MUSEUM AND INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. E lżbieta WEGNER

MUSEUM AND INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FRAGMENTA FAUNISTICA F ragm. faun. W arszaw a, 30.06.2002 45 57-65 E lżbieta WEGNER P re lim in a ry stu d y of m o sq u ito es (D iptera: C ulicidae) of the N arew N a tio n a l P ark in P oland Abstract: The study of mosquitoes {Diptera: Culicidae) was carried out in 2000 in Narew National Park (NPN), in two strictly protected areas under development and in the manor park at Kurowo. Mosquitoes were also collected indoors. A total of 21 species were registered (about 44.7% of the mosquito species in Poland or ca 58% of species recorded in lowland Poland). The species commonly or frequently recorded from lowland Poland make up the majority (86%) of the species recorded. 14% are species rarely found in Poland (Ochlerotatus euedes was recorded from all the study areas in NPN and constituted an essential com ponent of the mosquito community in spring; two other species, Cx. torrentium and Cx. territans, were captured as wintering females). A great proportion (43%) of the species prefer bodies of water in open areas for their larvae to develop, whereas 28% of them have no special habitat preferences; their larvae develop either in bodies of water in woodland or in open areas. Only 19% were those preferring bodies of water in w oodland and in brushwood. Two species had specific habitat requirements for development of their larvae; Oc. riparius and Coquillettidia richiardii. In late spring and in summer, Ae. cinereus, Oc. cantans and Oc. annulipes were the most abundant species recorded in nature while malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles maculipennis) were the most numerous in buildings. Culex pipiens was clearly dominant among wintering mosquitoes. In sum mer, no mass occurrence of the flood species Ae. vexans and Oc. sticticus was recorded. The mosquitoes of N PN included nine species from among ten potentially effective vectors of human diseases in Poland. Four of these species belong to the most abundant mosquitoes in this area. Key words: mosquitoes, Culicidae, wetlands, Narew National Park, Poland Author's address: Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, POLAND; e-mail: wegner@robal.miiz.waw.pl INTRODUCTION All over E urope, m arsh h abitats are g radually d isap p earin g as a result of h u m a n activities (m ainly soil d rain ag e practises). A t present, how ever, m ore an d m o re w e t lan d s are d esig n ated protected areas because they are refugia of m an y rare p la n t an d

5 8 E. W egner anim al species. W ell-preserved and alm ost n atu ral m arsh lan d s can still be fo u n d in the eastern regions of Poland. These areas are the subject of com p reh en siv e research aim ed at d eterm in in g the species com position and the stru ctu re of the flora a n d fauna. R esults of the stu d ies w ill help to develop effective guid elin es for p ro tectio n of these areas. The m arsh land valley of the river N arew is one of the m ost valu able w etlan d s in Poland. A large p a rt of the valley, situ ated b etw een the villages of S u raż and R zędziany and covering 7350 ha, is u n d e r protection and k n ow n as N arw iań sk i Park N aro d o w y (N arew N ational Park, N P N in the text) (Figure). P hytosociologists have distiguished 46 plan t associations there, including rushes and aquatic p lan ts of exceptionally high diversity (SOLON et al. 1990). Yet despite its value to naturalists, the area is relatively poorly k n ow n in respect of the fauna, and of invertebrates in particular. A lthough m osquitoes are a typical com ponent of the w etland fauna there are no data on these insects from this area. M osquitoes are also a very im p o rtant elem ent because, on the one hand, they are the source of food for m any species of fresh w ater an d terrestrial v erteb rate and in v erteb rate p red a- Figure. Location of the Narew National Park in Poland. to rs a n d ' o n th e o th e r ' s o m e o f th e m a re vectors of h u m an and anim al diseases. U p till n o w, investigations into the m osquitoes of Poland hav e been conducted m ainly in forest habitats. D ata on the fauna of n atu ral river valleys w ith v ast grassy h abitats are ra th e r scarce. The objective of the p resent stu d y w as to catalogue the m osquito species of N PN against a b a ckgro u n d of the fauna of the n eig h b o u rin g areas, and to assess th eir ep i dem ic and epizootic im pact. STUDY