THE POLLEN SPECTRUM OF BEE BREAD FROM THE LUBLIN REGION (POLAND)

Journal of Apicultural Science 81 THE POLLEN SPECTRUM OF BEE BREAD FROM THE LUBLIN REGION (POLAND) A n n a W r ó b l e w s k a, Z o f i a W a r a k o m s k a, M a g d a l e n a K a m i ń s k a Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. E-mail: anna.wroblewska@up.lublin.pl S u m m a r y The proper development of a bee colony depends on the availability of nectar and pollen producing plants during the entire growing season. In order to identify pollen sources in the Lublin region (Lubelszczyzna - Poland), 121 bee bread samples were collected over a period of 8 years. This bee bread came from individual beekeepers, singled out by the Regional Beekeeping Association in Lublin, Poland, as well as from the apiaries of the Technical Secondary School for Beekeeping in Pszczela Wola near Lublin. The samples were collected in 17 districts within 4 Lublin regions. These were as follows: Valley of Pobuże, the Sandomierska Valley, Volhynian Polesie, and the Lubelska Upland. Pollen analysis was performed based on the guidelines of Smaragdova (1956) and of the International Commission for Bee Botany (IUSB) (Louveaux et al., 1978). The pollen accumulated in the bee bread primarily originated from meadow plants, including among others, Anthriscus and Rumex, Trifolium spp. as well as from cultivated species of the family Brassicaceae. The pollen from Fagopyrum, fruit trees, weeds, Papaver, Sinapis, Raphanus, and Solidago also reached significant proportions. Trees and bushes were represented by pollen grains of Acer, Aesculus, Juglans,Frangula and Salix. As far as exclusively wind-pollinated herbaceous plants are concerned, the pollen of Artemisia, Carex, Chenopodium, Plantago, Secale, and Zea was noted. The natural conditions in the Lublin region provide adequate pollen flows for apiaries from spring to late summer. Keywords: bee bread, pollen analysis, Lublin Region, Poland. INTRODUCTION The role of bee bread, as food collected in a beehive for larvae and as winter stores, is described in beekeeping literature (Woyke, 1998). In Poland few papers deal with the pollen composition of bee bread. Demianowicz and Warakomska (1973) addressed this issue by characterizing bee bread collected in mating hives on the Vistula Spit. Warakomska (1985) also studied bee bread from the Jelenia Góra Valley and bee bread originating from Salix (1987). The same author (Warakomska, 2002), together with other co-authors (Warakomska et al., 1994), determined the pollen composition of bee bread coming from Czechoslovakia. Bee bread from Podlasie and north-eastern Poland was investigated by Wróblewska (2002) and Wróblewska et al. (2006). Based on the pollen composition, this author identified pollen producing plants in these regions. The aim of the present study was to identify pollen producing plants in four Lublin regions notably the Valley of Pobuże, the Sandomierska Valley, Volhynian Polesie, and the Lubelska Upland. The study was conducted based on microscopic analysis of the pollen spectrum of bee bread samples. The percentages of different plant groups providing pollen forage were also determined in these samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study material comprised a total of 121 bee bread samples, out of which 81 were obtained from individual beekeepers

