75 1 0.05 0.01 68.75 1 0.05 0.05 118.75 Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 36

Table 2. initial of grain ample dried in a thin layer for it initial moiture content, w.b. of 20% and final moiture content, w.b. of 14% (Source: the author tudy) Tab. 2. na początkowa maa próbki ziarna uzonego w cienkiej wartwie dla jego wilgotności początkowej 20% i końcowej 14% (Źródło: opracowanie włane) of M [g] initial ample 0.5 0.01 0.01 33.21 0.5 0.01 0.05 104.64 0.5 0.05 0.01 94.64 0.5 0.05 0.05 166.07 1 0.01 0.01 16.61 1 0.01 0.05 52.32 1 0.05 0.01 47.32 1 0.05 0.05 83.04 Table 3. initial of grain ample dried in a thin layer for it initial moiture content, w.b. of 30% and final moiture content, w.b. of 10% (Source: the author tudy) Tab. 3. na początkowa maa próbki ziarna uzonego w cienkiej wartwie dla jego wilgotności początkowej 30% i końcowej 10% (Źródło: opracowanie włane) of M [g] initial ample 0.5 0.01 0.01 54.29 0.5 0.01 0.05 168.57 0.5 0.05 0.01 157.14 0.5 0.05 0.05 271.43 1 0.01 0.01 27.14 1 0.01 0.05 84.29 1 0.05 0.01 78.57 1 0.05 0.05 135.71 Table 4. initial of grain ample dried in a thin layer for it initial moiture content, w.b. of 30% and final moiture content, w.b. of 14% (Source: the author tudy) Tab. 4. na początkowa maa próbki ziarna uzonego w cienkiej wartwie dla jego wilgotności początkowej 30% i końcowej 14% (Źródło: opracowanie włane) of M [g] initial ample 0.5 0.01 0.01 37.96 0.5 0.01 0.05 119.59 0.5 0.05 0.01 108.16 0.5 0.05 0.05 189.80 1 0.01 0.01 18.98 1 0.01 0.05 59.80 1 0.05 0.01 54.08 1 0.05 0.05 94.90 Figure 2 preent a creen hot from the application preenting an example dependence between the minimal ample and it moiture content, w.b. ranging from 30 to 10%, taking into account an admiible for the determination of 0.5% and uncertainty of of and ample dry at 0.05 g. The next example dependence for the moiture content, w.b. of the material decreaing from 20 to 14%, at the aumption of the of 1% and uncertainty of for and ample dry of 0.01 g, i given in Fig. 3. Fig. 2. The relation between the initial of ample and it moiture content, w.b. (w 0 =30%, w k =10%, δ z =0.5%, M =0.05 g, M =0.05 g) (Source: the author tudy) Ry. 2. Zależność początkowej may próbki od jej wilgotności (w 0 =30%, w k =10%, δ z =0,5%, M =0,05 g, M =0,05 g) (Źródło: opracowanie włane) Reult of the minimal initial cereal grain a well a graph for the dependence between it value and grain moiture content, w.b. were ued in the validation of the developed oftware. After validation it wa tated that for the correct input data the application provide correct reult and meet all the impoed requirement. Fig. 3. The relation between the initial of ample and it moiture content, w.b. (w 0 =20%, w k =14%, δ z =1%, M =0.01 g, M =0.01 g) (Source: the author tudy) Ry. 3. Zależność początkowej may próbki od jej wilgotności (w 0 =20%, w k =14%, δ z =1%, M =0,01 g, M =0,01 g) (Źródło: opracowanie włane) Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 37

5. Concluion Depite the fact that the oftware wa developed to determine the initial for experimental tudie connected with the determination of change in moiture content in cereal grain dried in a thin layer, it may be ued to determine thi value for any dried olid. In view of the fact that the developed oftware i a window application operating under the control of Microoft Window operating ytem, it availability i currently coniderably limited. However, in the nearet future it i planned to produce the next verion of the application implemented to the form of an Internet ytem which will be an open-acce ource for all intereted uer. In relation to the content preented in thi tudy the following concluion may be formulated: 1. The produced oftware make it poible to determine the initial for cereal grain dried in a thin layer. 2. Validation of the produced oftware howed that it meet all the impoed requirement. 6. Reference [1] Jaro M.: Rachunek błędów w badaniach proceów uzenia. Cz. II. Analiza błędów w pomiarach kinetyki uzenia. Zezyty Problemowe Potępów Nauk Rolniczych, 1994, 415, 303 311. [2] Jaro M., Cenkowki S., Jaya D.S., Pabi S.: A method of determination of the diffuion coefficient baed on kernel moiture content and it temperature. Drying Technology, 1992, 10(1), 213 222. [3] Maciejewki M.: Sytem informatyczny wpomagający określanie początkowej may próbki ziarna zbóż uzonego w cienkiej wartwie praca inżynierka. Uniwerytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu, 2011. [4] Nemenyi M., Czaba I., Kovac A., Jani, T.: Invetigation of imultaneou heat and tranfer within the maize kernel during drying. Computer and Electronic in Agriculture, 2000, 26(2), 123 135. [5] Pabi S., Jaya D.S., Cenkowki S.: Grain drying. Theory and practice. John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1998. [6] Sommerville I.: Inżynieria oprogramowania. Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, 2003. [7] Strumiłło Cz.: Podtawy teorii i techniki uzenia. Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, 2011. [8] Were J., Olek W., Kujawa S.: Comparion of optimization algorithm for invere FEA of heat and tranport in biomaterial. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanic, 2009, 47(3), 701 716. [9] zedgraph.ourceforge.net [dotęp: 15.05.2012 r]. The work wa financially upported by the National Science Centre a 2011/01/B/NZ9/03169 reearch grant. Krzyztof NOWAKOWSKI, Michał MACIEJEWSKI 38