AREA, MATERIALS AND METHODS The p resen t stu d y of the species com position of m o sq u ito com m unities w as carried o u t in N P N in 2000 w ith in the fram ew ork of a larger project d esig n ed to w o rk o u t a plan for p rotection of the n atu ral resources of the N arew valley. The m aterial w as collected at tw o localities situ ated in n atu ral habitats: "Grobla p o d K urow em " and "Rynki" (both are to be strictly protected areas) and also in the p ark ro u n d the m an o r h o u se at K urow o (seat of N PN ) and in the b u ild in g s of the m anor com plex. "Grobla p o d K urow em " covers 49.62 ha in the valley of the K urów ka, a left tributary of the N arew. M ost of the area is given over to forest associations and shrubs of the class Alnetea glutinosae - Cnrici elongatae-alnetuni and Salicetum ipentandro-cinereae. There also are associations of the ru sh es Phragmitetum australis, Caricetum elatae, Glycerietum

Culicidae of Narew National Park 59 maximcie, Acoretum calami an d an association dom inated by Calamagrostis stricata (KOLOS & M a t o w i c k a 1992). The sam ples w ere taken both in the forest and in the grassland. "Rynki" covers 280 ha in the N arew valley, south-east of the village of U how o. It has been estab lish ed in o rd er to pro tect that p a rt of the N arew valley w hich h arb o u rs a variety of associations of rushes, herbs and sh rubs reflecting the n atu ral p lan t system s of m arsh y valleys of large low land rivers. A lder stands along the n o rth -eastern edge of the Rynki forest ran g e are one of the best p reserved forests in N P N. Forest and sh ru b associations of the classes Alnetea glutinosae: Carici elongatae-alnetum, Salicetum pentandro-cinereae a n d Betulo-Salicetum repentis occupy ab o u t 50% of the area. N o n forest associations in clu d e Caricetum elatae, Caricetum appropinquatae, Caricetum gracilis, Phragmitetum communis, Acoretum calami, Sedo-Scleranthea and Nardo-Callunetea ( K o l o s & M a t o w i c k a 1993). T here w as one site in the forest and one in the open area. The m anor house at K urow o is situ ated at a m eander of the K urów ka on the w estern edge of the N arew valley. It is su rro u n d ed by an old p ark established at the b e ginnin g of the 19th century. T here are w etlands to the north, east and so u th of the park. The h ab itat conditions in the p ark are very good; the tree stand com prises 35 species of trees an d 29 species of sh ru b s (DEPTUŁA 1998) - and the m icroclim ate is d u e to close p ro x im ity to w ater. Such conditions are extrem ely favourable to m osquitoes, both to the d evelo p m ent of larvae and to the existence of im agines. The scope of this p relim in ary stu d y w as lim ited to d eterm in in g the species com position. S am pling in the field w as p erfo rm ed four times: in the m id d le of June, July, A u g u st and S eptem ber, in the com m onest habitat types. Thus, the m aterial does not com prise the early sp rin g fauna (snow -m elt m osquitoes). Som e of these m osquitoes w ere cap tu red in June, b u t the m aterial is not representative en o u g h to characterise early sp rin g m osq u ito fauna. A d u lt fem ales w ere cap tu red by baiting; a m an sitting quietly acted as bait. The m aterial w as su p p lem en ted w ith that collected by "stalking", a m ethod em ployed to catch fem ales of species n o n -aggressive to m an, and m ales. M osquito im agines w ere also collected at places w h ere these insects rest d u rin g the day. In Jan u ary 2001, m osq uitoes w in terin g in the m an o r cellars an d in other build in g s w ere caught, too. M oreover, larvae w ere collected in the bodies of w ater w ith in N PN. The total m aterial com prised over 450 fem ales captu red by h u m an bait (22 sam ples) and nearly 210 specim ens collected by o th er m ethods. The m aterial is rath er scarce d u e to low a b u n d an ce of m o sq u ito es in the field - the m ean sam ple w as ca 50 in d iv id u als p er 30' in June and ca 35 in d iv id u a ls/sa m p le in July. The sam ples taken d u rin g the next m onths w ere very sm all (2-10 in d iv id u als p er sam ple). The m aterial w as w orked o u t using the taxonom ic div isio n of C ulicidae after R e i n e r t (2000). RESULTS A total of 21 m o squito species w as recorded at the stu d y sites (Table). This n u m b er co rresp o n d s to about 44.7% of the m osquito species in Poland (or to ca 58% in com p ariso n w ith the n u m b er of species recorded in low land Poland only).