82 and 40 from the apiaries of the Technical Secondary School for Beekeeping in Pszczela Wola near Lublin. The samples originated from 17 districts located within the area of four Lublin regions (Kondracki, 2000): the Valley of Pobuże, the Sandomierz Valley, Volhynian Polesie, and the Lubelska Upland (Tab. 1). They were collected during the entire beekeeping season in the periods from 1963-1966 and from 2005-2008. Microscopic analysis of the bee bread samples was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of Smaragdova (1956) and the recommendations of the International Commission for Bee Botany (IUSB) (Louveaux et al., 1978). Before starting the pollen analysis, the minimum number of comb cells, which is necessary to establish the pollen composition of bee bread, was checked and determined. To this end, the taxonomic composition of pollen grains was examined in 80 successive comb cells containing bee bread. After performing the analysis on 35 cells, it turned out that the number of taxa in the pollen spectrum did not increase any more. Therefore, this analysis was determined to be sufficient. The pollen composition of the bee bread sampled from both sides of three successive combs, collected from the same hive, was also compared. The results on the frequency and proportion of particular pollen taxa in the bee bread samples under investigation are shown, separately for particular regions, in the tables. The frequency of occurrence, and the proportion of pollen in the pollen smears are shown in several percentage groups. The taxa with a proportion of less than 3%, that occurred only once, are included in the tables separately. As far as it is possible, the pollen is identified to the level of species (Centaurea cyanus), structure type (Achillea type), genus (Papaver), or family (Caryophyllaceae). In all the tables, the taxa are arranged in alphabetical order. The taxonomic nomenclature follows the guidelines of Zander (1935, 1937, 1941). Cerealia includes pollen grains of cereals with the exception of Secale and Zea, whereas Poaceae includes pollen of wild growing grass species (Dyakowska, 1959). Pollen grains of particular taxa are assigned to particular plant groups. The following groups are distinguished: agricultural crops, meadow plants, forest herbs and ornamentals, trees and shrubs, weeds and others. The proportions of their pollen in the bee bread from particular regions are shown graphically. T a b l e 1 Localization of apiaries in the Lublin Region, from which the samples of bee bread were collected in the periods 1963-1966 and 2005-2008 Region The Valley of Pobuże The Sandomierska Valley Volhynian Polesie The Lubelska Upland Number of samples from District district region Hrubieszów, Tomaszów Lubelski 9 6 15 Biłgoraj 12 Janów Lubelski 7 22 Nisko 3 Biała Podlaska 8 Chełm 4 Łuków 2 18 Radzyń Podlaski 2 Włodawa 2 Krasnystaw 1 Kraśnik 12 Lubartów 12 Lublin 17 66 Opole Lubelskie 19 Puławy 2 Zamość 3 Total 121

Journal of Apicultural Science 83 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Valley of Pobuże - Pollen grains The presence of pollen taxa from of 40 taxa were recorded in 15 bee bread different botanical families was found in samples from this area. Brassicaceae the sediment of the investigated bee bread (in 5 samples) were characterized by samples. In all the regions, Brassicaceae the highest proportion (> 45%) as well as and Trifolium repens were characterized by Calluna and Trifolium pratense (in one the highest frequency (80-100%), whereas sample) which showed a varying frequency within the area of the Sandomierska (Tabs 2, 6). Nine taxa were noted in the Valley and Volhynian Polesie this also pollen group with a proportion of 16-45%, applied to Centaurea cyanus. In the group 15 taxa were noted in the 3-15 percent of taxa with a frequency of more than group, and 33 taxa in the group with a 40%, the following were found in the percentage of <3%, among which 14 taxa different regions: Fagopyrum, Frangula, occurred only once (Tab. 6). Lotus, Melilotus, Mentha type, Papaver, The Sandomierska Valley - The bee bread Plantago, Poaceae, Rubus type, Rumex, from this region comprised 22 samples that and Trifolium pratense (Tabs 2-5). The included pollen of 58 taxa. The following highest number of pollen taxa was recorded belonged to the group with a proportion in the frequency group of 20-5% and <5%. of > 45%: Brassicaceae, Fagopyrum, T a b l e 2 Frequency of pollen taxa in 15 bee bread samples from the Valley of Pobuże (%) (districts: Hrubieszów and Janów Podlaski) % Pollen taxa 100-80 Brassicaceae, Fagopyrum, Trifolium repens 80-60 Centaurea cyanus 60-40 Papaver, Trifolium pratense 40-20 Cirsium type, Frangula, Lotus, Polygonum bistorta, Rumex, Salix, Taraxacum type, unknown 20-5 Anthriscus type, Calluna, Cerinthe, Caryophyllaceae, Fragaria, Lupinus, Medicago, Melampyrum, Melilotus, Mentha type, Onobrychis, Poaceae, Tilia Achillea type, Aesculus, Allium type, Centaurea jacea type, < 5 Geranium, Helianthus type, Lythrum, Phaseolus, Plantago, Rubus type, Secale, Symphoricarpos, Vaccinium, Vicia type T a b l e 3 Frequency of pollen taxa in 22 bee bread samples from the Sandomierska Valley (%) (districts: Biłgoraj, Janów Lubelski, Nisko) % Pollen taxa 100-80 Brassicaceae, Centaurea cyanus, Trifolium repens 80-60 Fagopyrum 60-40 Frangula, Plantago, Poaceae, Rubus type, Trifolium pratense 40-20 Anthriscus type, Solidago 20-5 < 5 Aesculus, Artemisia, Calluna, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cirsium type, Cyperaceae, Filipendula, Fragaria, Heracleum type, Hypericum, Lychnis, Lythrum, Medicago, Myosotis, Papaver, Polygonum persicaria, Prunus type, Quercus, Ranunculus, Robinia, Salix, Secale, Tilia, Vaccinium, Vicia type Anemone, Aster type, Betula, Campanula, Centaurea jacea type, C. rhenana, C. scabiosa, Cerastium, cerealia, Convolvulus, Cornus, Crataegus, Malus type, Onagraceae, Phacelia, Phaseolus, Pinus, Polygonum bistorta, Rosa, Salvia type, Viola tricolor type, Zea

84 T a b l e 4 Frequency of pollen taxa in 18 bee bread samples from Volhynian Polesie (%) (districts: Biała Podlaska, Chełm, Łuków, Radzyń Podlaski, Włodawa) % Pollen taxa 100-80 Brassicaceae, Centaurea cyanus, Trifolium repens 80-60 Trifolium pratense 60-40 Fagopyrum, Lotus, Lupinus, Melilotus, Mentha type, Rumex 40-20 Achillea type, Anthriscus type, Cirsium type, Frangula, Papaver, Poaceae, Polygonum bistorta, Ranunculus, Tilia, Vicia type, unknown Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus, Arctium, Calluna, Caryophyllaceae, 20-5 Centaurea jacea type, Echium, Fragaria, Genista type, Jasione, Lythrum, Malus type, Onobrychis, Phacelia, Prunus type, Secale, Taraxacum type, Viola tricolor type Alnus, Artemisia, Calystegia, Chamaenerion, Clarkia, Convolvulus, Cornus, < 5 Cucumis, Filipendula, Helianthus type, Knautia, Lychnis, Medicago, Pinus, Plantago, Rosa, Rubus type, Symphytum, Vaccinium T a b l e 5 Frequency of pollen taxa in 66 bee bread samples from the Lubelska Upland (%) (districts: Krasnystaw, Kraśnik, Lubartów, Lublin, Opole Lubelskie, Puławy, Zamość) % Pollen taxa 100-80 Brassicaceae, Trifolium repens 80-60 Centaurea cyanus, Fagopyrum 60-40 Rubus type, Trifolium pratense Achillea type, Anthriscus type, Frangula, Lotus, Malus type, 40-20 Papaver, Phacelia, Poaceae, Polygonum bistorta, Prunus type, Quercus, Rumex, Salix, Taraxacum type, Tilia Aesculus, Calluna, Caryophyllaceae, Cirsium type, Cornus, Filipendula, 20-5 Fragaria, Heracleum type, Hypericum, Lamium type, Lychnis, Lupinus, Medicago, Melilotus, Mentha type, Onobrychis, Pinus, Plantago, Ranunculus, Robinia, Solidago, Verbascum, Vicia type, Viola tricolor type, uknown Anemone, Arctium, Aster type, Betula, Bryonia, Campanula, Centaurea jacea type, < 5 C. rhenana, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulus, Echium, Genista type, Geum, Jasione, Juglans, Lycopsis, Lythrum, Nicotiana, Phlox, Ribes, Rosa, Rubiaceae, Sambucus, Secale, Symphoricarpos, Symphytum, Vaccinium, Zea T a b