6 0 E. W egner Table. Mosquito species caught in the Narew National Park, their abundance and ecological characteristics. Abundance: +++ very abundant in the field, ++ abundant, + not abundant, (I) - recorded only inside buildings. Ecological characteristics (based on literature date): larvae developing in bodies of water: P - in different habitats, W - in forests, O - in open areas, S - in a specific habitat, i.e. peat bog; CP - common, known as a plague species; CA - common, often very abundant, CN - common, usually not abundant, FA - frequently recorded, often abundant, FN - frequently recorded, usually not abundant, R R - rarely recorded. The species are given according to the new classification of REINERT (2000). No 1. 2. Anopltelini Species Abundance in Narew National Park Ecological characteristics Habitat requirements Type of occurrence in Poland Anopheles (An.) maculipennis ME1GEN, 1818 +++(1) O CA Aedini Aedes (Aedes) cinereus M e i g e n, 1 8 1 8 +++ P CP 3. Ae. (Aedimorphus) vexans (M e ig e n, 1830) + O CP 4. Oclderotatus (Ochlerotntus) annulipes (MEIGEN, 1 8 3 0 ) ++ P CA 5. Oc. (Och.) cantons (M eig e n, 1818) ++ W CA 6. Oc. (Och.) cataphylla ( D y a r, 1 9 1 6 ) + O CP 7. Oc. (Och.) communis ( D e G eer, 1776) + P CP 8. Oc. (Och.) euedes (H. D. K., 1913) + O RR 9. Oc. (Och.) excrucians (WALKER, 1 8 5 6 ) + O CN 10. Oc. (Och.) flavescens (M u eller, 1764) + o FN 11. Oc. (Och.) intrudens ( D y a r, 1 9 1 9 ) + w FA 12. Oc. (Och.) leucomelas (M e ig e n, 1804) + o FA 13. Oc. (Och.) punctor (K ir b y, 1837) + p CP 14. Oc. (Och.) riparius (D y a r & K n a b, 1 9 0 7 ) + s FN 15. Oc. (Och.) sticticus (MEIGEN, 1 8 3 8 ) + w CP 16. Culex (Culex) pipiens L i n n a e u s, 1758 +++(1) p CP 17. C.r. (Cx.) torrentium M a r t in i, 1925 +(I) o RR 18. Cx. (Neoculex) territans WALKER, 1 8 5 6 +(I) o RR 19. Culiseta (Culiseta) alaskaensis (LUDLO W, 1906) + w FN 20. Cs. (Cs.) annulata (SCH RA NK, 1776) +(D p CP 21. Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Fic albi, 1889) + s FN A large m ajo rity of the species, i.e. 18 (86%) are those co m m o n ly (57%) or freq u ently (29%) recorded from low land Poland. The rem aining three (14%) are species rarely found in P oland (Table). O ne of these, Ochlerotntus euedes (Ae. beklemishevi), w as reco rd ed from all the stu d y areas in N P N and constituted an essential co m p o n en t of the m o sq u ito co m m u n ity in spring. The other tw o species, Cx. torrentium an d Cx. territans, w ere cap tu red as w in terin g fem ales. A great p ro p o rtio n (43%) of the species recorded prefer bodies of w ater in open areas for their larvae to develop, w h ereas 28% of them had no special h abitat preferences. The larvae of the latter develop in bodies of w ater situ ated eith er in w o o d land or in o p en areas. O nly 19% of the species w ere those p referrin g b o dies of w ater in w o o d lan d an d in b ru sh w o o d. Tw o species (nearly 10%) h ad very definite h ab itat req u irem en ts for the dev elo p m en t of their larvae; Oc. riparins is a species typical of peatbogs (in N P N, it w as recorded only from the "Rynki" peatbog) and

Culicidae of N arew N ational Park 61 la rv a e of Cocjuillettidia richiardii d e v e lo p in th e p o n d s o v e rg ro w n w ith a q u a tic v a sc u la r p la n ts. T he la rv a e a tta c h to the aerial sy ste m s of th e p la n ts w ith th e ir re sp ira to ry sip h o n s. In late s p r in g a n d in su m m e r, Ae. cinereus, Oc. cantans a n d Oc. annulipes w ere the m o st a b u n d a n t sp ecies re c o rd e d fro m th is area. D u rin g s p rin g a n d su m m e r, in b u ild ings, m a la ria m o sq u ito e s (Anopheles maculipennis) w e re the m o st n u m e ro u s, w h e re a s Culex pipiens clearly d o m in a te d a m o n g w in te rin g m o sq u ito es. In su m m e r, no m ass o c cu rren ce o f th e flo o d sp ecies Ae. vexans a n d Oc. sticticus w a s re c o rd e d. DISCUSSION In n a tu re, m o sq u ito e s occu r from early sp rin g to a u tu m n. In late a u tu m n or in w in ter, th e re m a y still be fo u n d w in te rin g fem ales o r w in te rin g la rv a e of c e rta in species. H o w e v e r, m o s t m o sq u ito sp ecies w in te r as eggs. In this form th e y m a y su rv iv e long p e rio d s (ev en se v e ra l y ears) u n fa v o u ra b le to th e ir d e v e lo p m e n t. T he g ro w in g sea so n of 2000 w a s su c h an u n fa v o u ra b le tim e. T he d is a s tro u s d ro u g h t, a la rm in g ev en in e a rly sp rin g, g re w p ro g re ssiv e ly w o rse till th e e n d of the season. D ata fro m N P N sh o w th a t d u r in g th e s p rin g of 2000, th e w a te r level in som e a rm s of th e N a re w fell by o v e r 0.5 m. T h e w a te r level re a d from th e w a te r-le v el in d ic a to r on th e K u ró w k a in M ay 2000 w a s 40 cm lo w e r th a n th a t in M ay 1998. In th e sp rin g a n d a u tu m n of 2000, th e w a te r level k e p t falling, a n d re ach ed th e m in im u m in O ctober. D ue to the d ro u g h t so m e a rm s o f th e N a re w d rie d u p ; e.g. th e w a te r-le v el in d ic a to r a t K ru sz e w o re a d a w a te r level b e lo w "0" from Ju n e to th e e n d of th e year. T he w a te r level in the N a re w h a s b een fallin g for a few y ears, a n d re la tiv e ly lo w p re c ip ita tio n is o n e of th e re aso n s for th e sta te of affairs. A las, th e re are n o e a rlie r d a ta b ecau se w a te r-le v e l in d ic a to rs w e re in sta lle d in the P a rk o n ly in N o v e m b e r of 1997. N o d o u b t, th e la test re te n tio n re se rv o ir a t S ie m ia n ó w k a is a n o th e r im p o rta n t factor affecting the c o n d itio n of the h a b ita t of th e N a re w v alley. Such h y d ro -te c h n ic al stru c tu re s ex ert a p a rtic u la rly stro n g, m u ltip le, p e rm a n e n t a n d, u ltim a te ly, d e stru c tiv e im p a ct on th e n a tu ra l h a b ita t of riv e r v a lle y s (WIŚNIEWSKI 1998a), a n d u n ifo rm iz a tio n of o rig in a lly d iv e rse te rrestria l a n d a q u a tic h a b ita ts is o n e of th e sig n s of th a t (WIŚNIEWSKI 1998b). D ue to th e fact th a t th e w a te r level in th e riv e r k e e p s fallin g a n d th e a m p litu d e of the w a te r-le v e l flu c tu a tio n s d e fin ite ly d e c re a ses m a n y lo w -c u rre n t riv e r b e d s beco m e o v e rg ro w n. M a rsh ec o sy ste m s, v e ry v a lu a b le n a tu ra listic a lly a n d ty p ical of th is area, w h ic h are p e rio d i cally p a rtly o r c o m p le te ly in u n d a te d a n d w h ic h p ro v id e h a b ita ts for th e d e v e lo p m e n t of m a n y m o s q u ito sp ecies g ra d u a lly d isa p p e a r. S pecies fa irly ra re in P o la n d b u t re c o rd e d from N P N in c lu d e d Ochlerotatus euedes (Ae. beklemishevi), Cx. torrentium a n d Cx. territans. T he first of th e se h a d p re v io u sly b e e n re c o rd e d o n ly fro m th e v icin ity of W a rsa w a n d from K am p in o s N a tio n a l P ark n e a r W a rsa w (W EG NER in p rep.). In E u ro p e, this sp ecies h as b een re c o rd e d o n ly from F in la n d, L ith u a n ia a n d th e E u ro p e a n p a rt of th e fo rm er S oviet U n io n (SN O W & R a m s d a l e 1999). T he o th e r tw o, Cx. torrentium a n d Cx. territans, d o n o t a tta ck p e o p le a n d g e n e ra lly are re c o rd e d to be n o t a b u n d a n t. Cx. torrentium is a sp e cie s closely re la te d to Cx. pipiens L., its la rv a e d e v e lo p in the sa m e h a b itats: in sm all p o n d s, p u d d le s,