l e 6 Proportions of pollen taxa in 15 bee bread samples from the Valley of Pobuże (the number indicates the frequency of occurrence in a particular percentage group) Contribution (%) Pollen taxa > 45 Brassicaceae (5), Calluna (1), Trifolium pratense (1) 16-45 Brassicaceae, (6), Centaurea cyanus (6), Cerinthe (1), Fagopyrum (3), Lotus (2), Melampyrum (1), Papaver (1), Salix (1), Trifolium repens (2) 3-15 < 3 < 3 (only a single occurrence) Anthriscus type (1), Brassicaceae (1), Centaurea cyanus (4), Fagopyrum (6), Frangula (1), Lotus (1), Medicago (1), Melilotus (1), Onobrychis (2), Papaver (1), Rumex (1), Salix (1), Taraxacum type (1), Trifolium pratense (2), T. repens (8) Brassicaceae (1), Caryophyllaceae (2), Cirsium type (3), Fagopyrum (4), Fragaria (2), Frangula (4), Lupinus (2), Medicago (1), Melilotus (1), Mentha type (2), Onobrychis (1), Papaver (5), Poaceae (2), Polygonum bistorta (3), Rumex (3), Taraxacum type (2), Tilia (2), Trifolium pratense (5), T. repens (2), uknown (5) Achillea type, Aesculus, Allium type, Centaurea jacea type, Geranium, Helianthus type, Lythrum, Phaseolus, Plantago, Rubus type, Secale, Symphoricarpos, Vaccinium, Vicia type

Journal of Apicultural Science 85 Filipendula, Salix, and Solidago, which reached the abovementioned proportion in 1-4 samples (Tab. 7). Their frequency was within a range of 5-100% (Tab. 3). In the 16-45 percent category, pollen grains of 12 taxa were recorded, 21 taxa in the 3-15 percent group, while 31 taxa were noted in the group with a percentage of < 3%, including 22 taxa which occurred only once (Tab. 7). Volhynian Polesie - In the microscopic images of 18 bee bread samples, the presence of 57 pollen taxa of different frequency was found (Tab. 4). Pollen grains of Anthriscus type, Brassicaceae, Centaurea cyanus, and Trifolium repens showed a proportion of > 45% (Tab. 8). In the 16-45 percent group, Brassicaceae as well as Centaurea cyanus, Fagopyrum, Lotus, Onobrychis, Trifolium pratense, and T. repens were found. A proportion of 3-15% was recorded for 26 taxa, while <3% for 47 taxa, among which 19 were noted only once (Tab. 8). The Lubelska Upland - Pollen grains of 73 taxa were identified in 66 bee bread samples. Brassicaceae, Centaurea cyanus, and Trifolium repens were marked by the highest frequency (80-100%) and the highest proportion (>45%) (Tabs 5, 9). In the group of taxa with a proportion of > 45%, the following were also included: Fagopyrum, Papaver, Prunus type, and Salix. Pollen grains of the following: Aesculus, Anthriscus type, Brassicaceae, Calluna, Centaurea cyanus, Fagopyrum, Lotus, Onobrychis, Papaver, Phacelia, Prunus type, Ranunculus, Salix, Trifolium pratense and T. repens, had a proportion within a range of 16-45%. In the 3-15 percent group there were 47 taxa and 85 taxa in the group with a proportion of < 3%, including 18 which occurred only once (Tab. 9). The results of pollen analysis of the investigated bee bread samples showed that various plant communities were a pollen source for the honey bee in the Lublin region (Fig. 1). Pollen spectrum of bee bread obtained from 1963-1966 and from 2005-2008 was similar. Meadow plants were predominant among them, with their pollen proportions ranging from 32-45% for the regions in question. In this plant group Anthriscus type, Filipendula, and Plantago were distinguished as having a high proportion. The pollen of Polygonum bistorta and Lythrum was also a good indicator of meadow forage. Agricultural crops also provided large amounts of pollen (15-35%), mainly crops of the family Brassicaceae as well as Fagopyrum and different Trifolium species. The pollen of meadow plants and T a b l e 7 Proportions of pollen taxa in 22 bee bread samples from the Sandomierska Valley (the number indicates the frequency of