62 E. W egner d itch es, artificial c o n ta in e rs (SERVICE 1968) b u t also, u n lik e Cx. pipiens, in tree h o les (O NEYK A 1 9 8 0 a fte r BRADSHAW & HOLZAPFEL 1 9 92). Cx. torrentium attac k s m a in ly b ird s w h ile Cx. territans p re fe rs a m p h ib ia n s. T he p re s e n t s tu d y w a s a p re lim in a ry research, a n d c o n d u c te d in a se a so n u n fa v o u ra b le to m o sq u ito e s. O fficers a n d fo resters of N a re w N a tio n a l P a rk say th a t the n u m b e rs of m o sq u ito e s in 2000 w e re u n u s u a lly lo w.t h erefo re the 21 sp ecies rec o rd e d in N P N are in d ic a tiv e of g re a t w e a lth of the cu licid fau n a there, w h ich in tu rn is e v i d e n c e of h u g e d iv e rsity of w e t h a b ita ts. For th e sake of c o m p a riso n, d u rin g re p e a te d s tu d ie s in B iało w ieża p rim e v a l fo rest (on b o th sid es of th e P o lish -B e laru ssia n b o rd e r) 29 sp ecies w e re re c o rd e d (SKIERSKA 196 0 ; WEGNER 1 9 9 9 ), a n d in th e M a z o v ia n L o w la n d s se v e n re se a rc h ers re c o rd e d 3 7 species in the sp a n of 60 y ea rs (W EGNER 1 982, W EGNER in p rep.). O n th is b asis, o n e m a y h y p o th e siz e th a t at least a few m o re m o s q u ito sp ecies o ccu r in N P N ; th e m o st p ro b a b le ones are th o se re c o rd e d b o th from B iałow ieża p rim e v a l fo re st a n d from th e M a zo v ian L o w lan d s, n a m e ly Anopheles claviger, A n. plumbeus, Ochlerotatus geniculcitus, Oc. diantaeus, Oc. cyprius, Oc. dorsalis, Culiseta morsitans, Cs. ochroptera a n d Cs. fum ipennis. Since A n. plinnbeus a n d Oc. geniculatus are tree-h o le m o sq u ito e s w h o se la rv a e d e v e lo p in w ater-filled h o les in d e c id u o u s trees, th e se tw o sp ecies m ig h t be e x p ected to live in old tree sta n d s, e.g. in th e m a n o r p a rk a t K u ro w o. H o w e v e r, n e ith e r w a s re c o rd e d there b ec au se th e s u m m e r d ro u g h t h a d ru le d o u t fo rm a tio n of th e ir b re e d in g places. D a h l & BLACKMORE (2 0 0 1 ), w h ile a n a ly sin g facto rs lim itin g th e o ccu rren ce of Oc. geniculatus, h av e sta te d th a t " d ro u g h t is p ro b a b ly a g re a te r th re a t in cen tral E u ro p e th a n h a b ita t loss". N o d o u b t, it w a s d u e to th e d r o u g h t of 2 0 0 0 th a t h ig h n u m b e rs of th e su m m e r p la g u e sp ecies Ae. vexans an d Oc. sticticus w e re n o t re c o rd e d. M o re o v e r, th e d e v e lo p m e n t of th e a b o v e -m e n tio n e d species of th e g e n u s Culiseta, w h ic h w in te r as larv ae, larg ely d e p e n d s on th e te m p e ra tu re a n d h y d ro lo g ic a l c o n d i tio n s d u r in g a u tu m n a n d w in te r. T hese sp ecies w ill p ro b a b ly be re c o rd e d from N P N d u r in g y e a rs m o re fa v o u ra b le to m o sq u ito es. T h e sp ecies re c o rd e d fro m N P N in c lu d e d n in e of ten, k n o w n from C e n tra l E u ro p e, p o te n tia lly effective v ecto rs of p a ra sitic d iseases (m alaria) an d viral d isea se s b o th