occurrence in a particular percentage group) Contribution(%) Pollen taxa > 45 Brassicaceae (4), Fagopyrum (3), Filipendula (1), Salix (2), Solidago (4) Achillea type (1), Artemisia (2), Brassicaceae (4), Calluna (1), 16-45 Centaurea cyanus (2), Fagopyrum (2), Lotus (1), Plantago (1), Rubus type (2), Taraxacum type (1), Trifolium pratense (1), T. repens (4) Achillea type (2), Anthriscus type (2), Artemisia (1), Brassicaceae (2), Calluna (1), Centaurea cyanus (7), Chenopodiaceae (1), Cirsium type (1), Fagopyrum (4), 3-15 Frangula (4), Lotus (1), Lychnis (1), Medicago (1), Papaver (2), Plantago (5), Ranunculus (1), Rubus type (2), Rumex (3), Solidago (2), Trifolium pratense (4), T. repens (9) < 3 Secale (2), Solidago (1), Taraxacum type (5), Tilia (3), Trifolium pratense (5), T. repens (5), Vaccinium (2), Vicia type (2), uknown (7) < 3 (only a single occurrence) Anemone, Aster type, Betula, Campanula, Centaurea jacea type, C. rhenana, C. scabiosa, Cerastium, cerealia, Convolvulus, Cornus, Crataegus, Malus type, Onagraceae, Phacelia, Phaseolus, Pinus, Polygonum bistorta, Rosa, Salvia type, Viola tricolor type, Zea

86 T a b l e 8 Proportions of pollen taxa in 18 bee bread samples from Volhynian Polesie (the number indicates the frequency of occurrence in a particular percentage group) Contribution (%) Pollen taxa > 45 Anthriscus type (1), Brassicaceae (5), Centaurea cyanus (1), Trifolium repens (3) 16-45 Brassicaceae (9), Centaurea cyanus (3), Fagopyrum (1), Lotus (1), Onobrychis (1), Trifolium pratense (1), T. repens (7) Acer pseudoplatanus (1), Aesculus (1), Arctium (1), Brassicaceae (3), Calluna (1), Centaurea cyanus (12), C. jacea type (1), Echium (1), Fagopyrum (3), 3-15 Frangula (4), Jasione (1), Lotus (6), Lupinus (1), Lythrum (1), Malus type (1), Melilotus (3),Onobrychis (2), Papaver (4), Phacelia (2), Polygonum bistorta (3), Prunus type (1), Ranunculus (1), Rumex (3), Trifolium pratense (4), T. repens (7), Vicia type (2), unknown (1) Achillea type (2), Anthriscus type (4), Caryophyllaceae (3), Centaurea jacea type (1), Cirsium type (6), Echium (1), Fagopyrum (7), Fragaria (2), Frangula (2), Genista type (2), Lotus (3), Lupinus < 3 (6), Lythrum (1), Malus type (1), Melilotus (3), Mentha type (4), Papaver (2), Phacelia (1), Poaceae (5), Polygonum bistorta (3), Ranunculus (3), Rumex (4), Secale (3), Taraxacum type (3), Tilia (5), Trifolium pratense (8), Vicia type (2), Viola tricolor type (2), unknown (4) < 3 (only a single occurrence) Alnus, Artemisia, Calystegia, Chamaenerion, Clarkia, Convolvulus, Cornus, Cucumis, Filipendula, Helianthus type, Knautia, Lychnis, Medicago,Pinus, Plantago, Rosa, Rubus type, Symphytum, Vaccinium T a b l e 9 Proportions of pollen taxa in 66 bee bread samples from the Lubelska Upland (the number indicates the frequency of occurrence in a particular percentage group) Contribution(%) > 45 16-45 3-15 < 3 < 3 (only a single occurrence) Pollen taxa Brassicaceae (5), Centaurea cyanus (1), Fagopyrum (3), Papaver (2), Prunus type (4), Salix (3), Trifolium repens (5) Aesculus (1), Anthriscus type (2), Brassicaceae (24), Calluna (2), Centaurea cyanus (10), Fagopyrum (6), Lotus (3), Onobrychis (1), Papaver (5), Phacelia (3), Prunus type (10), Ranunculus (1), Salix (4), Trifolium pratense (2), T. repens (18) Achillea type (4), Aesculus (1), Anemone (1), Anthriscus type (5), Brassicaceae (17), Calluna (2), Campanula (2), Centaurea cyanus (16), C. rhenana (1), Cirsium type (2), Echium (1), Fagopyrum (14), Filipendula (1), Fragaria (1), Frangula (4), Genista type (1), Heracleum type (3), Jasione (2), Lotus (7), Lychnis (2), Lupinus (1), Lycopsis (1), Malus type (10), Melilotus (1), Nicotiana (1), Onobrychis (1), Papaver (9), Phacelia (4), Plantago (2), Poaceae (1), Polygonum bistorta (5), Prunus type (4), Quercus (3), Ranunculus (4), Ribes (1), Rubus type (11), Rumex (4), Salix (4), Sambucus (1), Secale (1), Solidago (4), Symphytum (1), Taraxacum type (1), Tilia (1), Trifolium pratense (15), T. repens (20), Vicia type (1) Achillea type (11), Aesculus (7), Anemone (10), Anthriscus type (10),Aster type (2), Betula (3), Brassicaceae (13), Bryonia (2), Calluna (1), Caryophyllaceae (7), Centaurea cyanus (9), C. jacea (2), C. rhenana (1), Chenopodiaceae (2), Convolvulus (3), Cirsium type (8), Cornus (5),Fagopyrum (15), Filipendula (4), Fragaria (7), Frangula (8), Genista type (1), Geum (2), Heracleum type (6), Hypericum (4), Juglans (2), Lamium type (4),Lotus (3), Lupinus (6), Lychnis (7), Lycopsis (1), Lythrum (2), Malus type (7),Medicago (6), Melilotus (7), Mentha type (7), Onobrychis (2), Papaver (7), Phacelia (8), Phlox (2), Pinus (4), Plantago (12), Poaceae (18), Polygonum bistorta (10), Prunus type (2), Quercus (9), Ranunculus (6), Ribes (1), Robinia (6), Rosa (2), Rubiaceae (2), Rubus type (14), Rumex (17), Salix (11), Secale (1), Solidago (7), Symphoricarpos (2), Symphytum (1), Taraxacum type (18), Tilia (14), Trifolium pratense (15), T. repens (7), Vaccinium (2), Verbascum (3), Vicia type (7), Viola tricolor type (9), Zea (2), unknown (6) Alectorolophus. Allium type, Arctium, Bellis, Cerastium, Cerinthe, Chamaenerion, Knautia, Larix, Ligustrum, Malva, Myosotis, Parthenocissus, Phaseolus, Pisum, Salvia type, Syringa, Tropaeolum

Journal of Apicultural Science 87 of agricultural crops also dominated in the bee bread samples from the Jelenia Góra Valley (Warakomska, 1985). Pollen grains of Centaurea cyanus and Papaver often occurred among the weeds identified in the bee bread from the Lublin region. During the spring period, trees and shrubs were a good pollen source. Bees collected pollen from fruit trees as well as from Acer, Aesculus, Frangula, Juglans, Robinia, and Salix. The pollen of Viola tricolor type and Vaccinium was evidence of early spring harvest. A late source of pollen for winter stores was primarily provided by Calluna, Helianthus, and Solidago. As in the case of honeys from the Lublin region (Wróblewska and Warakomska, 2009), the short-flowering plants with abundant bloom, were the main pollen source, e.g. Brassica, as well as long-flowering plants that bloom less abundantly, e.g. weeds. The Lublin region is mainly an agricultural area which is poorly industrialize, and which is characterized by high landscape diversity. This region comprises submontane areas (Roztocze), forests and wetlands (Volhynian Polesie) as well as meadow areas with both more fertile loess soils and poorer podzols within the area bordering the region of Podlasie. Such a diverse landscape is a good resource of various bee forage plants. Their floristic composition in the particular regions is illustrated in Fig. 1. Proportions of different groups of bee forage plants in the pollen spectrum of bee bread Fig. 2. Comparison of the pollen composition of bee bread sampled from both sides of a comb (A1 and A2)

88 Tables 2-9. The pollen from one plant species usually accounts for about a half of the harvest in samples. Such a harvest is evidence of particularly intensive foraging on the plants which are the most abundant pollen source for bees. In the bee bread sampled from both sides of three successive combs from the same hive, the presence of the same pollen taxa was found and their percentages varied only slightly. Pollen grains of different taxa were recorded in these samples. Centaurea cyanus was by far predominant among the most important bee forage plants, with its proportion reaching 34.1-62.1%. Fagopyrum, Papaver, and Trifolium repens were also characterized by significant percentages (Fig. 2). CONCLUSIONS Within the Lublin region area, meadow plants