in m a n a n d a n im a ls (SIN, W N V, T A H, IN K ) o r o n ly in a n im a ls (BAT, SSH, LED) ( W e g n e r 2 0 0 0 ); h a lf of th em o ccu r in h ig h n u m b e rs. Since th ey can p ro d u c e m an y g e n e ra tio n s d u rin g o n e se a so n th e y a re k n o w n to b re ed, u n d e r fa v o u ra b le co n d itio n s, in to p la g u e n u m b e rs. A n. maculipennis is a w e ll-k n o w n v ecto r of m a la ria, Cx. pipiens, Ae. cinereus, Oc. cantans, Oc. punctor, Oc. sticticus, Ae. vexans, Culiseta annulata and Coquillettidia richiardii are c o m p e te n t v ecto rs of a rb o v iru se s. T he first fo u r sp ecies b elo n g to th e m o st a b u n d a n t m o sq u ito e s in th is area. T h e c h a ra c te r of th e la n d sc a p e ra d ic a lly in flu ences the species c o m p o sitio n of the cu licid fa u n a. A t th e sa m e tim e, b a sin g on th e species c o m p o sitio n of m o sq u ito co m m u n itie s, o n e m a y c h a ra c teriz e th e la n d sc a p e (D ą b r o w s k a - P r o t 1979). A c c o rd in g to this th esis m o sq u ito e s are p erfect in d ic a to rs of th e d e g re e of e n v iro n m e n t tra n sfo rm a tio n in la rg e areas, esp ecially w h e n w a te r re la tio n s change. T he p h e n o m e n o n of v a ry in g p a ra m e te rs of a m o sq u ito c o m m u n ity c o n c o m ita n t w ith h a b ita t m o d ific a tio n d u e to p ro g re s s in g d ra in a g e h a s b een b e in g o b se rv e d in

Culicidae of Narew National Park 63 K am pinos F orest for 60 years (D ą b r o w s k a & T a r w id 1954, WEGNER 1979, 1998). It w ould therefore be greatly desirable to m onitor the p aram eters of m osquito com m unities d ev elo p in g in the N arew valley, an area w hich has only recently been subjected to a radical alteration to the w ater regim e. It seem s that qualitative changes in the com m u n ities are still relatively insignificant, and this p ro b ab ly suggests that the m odification of the h abitats in the valley is reversible. Flow ever, this can only be p ro v ed b y fu rth e r investigations. CONCLUSIONS 1. The g re a t specific richness of the culicid fauna reco rd ed from the stu d y area reflects the v ery great div ersity of w et h abitats in the N arew valley. 2. This also p ro v es that the n atu ral character of the w et h abitats of the N arew valley has largely been p reserved. The species recorded in N P N are indicative of great w ealth of the culicid fauna there, w hich in tu rn is evidence of h u g e diversity of w et hab itats. 3. S tudies of the m osquitoes of N P N m erit continuation. 4. N ine species of ten in C entral E urope are considered to be potentially effective vectors of h u m a n an d anim al diseases; half of them occur in h igh num bers. T herefore these insects m ay have a considerable im pact on the health of w ild anim als (especially of birds), on th at of people living near the Park and tourists. REFRENCES B r a d s h a w W.E.& H o l z a r f e l Ch. M. 1992. Resource limitation, habitat segregation, and species interactions of british tree-hole mosquitoes in nature. Oecologia 90: 227-237. D a h l C. & B la C K M O R E M. S. 2001. The distribution and status of Ochlerotntus geniculcitus (Olivier) in Fenoscandia. Eur. Mosquito Bull. 9: 12-6. D ą b r o w s k a E. & T a r w i d K. 1954. Uwagi o występowaniu zespołów komarów leśnych w Puszczy Kampinoskiej. Ekol. Pol. 2: 203-214. D ą b r o w s k a - P r o t E. 1979. Mosquitoes - the components of aquatic and terrestial ecosystems. Pol. ecol. Stud. 5: 