and, moreover, agricultural crops, ruderal weeds as well as trees and shrubs were the main sources of pollen. The following belong to the most important pollen-producing taxa: Anthriscus type, Brassicaceae, Calluna, Centaurea cyanus, Fagopyrum, Filipendula, Papaver, Trifolium pratense and T. repens, Salix as well as Solidago. The natural conditions in the Lublin region provide adequate pollen flows for apiaries from spring to late summer. REFERENCES Demianowicz Z., Warakomska Z. (1973) - Analiza letnich pożytków pyłkowych Mierzei Wiślanej. Pszczeln. Zesz. Nauk., 17: 39-49. Dyakowska J. (1959) - Podręcznik palynologii, metody i problemy. Wyd. Geol., Warszawa. Kondracki J. (2000) - Geografia regionalna Polski. Wyd. II, PWN, Warszawa, 440 pp. Louveaux J., Maurizio A., Vorwohl G. (1978) - Methods of Melissopalynology. Bee World, 59(4): 139-157. Smaragdova N. P. (1956) - Izbiratelnaja sposobnost pčeł pri opyleniji rastenij. Trudy Agrobioł. Stancji Biołogo-počviennogo Fakulteta, 180(2): 97-102. Warakomska Z. (1985) - Obraz pyłkowy miodów i pierzgi Kotliny Jeleniogórskiej. Pszczeln. Zesz. Nauk., 29: 253-263. Warakomska Z. (1987) - Miód, obnóża i pierzga z pożytku wierzbowego (Salix L.) Pszczeln. Zesz. Nauk., 31: 177-187. Warakomska Z. (2002) - Miód i pyłek z mniszka (Taraxacum Zinn em. Web.). Annales UMCS, Sec. EEE, 10: 107-112. Warakomska Z., Konarska A., Żuraw B., Ptáčěk V. (1994 ) - Analiza pyłkowa pierzgi pobranej od rodzin pszczelich (Apis mellifica L.) wywiezionych na uprawy nasienne lucerny (Medicago media Pers.). Pszczeln. Zesz. Nauk., 38: 109-118. Woyke J. (1998) - Biologia pszczół. W: Pszczelnictwo (Prabucki J. red.), Albatros, Szczecin. Wróblewska A. (2002) - Rośliny pożytkowe Podlasia w świetle analizy pyłkowej produktów pszczelich. Wyd. AR, w Lublinie, zesz. 264, 83 pp. Wróblewska A., Warakomska Z., Koter M. (2006) - Pollen analysis of products from the North-Eastern Poland. J. Apic. Sci., 30(1): 71-83. Wróblewska A., Warakomska Z. (2009) - Pollen analysis of honeys from Poland s Lubelszczyzna region. J. Apic. Sci., 53(2): 57-67. Zander E. (1935, 1937, 1941) - Beiträge zur Herkunftsbestimmung bei Honig. I Reichsfachgruppe Imker, Berlin 343 pp., II, III, Liedloff, Loth & Michaelis, Leipzig, 122 pp and 240 pp.

Journal of Apicultural Science 89 OBRAZ PYŁKOWY PIERZGI PSZCZELEJ LUBELSZCZYZNY W r ó b l e w s k a A., W a r a k o m s k a Z., K a m i ń s k a M. S t r e s z c z e n i e Prawidłowy rozwój rodziny pszczelej zależy od dostępności roślin nektarodajnych i pyłkodajnych w ciągu całego sezonu wegetacyjnego. W celu poznania źródeł pożytku pyłkowego na Lubelszczyźnie zebrano w ciągu 8 lat 121 próbek pierzgi. Pochodziła ona od pszczelarzy indywidualnych wytypowanych przez Wojewódzki Związek Pszczelarski w Lublinie oraz z pasiek Technikum Pszczelarskiego w Pszczelej Woli koło Lublina. Próbki zebrano z 17 powiatów w obrębie 4 regionów Lubelszczyzny. Były to: Kotlina Pobuża, Kotlina Sandomierska, Polesie Wołyńskie i Wyżyna Lubelska. Analizę pyłkową pierzgi oparto na wskazaniach Smaragdowej (1956) i Międzynarodowej Komisji Botaniki Pszczelarskiej IUSB (Louveaux et al., 1978). Pyłek nagromadzony w pierzdze pochodził głównie z roślin łąkowych, m.in. z Anthriscus i Rumex, z Trifolium spp. oraz uprawnych gatunków z rodziny Brassicaceae. Znaczny udział osiągnął także pyłek z Fagopyrum, z drzew owocowych, z chwastów z Papaver, Sinapis, Raphanus i Solidago. Drzewa i krzewy reprezentowane były przez ziarna pyłku Acer spp., Aesculus, Juglans, Frangula i Salix. Z roślin zielnych wyłącznie wiatropylnych notowano pyłek Artemisia, Carex, Chenopodium, Plantago, Secale i Zea. Warunki przyrodnicze Lubelszczyzny zapewniają pasiekom odpowiedni dopływ pożytku pyłkowego od wiosny do późnego lata. Słowa kluczowe: pierzga, analiza pyłkowa, Lubelszczyzna.