5-88. D eptuła B.1998. Park w Kurowie. In: Trasa turystyczno - przyrodnicza kajakiem wokół Kurowa, Narwiański Park Narodowy, Kurowo, 8 pp. KOLOS A. & MATOWICKA B. 1992. Waloryzacja przyrodnicza projektowanego Rezerwatu Przyrody Grobla pod Kurowem". Białystok. (Manuscript). K O LO S a. & M A T O W IC K A B. 1993. Waloryzacja przyrodnicza projektowanego rezerwatu przyrody Rynki" w Narwiańskim Parku Narodowym. Białystok. (Manuscript). O n y e k a J.O.A. 1980. Studies on the ecology and biology of Culex pipicns L. and Culex torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae) in Britain. Ph. D. Thesis, University of London (Imperial College of Science and Technology, Silwood Park), Ascot. REINERT J.F. 2000. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotntus to generic rank, reclassification of the other subgenera, and notes on certain subgenera and species. J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc. 16: 175-188. SERVICE M.W. 1 9 6 8. T h e ta x o n o m y a n d b io lo g y o f t w o s y m p a t r ic s ib lin g s p e c ie s o f Culex, C. pipiens and C. torrentium (Diptera, Culicidae). J. Zool. (Lond.) 156: 313-323. SKIERSKA B. 1 9 6 0. Badania nad fauną komarów w Białowieży. Acta parasitol. Pol. 8: 7-8 3. SNOW K. & RAMSDALE C. 1999. Distribution chart for European mosquitoes. Eur. Mosquito Bull. 3: 14-31.

6 4 E. W egner S O L O N B a r t o s z u k H. & K ł o s z e w s k a E. 1990. Roślinność rzeczywista doliny Narwi w granicach Narwiańskiego Parku Krajobrazowego. Nauka i Praktyka 1: 197-237. WEGNER E. 1979. Changes in the structure of mosquito communities (Culicidae, Diptera) in Kampinos Forest for 40 years. Memorabilia zool. 30: 131-144. WEGNER E. 1982.. Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Warsaw and Mazovia. Memorabilia zool. 36: 201-216. WEGNER E. 1998. Long-term study on mosquito (Culicidae) communities in Kampinos Forest near Warsaw. In: Fourth International Congress of Dipterology, Abstracts volume, 6-13 September 1998, 241-242. Keble College, Oxford. WEGNER E. 1999. Komary (Diptera, Culicidae) Puszczy Białowieskiej. Parki nar. i Rez. przyr. 18 (1): 69-74. WEGNER E. 2000. Czynniki warunkujące efektywność komarów (Diptera: Culicidae) jako przenosicieli chorób. In: BUCZEK A. & BŁASZAK Cz. (eds), Stawonogi pasożytnicze i alergogenne, 115-124. KGM, Lublin. WIŚNIEWSKI R. J. 1998a. Rzeki. In: DOBROWOLSKI K. A. & LEWANDOWSKI K. (eds). Ochrona środowisk w odnych i błotnych w Polsce. Oficyna Wyd. IE PAN: 39-73. WIŚNIEWSKI R. J. 1998b. Zbiorniki zaporowe. In: DOBROWOLSKI K. A. & LEWANDOWSKI K. (eds), Ochrona środowisk wodnych i błotnych w Polsce, 77-90. Oficyna Wyd. IE PAN, Warszawa. STRESZCZENIE [Tytuł: W stępne b ad an ia k o m aró w (Diptera: Culicidae) N arw iań sk ieg o P arku N arodow ego] B adania nad fauną kom arów N arw iań sk ieg o Parku N arodow ego p ro w a d z o n o w okresie późnej w iosny, lata i jesieni roku 2000 w ram ach o p racow y w ania plan u ochrony NPN. M ateriał zbierano w d w ó ch projektow anych rezerw atach: G robla pod K urow em " i R ynki", w parku otaczającym pałac w K urow ie, gdzie m ieści się siedziba dyrekcji N P N oraz w piw n icach pałacow ych i innych zab u d o w an iach na terenie park u. W zbiornikach w o d n y ch w okresie jesieni łow iono też larw y. S tw ierdzono w y stęp o w an ie 21 g atu n k ó w kom arów. Liczba ta stan o w i około 45% g atu n k ó w znanych z terenu naszego kraju lub ok. 57% gatu n k ó w n o to w anych na N iżu Polski (Tabela). W iększość g atu n k ó w - 18 (86%) są to gatunki pospolicie (57%) lub często (29%) sp o ty k ane na n iżu Polski. P ozostałe trzy, stanow iące 14%, należą do rzadziej u nas sp o ty k an y ch - Ochlerotatus euedes (Ae. beklemishevi) w Polsce n o to w any był dotychczas tylko w okolicach W arszaw y i w P u szczy K am pinoskiej. W E uropie w y k azy w an y był tylko z Finlandii, L itw y i europejskiej części byłego ZSRR. N a terenie N P N sp o ty k an y był na w szystkich stanow iskach i stan o w ił istotny składnik zespołu k o m aró w w io sennych. P ozostałe d w a g atunki - Cx. torrentium i Cx. territans - zostały złow ione jako zim ujące sam ice. N ie atakują one lu d z i (pierw szy atakuje głów nie p tak i, d ru g i p referuje płazy) i zazw yczaj n o to w an e byw ają w niew ielkich liczebnościach. A naliza preferencji siedliskow ych larw w ystępujących tu g atu n k ó w w ykazała, że d u ży ich o dsetek (43%) preferuje zbiorniki w o d n e położone w terenach otw artych, a tylko 19% g atu n k ó w w ybiera zbiorniki położone w lasach i zaroślach. 28% gatu n k ó w nie m a szczególnych preferencji w o d n iesieniu do środow iska i ich larw y rozw ijają się w zbiornikach zaró w n o leśnych jak i zlokalizow anych w terenach otw arty ch, czy przejściow ych. D w a gatu n k i n arw iań sk ie m ają bardzo określone w y m ag an ia siedliskow e dotyczące m iejsca rozw oju larw - Oc. riparius jest gatu n k iem ty p o w y m dla torfow isk (w N P N n o to w an y był tylko na torfow isku R ynki"), a larw y Coquillettidia

Culicidae of N arew N ational Park 65 richiardii rozw ijają się w zbiornikach zarośniętych w o d n ą roślinnością naczyniow ą. Podłączają się one syfonam i oddech o w y m i do sy stem u p o w ietrznego tych roślin. W okresie późnej w iosny i lata najliczniej na tym terenie w ystępow ały: Ae. cinereus, Oc. cantans i Oc. annulipes. W iosną i latem w p o m ieszczen iach najliczniejsze były w i dliszki m alaryczne (Anopheles maculipennis), a w śró d kom arów zim ujących zd ecy d o w anie p rzew ażał Culex pipiens. W okresie lata nie o b serw o w an o m asow ego w y stą p ie nia letnich g a tu n k ó w plagow ych: kom ara rennego - Ac. vexans i Oc. sticticus. W śród g atu n k ó w stw ierd zonych na terenie N P N w ystępuje 9 g atu n k ó w, zaliczanych do d ziesięciu w y stęp u jący ch w Polsce potencjalnie najskuteczniejszych w e k to rów chorób ludzi: A n. maculipennis (przenosi zaro d źca m alarii) oraz Cx. pipiens, Ae. cinereus, Oc. cantans, Oc. punctor, Oc. sticticus, Ae. vexans, Culiseta annulata oraz Cocjuillettidia richiardii (w naszym klim acie przen o szą w iru sy p ato g en n e dla ludzi: T ahyna, Sindbis, W est Nile). C ztery pierw sze gatunki k o m aró w należą do najliczniej na tym terenie w ystępujących. C h arakter krajobrazu w sposób zasadniczy w p ły w a na skład g atu n k o w y fauny Culicidae, a p o p rzez skład g atu n k o w y zespołów k o m aró w m ożna ch arak tery zo w ać k ra jobraz. Z g o d n ie z tą tezą kom ary nadają się dosk o n ale do oceny stopnia przekształcenia śro d o w isk a na duży ch obszarach zw łaszcza p rzy zm ieniających się sto su n k ach w odnych. Z atem ze w szech m iar p o żąd an e byłoby m onito ro w an ie p aram etró w zespołów k o m aró w form ujących się na terenie D oliny N arw i, która dopiero od n ie d a w na p o dlega istotnej zm ianie reżym u w odnego. W ydaje się, że zm iany jakościow e w tych zespołach są sto su n k o w o jeszcze nieznaczne, co m ogłoby sugerow ać, że o d kształcenie śro d o w isk a doliny jest odw racalne. Jednakże konieczne są dalsze b ad an ia aby to u d o k u m en to w ać.